Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~05533~ `
This invention relates to internal combustion engines.
More particularly it is concerned with a fuel supply
apparatus by means of which an internal combustion engine
can be run on a fuel comprised of hydrogen gas. Moreover
the invention enables an apparatus whereby the gaseous hydrogen
fuel can be generated on demand by electrolysis of water.
There have been previous proposals to run internal
combustion engines on a fuel comprised of hydrogen gas.
Examples of such proposals are disclosed in United States
Patents 1,275,481, 2,183,674 and 3,471,274 and British
specifications, 353,570 and 364,179. It has ~urther been I ;~
proposed to derive the hydrogen from electrolysis of water,
as exemplified by United States specification 1,380,183.
However, none of the prior art constructi.ons discloses mixing
of the hydrogen gas with air drawn from the atmosphere as
contemplated by the present invention and none is capable of ¦
producing hydrogen at a rate such that it can be fed directly
to internal combustion engines without intermediate storage.
The present invention enables a fuel comprised of hyd~ogen
and oxygen gases to be generated by continuous decomposition '
of water at such a rate that it can sustain OperatiQn of an
internal combustion engine.
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In an electrolysis process a potential difference is
applied between an anode and a cathode in contact with an
electrolytic conductor to produce an electric current
through the electrolytic conductor.
Many molten salts and hydroxides are electrolytic
conductors but usually the conductor is a solution of a
substance which dissociates in the solution to form ions.
The term "electrolyte" will be used herein to refer to a
substance which dissociates into ions, at least to some
extent, when dissolved in a suitable solvent. The resulting
solution will be referred to as an ''electrolyte solution."
In a simple electrolysis process the mass o substance
liberated at an anode or cathode is, in accordance ~;th
Faraday's laws of electrolysis, strictly proportional to
1~ the quantity of electriciky passed between the anode and
cathode. The rate of decomposition of the electrolyte is
thus limited and it is generally uneconomical or example,
to generate hydrogen and oxygen from water commercially by
an electrolysis process. ;
It is known that compounds, including electrolytes
such as water, can be decomposed into their constituent
elements by irradiation wikh short wave electromagnetic
radiation. Such radiation induced dissociation or
decomposition may be termed "radiolysis". For example, a
paper by Dr. Akibumi Danno entitled "Producing Hydrogen with
Nuclear Energy" published in Ihe "Chemical Economy and
Engineering Review" of June, 1974 describes in some detail
the radiolysis of water and a number of hydrocarbons with an
- explanation of the elementary reactions involved in such
radiolysis. Briefly, ik is found that irradiation with short
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wave x-rays or gamma rays, i.e. electromagnetic radiation ~-
of wave length less than 10 10 metres, results in direct
decomposition of the compounds concernecl. For example, if
water is irradiated with gamma radiation the water will be
dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen. Danno proposes the
use of a nuclear reactor as a source of radiation on a
massive scale but concludes that water radiolysis is not
a very efficient method of producing hydrogen and he proposes
instead a process involviny radiolysis of carbon dioxide to
produce carbon monoxide and oxygen and a subsequent
conversion of the carbon monoxide to hydrogen gas by the
conventional water/gas conversion process.
I have found that with the combination of electrolysis
and radiolysis the yield of decomposition products can be ,
greater than that achieved by either a simple electrolysis
process and radiolysis the yield of decomposition products
can be greater than that achieved by either a simple elec
trolysis process or simple radiolysis. The yield rate can
be very much improved in the combined electrolysis and
radiolysis process by providing a magnetic field in the
electrolytic conductor which provides preferred paths for
the high speed electrons of the short wave electromagnetic
radiation and also for the ions in the electrolytic con-
ductor thereby increasing the possibility for collision
between the electrons and the ions with a subsequent
improved radiolysis yield.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
-
It is one object of the present invention to provide ~ ;
a fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine
which will enable the engine to operate on gaseous fuel
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1055334
comprised of hydrogen gas. ;
It is a more specific object of this invention
to provide a fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion
engine by which hydrogen and oxygen gases generated by the
combination of electrolysis and radiolysis of water are ~;
mixed together and fed directly to the internal combustion
engine.
The invention provides, in combination with an
internal combustlon engine having an inlet for combustible
fuel, fuel supply apparatus comprising:
an eIectrolytic cell to hold an electrolyt c ;
conductor, a first hollow cylindrical electrode disposed
within said cell and provided about its outer surface with a
series of circumferentially spaced and longitudinally
extending flutes; a second hollow cylindrical electrode
surrounding said anode and segmented into a series of
electrically connected longitudinally extending strip, said
strips being equal in number to the number of said flutes, ~ ;
said strips having a total active surface--area approx-imately
e~ual to the total active surface area of said flutes, and
said strips being in radial alignment with the crests of said
flutes; current generating means for generating a flow of
electrolysing current between said first and second electrodes;
gas collection and delivery means to collect hydrogen and
o~ygen gases from the cell and to direct them to sald fuel
inlet of the engine; and water admission means to admit water
to the cell.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DR~WINGS ~
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Figure 1 is a plan view of part of the automobile
`- with its engine bay e~posed to show the la~out of the fuel
supply apparatus and the manner in which it is connected to
the automobile engine;
....
Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of the fuel supply
apparatus;
Figure 3 is a plan vie~ of a housing which caxries
electrical components of the fuel supply apparatus;
Figure 4 is an elevation view of the housing shown in .
Figure 3;
Figure 5 is a cross-section on the line 5-5 in Figure
3;
. Figure 6 is a cross-section on the line 6-6 in Figure
5; -
Figure 7 is a cross-section on the line 7-7 in Figure
5;
Figure 8 is a perspective view of a diode heat sink
included in the components illustrated in Pigures 5 and 7;
Figure 9 illustrates a:transformer coil assembly
included in the electrical components mounted within the
housing;
Figure 10 is a cross-section on the line 10-10 in
Figure 4;
Figure 11 is a cross-section on the line 11-11 in
Figure 5; ~
. Figure 12 is a cross-section through a terminal block
mounted in the floor of the housing;
,
Figure 13 is a plan view of an electrolytic cell
incorporated in the fuel supply apparatus;
3~ Figure 14 is a cross-section on the line 14-14 in
Figure 13;
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Figure 14A is a cross-section on the line 14A-14A in
Figure 14;
Figure 15 is a cross-section generally on the line
15-15 in Figure 14;
Figure 16 is a cross-section on the line 16-16 in,
Figure 14; -~
Figure 17 is a cross-section on the line 17-17 in
Figure 13;
Figure 18 is a cross-section on the line 18-18 :;n
Figure 13;
Figure 19 is a vertical cross-section through a gas
/ valve taken generally on line 19-19 in Figure 13;
Figure 20 is a perspective view of a membrane assembly
disposed in the electrolytic cell; - ,
Figure 21 is a cross-section through part of the
membrane assembly;
Figure 22 is a perspective view of a float clisposed in
the electrolytic cell;
. Figure 23 (on the sheet of Fig. 18) is an en-
largement of part of Figure 14;
Figure 24 (on the sheet of Fig. 18) is an en-
larged cross-section on the line 24-24 in Figure 16;
Figure 25 (on the sheet of Fig. 18) is a per-
spective view of a water inlet valve member included in the
components shown in Figure 24;
Figure 26 (on the sheet of Fig~ 18) is a cross-
section on line 26-26 in Figure 17;
Figure 27 is an exploded and partly broken view of
a cathode and cathode collar fitted to the upper end of the cathode;
Figure 28 is an enlarged cross-section showing
some of the components of Figure 15;
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Figure 29 is a perspective view of a valve cover member;
`~ Figure 30 S}lOWS a gas mixing and delivery unit of the
apparatus generally in side elevation but with an air filter
assembly included in the unit shown in section;
Figur 31 is a vertical cross-section through the gas
mixing and delivery unit with the air filter assembly
removed;
Figure 32 is a cross-section on the line 32-32 in
Figure 31;
. Figure 33 is a perspective view of a jet nozzle assembly .
incorporated in the gas mixing and delivery .unit;
/ Figure 34 is a cross~-section generally on the li~e 34-34
in Figure 31;
. Figure 35 is a cross-section on the line 35-35 in
Figure 32; .
