Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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METHOD, SYSTEM AND APPARATUS FOR MANAGING COMMUNICATION
SESSIONS USING JOINT STORAGE
FIELD
[0001] The specification relates generally to cellular networks, and
specifically
to a method, system and apparatus for storing data used by multiple network
elements in such networks.
BACKGROUND
[0002] In conventional core mobile networks, policy servers and charging
servers share responsibilities regarding authorizing access to, monitoring
usage
of, and establishing usage constraints on, network resources. However, these
servers generally maintain separate databases, sometimes hosted by third
parties. This arrangement can result in inefficient communications between
network entities, and can also result in reduced access to data for one or
both of
the charging server and the policy server.
SUMMARY
[0003] According to aspects of the specification, systems and methods
are
provided for managing communication sessions. One of a policy server and a
charging server, connected to each other via a core mobile network, stores a
database containing both charging data and policy data. The other of the
policy
server and the charging server, rather than maintaining a distinct database,
routes read and write operations to the server storing the database.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] Embodiments are described with reference to the following
figures, in
which:
[0005] Figure 1 depicts a communications system according to the prior
art,
according to a non-limiting embodiment;
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[0006]
Figure 2 depicts a communications system, according to a non-limiting
embodiment;
[0007]
Figure 3 depicts internal components of a policy server and a charging
server, according to a non-limiting embodiment;
[0008] Figure 4 depicts a method of managing communication sessions,
according to a non-limiting embodiment;
[0009]
Figure 5 depicts a communications system, according to another non-
limiting embodiment; and
[0010]
Figure 6 depicts a method of managing communication sessions,
according to another non-limiting embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0011]
Figure 1 depicts a communications system 100 according to the prior
art. System 100 includes a mobile device 104, such as a smart phone. Mobile
device 104 is connected to a core mobile network 108. Core mobile network 108,
also referred to herein as network 108, is an Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
network
structured according to the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard set by the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
[0012]
Network 108 includes a gateway server 112, a policy server 116, and a
charging server 120. In the present example, in which core network 108 is the
LTE core network, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that gateway
server 112 is also referred to as a Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN Gateway
or P-GW); policy server 116 is also referred to as a Policy and Charging Rules
Function (PCRF); and charging server 120 is also referred to as an Online
Charging System (OCS). Various features of a P-GW, PCRF and OCS will be
known to those skilled in the art from published 3GPP specifications,
including
3GPP Technical Specification 23.203.
[0013]
Other elements of core mobile network 108 (such as a Mobility
Management Entity, MME, a Home Subscriber Server, HSS, and one or more
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Serving Gateways, S-GVV) can be implemented conventionally, and are therefore
not shown herein for simplicity.
[0014] In general,
core mobile network 108 allows mobile device 104 to gain
access to other networks, including a wide area network (WAN) 124 such as the
Internet. To access WAN 124, mobile device 104 contacts gateway server 112
(via other network elements such as the MME and S-GW mentioned above).
Gateway server 112, in turn, contacts policy server 116 over a communications
link based on the known Gx interface (a variant of the Diameter protocol) to
obtain policy and charging control rules to be applied to the communications
between mobile device 104 and WAN 124. Policy server 116 generates such
rules based on information received from gateway server 112, as well as
information retrieved from a Subscriber Profile Repository (SPR) database 128.
SPR 128 may be connected to profile server 128 via the Sp interface (see 3GPP
Technical Specification 23.203). In some cases, policy server 116 may also
receive information for use in rule generation from an application function
(AF),
not shown, residing in WAN 124, to which mobile device 104 has requested
access.
[0015] Having
generated the above-mentioned rules, policy server 116
provides the rules over the Gx interface to gateway server 112. Gateway server
112, in turn, enforces those rules during communications between mobile device
104 and WAN 124. The rules may specify the quality of service (QoS)
parameters to which mobile device 104 is entitled (e.g. bandwidth and
latency),
usage limits, charging parameters and the like. During communications between
mobile device 104 and WAN 124, gateway server 112 can provide usage data
(e.g. what volume of data has been carried between mobile device 104 and WAN
124) to policy server 116 over the Gx interface, and to charging server 120
over
the known Gy interface (another variant of the Diameter protocol).
