Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~73~
.~' ' ` .
he invention is in the field of digital echo
suppressors. The echo suppressor which is the subject of this
invention performs a function presently accomplished by '
,, echo suppressors manufactured by numerous telephone communica-
'', tions component production companies. Typical e~ho suppressors '~
presently available are the Western Electric 3A and 4A, the
Cogenel F3 and F4, the Lenkert 931C, the B.PØ 7A, the
Siemens 542024-A45, the Wescom 622, and numerous others, both
` good and bad. To the knowledge of the inventors, none of the
;; 10 echo suppressors manufactured today incorporate an extensive
digital design or a break-in detector and the speech detector
of the types incorporated in the present invention. ',
The present invention will provide an echo suppressor
~` with better long term performance than that exhibited by machines
; of the present design. This is due to the avoidance of analog
threshold adjustments which require frequent maintenance. As a
,, consequence of this, the present invention will operate accurately
. . .
,'' for long periods of time without the necessity for adiustment. '~,
Recent studies conducted by the AT&T Company using an echo ,
, , 20 suppressor test set which,permits on-line testing of echo
,,. ", .
,; suppressors have shown more than 50% of the echo suppressors '
~,~ installed are out of tolerance due to the fact that they have
`: drifted in some manner. If these echo suppressors incorporated
,.. .
~'~ the concept proposed by the inventors, the percentage of echo
'''~,' suppressors performing out of tolerance would be significantly ',~
.:. :,
' reduced.
, ....
,'' The present invention relates to an echo suppressor
, adapted for connection between at least one pair of receive. ,i,: "- and send linés of a communications circuit to reduce echo, ,
- , 30 comprising, a) first means having at least two input terminals
'~ for connection to the receive and send lines, responsive to
'jh analog receive and send signals at the two input terminals for
~: .
~` generating at a common output terminal alternating digital code
,
~ jvb/mb
! ~ .9L~9L5734
;.
. representations of the send and receive signals, the first
~: means comprising: i) multiplexing means for time multiplexing
the send and receive analog signals, ii) sample and hold
circuit means connected to the multiplexer for sampling the
,
multiplexed send and receive analog signals to provide alternate
~' send and receive analog samples, iii) encoding means connected
to the sample and hold circuit means for converting the send
and receive analog samples into the receive digital codes,
Y` respectively. The echo suppressor further comprises b) first
digital summation means connected to the first means for
accumulating th~ sum of the receive digital codes over repetitive
>~..,
~ fixed first periods of time, c) suppression hangover means
.,
connected to the first digital summation means for providing
an interrupt output for a first predetermined hangover time
when said sum accumulated by the first digital summation means
equals or exceeds a predetermined threshold value, and d) break-
in means connected to the first means responsive to the send
.,.. , ~ .
and receive digital codes for providing a break-in output for
~ a second predetermined hangover time when the send digital
;, 20 codes over a fixed period of time has a predetermined relation-
....
' ~ ship to the receive digital codes over the same period of time.
~ The echo suppressor of the present invention operates
; on digital signals representing the signal on the receiver and
~` send lines to determine when interrup~ion of the send line
, . . .
should take place. The send line and receive line signals are
~ ,
,`,., ~.
~` :
~:'' :' ';
.,.,~
. ..
, ~ . ~, . .
,,:
,,. ";
,il. ,
~; - 2 -
jvb/mb
, . . .
:
73
~,
multiplexed into a single A/D converter thereby saviny on
conversion logic. A true/compl~ment logic system operates on
the A/D output signals to cause all receive line signals to
be of one sign and all send line signals to be of the opposite
sign. If the sum of the receive line signals over a period of
time exceeds a threshold value, an interrupt switch is thrown
in the send line for a given overhang period.
Break-in logic is included to overrride the interrupt
` switch under certain conditions. The receive and send line
signals from the true/complement logic system are su~ned over
a period of time and the sign of the sum is temporarily stored.
