Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~3697~
The present invention relates to El coated titanium anode for
electrically highly loaded amalgam cells. The large amounts of chlorine gas
developing on the anode in the high current loaded chlorine alkali electrol-
ysis cells must be conducted away from the electrode range as quickly as
possible, for energy conservation reasons.
As is well known, dwelling of the chlorine gas bubbles in the
electrode range causes a substantial increase in cell voltage and a decrease
of the current efficiency. This phenomenon, which has become known by the
collective term "gas bubble effect", has, in past years, led to design changes
in the graphite anode. For example, the horizontally arranged anode plates
were provided with numerous slots and gas outlet openings, which did provide
the desired effect up to current densities of DA = 10 kA/m2. However, the
ceramic-like graphite anode of conventional design is beginning to be in the
way of a further increase of the current density. Thus, at very high current
densities, DA, greater than 10 kA/m2, it is difficult to remove the developed
chlorine gas rapidly from the underside of the horizontal anode plate that
itself is generously slotted and provided with very many gas outlet openings.
The result is higher overvoltage on the graphite and greater voltage losses
in the electrolyte enriched with chlorine gas bubbles. MoreoverJ with the
number of slots and gas outlet openings, the inner resistanceJ the graphite
loss and the sensitivity to transport of the anodes increase. It has been
attempted to avoid this restriction by utilizing the graphite anode described
in the German application No. 2,029,640 published October 12, 1972. This is
an anode which is provided with a number of thin, vertical graphite plates,
and in which the graphite plates are disposed transversely to the flow
direction of the mercury density, corresponding in length to the cathode
widthJ are slotted in comb-like manner on their undersideJ and are provided
on their upper side with sunk contact sleeves of anodic resistant material
and, with the inter-connection of trough-configured bellows of corrosion
resistant elastomerJ are connected with current distributor rails in such a
- 1 -
~369"~9
manner that, with the exception of the graphite plate provided with sleeves,
all current conducting parts remain excluded from the inside of the cell.
Mercury cells equipped with this anode design and operated at current den-
sities DA of 10 to 13 kA/m2, really did let the voltage coefficient (k-value)
drop below 0.11 VkA ~ which appeared impossible for amalgam cells provided
with electrographite anodes. Thus, the anodes in German published application
No. 2,029,640 took a step toward the objective of making possible the inten-
sified chlorine alkali electrolysis in modern amalgam cells with low voltage.
However, an exact analysis of the wearing out picture of this anode simul-
taneously led to the conclusion that voltage coefficients k smaller than 0.10
will remain unattainable in spite of further improvements of the graphite
anode. The ridges (teeth) having a width of 12.5 mm and obtained by slotting
the graphite plate having a thickness of 40 mm have become so pointed, as a
result of the NaCl-electrolysis conducted at current densities at between 10
and 13 kA/m2, that the anode part facing the Hg-cathode soon has only
prismatic teeth of a width of the sharply processed profile of about 10 mm
and a profile height of about 15 mm. The anode ranges still further removed .
from the cathode also showed unusually strong traces of electrochemical
attack. This wearing down appearance at a simultaneously favourable k-value ---
is exceedingly surprising, considering it is similar to the wearing down
appearance, which in many cases is briefly termed "Haifischzahne" (shark
teeth), of horizontal graphite anode plates in NaCl-electrolytes contaminated
by bringing in alkali, which always provides for high cell voltage in spite
of strong pressing of the anodes. It must be concluded therefrom that the
anode construction for high loaded amalgam cells, according to German published
application No. 2,029,640, on account of its better chlorine gas bubble dis-
charge, will distribute the electric current far better than the conventional
stamp-configured, horizontally arranged anode plate provided with slots and
gas discharge openings. It is still very effective in electrolysis, conducted
at high current densities, down to great surface ranges, that is to surface
- 2 -
~36979
ranges that are 15 mm and more away from the ridge tips.
~his important finding has to be taken fully into account in the
development of an improved coated titanium anode for electrically highly
loaded amalgam cells, particularly for utilization with anodic current den-
sities DA greater than lO kA/m2.
Metal anodes for amalgam cells are well known in which the active
part consists of coated titanium in the form of perforated sheet r metal
mesh. These anodes lack the height and large surface necessary for good
current distribution.
Moreover, metal anodes are known in which the active coating is
applied onto a horizontally disposed parallel row of round titanium rods,
which are held together by uncoated transverse ribs. Such anodes of thin,
; round titanium rods also lack the height necessary for good current
distribution. Although anodes produced from thick round rods do have the
necessary height, the upper half of the activated rod surface, however, is
in a position unfavourable relative to the mercury cathode, as it is in the
shadow of the lower rod half. Current distribution to the activated surface
of the upper rod half is further made difficult or, respectively, is entirely
prevented by the extensive enrichment of the electrolyte, with chlorine gas
bubbles in the narrow range of the gap between the round rods. Technical
electrolysis tests with metal anodes, the active part of which consisted of
completely coated titanium rods of a diameter greater than 5 mm, have shown,
in the current density range, DA, of lO to 15 kA/m2, that the anode process
takes place almost exclusively on the rod surface facing the mercury cathode,
and that by increasing the spacing between the round rods current distribution
could not be substantially improved.