[0016] Charging
server 120 maintains a charging database (CDB) 132, in
which the above-mentioned usage data from gateway server 112 is stored. CDB
132 also stores charging related information associated with mobile device
104,
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such as an account balance and rating information (e.g. how much mobile device
104 must pay for certain volumes of data, certain services, and the like). In
addition, charging server 120 can determine monetary values for the usage data
and deduct those values from the account in CDB 132 associated with mobile
device 104. Charging server 120 can also track the usage data, the monetary
values, or both, by updating counters in CDB 132.
[0017]
Policy server 116 may be configured to generate or update the rules
provided to gateway server 112 as mentioned above based on information stored
in CDB 132. For example, policy server 116 may be configured to alter the
bandwidth available to mobile device 104 once mobile device 104 has
exchanged a volume of data exceeding a predetermined monetary cost with
WAN 124. In such cases, policy server 116 requests that charging server 120
notify policy server 116 of the status of a cost counter maintained in CDB 132
(the "status" being an indication of whether the counter has exceeded one or
more predetermined thresholds). Such requests are made over the known Sy
interface (see 3GPP TS 29.219), which allows policy server 116 to request
notifications from charging server 120, but does not allow policy server 116
to
alter any values in CDB 132 ¨ that is, the Sy interface is read-only.
[0018]
Charging server 120, upon receiving a request as mentioned above
from policy server 116, records the request and transmits ¨ for example
whenever there is a change in the relevant counter's status ¨ an indication of
the
counter's status over the Sy interface.
[0019]
The above-mentioned system may suffer from certain disadvantages.
For example, updating usage and charging rules for mobile device 104 may
require administrative access to two separate databases (SPR 128 and CDB
132). More generally, SPR 128 and CDB 132 may have different architectures,
thereby complicating their management. As a further example, installing
charging
server 120 in a system that previously did not have a charging server may
require installing an entirely new database structure for CDB 132. Other
disadvantages to system 100 may also occur to those skilled in the art.
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[0020]
Referring now to Figure 2, a communications system 200 is illustrated
which differs in various aspects from the system of Figure 1. System 200
includes a mobile device 204, which can be any of a variety of mobile
computing
devices, including smart phones, cell phones, laptop computers and the like.
Mobile device 204 thus comprises hardware elements including a processing
unit, volatile and non-volatile memory, network interfaces, input devices and
output devices (e.g. any suitable combination of displays, speakers,
microphones, touch screens and the like). The processing unit of mobile device
204 executes programming instructions stored in memory (e.g. the above-
mentioned non-volatile storage) for carrying out various functions, including
the
initiation of data communications over various networks. Multiple mobile
devices
may be included in system 200, but only mobile device 204 is shown for
illustrative purposes.
[0021]
Mobile device 204 can be connected to a core mobile network 208.
Core mobile network 208, also referred to herein as network 208, can be based
on any suitable standard or combination of standards. In the present example,
network 108 is an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network structured according to
the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard set by the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP). In other examples, however, network 208 can be structured
according to a wide variety of other standards, such as the third Generation
(3G)
standard. The nature of the connection between mobile device 204 and core
mobile network 208 is therefore variable, and is selected according to the
implementation of core mobile network 208. In the present example, in which
core mobile network 208 is an EPC network, the connection with mobile device
204 can be established through a conventional access network such as eNodeB.
[0022]
Core mobile network 208 includes a gateway server 212, a policy
server 216, and a charging server 220. In the present example, in which core
network 208 is the LTE core network, gateway server 212 may also be referred
to as a P-GW. Policy server 216 and charging server 220 may be referred to
respectively as a PCRF and an OCS; however, it will be apparent to those
skilled
in the art that policy server 216 and charging server 220 include certain
novel
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features that depart from those of the PCRF and OCS as defined by the 3GPP
specifications.
[0023]
Other elements of core mobile network 208 (such as a Mobility
Management Entity, MME, a Home Subscriber Server, HSS, and one or more
Serving Gateways, S-GW) can be implemented conventionally, and are therefore
not shown herein for simplicity.
[0024]
Gateway server 212 allows mobile device 204 to access other data
networks, including a wide area network (WAN) 224, such as the Internet. To
access WAN 224, mobile device 204 contacts gateway server 212 (via other
network elements such as the MME and S-GW mentioned above). Gateway
server 212, in turn, contacts policy server 216 over a Gx-based communications
link to obtain policy and charging control rules to be applied to the
communications between mobile device 204 and WAN 224. Policy server 216 is
configured to generate rules and provide the rules to gateway server 212,
which
in turn is configured to provide usage data relating to the connection between
mobile device 204 and WAN 224 to one or both of policy server 216 and
charging server 220.