Figure 36 is a rear elevation of part of the gas mixing
and delivery unit; . .
Figure 37 is a cross-section on the line 37-37 in-Figure
34;
Figure 38 is a plan view of the lower section of the
gas mixing and delivery unit, which is broken away from the
upper section along the interface 38-38 of Figure 30;
Figure 39 (on the sheet of Fig. 34) is a cross- -
section on the line 39-39 in Figure 32;
Figure 40 (on the sheet of Fig. 27) is a plan
of a lower body part of the gas mixing and delivery unit.
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DI~SCRIPTION OF Tlll~ PRF,FERRE:D El`~1130DIMl;'NT
Figure 1 shows an assembly denoted generally as 31
having an enc3ine bay 32 in which an internal cornbustion
cnc3ine 33 is mountcd bchind a radia~or 3~. ~ngine 33 is a
convcn-tional engine and, as illus-trated, it may l~ave two
banks of cylinders in "V" formation. Specifical].v, it may
be a V8 engine. It is generally of conventional construction
/ and Figure 1 shows the usual cooling fan 34, fan belt 36
and generator or alternator 37.
In aeeordance with the invention the engine does not ~ ?
run on the usual petroleum fuel but is equipped with fuel
supply apparatus which supplies it with a mixture of hydrogen
and oxygen gases generated as products of a water
electrolysis and radiolysis process carried out in the fuel ~
supply apparatus. The major components of the fuel supply ~-
apparatus are an eleetrolytic cell denoted generally as ~1
and a gas mixing and delivery unit 38 to mix the hydrogen
and oxygen gases generated within the cell ~1 and to deliver
them to engine 33. The elcctrolytic ccll ~1 receives watcr
through a water delivery line 3~ to make up the electrolyte
solution within it. It has an anode and a cathode whicl
contact the electrolyte solution, and in operation of the
apparatus an electrolysing current is passed bctwecn the
anodc and cathodc whilst pulses of ~igll voltagc clectrical ;~
cnercJy are applicd to a pair of radiation gcncrators which
generate short wave length clcctromagnetic radiation with
1055334 . ~ ~
, which the electrolyte is irradiated. Some of the electrical
components necessary to produce the pulses of electrical
energy required to produce the electromagnetic radiation are
carried in a housing 40 mounted on one side of engine ba~
32. The automobile battery 30 is mounted at the other side
of the engine bay.
Before the physical construction oE the fuel delivery
apparatus is described in detail the general principles of
its operation will firstly be described with reference to
the electrical circuit diagram of Figure 2.
In the illustrated circuit terminals 44,45,46 are all
connected to the positive terminal of the automobiie battery
30 and terminal 47 is connected to the negative terminal of
that battery. Switch 48 is the usual ignition switch of
the automobile and closure of thls switch provides current
to the coil 49 of a relay 51. The moving contact 52 of
relay 51 receives current at 12 volts from terminal 45 and
when the relay is operated by closure of ignition switch 48
current is supplied through this contact to line 53 so that
line 53 may be considered as receiving a positive input and
line 54 from terminal 47 may be considered as a common
negative for the circuit.
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The function of relay 51 is to connect circuit line 53
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directly to the positive terminal of the automobile battery
` so that it receives a positive signal directly rather than
through the ignition switch and wiring.
The circuit comprises pulse generator circuitry which.
includes unijunction transistor Ql with associated resistors
Rl,R2 and R3 and capacitors C2 and C3. This circuitry
produces pulses which are used to trigger an NPN silicon ~:
power transistor Q2 which in turn provides via a capacitor
C4 triggering pulses for a thyristor Tl.
. Resistor Rl and capacitor C2 are connected.in
series in a line 57 extending to one of the~fixed contacts ~
of a relay 58. The coil 59 of relay 58 is connected ~ :
between line 53 and a line 61 which extends from the moviny
contact of the relay to the common negative line 54 via a
normally closed pressure operated switch 62. The pressure .
control line 63 of switch 62 is connected in a manner to be ;
described below to a gas collection chamber of electrolytic .
cell 41 in order to provide a control connection whereby ~ .
switch 62 is opened when the gas in the collection chamber
reaches a certain pressure. However, provided that switch
62 remains closed, relay 58 will operate when ignition switch :
48 is closed to provide a connection between lines 57 and 61 i~
thereby to connect capacitor C2 to the cornmon negative line . ::
~5 54. The main purpose of relay 58 is to provide a slight
delay in this connection between the capacitor C2 and the .. ~ .
common negative line 54 when the circuit is first energized. -
This will delay the generation of triggering pulses to . .~
thyristor T1 until a required electrical condition has been .. . .
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achieved in the transformer circuitry to be descr.ibed below.
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1055334
.
Relay 58 is hermetically sealed and has a balanced armature
`~ so that it can operate in any position and can withstand
substantial shock or vibration when the automobile is in
use.
When the conneckion between capacitor C2 and line 54
is made via relay 58, unijunction trans:istor Ql will aet
as an oscillator to provide positive ou~put pulses in line 64
at a pulse rate which is controlled by the ratio of R :Cl
and at a pulse strength determined by the ratio of R2:R3.
These pulses will charge the capacitor C3. Electrolytic
capaeitor Cl is connected directly between the common
positive line 53 and the common negative line 54 to filter
the circuitry from all static noise.
Resistor Rl and capaeitor C2 are ehosen sueh that at
the input to transistor Q1 the pulses will be of saw tooth
form. This will eontrol the form of the pulses generated in
the subsequent eireuitry and the saw tooth pulse form is
.
ehosen since it is believed that it produces the most
satisfaetory operation of the pulsing cireuitry. It should
be stressed, however, that other pulse forms, such as square
wave pulses, could be used. Capacitor C3, which is eharged - ' ;
by the output pulses of transistor Ql, diseharges through
a resistor R~ to provide triggering signals for transistor
Q2. Resistor R4 is connected to the common negative line 54 ~
to serve as a gate current limiting deviee for transi~tor Q2. ~ ;
The triggering signals produeed by transistor Q2 via
the network of capaeitor C3 and a resistor R4 will be in the ~ -
form of positive pulses of sharply spiked form. The collector
of transistor Q2 is connected to the positive supply line 53
through resistor R6 while the emitter of that transistor is
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, connected to the common negative llne 54 through resistor
RS...These resistors-R5 and R6 control the strength of current
pulses applied to a capacitor C4, which discharges through a
resistor R7 to the common negative line 54, thereby to ?
apply triggering signals to the gate of thyristor Tl. The
gate of thyristor Tl receives a negative bias from thè common
negative line via resistor R7 which ~hus serves to prevent ;~
triggering of the thyristor by inrush currents.
The tr-iggering pulses applied to the gate of thyristor
!, ~ ' .
10 . Tl will be very sharp spikes.occurring at the same frequency
as the saw tooth wave form pulses established by unijunction.
transistor Ql. It is preferred that this frequency oe of
the order of 10,000 pulses per second and details of specific ::
circuit components which will achieve this result are listed
below. Transistor Q2 serves as an interface between
unijunction transistor Ql and thyristor Tl, preventing back ; ~.
flow of emf f~om the gate of the thyristor which might ; ;.;
otherwise interfere with the operation oi transistor Ql.
Because of the high voltages being handled by the thyristor `.~.
and the high back.emf applied to transistor Q2, the latter
transistor must be mounted on a heat sink. .. ~.