~hen a given number of the signs stored during a predetermined
.
number of successive time periods indicates the send line
~ signals exceed the receive line signals, the break-in
i; operation throws a s~Jitch in the send line to bypass the
interrupt switch. Also, the break-in logic just described
throws an attenuate switch in the receive line to add a 6 dB
loss to the receive line signals.
;~ In the drawings:
~ 20 Figure 1 is a block diagram of a preferred embodi-
'~` ment of the present invention; and
Figure 2 is a dètailed block dia~ram of one
!~'' implementation of the logic which forms the control logic and
,. . .
~' true or complement means of ~igure 1.
~, The preferred embodiment of the echo suppressor is
:
shown in Figure lo The echo suppressor is a 4-terminal device.
The terminals to the left of the diagram deliver and accept
si~nals to and from an extension circuit that terminates in the
subscriber's set. These circuits, of course, incorporate the
traditional hybrid ~Yhich is the source of the echo problem.
~- 3-
,
!;, .
..... .. .
5734
... .
, . . .
The terminals to the right connect to the long distance
telephone circuit which may be either terrestrial or satellite.
Typically, an echo suppressor i5 used at both ends of a circuit,
but it is not necessary that the identical type of echo
suppressor be at both ends.
The echo suppressor functions as follows. Speech
signal occurring at the receive-in terminal causes the inter-
ruption of the path bet~een the send-in and send-out terminals
provided there is no speech at the send-in terminal. This
interruption is caused b~ the activation of normally closed
"~ ;.
,!', interrupt switch 31 whenever the receive-in speech present
. ....................................... .
;~ has a level exceeding a given threshold. By this means, any
., .. ~
~; echo which is caused by the terminating circuits to the left
; is stopped by the echo sup~ressor. It will be seen later that
.:
;l switch 31 will hang-over for 50 milliseconds after the last
.;.;
occurrence of activation. Operation of switch 31, however,
,." :: .
constitutes an impediment to the free flow of conversation in
:,
~,; both directions since it opens the send path thereby blocking
send side speech. To accommodate the free flow of conversation
^i"
; 20 in both directions, it is therefore necessary to provide a
`, means for bypassing switch 31. The act of bypassing is called
break-in. It is invoked whenever the speech level at the send~
in terminal overrides that at the receive-in terminal in accor-
- dance with the specified set of rules which are embodied in the
brea~-in detector circuit. By properly coordinated activation
of the receive-side detector and the break-in detector circuits,
it is possible to achieve acceptable performance on circuits
; which are in proper balance and possess long propagation delay.
As an e~ample, it may be assumed that a signal is
; ~ 30 present on the receive-in line 33, and that no signal is present
:
, ~ .
l'lD45739L
on send-in line 1~ The signal on line 33 is amplified to
an appropriate level for echo suppressor operation by amplifier
34. The gain of amplifier 34 can be adjusted to accommodate
the design levels of many different systems. The signal next
passes through the parallel combination of a 6dB loss pad 35
and normally closed attenuation switch 54. It is sufficient at
this time to note that for the condition being discussed, switch
54 bypasses the loss pad. The resulting signal appears on
line 7 and is transferred to the receive output line 6 by way
of amplifier 11. Amplifier 11 provides flexibility for
ad~usting to a wide variety of output levels, and it also
provides a block against any signal feeding back into the echo
suppressor. The signal on line 7 is also supplied to a filter
8 which selects the appropriate frequency range, as specified
by CCITT Recommendation G.161, for accomplishing the detection
" . , .
process. The output of the filter appears on line 9 and is
supplied as one input to multiplexer 10. The other input to
multiple~er 10 is derived from the send-in terminal and will
be discussed in greater detail later. The multiple~er alternately
.
~`I1 20 presents the signals on lines 5 and 9 to line 7. Line 7
supplies the alternated signal to sample-and-hold 1~.. The
sample-and-hold outputs appear on line 13 and are converted
to digital form by analog-to digital converter 14. The
analog-to-digital converter converts each sample held by 12.
