Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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~ BACKGROI~ND OF THE INVENTION :~
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The present invention relates to apparatus for calcining
fine solid particulate material and in particular apparatus for -
flash calcining raw material such as that used to manufacture
Portland cement. The invention may also be employed in other ~ -
processes where fine solid particulate material must be calcined. ~ ;
Prior to the present invention, it was generally known
in the manufacture of Portland cement that the raw material mus~
first be heated to a calcining temperature and then further heated
to a clinkering temperature. After clinkering, the material is `~ ~
cooled by any of several well known techniques such as air ;
quenching. The general practice today is to bmploy a rotary kiln '
for calcining and clinkering. More recent innovations include the
use of some form of preheater employing the waste gases from the "-~
rotary kiln to preheat the raw material supplied to the rotary
kiln.
Prior to the present invention it was known to employ ,`~
a separate fired vessel for calcining the material thereby using ~`
the rotary kiln solely for clinkering. In this arrangement, there
may be a separate preheater with the materia} discharged from the l'
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preheater being supplied to the calciner. The calcined material
is then supplied to the rotary kiln for final clinkering. Fuel
is supplied to the calciner for acheiving calcining temperatures ;,
and additional fuel is supplied to the kiln for achieving the ;~
clinkering temperatures. Early systems employin~ this sequence ;;
are shown in U.S. Patents Nos. 1,46~ 8 and 1,557,873. More
recent systems employing this flow pattern are shown in U.S. `;~
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Patent No. 3,452,968 and Japanese Patent No. 47-30405 issued August
8, 1972 to Onoda Cement Company Ltd. With the more recent develop~
ments, a '!flash calciner" is employed wherein combustion of fuel
takes place in a vessel to produce high temperatures in the vessel, ,~
and raw material is passed through the vessel. The high tempera- ' '
tures in the vessel result in rapid calcination of the fine solid
particulate material. ~ ,
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The more recent systems are beginning to make an impact
on the Portland cement making industry in view of their ability ;
to increase production capacity while employing a smaller kiln
and achieving a more efficient production with a given amount of
fuel. The more recent systems are primarily designed to operate
with either oil or gas as a fuel. In order to have an apparatus
which is useful for all types of fuel and in particular coal,
modifications to the known designs have become necessary. This `~
is because it is necessary to increase the reten~ion time of the
fuel in the calciner vessel when coal is employed as a fuel as
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opposed to the retention time for oil or gas. Increasing the `~
ruel retention time insures complete combustion of the fuel and ~ .r- .,
thereby provides an efficient system. ~;
SUMMARY
It is ~herefore the principal object of this invention
to provide an improved apparatus for calcining raw material which ;~
is capable of being operated with all types of fuel. 5
It is another object of this invention to provide an
apparatus for manufacturing Portland cement which employs a
ZO flash calciner which can be operated with all types of fuel.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a ;~
calciner for raw material wherein the retention time of the fuel
in the calcining vessel is increased so that the calciner can be
operated with coal.
In general, the Eoregoing and other objects of this
invention will be carried out by providing apparatus for calcining
a raw material comprising a vessel having an inlet for combustion
air and an outlet for spent combustion air: an inlet for raw
material to be calcined downstream of the inlet for combustion
air in the direction of combustion air flow and burner means for
producing a combustion zone intermediate the inlet for raw
material; said outlet for spent combustion air being an outlet
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for calcined material and being downstream of said inlet for raw
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material in the direction of ~ombustion air flow.
The objects will also be carried out b~ providing
apparatus for calcining raw material comprising; a vessel having
an inlet for raw material to be calcined, an inlet for fuel for
combustion herein, means for producing a combustion zone in s~id
vessel and an outlet for spent combustion air and calcined material;
said combustion zone and said outlet for spent combustion air in ~ ;
the d~rection of combustion air flow.
PREFERRED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be described in connection with the
annexed drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a clinkering system
employing the present invention;
Figure 2 is a view on an enlarged scale of the calciner
of the present in~ention;
Figure 3 is a view similar to Figure 2 showing a
modification of the present invention; ~?,;
Figure 4 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing a further i
modification of the present invention; and - 0~ -
Figure 5 is a view similar to Figures 2 and 3 showing
a still further modification of the ~resent invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
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Referring to the drawings, there is shown in Figure 1
a diagrammatic view of a system according to the present invention
which may be used for manufacturing Portland cement. In general,
the apparatus includes in the direction of material flow a
preheater generally indicated at 1 which is in the orm of a
suspension preheater generally well known in the art. The pre-
heater 1 is followed by a flash calciner generally indicated at
3, a clinkerer 5 in the form of a rotary kiln and a cooler 6.