[0025] In
system 200, in contrast to system 100, policy server 216 retrieves
data for the above-mentioned rule generation from a joint database, or JDB,
228
connected to policy server 216. In the present example, JDB 228 is stored in
memory at policy server 216, rather than being hosted at a separate computing
device accessible via network 208. Other implementations will also be
discussed
herein. In addition, the above-mentioned counters and account information
employed by charging server 220 are stored not in a separate database at
charging server 220, but rather in JDB 228. Charging server 220 and policy
server 216 are connected by a communications link 232 based on a novel
interface rather than the above-mentioned Sy interface. As will be described
in
detail below, policy server 216 and charging server 220 are configured to
perform
various actions to establish and manage communication sessions for mobile
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device 204 using JDB 228 and link 232 instead of separate databases and the
Sy interface as in Figure 1.
[0026]
Before discussing the actions of policy server 216 and charging server
220 in detail, a brief description of the internal components of policy server
216
and charging server 220 will be provided.
[0027]
Turning to Figure 3, policy server 216 and charging server 220 include
respective central processing units (CPUs), or processors, 300 and 350.
Processors 300 and 350 are interconnected with respective memories 304 and
354, as well as respective network interfaces 308 and 358. Processors 300, 350
and memories 304, 354 are generally comprised of one or more integrated
circuits (lCs), and can have a variety of structures, as will now occur to
those
skilled in the art (for example, more than one CPU can be provided). Memories
304 and 354 can be any suitable combination of volatile (e.g. Random Access
Memory ("RAM")) and non-volatile (e.g. read only memory ("ROM"), Electrically
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory ("EEPROM"), flash memory,
magnetic computer storage device, or optical disc) memory.
[0028]
Network interfaces 308, 358 can be network interface controllers (NIC)
that allow policy server 216 and charging server 220 to connect to each other
and other computing devices (e.g. gateway server 212). Policy server 216 and
charging server 220 can also each include input and output devices, such as
keyboards, mice, displays, and the like (not shown).
[0029] Memories 304, 354 store a plurality of computer-readable
programming instructions, executable by processors 300 and 350, respectively,
in the form of various applications. As will be understood by those skilled in
the
art, processors 300 and 350 can execute the instructions of or more such
applications in order to perform various actions defined within the
instructions. In
the description below, processors 300, 350 or more generally policy server 216
or charging server 220 are said to be "configured to" perform certain
functions. It
will be understood that they are so configured via the execution of the
instructions of the applications stored in memories 304, 350.
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[0030]
Among the applications stored in memory 304 is a policy application
312, which is executable by processor 300 to perform various actions described
herein. Memory 304, in the present example, also stores JDB 228. At charging
server 220, meanwhile, a charging application 362 is stored in memory 354, and
is executable by processor 350 to perform various actions described herein. In
this example, because policy server 216 stores JDB 228, policy server 216 is
referred to as the "primary" network entity among policy server 216 and
charging
server 220, while charging server 220 is referred to as the "secondary"
network
entity. Applications 312 and 362 configure policy server 216 and charging
server
220, respectively, to perform various actions to make use of link 232 and JDB
228 to establish and manage communications sessions between mobile device
204 and WAN 224.
[0031] An
example of the contents of JDB 228 is shown below in Table 1,
which will be referred to in the following description of the actions taken by
policy
server 216 and charging server 220.
Table 1 ¨ Example Joint Database 228
Device ID 204 . = =
Monthly usage counter 5 MB
Session 1 usage counter 0 MB
Account balance $15.40
Allowed Services VolP, web browsing
Allowed Bandwidth 10 Mbps . .
Session 1 spending counter 0$
Session 1 spending counter status Low
[0032] In the above example, JDB 228 includes an identifier of device
204
(shown simply as "204" herein; it will be appreciated that the identifier can
take
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various forms, including a MSISDN, a serial number, and the like). JDB 228
also
includes a plurality of fields corresponding to mobile device 204, including
both
policy-related data and charging-related data (that is, data that is
conventionally
used by policy servers and data that is conventionally used by charging
servers).