The output of the analog-to-digital converter which appears on
- ~ line 15 is the digitized version of the signals that appear on
lines 5 and 9 in a parallel coded, time division multiplex
form. They are next converted to positive-signed absolute
... .
values for signals derived from line 9 and to negative-signed
absolute values for signals derived from line 5 by the action
~, .
;~ -5-
j: ,.
:~ '' ' .
73
;
of true-or-complement logic 18 associated with signal control
logic 16 and 17. The digital signals derived from lines 9
and 5, respectively, alternate in their occurrence due ~o the
action of the multiplexer. Control logic 16 is supplied sign,
magnitude and timing information and indicates on line 17 the
....
~- appropriate control needed to instruct logic 18 to generate
,.,,, . ~
'` either positive-signed absolute or negative-signed absolute
.:
values as appropriate.
,~,
The elements 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18, taken in
combination perform the following operations. The receive side
, ~ .
and send side signals are alternated and digitized. All
digitized receive side signals are given a positive sign
'- whereas all digitized send side signals are given a negative
~..:, .
~ sign. For example, an input from the send side corresponding
. .:
,~; to a positive or negative value of magnitude IYI will appear
~ at the output of block 18 as a -IYI. The signal from the
.... .. .
~` receive side corresponding to positive or negative magnitude
:,:
~ xl will appear at the output of block 18 as a ~ ¦xl .
- -
; The multiplexer 10 may be any conventional multi-
i" .;:":
.; 20 plexer of the type which can receive analog inputs and provide
~,; a single analog multiplexed output. In the specific example,
.,
the multiplexer i9 operated at a 16 ~Hz rate by a timing signal
on lead 60. The timing signal may be, and in the example
described is assumed to be, an 8 ~Hz square wave. One phase of
;- the square wave ~e.g., the positive phase) causes multiplexer
,- 10 to connect the receive side signal on line 9 to the output
~ line 7; the other phase of the s~uare wave causes multiplexer
., . .~
~; 10 to connect the send side signal on line 5 to the output
,; line 7O The sample-and-hold circuit 12 and the A/D converter
14 operate conventionally to digitize the analog signals~ The
", '.~
, 6
... :.
. .
'' ': .
~,S73~
. :
latter elements are also clocked at the 16 Kl~z ra-te to result
in alternate digitized send and receive signals at the A/D
~, output. Althouyh many types of conventional A/D converters
:
would be suitable, the invention includes a binary two's comple-
` ment A/D converter in one preferred embodiment of the
'; invention. The use of a binary two's complement A/D permits
. .
~, a simpler design for the subsequent circuits.
, The A/D output signals are fed to logic system
.~.: ~ .
~` illustrated in Figure 1 as comprising two hlocks, a true or
; ~ 10 complement circuit 18 and a control logic c;rcuit 16. The
., ,.,................................................................... ~ ~ .
; ~ logic system is controlled time wise by the clock signals on
line 60 to cause every digitized receive signal to have a
,; positive sign and every digitized send signal to have a negative
sign. An example will serve to illustrate the operation of
:, .
~: the loyic system. Assume a sequence of analog signals as
,t ~
~ shown in column 2 of Table 1 below. In column 1, the R and
:, . .
S letters designate receive side and send side signals,
,,, ,,
r~espectively. Column 3 indicates the corresponding outputs
o the A/D converter 14, assuming a 4 bit two's complement
~; .
output - 1 bit for sign and 3 for magnltude. Column 4 indicates
~; the corresponding coded outputs from the logic system, and
, column 5 indicates the analog values corresponding to the
~' codes in column 4.
'''''',
''.' ,~ .' '' .
:'',
~"
:; .
;~.; .
'',"'`,' ' .
;~,~ . .
~"~
7-
. .', '
.
:' ,' ' '
::
4573~
,; . .
~ Table 1
.
(1) (2) (3) (~) ~S)
R ~5 (0~101 (0)101 ~5
.::
:.~,.