Furthermore, metal anodes are known in which the active part consists
of thin titanium strips, which are disposed either perpendicularly or at any
other angle relative to the chathode and which are provided on at least a
part of their surfaces, with a coating consisting of a metal of the platinum
- 3 -
1~?3~ 9
metal group. For example, Belgium Patent No. 645,039 discloses titanium
anodes coated with platinum metal, the active part of which is present in
the form of ribs or plates, respectively> which are disposed perpendicularly
to the mercury cathode and parallel to the main direction of flow of the
electric current and in the vicinity of which gas outlets or, respectively,
gaps are disposed. The platinum metal coating is applied preferably or
exclusively on the perpendicular area of the ribs or, respectively, plates
wherein at least half of the coated area and preferably at least 80% of the
total coated area is arranged perpendicularly to the amalgam cathode, so that
this coated area is about 4 times the area of the horizontal part of the
coating. This measure is to counteract the danger of damage of the sensitive
platinum metal coating by the amalgam in case of contact with the cathode.
It also is to make possible operation of the anode at a spacing increased by
about 1 mm from the cathode with the same cell voltage than with an anode
produced from wire mesh, thus also reducing the danger of short circuiting.
The important drawbacks of the suggested anodes include the small height of
the active coating, amounting to only 2.54 mm the unfavourable relation be-
tween the actual active surface of the anode and the projected surface of the
anode at small distances with respect to the counterelectrode being at a
maximum 2.03:1 and resulting from that construction of the anode, a complete
absence of any active surface within the middle range and long distance range
with respect to the amalgam cathode and, finally, the use of a collecting bar
- of titanium which has, because of its deep cross-slotting, only very small
electrical conductivity, and the small actual active surface at small dis-
tances with respect to the counterelectrode.
It is therefore a feature of the invention to provide an improved
titanium anode for electrically highly loaded amalgam cells, particularly for
use at anodîc currect densities DA greater than 10 kA/m2 having a large height
of the active coated part of the anode.
One embodiment of the invention provides such an anode having an
-- 4 --
.
~Q3~979
extraordinarily large active coated area in the small distance range, the
middle distance range and the long distance range, with respect to the
counterelectrode.
Another embodiment provides such an anode having predominantly up-
wardly extending active coated lateral surfaces with respect to the amalgam
cathode.
A further embodiment provides such an anode having sufficiently
large free space between the active surfaces that chlorine gas bubbles are
not prevented from passing therethrough.
; 10 Another embodiment of the invention provides such an anode having
short current paths, low internal resistance and uniform current distribution.
Another embodiment of the invention provides such an anode having
a long life of its basic construction and its coating even if under high
current overload.
A further embodiment provides such an anode possessing good emer-
gency operation conditions and re-use even after possible short circuits.
Yet another embodiment of the invention provides such an anode
possessing the ability of coating and re-coating without any problems, as
well as the advantages of simplicity and inexpensiveness.
These features are attained in a particularly advantageous manner
by a coated titanium anode for electrically highly loaded amalgam cells, par-
ticularly for use at anodic currect densities DA greater than lOkA/m2, said
anode comprising substantially horizontally extending completely coated anode
segments having a clear lateral spacing of at least 1.5 mm and upwardly ex-
tending lateral surfaces, and each having an active coated upwardly extending
part extending to a height of more than 5 mm and not exceeding 20 mm, measured
from the horizontal undersurface of the anode, wherein the actual active sur-
face of said upwardly extending parts, up to heights thereof of 5 mm, 7.5 mm,
10 mm, and 15 mm, respectively, exceeds at least 2.5, 3.33, 4 and 4.5 times,
respectively, the projected horizontal anode area which is the total area
~ _ 5 _
~)3~979
bounded by the periphery of the anode, and wherein at least half the actual
active surface extends upwardly relative to the horizontal base area of the
_ Sa -
,~,....
~3~9~i9
anode.
For an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference
is made to the following description of typical embodiments thereof as
illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, Figures 1, 2, 3
and 4 are perspective views of anodes embodying the invention, Figure 5 is
a sectional view disassembled taken on the line V-V of Figure 4, and Figures
6 and 7 are graphical illustrations of the relation of the cell voltage to
the anodic current density of anodes embodying the invention.
Figure 1 shows an anode, the active part 1 of which consists of
completely coated, horizontally extending, vertically oriented, titanium
bands or strips of 1 mm thickness and 20 mm height. The spacing between
the coated titanium bands, strips or segments amounts to 2 mm. The bands
are connected with one another on their upper edges by several transversely
extending welding seams 2. Current distribution is effected by a welded-on
transverse bar 3 of uncoated titanium, and which is provided with a titanium
protective tube 4 of the current feed line.