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The preheater 1 includes a plurality of serially
connected gas solids separators in the ~orm of cyclones 7, 8
and 9. The cyclone 7 includes an inlet 10 for gas and entrained
solids, an outlet 11 for separatea gases and an outlet 12 for
separated solids. The cylone 8 includes an inlet 13 for gas ana ;
entrained solids, an outlet 14 for separated gases and an outlet
15 for separated solids. Similarly, the cyclone 9 includes an
inlet 16 for gas and entrained solids, an outlet 17 for separated
gases and an outlet 18 for separated solids.
An inlet 20 for ~aw material is provided in the outlet
14 of the cyclone 8. A high-efficiency dust collector 21 is
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flow connected to the outlet ll of the cyclone 7 and includes an ~
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outlet 22 suitably connected to a stack.
The flash calciner of the present invention is generally
indicated at 3 and is flow connected in series to the preheater 1.
The calciner may be in the form shown in any of Figures 2, 3 or
5, but for the present, that shown in Figure 2 will be described
Referring to Figure 2 there is shown a generally upright vessel
30 which includes a first portion 31 having a first diameter
and a second, upper portion having a second diameter larger than ~-
the first diameter. A transition section33 may be providedc The
vessel includes an inlet 34 for raw material to he calcined flow
connected to the outlet 1~ of cyclone 9 of the preheater 1. In
Figure 2, this iniet 34 is shown as located at the transition `~
section 33, but may be located in the second portion 32. The
vessel 30 also includes an inlet 35 for fuel which is suitably
connected to a source 36 of fuel such as pulverized coal. A ~
burner 37 may be provided in the vessel 30 in the first portion 31. `
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The burner may be centered in the vessel 30 or outside the vessel ~- ;
with the flame directed into the center of the vessel. The coal
may be conveyed to the burner and the inlet 35 by compressed air
as at 48 from a suita~le source. Depending upon the burner used, ~.
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ail igniter flame of oil such as that indicated at 49 my be required.
The burner produces a Combustion zone in the first portion 31
of the vessel. The inlet 34 for raw material to be calcined is
designed to direct material toward this combustion zone.
A source of combustion air is supplied from a conduit 38
t~ an inlet 39 of a vessel below the inlet 35 for fuel. If -~
desired, a gas diffusion or distributor plate 40 may be provided
above the combustion air inlet 39 and below the fuel inlet 35.
An outlet al for calcined material and spent combustion air is -~
provided in the top of the vessel 30. Thus, in the direction
of combustion gas flow, the combustion zone is downstream of the `
combustion gas inlet and upstream of the inlet for material to , ,
be calcined and the spent combustion gas outlet. ;;~
A gas solids separator 43 in the form of a cyclone is `
flow connected to the vessel 30 by means of a conduit 44 connected !~',;, ,',."' '
to the outlet 41 of the vessel 30. The cyclone 43 includes a `~
tangential inlet 45 for the gas and entrained solids, a separated
gas outlet 46, and a separated solids outlet 47.
The clinkerer 5 in the form of a conventional rotary -~s
kiln 50 is flow connected to the calciner 3 and in particular
is supplied raw material through conduit 47 from the cyclone 43.
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The discharge end 51 of the kiln 50 includes means 52 for supplying
fuel to the kiln and means 53 for supplying combustion air to the
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kiln. The fuel supplied to the kiln is used ~or clinkering the ;~
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raw material. i~ -
The rooler generally indicated at 6 in Figure L includes x~
means 61 for supplying cooling air for passage through a bed of
hot material in the cooler 6. As the cool air passes through the i,
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hot material it serves to cool the hot clinker and the air is
heated hy such hot clinker. At least some of the thus heated air
... . ..
is supplied to the kiln 50 to serve as preheated combustion air.
This is supplied to the kiln through conduit 51. Additional
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heated air is supplied through conduit 54 to the calciner 3 to , ~ ,
serve as combustion air in the calciner 3. The remaining spent
cooled air is discharged into conduit 63 to a high-efficiency :~
dust collector 64 for discharge to atmosphere. v,'.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the calciner may ..