The cathode of thyristor Tl is connected via a line 65 ~.
to the common negative line 54 and the anode is connected ~ .
. via a line 66 to the centre of the secondary coil 67 of a
first stage transformer TRl. The two ends of transformer ^.
coil 67 are connected via diodes Dl and D2 and a line 68 to
.
the common negative line 54 to provide full wave rectification ~:
of the transformer output.
First stage transformer Tl has three primary coils 71,
30 72,73 wound together with secondary coil 67 about a core 74. :
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lOS5334
..
This transformcr may be of conventional.llalf cup cor;struction
with a ferrite core. The secondary coil may be wound onto a
coil former disposed about ~he core and primary coils 71 and
73 may be wound in bifilar fashion over the secondary coil.
The other primary coil 72 may.then be wound over the coils
71,73. Primary coils 71 and 73 are connected at one side
by a line 75 to the uniform positive potential of circuit
line 53 and at their other sides by lines 79,81 to the
collectors of transistors Q3,Q4. The emitters of transistors
Q3,Q4 are connected permanently via a line ~ to the common ~ ~
negative line 54. A capacitor C6 is connected between ~ .
lines 79,81 to act as a filter preventing any potential . :
diference between the collectors of transistors Q3,Q4.
The two ends of primary coil 72 are conn~cted by lines
83,84 to the bases o~ transistors Q3,~4. This coil is
centre tapped by a line 85 connected via res.istor R9 to the ;
positive line 53 and via resistor ~10 to the common negative ;~.` ::.
. line 54. .
When power is first applied to the circuit transistors
Q3 and Q4 will be.in their non-conducting states and there ~ .
will be no current in primary coils 71,73. However, the
positive current in line 53 will provide via resistor R9 a . ~ .
triggering signal applied to the centre tap of coil 72 an~
this signal operates to trigger alternate high frequency
oscillation of transistors Q3,Q4 which will result i~ rapid
alternating pulses in primary coils 71,73. The triggering
signal applied to the centre tap of coil 72 is controlled by
the resistor network provided by resistors ~9 and RlO such
that its magnitude is not sufficient to ~na~le i.t to t~igger Q3
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. and Q~ simultaneously but is sufficient to trigger one of those .
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1055334 ` ~:
, transistors. Therefore only one of the transistors is
fired -
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~()55339~
by the initial triggering signal to cause a cw:rent to
' flow through the respective primary coil 71 or,73. The
signal required to hold the transistor in the conducting
state is much less than that required to trigger it initially,
so that when the transistor bçcomes conductive some of the
signal applied to the centre tap of coil 72 will be diverted
to the non-conducting transistor to trigger it. When the
second transistor is thus fired to become conductive, current ;'
will flow through the other of -the primary coils 71,73 and-~
since the emitters of the two transistors are directly
connected together, the positive outp~t o the second
:, ,.
transistor will cause the first-fired transistor to be shut ~,'
off. When the current drawn by the collector of the second-
iired r~sistor drops, part of the signal on the centre tap
of coil 7~ is diverted back to the collector of the first
transistor which is re-fired. It will be seen that, the
cycle will then repeat indefinitely so that transistors '~
Q3,Q4 are alternately fired and shut off in very rapid sequence.,
Thus current pulses flow in alternate sequence through
primary coils 71,73 at a very high frequency, this frequency ,'
being constant and independent of changes in input voltage to ~`
the circuit. The rapidly alternating pulses in primary coils ,
71 and 73, which will continue for so long as ignition switch
' 48 remains closed, will generate higher voltage signals at
the same frequency in the-transiorrner secondary coil 67. ` '`
A dump capacitor ~5 bridged by a resistor R8 is
connected by a line 86 to the line 66 from the secondary
coil of transformer TRl and provides the output from that ~ '
transformer which is fed via line 87 to a second stage
transformer TR2.
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~L~S5334
When thyristor rrl is triggered to become conductive
the full charge of dump capacitor C5 is released to second .
stage transformer T~2. At the same time the first stage of
transformer TRl ceases to function because of this momentary
short circuit placed across it and consequently thyristor
T]. releases, i.e. becomes non-conductive. This permits charge
to be built up again in dump capacitor CS for release when ;
the thyristor is next triygered by a signal from transistor :
Q2. Thus during each of the intervals when the thyristor
is in its non conducting state the rapidly alternating pulses ~ :
in primary coils 71,73 of txansformer TRl produced by the : :
continuously oscillating transistors Q3,Q4 produce, via the
transformer coupling, relatively high voltage output pulses .:~
which build up a high charge in capacitor-C5, and this
charge is released suddenly when the thyristor is
triggered. In a typical apparatus using a 12 volt DC supply
battery pulses of the order of 22 amps at 300 volts may be ~ ;
produced in line 87.
As previously mentioned, relay 58 is provided i:n the
circuit to provlde a delay in the connection of capacitor ~
C2 to the common negative line 54. This delay, although very ~ .
short, i5 sufficient to enable transistors Q3,Q4 to start :.
oscillating to cause transformer TRl to build up a charge in
dumping capacitor C5 before the first triggering signal is
applied to thyristor Tl to cause discharge of the capacitor.
The circuit includes a second stage transformer TR2.
This is a step-up transformer comprising a primary coil 48 . ~.
and a secondary coil 49 wound about a common core 51 and
it produces pulses of very high vo:ltage in the secondary
coil 49 which pulses are applied to a pair of radiation
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generators denoted ~enerally as 500 mounted in the lowér part
of the electrolytic cell.
As shown in Figu~e 1, the secondary coil 49 is
connected not only to radiation generators but also back to
the negative side o~ primary coil 48. In addition a constant
12 volt DC potential is applied between the anode and cathode.
The second stage transformer is built into the anode of the
electrolytic cell 11. Its physical construction and the
manner in which its electrical connections are made will be
explained in detail below.
In a typical apparatus, the output from the first stage
transformer TRl would be 300 volt pulses of the order of 2
amps at 10,000 pulses per second at a duty cycle of slightly
less than 0.1. This can be achieved fr~m a uniform 12 volt
and 40 amps DC supply applied between terminals 14,15 using
the following circuit components :-
Rl 2.7 K ohms ~ watt 2% resistor
R2 220 ohms ~ watt 2% resistor
R3 100 ohms ~ watt 2% resistor
R4 22 K ohms ~ watt 2% resistor
R5 100 ohms ~ watt 2% resistor
R6 220 ohms ~ watt 2% resistor
R7 1 K ohms ~ watt 2% resistor
R8 10 M ohms 1 watt 5% resistor
R9 100 ohms 5 watt 10% resistor
R10 5.6 ohm5 1 watt 5% resistor
~]. 27~jo MF 16V electrolytic capacitor
C2 O.:LQ MF lOOV 10% capacitor
C3 2.7 MF lOOV 10% capacitor
C4 1 MF lOOV 10% capacitor
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~55334 ~:
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C5 1 ~lF lOOOV l)ucon paper capacitor 5 SlOA
C6 .022 MF 160V capacitor
Ql 2N 2647 PN unijunction transistor `;~
Q2 2N 3055 NPN silicon power transistor
Q3 2N 3055 NPN silicon power transistor .
Q4 2N ~05~ NPN sillcon.power transistor :.
Tl BTW 3C' 800 RM fast turn-off thyristor
Dl A 14 P diode .:
D2 A 14 P diode ;~
RLl PW5LS hermetically sealed relay .
. . PSl P658A-10051 pressure switch ~:
TRl Half-cup transformer cores 36/22-341
Coil former 4322-021-30390 wound to provide a
turns ratio between secondary and primary of 18:1
Secondaxy coil 32 = 380 turns :~
Primary coil 34 = 9 turns :;~
Primary coil 36 - 9 turns .