This design results in the following ratios of the actual active
surface to the anode area to be projected: height 5 mm, 3.67:1; height 7.5
mm, 5.33:1; height 10 mm, 7:1; height 15 mm, 10.33:1; and height 20 mm, 14:1.
More than 95% of the actual active surface is in this case, disposed per-
pendicular to the base area of the anode.
Figure 2 shows an anode with a projected area 400 x 400 mm, the
active part 1 of which consists of slotted and completely coated titanium
sheet having a thickness of 12 mm. The width of the slots and segments
amounts to 2.5 mm. The uncut center range of the active part, which simul-
taneously serves for current distribution, has a width of 60 mm and is pro- ;
vided on its underside with grooves having a width of 2.5 mm and depth of
2.5 mm. In the center thereof, the screw contact for the copper-current
feed line is disposed, only the titanium protective sleeve 4 of which is
visible.
~(~369~79
In this case, the ratio of the actual active surface to the pro-
jected anode area amounts to 5.13:1 and about 80% of the active actual
surface is disposed perpendicular to the base area of the anode.
Figure 3 shows an anode, the active part 1 of which, similarly to
that of Figure 1, is provided with perpendicularly oriented completely coated
titanium bands or segments, having a clear spacing of 2 mm. The titanium
bands, having a height of 7.5 mm and a thickness of 2 mm, are welded to
retaining ribs, which, in part, are connected, through titanium rods 9 of
larger cross-section, with the contact sleeve in the center of the anode.
This star-configured current distribution ensures a uniform load on the anode
; surface. From this anode a ratio of the actual active surface to the pro-
jected anode surface of 4.75:1 results.
The titanium anode shown in Figure 4, and provided with completely
coated titanium bands or segments of a height of 20 mm and a thickness of
1.5 mm disposed at a clear spacing of 2.5 mm, includes a central titanium
sleeve 7 having a current distribution track 8 of titanium-plated copper to
which the bands are welded. For safety reasons, the height ratio of the
current distribution track to the height of the titanium band amounts to
` 0.75:1.
Figure 5 shows a section through the anode according to Figure 4
in which the type of contacting of the copper current lead rod 5, through a
closed titanium threaded member 6 having a flange and titanium protective
tube 4, with the central titanium sleeve 7 of the anode, is shown in detail.
The parts 6 and 7 have a thread with a large angle of thread or pitch, as
according to German Patent No. 1,237,482. Due to this design, the active
part of the anode can be re-used by merely being unscrewed from the current
feed means relative to the cathode. This is of particular advantage in case
damage due to short circuits occurs on the anode underside, as well as also
after a longer period of operation of the anode, in the course of which the
active coating, in the zones disposed closer to the cathode, have been more
~()3~'7~
extensively or entirely used up. The active coating of the upper zones
which, in such cases is made less use of or, respectively, due to remoteness
from the cathode is less used up, can still carry on the anode process for a
long period of time after turning over the anode whereas, with conventional
anodes, recoating will then have to be effected immediately.
Due to its features, the anode according ~o the invention for the
first time provides for the possibility of a very extensive utilization of the
current distribution and reduction of the anodic current density, thus result-
ing in a corresponding decrease of cell voltage.
Figure 6 shows a diagram of the cell voltage depending upon the
anodic current density DA for three types of titanium anodes activated with
the same substances of the type Me(I) ca 0.5 Pt30~, wherein the curve
designated I was obtained with titanium anodes of bands of 1 mm thickness
and 10 mm height with a 3 mm wide gap between the bands and a coating height
of 2 mm, and the curves designated II and III were obtained with titanium
anodes with bands of 1 mm thickness and 15 mm height with the same gap and
a coating height of 5 or, respectively, 10 mm. In each case, the spacing
between the anode and the mercury cathode amounted to 3 mm.
In the diagram shown in Figure 7, there is disclosed the fact that
the dependence of the cell voltage upon the anodic current density can be
substantially improved by increasing the actual active surface in the range
close to and remote from the cathode. Curve II corresponds to anodes whose
active part consists of entirely coated titanium bands or segments having a
2 mm thickness and a 12 mm height with a 2 mm wide gap between the bands,
whereas curve I concerns the same anode type as in Figure 6 with a coating
of 10 mm height.
The reduction in current density by increasing the actual active
- surface further effects a corresponding increase in the life of the active
anode coating. The large height of the electrochemically active part of the
anode and the relatively small anode base area, and the primarily perpendic-
rg~ ~ 8 -
1~36~79
ular arrangement of the active actual surface assure good emergency operation
properties, also in the case of possible short circuits, and a rapid discharge
of the chlorine gas bubbles. Finally, the large height permits accommodation
of the current distribution within the active anode part, and thus the anode
can, in a very simple manner, be used on both sides. The anode according to
the invention thus meets entirely all requirements of secure and economical
high current load operations.
;
g _