For example, such fields can include a monthly usage counter containing the
volume of data mobile device 204 has exchanged with WAN 224 in the previous
month. JDB 228 may also contain at least one session-specific usage counter,
containing the volume of data that mobile device 204 has exchanged with WAN
224 in a particular session (e.g. a single VolP call). JDB 228 may contain
multiple
session-specific attributes, as mobile device 204 can initiate multiple
communication sessions with WAN 224. Only one set of session-specific
attributes is shown above for simplicity.
[0033] In
addition, JDB 228 can include an account balance for a prepaid
account associated with mobile device 204; an indication of which services
within
WAN 224 mobile device 204 is permitted to access; a maximum bandwidth
available to mobile device 204; a session-specific spending counter containing
the monetary value, as determined by charging server 220, of the data
exchanged between mobile device 204 and WAN 224 in a particular
communication session; and a status attribute for the above-mentioned monetary
value counter. The status attribute can be determined by charging server 220,
based on whether the spending counter has surpassed various predefined
thresholds defined in application 362 (or, indeed, in other fields of JDB
228).
[0034]
Other attributes are also contemplated, such as the priority to be
accorded to data traffic associated with mobile device 204; volume allowances
(for example, mobile device 204 may be permitted to exchange only 10MB of
data with WAN 224 each month, in addition to the service and bandwidth limits
shown above).
[0035] Turning now to Figure 4, a method 400 of managing communication
sessions is illustrated. Method 400 will be described in conjunction with its
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performance on system 200, although it will be apparent to those skilled in
the art
that method 400 may also be performed on suitable variants of system 200.
[0036]
Beginning at block 405, policy server 216 is configured to receive a
service request associated with mobile device 204. The service request is
generally received via network 108 from gateway server 212 (specifically, over
the Gx interface). The service request can be generated by gateway server 212
in response to a request from mobile device 204 to access WAN 224, for
example to establish a voice call or access a web page. Having received a
request from mobile device 204, gateway server 212 can be configured to send
the service request to policy server 216, including an identifier of mobile
device
204 (e.g. a MSISDN) and an identifier of the requested service.
[0037] At
block 410, in response to receiving the service request from
gateway server 212, policy server 216 is configured to send a session
initiation
message over link 232 to charging server 220. The nature of the session
initiation message is not particularly limited; in the present example, the
message
is a "trigger-only" message (that is, it does not contain data from JDB 228,
but
instead only contains session initiation parameters). The session initiation
message can contain an identifier of mobile device 204, and can also contain
further parameters defining the session between policy server 216 and charging
server 220.
[0038] At
block 415, in response to the session initiation message received
from policy server 216 over link 232, charging server 220 is configured to
return a
message over link 232 confirming establishment of the session between policy
server 216 and charging server 220. The session confirmation from charging
server 220 may contain further session parameters. While a variety of session
establishment mechanisms and session identifiers may be employed, it is
contemplated that the session established at blocks 410 and 415 corresponds to
a single mobile device, such as mobile device 204. As will be discussed below,
multiple sessions over link 232 may correspond to mobile device 204, but a
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single session over link 232 generally does not correspond to more than one
mobile device 204.
[0039] At block 420, policy server 216 is configured to receive the
confirmation message from charging server 220, and to associate the session
with mobile device 204. For example, the association may be made by binding
the session established between policy server 216 and charging server 220 (the
"interface-session") to the "user-session". The user-session is a
communications
session between policy server 216 and gateway server 212 (over the Gx
interface) established in response to the initial service request from mobile
device 204. Thus, at block 420, policy server 216 can be configured to store
an
identifier of the interface-session in correspondence with an identifier of
the user-
session. The session identifiers are not particularly limited, and can include
any
suitable combination of session parameters, examples of which will occur to
those skilled in the art. In this example, a different interface-session is
established for each user-session.
[0040]
Various association implementations are contemplated for block 420.