Primary coil 35 = 4 turns
The installation of the above circuit components is ..
illustrated in Figures 3 to 13. They are mounted within and
on a housing which is denoted generally as 101 and which .is
fastened to a side wall of the automobile engine bay 32 via
a mounting bracket 102. Housing 101, which may be formed as
an aluminium casting, has a front wall 103, top and bottom .~.
2S walls 104,105 and side walls 106,107. All of these wHlls `
have external cool.ing fins. The back of housing 101 is - :~
closed by a printed circuit board 108 which is held clamped
in.position by a peripheral frame 109 formed of an insulated
plastics material clamped b~tween the circuit board and
30 mounting bracket 102. An insulating sheet 111 of cork is ,~
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1~3S5334
; held between the frame 109 and mounting bracket 102.
Printed circui~ board 108 carries all of the abovelisted
circuit components except for capacitor C5 and transistors
Q3 and Q~. Figure 5 illustrates the position in which
S transistor Q2 and the coil assembly 112 of transformer TRl
are mounted on the printed circuit board. Transistor ~2
must withstand considerable heat generation and it is
therefore mounted on a specially designed heat sink 113 ~-
clamped to circuit board 108 by clamping screws 114 and -~
nuts 115. ~s most clearly illustrated in Figures 7 and 8,
heat sink 113 has a flat base plate portion 116 which is-
generally diamond shaped and a series of rGd like cooling
fins 117 project to one side of the base plate around its
periphery. It has a pair of countersunk holes 118 for the
clamping screws and a similar pair of holes 119 to receive the
connector pins 121 which connect transistor Q2 to the printed
circuit board. ~oles 118,119 are lined with nylon bushes 122
and a formica sheet 123 is fitted between the transistor
and the heat sink so that the sink is electrically insulated
from the transistor.
The coil assembly ll2 o~ transformer TRl (see Figure 9)
is comprised o~ a casing 12~ which contains transformer
coils and the associated core and former and is closed by a
plastic closing plate 125. Plate 125 is held in position by
2~ a clamping stud 126 and is fitted with electrical connector
pins 127 which are simply pushed through holes in circuit
board 108 and are soldered to appropriate copper conductor
strips 128 on the outer face of the board.
For clarity the other circuit components mounted on
printed circuit board 108 are not illustrated in the drawings.
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1~5S334 ~:
, These are standard small size component~s and the manner in
which they may be fitted to the circuit board i`s entirely
conventional.
Capacitor C5 is mounted within casing 101. More
specifically it is clamped in position between a ~lange 131
which stands up from the floor 105 of the casing and a
clamping pad 132 engaged by a clamping screw 133, which is
mounted in a threaded hole in casing side wall 106 and is
set in position hy a lock screw 134. Flange 131 has two
holes 135 (see Figure 6) in which the terminal bosses 136 ~
of capacitor C5 are located. ~he terminal pins 137 projecting ~ -
from bosses 136 are connected to the terminal board 108 -
by wires (not~ shown) and appropriat~ connector pins which are
extended through holes in the circuit board and soldered to
tlle appropriate conductor strips on the outer face of that
board. ~ ~;
Transistors Q3 and Q4 are mounted on the front wall 103 ~ ;~
of casing 101 so that the finned casing serves as an extended
heat sink for these two transistors. They are mounted on
the casing wall and electrically connected to the printed
circuit board in identical fashion and this is illustrated
by Figure 10 which shows the mounting of transistor Q3. As
shown in that Figure the transistor is clamped in position
by clamping screws 138 and nuts 139 which also serve to
provide electrical connections to the appropriate co~ductors
f the printed circuit board via conductor wires 141. The
third connection from the emitter of the transistor to the
common negative conductor of the printed circuit is made by
conductor 142. Screws 130 and conductor 142 extend through
three hol .s in the casing front wall 103 and these holes are
,
- 20 -
.
. ~
1055334
lined with electrically insulating nylon bushes 143,144. A
~ formica sheet 1~5 is sandwiched between casing. plate 103
and the ~ransis-tor which is therefore electrically insulated
from the casing. ~wo washers 146 are placed beneath the .
ends of conductor wires 141.
Pressure operated microswitch 52 is mounted on a
bracket 147 projecting inwardly from front wall 103 of ~asing
101 adjacent the top wall 104 of the casing and the pressure
sensing unit 148 for this swltch is ins~Lalled in an opening
149 through top wall 104. As most clearly seen in Figure 11,
pressure sensing unit 148 is comprised of two generally . .
cylindrical body members 150,151 between which a flexible
diaphragm 152 is clamped to provide a diaphragm chamber 153. ..
The gas pressure of sensing tube 63 is applied to chamber
lS 153 ~ia a small diameter passage 154 in body member 150 and :~
a larger passage 155 in a cap member 156. The cap member
and body members are fastened together and clamped to the
casing top plate 104 by means of clamping scre~s 157.
Sensing tube 63 is connected to the passage 155 in cap
member 156 by a tape~.ed thread connector 158 and the .. ~.
interface between cap member 156 and body member 150 is
sealed by an O-ring 159.
The lower end of body member 151 o~ press~ e sensing
unit 148 has an internally screw threaded openin~ which
receives a screw 161 which at it~ lower end is formed as an ..
externally toothed adjusting wheel 162. A switch actuating
plunger 163 extends through a central bore in adjusting
wheel 162 so that it engages at one end flexible dlaphragm
152 and at the other end the actua'or member 164 of
microswitch 62. The end of plunger 163 which engages the
. . ~ ...... .
,
: . ~ , . .. ; :
1~55334 :
; diaphragm has a flan~e 165 to serve as a pressure pad and
a helical compression spring 167 encircles plunyer 163 to
act between flange 165 and the adjusting wheel 162 to bias
the plunger upwardly against the action of the gas pressure ~ ~,
acting on diaphragm 152 in chamber 153. The pressure at
which diaphragm 152 will ~orce plunger 163 downwardly against ~ -
the action of spring 167 to cause actuation of switch 62 may ~
be varied by rotating screw 161 and the setting of this screw ~ `
may be held by a setting screw 168 mounted in a threaded hole
in the upper part of casing front wall 103 and projecting ~`
nwardly to fit between successive teeth of adjusting wheel -`
162. After correct setting of screw 161 is achieved set-
screw 168,will be locked in position by locking screw 169
which is then sealed by a permanent seal 170 ~o prevent
lS tampering. Microswitch 62 is also electrically collnected to
the appropriate conductors of the printed circuit board via
wires within the housing and connector pins.
Electrical connections are made between the conductors
of printed circuit board 108 and the internal wiri.ng of
the circuit via a-terminal blocl; 150 (Figure 12) set in an
opening of housing floor 105 by screws 160 and fitted with
terminal plates 140.
The physical construction of electrolytic cell 41 and
the second stage transformer TR2 is illustrated in Figures
13 to 29. The cell comprises an outer casing 171 ha~ing a
tubular peripheral wall 172 and top and bottom closures 173,
174. Bottom closure 174 is comprised of a domed cover 175
which is held to the bottom of peripheral wall 172 by
circumferentially spaced clamping studs 177. Top closure 173
is comprised of a pair of top plates 178,179 disposed face to
- 22 -
~ 05533~
face and held by circumferentially spaced clamping st.uds 181
screwed into tapped holes in thQ upper end of peripheral wall
172. The peripheral wali of the casing is provided with
cooling fins 180.
- The anode 42 of the cell is of generally tubular
formation. It is disposed vertically within the outer casing
and is clamped between upper and lower insulators 182,183.
Upper insulator 182 has a central boss portion 184 and an
annular peripheral flange 185 portion the outer rim of which
is clamped between upper closure plate 179 and the upper end
of peripheral wall 172. Lower insulator 183 has a central ;~
boss portion
'
:,
~
~ .