include a mixing chamber 70 and exhaust gases from the kiln 50
is supplied to this mixing chamber 70 through a suitable conduit .;,
71 and the heated cooling air from conduit 54 is supplied to the- ,'~
mixing chamber 70. The combustion air conduit 38 of the calciner ,:
vessel 30 is connected to the mixing chamber 70. , /,~
In operation, raw material is supplied to the preheater ',~:
1 at 20 and in particular to the conduit connecting the outlet 14 '
of cyclone 8 and the inlet 10 of cyclone 7. Hot gases discharged ,~
from cyclone 8 entrain the raw material and convey the same to .. ;~.. '
inlet 10 of cyclone 7 thereby preheating the raw material a
certain amount. '.' '
In the cyclone 7 the particulate material is separated '.,'
from the gas and discharged through the outlet 12 to the conduit '
connecting the gas outlet 17 of cyclone 9 and the gas-solias in~
let 13 of the cyclone 8. Ths gases are discharged from cyclone 7 ~.'`
through outlet 11 to dust collector 21. The solids from outlet, `~
12 are entrained in the gases discharged from cyclone 9 and
conveyed to the cyclone 8. These gases further preheat the raw '~
material. In the cyclone 8, the gases are separated to the out~
let 14 and,the solid,s are discharged through conduit lS into the
gas outlet 46 of the'cyclone 43 of the calciner 3. These hot ,',
gases entrain the solids and convey them to inlet 16 o~ the cyclone '.
9. In the cyclone,9, the solids are separated from the gases and .'~
discharged through conduit 18 to the inlet 34 of the calciner 3.
In the calciner 3, the combustion takes place in the
first portion 31 and the preheated raw material is directed .
downwardly into the combustion zone generally countercurrent to ,'~ i
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106246i~
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the upward flow of combustion gases. When coal is used as a fuel,
complete combustion of the fuel takes longer than gas or oil.
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It is important to keep the coal particles in the calciner until
complete combustion takes place. Because the combustion air ..
inlet is below the fuel supply inlet 35 and the combustion zone, .~.~
the upwardly flowing air keeps the fuel and raw material in . .
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suspension and insures that all of the fuel is burned and will . -
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not drop out of the combustion zone. With the raw material
directed toward the combustion zone, the material passes through
the combustion zone to achieve rapid or "flash" calcination o~
the raw material. The larger diameter portion 32 serves to reduce
the velocity of gas flowing through the calciner 3 so that re- 3
tention time in the vessel 30 will be increased and insure com-
plete calcination of the raw material. ..
With the addition to the calciner of preheated com-
bustion air from the cooler and hot exhaust gases ~rom the kiln,
less fuel need be added directly to the calciner to achieve the
desired calcination temperature.
The spent combustion gas and calcined raw material are . . ........ : .
discharged from the vessel 30 at 41 and conveyed by conduit 44
to cyclone 43. The separated gases are discharged at 46 and the
separated solids are discharged at 47 and supplied to the ..
clinkerer 5 or further processing. `
In the modification shown in Figure 3, the mixing
chamber 70 has been eliminated and the exhaust gases from the ...
clinker S are conveyed directly to the vessel 30 by conduit 71 .~
and the hot gases from the cooler 6 are supplied to the vessel 30 `.
by conduit 54. The bottom of the vessel 30 serves as a mixing
chamberO In the embodiment shown in Figure 3 the conduit 71 and
54 are spread around the vessel 30 to insure proper mixing of the .-.
spent cooler gases and the hot kiln exhaust gases. Also in the .
embodiment of Figure 3 the distributor plate 40.has been removed.
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~' ,In the moaification shown in Figure 4 t the exhaust
~ gases from the clinker S are not used in the calciner 3, but are
',' supplied directly to the preheater 1, bypassing the calciner`3.
All of the combustion air used by the calciner 3 is supplied
~,', from the conduit 54 from the cooler ~. -
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In the modification shown in Figure'5, the raw material '~ ,-
is supplied to the calciner 3 ~elow the ~uel source 35 and com-
bustion zone rather than above the fuel inlet 35 as shown in
Figures 2 and 3. It is believed that by supplying the raw '
~10 material with the combustion air below the combustion'zone, proper
;,~ mixing of the fuel and ra~ material and combustion air will take
place. As in the embodiments of Figures 2 and 3 the calcined
', material outlet i5 located at the top of the vessel 30.
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~,, From the foregoing it should be apparent that the objects
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ii;, , of the present invention have been carried out. The calcining ~,
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vessel serves to rapidly calcine the solid particulate material,
The combustion air and,raw material inlets, the combustion zone
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and the calcined material and spent combustion gas outlet are
positioned to insu're complete combustion of the fuel and complete ''~
calcination of the raw material. This arrangement is particularly
, advantageous for~using coal as a fuel.
' It is intended that the foregoing be merely a des-
cription,o a preferred embodiment and that the invention be'
limited solely by that which is within the scope of the appended
~ ! claims
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