For example, policy server 216 can be configured to store an identifier of
mobile
device 204 rather than an identifier of the user-session in conjunction with
the
interface-session identifier. This permits policy server 216 to associate
multiple
user-sessions with a single interface-session rather than binding each user-
session with an interface-session, since all user sessions for mobile device
204
contain the identifier of mobile device 204. In other words, in this
arrangement,
the interface-session may be used to carry data between policy server 216 and
charging server 220 for a plurality of user-sessions each relating to a
different
service request by mobile device 204. The data carried over the interface-
session can include values indicating which specific user-session the data
relates
to. It is also contemplated that in the second example above, policy server
216
can be configured to determine, in response to the request received at block
405,
whether an interface session has already been established corresponding to
mobile device 204 (even if it was established in response to a different
service
request). If the determination is affirmative, policy server 216 can be
configured
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to skip blocks 410 and 420 (block 415 would therefore also be skipped) and
instead use the existing interface session for the remaining blocks of method
400.
[0041]
Proceeding to block 425, policy server 216 is configured to retrieve
attributes from JDB 228 and generate rules for deployment to gateway server
212. The generation of rules at block 425 may be implemented according to
conventional techniques, with the exception of the data source. Rather than
contact an external database such as an SPR, policy server 216 is configured
to
retrieve the necessary attributes (such as allowed services, bandwidth
limitations
and like) from JDB 228 in memory 304.
[0042]
Once the rules generated at block 425 have been deployed to gateway
server 212, mobile device 204 can begin communicating with WAN 224 to obtain
the service requested by mobile device 204 prior to block 405. During such
communication, policy server 216 and charging server 220 can generally be
configured to retrieve data from JDB 228 and to update data within JDB 228
based on the communications between mobile device 204 and WAN 224.
[0043]
More specifically, at block 430 policy server 216 is configured to
respond to requests transmitted by charging server 220 at block 435. The
nature
of the requests is not particularly limited. For example, charging server 220
can
request that policy server 216 notify charging server 220 of any changes in an
attribute (or multiple attributes) identified in the notification request.
Policy server
216 is configured to store the notification request in memory 304.
Subsequently,
policy server 216 can be configured to determine, whether in response to an
update to JDB 228 or at configurable time intervals, whether any of the
attributes
matching stored notification requests have changed. For example, charging
server 220 can request that policy server 216 notify charging server 220
whenever a session-specific usage counter changes.
[0044] In
other examples, instead of or in addition to notification requests,
charging server 220 can send a query for at least one attribute to policy
server
216, in response to which policy server 216 retrieves the requested attribute
from
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JDB 228 and sends the requested attribute via link 232 to charging server 220.
For example, charging server 220 can request the account balance shown in
Table 1 above from policy server 216. As will now be apparent to those skilled
in
the art, the account balance may be required by charging server 220 in order
to
charge the account associated with mobile device 204 for data usage during the
communications session between mobile device 204 and WAN 224.
[0045] In
addition to providing data to charging server 220, policy server 216
can be configured to update JDB 228. At block 440, policy server 216 can be
configured to receive update instructions sent by charging server 220 at block
445, containing an identifier of at least one attribute in JDB 228 and a new
value
for each identified attribute. For example charging server 220 can maintain a
spending counter and a spending counter status in memory 354, and can
periodically write the counter and counter status to JDB 228. The updates
received at block 440 can also be received at policy server 216 from other
network elements, such as gateway server 212. For example, the monthly usage
counter shown in Table 1 may be updated based on data received from gateway
server 212.
[0046]
The provision of data from policy server 216 to charging server 220,
and updates from charging server 220 to policy server 216, can include the
identification of new data fields (that is, new attributes) for JDB 228. For
example,
charging server 220 can instruct policy server 216 to insert a new attribute
into
Table 1 as shown above (for example, to start a new spending counter).
[0047] In
addition, at block 450 policy server 216 can be configured to retrieve
data from JDB 228 and generate updated rules for gateway server 212, or
determine whether updated rules are necessary. For example, policy server 216
can be configured to retrieve the spending counter status shown in Table 1
from
JDB 228 (rather than requesting the spending counter status from charging
server 220, as in conventional systems).
[0048]
Blocks 450, 430 and 435, as well as 440 and 445, may be repeated
any number of times and in any order during the communications between
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mobile device 204 and WAN 224. In addition, requests for notifications and
update instructions (e.g. blocks 435 and 445) can be combined, as can the
responses to such requests from policy server 216.