~ .
~:
., , ' ' ~
- 22a -
10S5334 -
.
186, an annular flange portion 1~7 surroundlng the boss
` portion and an outer tubular port:ion 188 standing up
from the outer margin of flancJe portlcn 1~7. Insulators
182,183 are moulded from an electrically insulating material
which is also alkali resistan~. Polytet:rafluoroethylene is
one suitable material.
When held together by the upper and lower closures,
insulators 182,183 form an enclosure within which anode 42
and the second stage transformer TR2 are disposed. Anode 42
is of generally tubular formation and it is simply clamped
between insulators 182,183 with its cylindrical inner
periphery located on the boss portions 184,186 of those
insulators. It forms a transformer chamber which is closed by
the boss portions of the two insulators and whic~ is filled
with a suitable transformer oil. O-ring seals 190 are fitted
between the central bosses of the insulator plates and the
anode to prevent loss of oil from the transformer chamber.
The transformer core 91 is formed as a laminated mild
steel bar of square section. It extends vertically between
the insulator boss portions 184,186 and its ends are located
" ' ' ' ` ' ' ' '
~.
.:
.
~0
.
- 23 ~
~ .
, . ... .. . . .
: . . .
1~5S334
within recesses in those boss portions. The primary
transformer winding 88 is wound on a first tub.ular former
401 fitted directly onto core 91 whereas the secondary
winding 89 is wound on a second tubular former 402 SQ as to
be spaced outwardly from the ~rimary winding within the oil
filled transformer chamber.
The cathode 43 in the form of a longitudinally slotted
tube which is embedded in the peripherzl wall porlion 183,
this being achieved by mouldlng the in~ulator around the
cathode. The cathode has eight equally spaced longitudinal
slots 191 so that it is essentially comprised of eight
cathode strips 192 disposed between the slots and connected
together at top and bottom only, the slots being filled with
the insulating material of insulator 183.
Both the anode and cathode are made of nickel plated
mild steel. The outer periphery of the anode is machined
to form eight circumferentially spaced flutes 193 which have
arcuate roots meeting at sharp crests or ridges 194 defined
between the flutes. The eight anode crests 194 are radially
aligned centrally of the cathode strips 192 and the perimeter
of the anode measured along its external surface is equal `~
to the combined widths of the cathode strips measured at the
internal surfaces of these strips, so that over the major
part of their lengths the anode and cathode have equal
. .
effective areas. This equalization of areas general~y has
not been available in prior art cylindrical anode/cathode
arrangements. - ~
..
As most clearly seen in Figure 27 the upper end of ~`
anode ~2 is relieved and fitted with an annular collar 200
the outer periphery of which is shaped to form an extension
" . ~ .
- 24 - ~
1~55334
of the ou-ter peripheral surface of the fluted anode. This
`- collar is formed of an electrlcally insulated plastics
ma-terial such as polyvinyl chloride or teflon. A locating
pin 205 extends through collar 200 to p:roject upwardly into
an opening in upper insulating plate 18~ and to extend
downwardly into a hole 210 in the cathode. The collar is
thus located in correct annular alignment relative to the
anode and the anode is correctly aligned relative to the
cathode.
The annular-space 195 between the anodç and cathode
serves as the eledtrolyte solution chamber. Initially this
chamber is filled approximately 75~ full with an electrolyte
solution o 25~ potassium hydroxide in distilled water. ~s
the electrolysis reaction progresses hydrogen and oxygen
gases collect in the upper part of this chamber and water is
admitted to maintain the level of electrolyte solution in
the chamber. Insulating collar 200 shields the cathode in
the upper region of the chamber where hydrogen and oxygen
gases collect to prevent any possibility of arcing through
~hese gases between the anode and cathode.
Electrolyte chamber 195 is divided by a tubular i
membrane 196 formed by nylon woven mesh material 408 stretched
er a tubular former 197 formed of very thin sheet steel.
As mos-L clearly illustrated in Figures 20 and 21 former 197
has upper and lower rim portions 198,199 connected by~
circumferentiàlly spaced strip portions 201. The nylon mesh
material 408 may be simply folded around the upper and lower
insulators 182,183 so that the former is electrically
isolated from all other components of the cell. Material 408
has a mesh size which is so small that the mesh openings will
- 25 -
Pt
' : '
~055334
, not pass bubbles o~ ~reater -than 0.004 inch diameter and
` the material can therefore serve as a barrier against mixing
of hy~lrogell a~d ~Y~ygel~ generated a~ ~he cathode and anode
respectively while permitting the electrolytic flow of
current between the electrodes. The upper rim portion 198
of the membrane former 197 is deep enough to constitute a
solid barrier through the aepth of the gas collection chamber
above the electrolyte solution level so that there will be
no mixing of hydrogen and oxygen within the upper part of the
chamber. :
Fresh water is admitted into the outer section of
chamber 195 via an inlet nozzle 211 formed in upper closure
plate 178. The electrolyte solution passes from the outer
to the inner sections of chamber 195 through the mesh membrane
~08.
No~zle 211 has a flow passage 212 extendin~ to an electro-
lyte inlet valve 213 controlled by a float 214 in chamber
195. Valve 213 comprises a bushing 215 mounted within an
opening extending downwardly through upper closure plate
179 and the peripheral flange 185 of upper insulator 182 and
.: .
providing a valve seat which cooperates with valve needle 216.
.
Needle 216 rests on a pad 217 on the upper end of float 21~
so that when the electrolyte solution is at the required ~;
level the float lits the needle hard a~ainst the valve seat.
The float slides ~ertically on a pair of square section slide ;~
rods 218 extending between the upper and lower insulators 182
and 183. These rods, which may be formed of polytetra-
fluoroethylene extend through appropriate holes 107 through
the float.
The depth of f:loat 214 is chosen such that the electrolyte
' '
- 26 -
.. .. . . . . . .. . .
-. :. . ;.:
". - . .
. . :: . . .-
55334
solution fills only approximately 75~ of the chamber 1~5,
leaving the upper part of the chamber as a gas space which
can accommodate expanslon of the generated gas due to heating
within the cell.
As electrol~sis of the e~ectrolyte solution within
chamber 195 proceeds, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode
and oxygen gas is produced at the anode. These gases bubble
upwardly into the upper part of chamber 195 where they remain
separated in the inner and outer compartments defined by
membrane and it should be noted that the electrolyte solution
enters that part of the chamber which is filled with oxygen
rather than hydrogen so there is no chance of leakage of
hydrogen back through the electrolyte inlet nozzle.
The abutting faces of upper closure plates 178,179 have ;
matching annular grooves forming within the upper closure
inner and outer gas collection passages 221,222. Outer
passage 222 is circular and it communicates with the hydrogen
compartment of chamber 195 via eight ports 223 extending
downwardlY through top closure plate 173 and the peripheral
flange of upper insulator 182 adjacent the cathode strips 192.
Hydrogen gas flows upwardly through ports 223 into passage
222 and thence upwardly through a one-way valve 224 (Figure
19) into a reservoir 225 provided by a plastic housing 226
bolted to top closure plate 178 via a centre stud ?29 and
sealed by a gasket 227. The lower part of housing 114 i6
charged with water. Stud 229 is hollow and its lower end has
a transverse port 228 so that, on removal of a sealing cap 229
from its upper end it can be used as a filler down which to
pour water in*o the reservoir 225. Cap 229 fits over a nut
231 which provides the clamping action on plastic housing 226
.
't
.
- . . . .. ......... = ....
:- .. ,,
. ~
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~ 055334
and resilient gasliets 232,233 and 234 are fitted between the
;nut and cover, between the cap and the nut and between the
cap and the upper end of stud 229.