:.. ..
~ S +3 (0)011 (1)101 -3
..... ~: '
R -6 (1)010 (0)110 ~6
,
.-,
:~ S -4 (1)100 (1)100 -4
! .,,, _ . _
~`~ Referring to the table and considering the example
.
of a two's complement A/D converter, the operation of the logic
system is as follows. During the positive phase of the 8 K~Iz
,.,: ,., 10 square wave control signal, when the output of A/D 14 is a digi-
tized receive side signal, the control logic circuit 16 detects
the sign of the A/D output. If the sign bit indicates a
~, ~
~- positive value, the control logic causes the A/D output to pass
~; unchanged through the true or complement circuit 18. If the sign
,. ~;;,...
~ bit indicates a negative value, the control logic causes the
. j:,
true or complement circuit 18 to convert the latter negative
~ value into its positive two's complement form. This is
::~:.:
accomplished by complementing the magnitude and adding "1"
,; :: ~ j
~ to the complemented magnitude. During the negative phase of
; .:;
~ 20 the 8~Hz square ~ave the logic system operates in the opposite
:: ~
~ manner to that just described.
. , , ~ .
; The signals on line 19 are supplied to a digital
~.:
~ adder 20. A second input to the adder is derived from line 22
s''~ which presents to the adder the most recent number stored in
...... .
a latch 26, The sum occurs in digital form on line 24 and is
~,
`- supplied to latch 26~ The latch is oloc~eA during the positive
.. ..
~,.....
,: ~
A ., ~ `
~;'.' " ' '. ' '
~, .
~ S73~L
portion of the 8KHz pulse waveform appearing on line 55.
Thus, even thoush all digital signals on line 19 appear
at the adder input, only the sums of the latched number and
the receive side signals will be entered into latch 260 By
,:,
the combined action of adder and latch the sum of the absolute
`~ values of the signal sampled from line 9 is accumulated in
. the latch. Once every 4 milliseconds, the latch is reset to
"O" by the reset pulse appearing on line 28. The 4 milli-
second period is selected because it is long enough to permit
integration over a sufficient period in latch 27, and is short
` enough to accurately follow the changes in the amplitude level
differences between the receive and send line signals. Periods
of other durations, however, would also be suitable.
Activation of the interrupt or suppression switch
- 31 occurs whenever the bit configuration in latch 26 corre-
,
~ sponds to or exceeds a predetermined threshold. This bit
.
, configuration could be the change of state of a sin~te bit
; corresponding to occurrence of a level of -31 dBmO for a sinu-
soid appearing on the receive-in line 33. This latter function
is accomplished by dete~tion circuitry in the suppression
,; hangover device 29. When the latch number equals or exceeds
:,
the predetermined threshold the input hangover device is
triggered. The output of the hangover device appearing on
: line 30 changes state causing switch 31 to open and enabling
~' gate 46. The output of the suppression hangover device will
remain in the activated state for SO m.illiseconds after the
~::
~ most recent occurrence of the trigger condition on line 22.
:: -
The signal necessary to accomplish break-in
.` detection appears on line 19. It will be recalled that the
`~ 30 signal appearing on this line is the parallel coded two's
~, ,
,:
g_
;-,,,.'
:~. ' . ' , '.
`: ~
57~39L
complement form of the signals present on lines 5 and 9 which
~-' are tirnc~ division multiplexed from one another and which have
been signed in such a manner that the signals appearing on
, "
~ line 9 are positive signed absolute values and those on line 5
, -..,:
are negative signed absolute values. Break-in detection is
~` accomplished by the combined operation of adder 21 and latch 27.
`~ All of the digital signals appearing on line 19 are sum~ed with
. .
the output of latch 27 appearing on line 23 and the resulting
sum is supplied via line 25 to latch 27. Latch 27 is clocked
by a 16 KHz waveform in line 56. The result is to accumulate
in latch 27 the most recent sum which is composed of the
;~ positive signed absolute values of the signal appearing on
,
line 9 and the negative signed absolute values of the signal
appearing on line 5. This, of course, is the accumulated
.