[0049] At block 455, policy server 216 is configured to detect that the
user
session has been terminated (e.g. that the communications between mobile
device 204 and WAN 224 have ceased). In response, policy server 216 is
configured to send a message to charging server 220 to close the interface-
session. In embodiments in which associations are stored between multiple user-
sessions and the interface-session, policy server 216 can first determine
whether
any other user-sessions for mobile device 204 exist, and if such sessions do
exist, to skip block 455.
[0050] At block 460, charging server 220 can return a session closure
confirmation message to policy server 216. The messages sent at blocks 455
and 460 can include further updates to JDB 228. For example, attributes
specific
to a particular user-session as shown in Table 1 can be deleted or reset to
zero.
[0051] Turning now to Figure 5, a system 200a is shown according to
another
embodiment. System 200a includes a mobile device 204a and a network 208a
including a gateway server 212a, a policy server 216a connected to a charging
server 220a via a link 232a. System 200a also includes a joint database 228a
and a WAN 224a. The components of system 200a are as described above in
conjunction with the similarly-numbered components of system 200 (e.g. mobile
device 204a is as described in connection with mobile device 204), with the
exception that JDB 228a is stored at charging server 220a instead of policy
server 216a. In other words, policy server 216a is the "secondary" network
entity,
while charging server 220a is the "primary" network entity.
[0052] Turning to Figure 6, a method 400a is illustrated. In brief,
method 400a
is a version of method 400 adapted for performance in system 200a rather than
system 200. The blocks of method 400a are as described above in connection
with similarly-numbered blocks of method 400, except for the features
discussed
below.
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[0053] At
block 410a, rather than send a trigger-only session initiation to
charging server 220a, policy server 216a is configured to send a session
initiation query to charging server 220a. Because policy server 216a requires
attributes from JDB 228a to allow the establishment of a session between
mobile
device 204a and WAN 224a, policy server 216a is configured to request those
attributes from charging server 220a simultaneously with the establishment of
an
interface-session. At block 415a, therefore, charging server 220a is
configured to
confirm establishment of the session, and also return the requested attributes
to
policy server 216a via link 232a.
[0054] The association of the interface-session with mobile device 204a at
block 420a is performed by charging server 220a rather than policy server
216a,
because charging server 220a has direct control over JDB 228a. Thus, charging
server 220a can, for example, bind a Gy session (the user-session between
charging server 220a and gateway server 212a).
[0055] The performances of blocks 430a, 435a, 440a, and 445a are largely as
described above, with the exception that blocks 430a and 440a are performed by
charging server 220a, while blocks 435a and 445a are performed by policy
server 216a. Block 450a, the updating of the rules generated at block 425a, is
still performed by policy server 216a. It will be appreciated that charging
server
220a may also conduct various actions by retrieving data from JDB 228a. For
example, charging server 228a may allocate quotas to gateway server 212a,
perform account balance checks, and the like.
[0056]
Further, although policy server 216a does not host JDB 228a, policy
server 216a still performs session closure at block 455a. Policy server 216a
performs session initiation and closure because policy server 216a generally
receives new session requests and terminations from gateway server 212a
before charging server 220a.
[0057] In
brief, therefore, rather than store separate databases, policy servers
216 and 216a, and charging servers 220 and 220a as described herein share a
single joint database 228 or 228a. The primary network entity hosts JDB 228 or
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228a and relays data to and from the secondary network entity, while the
secondary network entity requests data and sends updates to the primary
network entity. Therefore, JDB 228 or 228a can be deployed at whichever of the
policy server and the charging server is expected to require the fastest
access to
JDB 228 or 228a.
[0058]
The ability of systems 200 and 200a to share the same data model
between charging and policy servers may allow for simpler deployment of either
a policy server or a charging server in networks that previously lacked such
network elements. Further, systems 200 and 200a may reduce the necessary
network traffic associated with, for example, deploying new service packages.
[0059]
Links 232 and 232a are read/write interfaces that can be based on any
suitable technology. For example, an implementation of the Diameter protocol
may be employed. In other embodiments, where policy servers and charging
servers are implemented on the same hardware (e.g. in the same datacenter), an
Inter-Process Communication (IPC) interface may be employed instead of a
Diameter-based interface.
[0060]
Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that there are yet more
alternative implementations and modifications possible for implementing the
embodiments, and that the above implementations and examples are only
illustrations of one or more embodiments. The scope, therefore, is only to be
limited by the claims appended hereto.
16