One-way valve 224 comprises a bushing 236 which ;'
projects downwardly into the annular hydrogen passage 221 and
has a valve head member 237 screw fitted to its upper end to ,,'
provide clamping action on top closure plate 178 between the
head member and a flange 238 at the bottom end bushing 236.
Bushing 236 has a central bore 239, the upper end of which
r~cei~es the diamond cross-section stem of a valve member 240,
. . . .
which also comprises a valve plate portion 242 biased against
the upper end of the bushing by compression spring 243. Valve '
member 240 is lifted against the action of spring 243 by the ,;; ~'
pressure of hydrogen gas within passage 221 to allow the gas
to pass into the interior of valve head 237 and then out
through ports 220 in that member into reservoir 225. ;,
' Hydrogen is withdrawn from reservoir 225 via a
stainless steel crooked tube 241,which connects with a passage
409. Passage 409 extends to a port 250 which extends
downwardly through the top and bottom closure plates 178,179 '~
and top insulator 182 into a hydrogen duct 244 extending
,vertically within the casting of casing 171. Duct 244 is of
'triangular cross-section. As will be explained below, the
hydrogen passes from this duct into a mixing chamber defined
in the gas mixing and delivery unit 38 which is bolted to
'casing 171. ' ,
- ' Oxygen is withdrawn from chamber 195 via the inner
annular passage 221 in the top closure. Passage 221 is not ,
circular but has a scalloped configuration to extend around
the water inlet. Oxygen enters it through eight ports 245
'
- - - 28 -
~ '.
..
, . r, ~
' `' ' ' ' , ' ' ' ' ' . ' ' ' ' ' ' '
1055334
extended through top closure plate 179 and the annular flanye
'-portion of upper insulator 182. The oxygen flows upwardly .
from passage 222 through 2 one-way valve 246 and into a reservoir
260 provided by a plastic housing 247. The arrangement~is
similar to that for withdrawal.of hydrogen and will not be
described in great detail. Suffice to say that the bottom
of the chamber is charged with water and the oxygen is withdrawn
through a crooked tube 248, an outlet passage 249 in top
closure plate 178, and a port which extends downwardly through ~ ~
10 closure plates 178,179 and top insulator 182 into a triangular ` ,
cross-section oxygen duct 251 extending vertically within
. . .
casing 171 disposed opposite hydrogen duct 244. The oxygen
is also delivered to the gas mixing chamber of the mixing and
delivery unit 38.
The pressure sensing tube 63 for switch 62 is connected
via a tapered thread connector 410 and a passage 411 in the
top closure plate 178 directly to the annular hydrogen
pas~age 222. IL the pressure within the passage rises above a
predetermined level, switch 62 is operated to disconnect
20 capacitor C2 from the common negative line 54. This removes
.the negative signal from capacitor C2 which is necessary to
maintain continuous operation of the pulse generatlng circuitry
for generating the triggering pulses on thyristor Tl and these
triggering pulses therefore cease. The transformer TRl ~ ~ :
25 continues to remain in operation to charge dumping cap~citor ~ .
- C5 but because thyristor Tl cannot be triggered dumping
capacitor C5 will simply remain charged until the hydrogen
pressure in passage 222, and therefore in chamber 195 falls
below the predetermined level and triggering pulses are
- 30 applied once more to thyristor T1. Pressure actuated switch
. ' ' ~ ' ' ' '~
~05533~
62 thus controls the rate of gas production according to
the rate at which it is withdra~n. The stiffness of the
control sprinys for gas escape valves 224,246 must of course
be chosen to allow escape of the hydrogen and oxygen in the ~`
proportions in which ~hey are produced by the electrolysis
and radiolysis.
~eservoirs 225j260 are provided as a safety precaution.
If a sudder back-pressure were developed in the delivery ~ ;
pipes this could only shatter the plastic housings 226,247
and could not be transmitted back into the electrolytic cell.
Switch 62 would then operate to stop further generation of '
gases within the cell.
The electrical connections of secondary transformer
TR2 are shown in Figures 14 and 14A. The two ends of primary
coil 88 are connected by wires 252,253 to conductors 254,255
which extend upwardly through the central boss portion of the `
upper insulator. The upper ends of conductors 254,255
project upwardly as pins within a socket 256 formed in the top
of upper insulator 182. The top of socket 256 is closed by
a cover 257 which is held by a centre stud 258 and has a
passage 259 through which wires from the external circuit may
be extended and connected to conductors 254,255 by any
suitable connector (not shown) located within socket 256.
The output of secondary coil 89 is applied to the
radiation generators 500 which are disposed directly beneath
the annular electrolyte chamber at diametrically opposite sides
of the chamber. The two radiation generators are of identical
construction, each comprising a cylindrical ceramic holder 503
which has a central bore to receive tungsten rod electrodes
504,505. These electrodes are disposed with a gap between them
.
- - 30 - -
.
105533~ -
;~nd the holdel has an upper notch 510 wh.ich exposes the
electrode gap. The outer end of electrode 505 has a domed
head 506 and a s~rîng 5~7 is compressed between head 506 and
the outer end or a hollow stud 508 which screws inko a tapped
openin~ extended radially through sill 176 of domed cover 175.
The inner end of electrode 505 is sharply pointed and the : ~.
pointed tip i.s spaced apart from the adjacent flat end of ..
electrode 50~ by a sap of at least . ao6 inches and preferably
about .016 inches.. I~lectrode 504 is shaped as a simpIe
cylindrical tungsten rod fitted with a brass.inner end cap
509 which has a tongue 511 engaging a slot 512 in the end of
a brass rod 513 mounted in a hole bored diametrically through . .;~
the boss 184 o insulator 182.
One end of secondary transformer coil 89 is connected
to brass rod 513 via a wire 257 the transformer core 91, a
spring 514 and a stud 515 which extends downwardly into boss
184 and into a tapped hole in the cent.re of rod 513. The ~. .
other end of secondary transformer coil 89 is connected . :~ :
directly to conductor 254 which is connected back to the negative.:: :
side of the pri.mary coil 88.
A constant 12 vol~ DC supply is connected directly
between the anode ana cathocle hy i.nsula.ted wires 261,262. :
Wire 262 is extended throu~h a n~ylor. ~u~h 263 in the sill
of the bottom cover 175 and then upwardly through a hole 264
in insulator 183 and into the lower end of the cathode~
W.ire 261 is connected to a cathode terminal bolt 265.
Terminal bolt 265 has a stem 266 extending through an opening
in the cathode and an .nsulating bush 267 fitted in an aligned ~ ~ .
opening in the casing wall. The head 268 of the terminal bolt
is drawn against the inner periphery of the cathode by
~ - 31 -
:
- . :
~)5533~ ~
*;:
ticJhtenin~ of a clamping nut 269 and the end of wire 261
~has an eye which is clamped between nut 26~ and a washer
271 by tightening a terminal end nut 272. Sealing 0-rings
273,274 are provided between the bolt head 268 and the cathode
and between bush 267 and the casing wall to prevent escape
of the electrolyte solution. The terminal connection is
covered by a housing 275 held in place by fixing screws 276. ~-~
Application of the 30,000 volt pulses to brass rod 513
., ,~ . .
results in one of the radiation generators S00 acting to
generate high intensity ga,rma radlation which irradiates the
electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. This radiation
produces radiolysis of the electrolyte while the electrolytic
flow of current provides for release of the decomposition
products of hydrolysis. The high voltage energ~ will discharge
though that radiation generator which presents the least
electrical resistance so that only one generator will operate
at any one time. If however one of the generators should
fail, the other would start to operate. The rapid pulses of
potential difference applied between the electrodes, 504,505
results in gamma ray ra~diation because of the impossibility
of establishing a current flow between the electrodes sufficient
to transmit the high speed electrons involved. The pointed
end of electrode ~05 incleases the resistance to the passage
of electro.. s aIld therc-oïe enhances the production of gamma ;
radiation of wave length shorter than 10 10 metres and
generally in the range 10 10 metres to 10 13 metres.