, difference of the siynals mentioned. Latch 27 is reset every
; .,
~ 4 milliseconds by the signal on line 28 so that the output of
,. . .:
- the latch at the moment of reset is the accumulation over the
:: .
,' last period of 4 milliseconds. The sign of the accumulated
, ~ value is transferred to shift register 36 under the control
: 20 of the read instruction on line 38. The latch reset and the
shift register read instruction are properly timed to insure
that the sign bit is read into the shift register just prior
~;,
i; to resetting of the latch.
~ The shift register, by the action of a 4 KEIz clock
; appearing on line 37 and the recirculation appearing on line 39,
i;;.l,
stores the most recent N determinations of sign derived from
the adder 21 - latch 27 combinationO In the specific example
herein ~ = 16. When N/2 or more of the signs occurring
in shift register 36 are negative (i.e., correspond to binary
one's) indicating that the average value appearing on line 5
. . .
,. .. .
.,.~. .
~ ':
. ~ .. . .
;~
` ~L6D~S73
is yreater than that appearing on line 9, the brea~.-in condi-
- tion is enabled by the action of the loqic circuits to be no~
' described. The most recently determined signs of the values
:$ accumulated in latch 27 are circulated in shift register 36, the
; output of stage 16 of the shift register is supplied as one in
put to an AND gate 40. Also a 4 KHZ clock is supplied on line
41 to gate 40. The third input to gate ~0 is an INHIBIT input
~ which blocks the gate ~7hen a binary 0 logic value is applied
- thereto. Normally, a binary 1 logic value appears at the INHIBIT
~; 10 input. The 4 KHz clock is admitted to counter 43 if the state on
stage 16 is a one and is blocked from counter 43 if the state on
i . .
stage 16 is a zero. In this way, the counter accumulates the
~ total count of minus signs appearing in shift register 35~ The
:, .
;` counter is reset once every 4 milliseconcls. The result of this
; operation is to count in counter 43 the number of negative signs
in the N most recent sign determinations at the output of latch
; 27. The 4 KHz clock appearing on line 37 to shift register 36
` ;~ clocks the most recent N determinations of sign to the counter
.... . .
~ via gate 40 every 4 milliseconds. This count is accumulated at ~
...... .
f::;.'" 20 the output and when the bit configuration corresponding to the
. .:.,
occurrence of N/2=8 is realized, the input to gate 46 on line ~0
goes high. If at the same time the input to ~ate 46 on line 30
is high or a logic 1 value, the output of gate 46 on line 48 goes
''"f.' high. This causes activation of the break-in hangover circuit 49
and the receive side pad hangover circuit 52. The output
' i...
; condition appearing on line 50 from the break-in hangover
.,," .~ .
;'~ circuit 49 causes break-In switch 51 to close, thus bypassin~
;~ the echo suppression switch 31. The break-in hangover circuit
is designed in such a way as to retain its output high for a
: 20 period of 150 milliseconds since the last occurrence of an input
~,..,j
,.,~ . - 1 1--
.;~ . ,.
::, ,, . . . . . : .,
, ~ , .
.. . . . ..
:`
~4S739
trigger. ~en the output of the receive side pad hangover
circuit goes high it causes attenuation contact 5~ to open
. . ~ .
insertiny 6dB pad 35 in the receive side. This hangover
circuit is designed to retain the output condition for a time
period of 600 milliseconds since the last occurrence of the
input condition. The hangover period of hangover circuit 52
is selected to be substantially as long as the time it takes
; for the send signal to travel to the other end of the circuit
and echo back. The attenuator will thus attenuate the echo of
.. ~
the current send signal. The hangover period selected thus
, . .