The strong pulsating magnetic field induced by the
secondary coil of transformer TR2 also assists .in the
generatlon of gamma radiation and in fact enables generation
of relatively high intensity radiation by an open air spark
- 32 -
1, .
.1 ' .. ~ .
1~5533~
discharge. ~ven further improvement could be achieved if ~'
.the electrodes 504,505 were cncapsulated in an evacuated tube.
The configuration of the anode and the cathode and
the arrangement of the secondary transformer within the ...
central anode is Or grea-t impo~tance. The anode and cathode,
being construc-ted of magnetic material, are acted on by the
magnetic field of the transformer TR2 to become, during the
period of energization of that transformer, strong conductors
of magnetic flux to create a strong magneti.c field in the
inter-electrode space between the anode and the cathode.
Moreover, the fluted external periphery of the anode and the
strip formation of the cathode, shapes this magnetic field
such that field lines from the anode are caused to intersect :~
field lines from the cathode as indicated by the respective ~ :~
sets of dotted lines A and B drawn in one portion of the
electrolyte chamber in ~igure . Ths high speed electrons
of the short wave electromagnetic radiation will tend to follow :
these field lines. Moreover, the hydrogen and oxygen ions in
the electrolyte will be con-entrated along these field lines
and will, in fact, move along them. Thus, the statistical
possibility of collision between the high speed electrons of ;~
the short wave length radiation and the i.ons in the electrol~te
is very much improved by the generation of this particular ..
magnetic field. Moreover, there is a greatly increased . :~.
possibility of collision between the ions themselves slnce
these will tend to collide at the intersections o the field :
lines A and B with subsequent improved liberation of hydrogen
and oxygen gases. Thus, the configuration of the anode and
cathode which produces intersecting magnetic field lines is
extremely important in improviny the eff.ici~ncy of the .~
, ~ .
- - 33 -
, .~ .
,. ;, . . : . - . -
~05~334
radiolysis process arld also in liberating the decomposition ~ -
products o~ hyclrogen and oxygen. This particular
configu:cation also causes the surface area o~ the anode to ;
be extended and permits an arrangement in which the anode
and cathode have equal surface areas which is most desirable
in order to minimize electrical losses. It is also desirable
that the anode and cathode surfaces at which gas is
produced be roughened, for example, by sand blasting. This
promotes separation of the gas bubbles from the electrode
surfaces and avoids the possibility of overvoltages. The
anode and cathode may both be made of nickel but this is not
essential, and they might alternatively be formed of nickel
plated steel, or they could be made of platinum or be platinum
plated.
The heat generated by transformer TR2 is conducted via
the anode to the electrolyte solution and also increases the
mobility of the ions within the electrolyte solution and thus
also contributes to the progress of electrolysis and
radiolysis.
Dumping capacitor C5 will determine a ratio of charging
time to discharge time which will be largely independent of
the pulse rate. The pulse rate determined b~ the unijunction
transistor Ql must be chosen so that the discharge time is not
so long as to produce overheating of the transformer coils
and-more particularly the secondary coil 89 of transf~rmer TR2.
With the saw tooth wave input and sharply spiked output pulses of
the p.referred oscillator circuit the duty cycle of the
pul$es produced at a frequency of lO,000 pulses per second was
about 0.006. This pulse form helps to minimise overheating
3~ problems in the components of the oscillator circuit at the
34
i ~ - '
'
., . ...... :............ . - ~ - : .
.. : . ~ .
~055334 :
high pulse rates involved. A duty cycle of up to about 0.1, ~ ~;
`as may result from a s~uare wave input, would be feasible but -~
at a pulse rate of 10,000 pulses per second, some of the
components of the oscillator circuit would then be required
to withstand unusually high heat illpUtS. A duty cycle of
about 0.005 would be a minimum which could be obtained with
the illustrated type of oscillator circuitry.
As mentioned above the hydrogen and oxygen gas
generated in electrolytic cell 41 and collected in ducts 244,
251, is delivered to a gas mixiny chamber of the mixing and ~ -
delivery unit 38. More specifically, these gases are
delivered from ducts 244,251 via escape valves 283,284 (Figure
15) which are held in position over discharge ports 285,286
from the ducts by means of a }ea spring 287. The outer
1 15 ends of spxing 287 engage the valves 283,284 and the centre
I part of the spring of bowed inwardly by a clamping stud 288
screwed into a tapped hole in a boss 289 formed in the cell
casing 171.
I Valve 283 is detailed in Figures 28 and 29 and valve 284
¦ 20 is of identical construction. Valve 283 includes an inner
¦ valve body 291 having a cap portion 292 and an annular end
ring portion 293 which holds an annular valve seat 294. A
valve disc 295 is biased against the valve seat by a valve
spring 296 reacting against the cap portion 292. An outer
valve cover 297 fits around the inner member 291 and i~s
engaged by spring 287 to force the inner member firmly into
a socket in the wall of the cell casing so to cover the
hydrogen discharge port 285. The end ring portion 293 o the
inner body memker beds on a gasket 298 within the socket.
Duriny normal operation of the apparatus valves 283,284
35 ~
:
... . .. . ~. . . .
, : . . .. . ..
: ; , . , , :,. ~ ... ;. :
~C~S5334
act as simple one-way valves by movements of their spring
;loaded valve plates. ~lowever, i~ an excessive gas pressure
should arise within the electrolytic cell these valves will
be forced back against the action of holding spring ~87 to
provide pressure relief. The escaping excess gas then flows
to atmosphere via the mixing and delivery unit 38 as clescribed
below. The pressure at which valves 283 t 284 will lift away
to provide pressure relief may be adjusted ~y appropriate
setting of stud 288, which setting is he:Ld by a nut 299.
The construction of the gas mixing and delivery unit
38 is shown in Figures 30 and 40. It comprises an upper body
portion 301 which carries an air ~ilter assembly 302, an
intermediate body portion 303, which is bolted to the casing
of electrolytic cell 41 by six studs 304, and successive
lower body port;ons 305,300, the latter of which is bolted
to the inlet manifold of the engine by four studs 306.
The bolted connection between intermediate body portion :
303 and the casing o~ the electrolytic cell is sealed by a
gasket 307. This connection surrounds valves 283,284
which deliver hydrogen and oxygen gases directly into a
mixing chamber 308 (Figure 34) defined by body portion 303.
.The gases are allowed to mix together within this chamber and
the resulting hydrogen and oxygen mi.xture passes along small
diameter hori~ontal passageway 309 within body portion 303
which passageway is traversed by a rotary valve member 311.
Valve member 311 is conlcally tapered and is held ~ithin a
correspondingly tapered valve housing by a spring 312 (Figure
38) reacting against a bush 313 which is screwed into body
portion 303 and serves as a mounting ~or the rotary valve stem
314.
- 36 -
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1055334
~ . .
Valve member 311 has a ~I:iametral valve port 315 and can be ~.
rotated to vary the extent to which th.is port is aligned with '
passageway 309 thereby tG vary the effective cross-section
for flow through that passageway. As wi:Ll be explained below, ': .
the rotational position of the valve member is controlled
in relation to the engine speed~
Passage 309 extends ~o the lower end of a larger
diameter vertical passageway 316 which extends upwardly to a
jet assembly. denoted generally as 317. , ~ ,
Assembly 317 comprises a main body 321 (Figure 32)
closed at the top by a cap 322 when the assembly is clamp,ed
to body portion 303 by two clamping studs 323 to form a gas ;
chamber 324 from which gas is to be drawn through jet noz~les
318 into two vertical bores of throats 319 (Figure 31) in
body portion 303. The unders.ide of body 321 has a tapped ~.
opening into which is fitted an,externally screw threaded jet
member 325. Jet member 325 defines a jet orifice 326 which ,,
restricts the flow of the hydrogen and oxygen mixture after
it is metered by rotary valve member 311 and before it is ~ ,
discharged through.jet nozzles 31~. , '':'.