~ depends upon the nature of the circuit, e.g., satellite single
-~ hop, satellite double hop, transatlantic cable, etc. The act
.. .
of enabling gate 46 by the signal on line 30 causes the activa-
:
tion of the break-in condition only when the suppression
hangover circuit has been activated. This inhibits the
occurrence of break-in when only send side speech is present.
. j .
` The introduction of the 6dB pad on receive side produces the
"..: .
~ desired increase in overall round trip circuit loss to reduce
,: .~
the effect of echo during the occurrence of brea~-in. It also
serves to reduce the signal level present on line 9 so that
,,:
the condition of break-in is given an advantage once it occurs.
In order to prevent counter 43 from overflowing, i.e., from
advancing from a maximum count to a minimum of zero, gate 45 ;
. .,
is providea. The latter gate has an output which goes low,
thereby inhibiting gate 40, whenever the counter output con-
;
sists of all binary one's.
; A specific example of the logic for implementing
the control logic 16 and true or complement means 18 of
; Figure 1 is illustrated in Figure 20 The logic shown was
;~ 30 designed for use with an avail~ble ~/D converter of the offset
I r:
-12-
!
'
~4~i~3~
bin~ry typ~. The ofset binary code is w~ll known and is
shown in Table 2 below along with a corresponding analog
range + 10V and a corresponding table of two's complement -
binary code. The table appears in the speci~ication sheet for
. .
: a Datel Systems A/D Converter which was used in the specific
implementation. For simplification, the logic of Figure 2
.... .
` is assumed to operate on an eight bit offs~t binar~ output
(seven bits magnitude and one bit sign). However, the imple-
; mentation would be the same for a twelve bit offset binary
.
; 10 output from the A/D except that each of the elements shown
as having parts a and b would also have a third identical
... .
part c. For example latch 102, comprising four bit latches
; 102a and 102b for the eight bit example, would simply include
.. ~, .
` ~ an additional four bit latch 102c (not shown) for the twelve
.. .. .
~ bit implementation.
i ' ',
Table 2
; Analog
Output Range
( 10V, FS) Offset Binary Two's Complement
20 + 9.995 111111111111 011111111111
~; ~ 8.750 111100000000 011100000000
,..... .... ~ .
+ 7.500 111000000000 011000000000
5.000 110000000000 010000000000
,' '~ .;
O.000 100000000000 000000000000
, ~,;: . .
, - 5.000 010000000000 110000000000 ~
: ~:
~;~ - 7.500 001000000000 101000000000
- 8.750 000100000000 100100000000
9.995 000000000001 100000000001
,,.,, ,... ,~ .
~';'i~'. -10.000 000000000000 100000000000
. ~:.
; 13-
,.
. . .
; ' ~! ,
~' "'~` ' '
~; , .
~'' '' ' ' ' '
:
7~D~
The eight bit output from ~D 104 is applied to
latch 102. The latch holds the digital output ~nd inverts the
sign bit. Thus, the latch output is in two's complement
form. The seven magnitude bits are applied to a true complement
gate 100 which either passes the bits unchanged to the output
thereof or inverts each bit. The inversion results in com-
:,i,,
` plementing of the magnitude. The output of gate 100 is applied
to digital adder 106 where either a binary 1 or a binary 0
.:,
- is added to it. The output of adder 106 represents the
magnitude portion of the output appearing at line 19 of
. ;;
~; Figure 1. The sign bit for the output appears at the output
.: .
of an AND gate 114. The output is in two's complement form.
As will be recalled from the earlier description of
';'
- the mode of operation in Figure 1, all receive side signals of
",,.:;
-- value + 1XI are given a value + IXI . All send signals of _ k I
, are given a value - IYI . Also, as pointed out previously, when
; twols complement codes are used, a negative signed value is
changed to a positive signed value by complementing the bits
` ':`
and adding a binary 1. The same process is carried out to
.. .
change a positive signed value to a negative signed value.
Also, in two's complement a 0 sign bit represents positive and
a 1 sign bit represents negative.
,~ A flip-flop 1~8 triggered by the 8 KHz clock wave-
,., . .
~ ` form will be in synchronism with the multiplexer 10 and sample-
.. ..
and-hold circuit 12. The Q output will be a logic 1 when a
~ receive side signal is being processed and will be a logic 0
`~ when a send side signal is processed. The Q output is applied
as one input to A~D gate 114 whose output is th~ output sign
bit, For the present it may be assumed that the other input to
:. ~
AND gate 114 is always a logic 1 thus the Q output passes
: -,
'.
. ': . .
i~ 4~734
. .` .
directly to the output of A~D gate 114. ~enever a receive
signal is process~d, Q is a logic 0 and thus the AND output
indicates a positive sign in two's complement code. During
processing of a send signal, Q is a logic 1 and thus the AND
output indicates a negative sign in two's complement code.
~ .; .
The Q output in combination with the sign output
~; from latch 100 controls the complementing operation. The
latter outputs are applied to an exclusive OR 108. The output
,r';', of 108 is applied to invert gate 110 whose output is applied
to NAND 112. The other input to NAND may, for the present,
be assumed to always be a logic 1 so that NAND 112 operates as
~- an invert gate. The NAND gate 112 output is connected to the
. , .
.j.; control input of gate 100. The latter gate will pass the input
,. . .
bits to the output in true form when the control is a logic 1
and will invert the input bits when the control is a logic 0.
; ~ The NAND output is also applied via invert gate 120 and AND
, gate 124 to the add 1 bit input of adder 106. When a 0 is
applied to adder 106 nothing is added to the input magnitude.
When a logic 1 is applied a binary 1 is added to the input
~; ,..................... .
magnitude. The other input to AND gate 124 is normally a
logic 1. It can be seen that under normal conditions a logic
0 output from NAND 112 causes inversion in gate 100 and add 1
' in adder 106--the operation required to change from a value of
: .
~ a first sign to the same value of a second sign. A logic 1
.: ..:
~ output rom NAND 112 normally causes the magnitude bits out
,-; of latch 102 to appear unchanged at the output of 106.
....... .
,., ~ ,
The above-described logic will now be considered
in connection with four examples of input signals to the logic
circuit. ~o special exceptions w}lich utilize the additional
~- . ,,
logic not yet described, will be described later. For the
~ :.
i -15-
~S7~4
.
~ first e~ample, assume a receive signal of +¦X(. The logic
:- ..,
must operate to provide a +Ix~at the output. The sign bit
from A/D converter 104 will be a logic 1 and this will be
.~ _
ehanged to a logic 0 in latch 102. Q will be a logic 0 so
the output sign bit at AND 114 will be a logic 0, indicating
. . ,
a positive sign. Q will be a logic 1 and the sign bit from
: latch 102 will be a logic 0. Thus, the output of gate 108
will be a logic 1 causing the output of NAND 112 to be a
.,:,
^~ logic 1. Thus, no inversion and no l-bit addition occur.
i. .
~-` 10 In the case where the receive signal is - Ixl, the
~ sign output from latch 102 will be a logic 1. Thus, the out-
- put of NAND 112 will be a logic 0 thereby causing inversion
:
; and l-bit addition to the magnitude bits. The sign bit at
the output will be a logic 0. Thus, the output will
;~ eorrespond to ~jxlin two's complement.
; A send signal of - IYI passes through unchanged. The ~`
sign output is logic 1 because Q is a logic 1. The two inputs
,~ to exelusive or gate 108 will be 1 and 0 thus causing the
.~.:, . .
`; NAND 112 output to be a logic 1. In the case of a send signal
of ~IYI it will be changed to the two's complement code for
_¦YI. The minus sign is provided by Q and gate 114. The inputs
j;~, :
: to gate 108 will both be logie 0 eausing the output of NAND
112 to be logic 0.
Two special cases are required because of the nature
;~ of the digital codes. Referring to Table 2 it can be seen that
there is no code for - lol . All zero magnitudes are eneoded as
; + lol D If a two's eomplement output of all O's for a send
:
~ s;gnal were treated in the normal fashion, i.e., chan~e sign,
.
in~ert bits and add 1, the resulting eode would be 1000....