Electrolyte cell 41 produces a hydrogen and oxygen '~
mixture which is by itself combustible. However, as used in
connection with existing internal combustion engines the ~.,
volume of hydrogen and oxygen required for normal operation
is less than that of a normal fuel air mixture. Thus~a direct
application to such an engine of onl.y hydrogen and oxygen in
the amount required to meet power demands will result in a
vacuum condition within the ,system. In order to overcome ~"
this vacuum condition provision is made to draw make-up air
into throats 319 via the a r filter assel.~ly 302 and upper body
,
.
.. ..
- :. .: .,.: . . : , ~ :
~05S334
portion 301.
'- Upper body por~ion 301 has a single i.nterior passage
328 through which make-up air is delivered to the dual throats
319. It is fastened to body portion 303 by clamping studs .
329 and a gasket 331 is sandwiched between the two body
portions. The amount of make-up air admitted is controlled
by an air valve flap 332 disposed across passage 328 and
rotatably mounted on a shaft 333 to which it is attached by
screws 33~. Shaft 333 extends through the wall of body
portion 301 and outside that wall it is fitted at one.end
with a bracket 335 which carries an adjustable setting screw
336 and a biasing spring 337. Spring 337 provides a
rotational bias on shaft 333 and during idling of the engine
it simply holds flap 332 in a position determined by
engagement of setting screw 336 with a flange 338 of body
portion 301. This position is one in which the flap almost
completely closes passage 328 to allow only a small amount
of make-up air to enter, this small amount being adjustable
by appropriate setting of screw 336. Screw 336 is fitted ~ .
with a spring 339 so that it will hold its setting. The other
end of sha~t 333 is fitted with a lever 601 which has an
elongate hole or slot 602 engaged by a wire link 603. As
will be explained below, link 603 pulls on lever 601 when
the engine throttle is actuated to increase engine speed
thereby to rotate shaft 333 and flaps 332 against the action
of spring 337 and so as to increase the supply of air in
accordance with the throttle setting.
Although flaps 332 normally serve only to adjust the
amount of make-up air admitted to unit 38, they also serve
3~ as a pressure relief valve ir excessi.ve pressures are built
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up, eithcr due to excesslve generation of hyarogen and oxygen
` gases or due to burning of gases in the inlet manifold of
the engine. In either event the gas pressure applied to
flaps 332 will cause them to rotate so as to open passage
328 and allow gases to escape back through the air filter.
The elongate hole 602 in lever 601 allows relative movement ~ ;
between the lever and link 603 necessary to allow such
rotation of the flaps. It will be seen in Figure 32 that
flap mounting shaft 333 is offset from the
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centre o passage 32~ such that internal pressure will tend
to open the flap and thus exactly the reverse of the air valve
in a conventional yasoline carburettor.
Air filter assembly 302 comprises an annular bottom
pan 341 which fits snugly onto the top of upper body portion
301 and domed Eilter e]ement 342 held between an inner frame
343 and an outer steel mesh covering 344. The assembly is
held in position by a wire and eyebolt fitting 345 and clamping
nut 346.
Body portion 305 of unit 38 ~Figure 31?, which is
fastened to body portion 3~3 by clamping studs 347, carries
throttle valve apparatus to control engine speed. It has
two vertical bores 348,349 serving as continuations of the dual
throats which started in body portion 303 and these are ~itted
with throttle valve flaps 351,352 fixed to a common throttle
valve shaft 353 by fixing screws 354. Both ends of shaft
353 are extended through the wall of body portion 305 to
project outwardly therefrom. One end of this shaft is fitted
with a bracket 355 via which it is connected as in a
conventional carburet~or to the throttle cable 356 and also
to an automatic transmission kick-down control linkage 357.
A biasing spring 358 acts on shaft 353 to bias throttle flaps
toward closed positions as determined by engagement of a setting
screw 359 carried by bracket 355 with a plate 361 projecting ~;
from body portion 303. ~ ~
The other end of throttle valve shaft 353 carries a ~ -
lever 362 the outer end of which is connected to a wlre link
407 by means of which a control connection is made to the
valve stem 314 of valve member 311 via a further lever 406
connected to the outer end of the valve stem. This control
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5533~
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connection ls such that valve member 311 is at all times
positioned to pass a quantity oE gas mixture appropriate to
the engine speed as determined by the throttle setting.
The lower end of the wire link 603 which acts on the air
inlet valve shaft via lever 501 is also connected to lever
406 so that the air inlet valve is opened together with
the throttle and gas mixture valves. The linkage is set so
as to maintain a substantially constant air/gas mixture ~ -
and it is found that for this result there should be about
an 8 to 1 ratio of rotational movement between the levers ; ;~
601 and 406.
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1055334
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Body portion 303 is fastened to the bottom body portion
300 of unit 38 by four clamping studs 306. The bottom body
portion has two holes 364,365 which form continuations
of the dual throats and which diverge in the downward
direction so as to direct the hydrogen, oxygen and air mixture
delivered th~ough these throats outwardly toward the two
banks of cylinder inlets. Since this fuel is dry~ a small
quantity o oil vapour is added to it via a passage 403 in
body portion 305 to provide some upper cylinder lubrication.
Passage 403 receives oil vapour through a tube 404 connected
to a tapping on the engine tapped cover. It discharges the oil
vapour downwardly onto a relieved top face par* 368 of body
portion 300 between holes 364,365. The vapour impinges on
the relieved ~ace part and is deflected into the two holes to
be ~rawn with the gases into the engine.
In the illustrated gas mixing and delivery unit 38,
i-t will be seen that passageway 309, vertical passageway 316,
chamber 324 and nozzles 318 constitute transfer passage means
via which the hyd~ogen and oxygen mixture pass to the ~gas
flow duct means comprised of the dual throats via which it
passes to the engine. The transfer passage means has a gas
metering valve comprised of the valve member 311,
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The gas rneterin~ valve is set to give maximum flow rate
through the transfer passage means at full throttle settiny
of throttle flaps 351,352.
From the foregoing description it can be seen that
the electrolytic cell 41 converts water to hydrogen and
oxygen whenever ignition switch 44 is closed to activate
solenoid 51, and this hydrogen and oxygen are mixed in chamber
308. Closure of the ignition switch also activates solenoid
- 56 to permit entry of the hydrogen and oxygen mixture into
chamber 319, when it mixes with air admitted into the chamber
by air valve flap 332. As described above, air valve flap
332 may be set to admit air in an amount as required to avoid-
a vacuum condition in the engine.
In operation the throttle cable 356 causes bracket 355
to pivot about throttle valve shaft 353, which rotates flap
351 to control the amount of hydrogen-oxygen-air m1xture
entering the engine. At the same time shaft 353 acts via
the linkage shown in Figure 37 to control the position of shaft
314, and shaft 314 adjusts the amount of hydrogen-oxygen
mixture provided for mixing with the air. As shown in Figure
30, bracket 355 may also be linked to a shaft 357, which is
connected to the automobile transmission. Shaft 357 is a
common type of shaft used for down shifting into a passing ~ ~
gear when the throttle has been advanced beyond a predetermined ~ ~-
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point. Thus there is provided a compact fuel generation
system which is compatible with existing internal combustion
engines and which has been designed to fit into a standard
passenger automobile.
While the form of apparatus herein described
constitutes a preerred embodiment of the invention, it is
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1055334
to be understood that the invention is no-t limited to
`this precise form of appara-tus, and that changes may be
made therein without cleparting from the scope of the
invention.
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