- 30 whieh eorresponds to -10 analog O~ltpUt rather than -0 value.
. ~ .
-16-
.
,:' : ' ,` :
, ' : : ' ' ' . ': ` ' ,
This special case is taken care of as followsO ~ssume an
all zero output from latch 102 during the send phase of ~`
., .
the 8 ~Hz clockO Q is a logic lo However~ the logic 1 will
not pass through AND 114 at this time because the all zero
condition of the magnitude bits out of latch 102 causes
NAND 118 to have a logic O output. The latter output disables
AND 114 and insures that NAND 112 will have a logic 1 output.
The logic 1 output from NAND 112 prevents the inverting and
~,,
; add-1 operation. Thus, the all zero input, even during the
send phase, appears at the output as all zerosO
.,,
~;~ The second special condition occurs when the latch
output has a 1 bit for the sign, zero hits for -the magnitude,
~ and exists during the receive phase. As seen from Table 2
;;~;'''
the latter two's complement digital output corresponds to
10 voltsl. If this digital output is operated on the same
as other negative signed signals during the receive phase, it
would end up as all zeroes. To provide the proper output, the
; sign is changed, the magnitude bits are inverted, but nothing
is added to the magnitude bits. The operation is therefore
similar to normal operation when a negative receive signal occurs
. ;~.
~ except that the add-l operation ls disabled by the action of
$~` NAND 126 and OR yate 122. The ou-tput of NAND 126 is normally
a logic 1 so that AND 124 is normally controlled by the output
~ :."~ j
i'' of NAND 112. Ho~ever, in the special case described herein,
the all zero magnitude bits will be inverted by gate 100 to
! to all 1 bits. The all 1 bit condition causes a logic O at
the output of NAND 126. The Q output is a logic O because the
system is in the receive phase. Thus, the output of OR gate
122 is a logic O causing the output of ~ND gate 124 to be a
~` 30 logic 0.
-17-
:', .'. ~ .
....
~ i
:
573
;'
The echo suppressor described is suitable for time
; sharing operation. Most of the elements of the digital echo
,,,,'' suppressor can be time shared to form echo suppressors for
,....
',' several circuits. This can easily be understood by considering
..;
,,, a simple example of t~o circuits, each having separate send
., .
;'~ line and receive line, etc. Each circuit would have individual
''. :
~'~ components corresponding to all elements in Figure 1, except for
,; the multiplexer 10, S&~l 12, A/D 14, control logic 16, true or
'~, complement means 18, adder 20, adder 21 and counter 43. These
. .; .
latter elements could easily be time shared,by both circuits.
' The timing pulses would be changed to insure that every line,
' for example, is sampled at 8 KHz. Also, the timing would '
.. i', ~ :
,~' control the outputs of ADDERS 20 and 21 so that they are ,
'.' .~ I . !
';~' supplied to the proper latch for the given circuits. The same
:
~,~ is true for the input and output of the counter 43.
" ,~,
~ The invention described above is a digital echo
... . .
,, suppressor that can be fabricated at lower cost and will ~,
~; possess greater reliabilit~ than any of the designs presently
available on the market today. The low cost reshlts from the
.: ` .
,' 20 extensive application of digital logic techniques which can
be time shared over many channels and from the novel double- ;;
.:
,"'; talk break-in detector and speech detector circuits which can
, be implemented with a small number of logic components. The
reason for high reliability results from the use of a virtually
all-digital logic implementation, which minimizes the use of
:: ;..
~, drift prone analog components. Even though its internal
operation is digital, the device is designed for use on analog
~ ~ telephone circuits. It is also directly adaptable to digital
`', PC~I circuits.
.... ::
. . .
-18-
,;,.: ;.
: ~ .
:~ .
,: :~. . . , .: `
.; . . - ~ . . ... . .
