Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
io7s~07
HEAT SET AND DESTRETCHED POLYESTER BACXING
MATERIAL IN COATED ABRASIVE MANUFACTURE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the heat setting and
destretching of the woven polyester containing, fabric
backing material used in a coated abrasive product, such
as an endless belt. More particularly, this invention
relates to a new and improved, heat set and destretched and
cloth finished, woven polyester containing, fabric backing
material for a coated abrasive product, a new and improved -
coated abrasive product incorporating such cloth finished
backing material, such as an endless belt, a new and
improved method of such heat setting and destretching and
cloth finishing, and a new and improved method of making
such coated abrasive product incorporating such heat setting
and destretching and cloth finishing method.
PRIOR ART
Heretofore, the accepted way of making a coated abra-
sive product, and especially an endless belt, involved
primarily the use of a woven cotton fabric backing material,
and to a lesser degree of woven viscose rayon fabric backing.
In either case however, these backing materials inherently
are limited in strength, toughness, body retention and base
adhesion. Moreover, attempts to incorporate an all thermo-
setting resin system have resulted in unacceptable embrittle-
ment of the fabric backing, especially cotton.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is a primary objective of this inven-
tion to overcome these disadvantages of the prior art by
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the use of a heat set and destretched woven polyester con-
taining backing material for a coated abrasive product, and
thereby obtain a product which not only possesses greater
strength, toughness, body retention, pliability and base
adhesion properties, but also readily can be used in an
all thermosetting resin system without undesirable embrittle-
ment. To this end, the invention provides: (1) a new and
improved, het set and destretched and cloth finished, woven
polyester containing fabric backing material for a coated
abrasive product, and preferably a fabric woven from 100%
high tenacity polyester staple fibers in a sateen weave;
(2) a new and improved coated abrasive product incorporating
such cloth finished backing material, and preferably in
endless belt form; (3) a new and improved method of heat
setting and destretching and cloth finishing such fabric
backing material; and (4) a new and improved method of making
such coated abrasive product and incorporating such heat
setting and destretching and cloth finishing method.
A more specific objective is to provide such heat set
and destretched backing material having: a dimensional :
stability warpwise of less than about 6.5% elongation at 170
pounds per linear inch of width tensile; and preferably a
fabric cover of more than about 99%.
Another more specific objective is to provide such heat
set and destretched backing material with a cloth finish
including fill and front fill coats containing thermosetting
resin, with such cloth finished backing material preferably
having a dimensional stability warpwise which is increased
over that of such backing material without such cloth finish;
with such cloth finish preferably including back fill and
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10 7500~
back size coats containing thermosetting resin, preferably
acrylic polymer, and a front fill coat containing thermoset-
ting resin, preferably phenol formaldehyde resin, and such
dimensional stability preferably being increased over that of
such backing material without such cloth finish; or with such
cloth finish preferably including dip fill and front fill
coats containing thermosetting resin, preferably phenol
formaldehyde resin, and such dimensional stability preferably
being increased over that of such backing material without
such cloth finish.
An additional more specific objective is to provide
such coated abrasive product, preferably an endless belt,
incorporating such cloth finished backing material and having
successive maker, abrasive and size coats over the front fill
coat, and as an alternative, a pre-size coat between such
front fill and maker coats, for enhanced base adhesion, such
maker and size coats, as well as such pre-size coat, if
present, containing thermosetting resin, preferably phenol
formaldehyde resin, with such coated abrasive product being
cured, preferably product finished to form an endless belt
and able to withstand being doubled upon itself across the
warp, abrasive side compressed, without shattering, and
without being torn readily across the warp manually, in the
crease produced during such doubling.
A further more specific objective is to provide such
heat setting and destretching method comprising: maintaining
such backing material under both warpwise and weftwise
tension, while heating to a temperature and for a time
sufficient to provide such backing material with a dimensional
stability warpwise of less than about 6.5~ elongation at 170
,
.
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pounds per linear inch of width tensile, while maintaining its
desired width during such heat setting and destretching; with
such warpwise and weftwise tension preferably being sufficient
to increase the fabric cover from more than about 96% to more
than about 99%; with such warpwise tension preferably being
sufficient to produce an average length increase of more than
about 4% and such weftwise tension preferably being sufficient
to limit the average width decrease to about 5%; with such
temperature and time preferably ranging from about 400 to
about 460F and from about 0.75 to about 2 minutes, and with
such temperature more preferably being about 440F and such
time more preferably ranging from about 1 to about 1.5 minutes.
Still another more specific objective is to provide such
cloth finishing method including: providing such heat set
and destretched backing material with a cloth finish including
fill and front fill coats containing thermosetting resin, and -. -
wherein such cloth finished backing material preferably is
provided with a dimensional stability warpwise which is
increased over that of such backing material without such
cloth finish; wherein such cloth finish preferably includes
back fill and back size coats containing thermosetting resin,
preferably acrylic polymer and a front fill coat containing
thermosetting resin, preferably phenol formaldehyde resin, and
such dimensional stability preferably is increased over that :~
of such backing material without such cloth finish; or -
wherein such cloth finish preferably includes dip fill and .
front fill coats containing thermosetting resin, preferably
phenol formaldehyde resin, and such dimensional stability
preferably is increased over that of such backing material
without such cloth finish.
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Yet another more specific objective iB to provide such
method of making such coated abrasive product, preferably such
endless belt, incorporating such heat setting and destretching
and cloth finishing method and including coating such cloth
finished backing material with successive maker, abrasive and
size coats over such front fill coat, and as an alternative,
applying a pre-size coat over such front fill coat before apply-
ing such maker coat, for enhanced base adhesion, such
maker and size coats, as well as such pre-size coat, if
present, containing thermosetting resin, preferably phenol
formaldehyde resin, and curing such coated backing material
to produce a coated abrasive product, and preferably product
finishing such coated backing material to produce such endless
belt, able to withstand being doubled upon itself across the
warp, abrasive side compressed, without shattering, and
without being torn readily across the warp manually, in the
crease produced during such doubling.
Additional objectives and advantages of the invention
will become evident upon consideration of the following --
detailed description and accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an endless coated
-~ abrasive belt constituting a preferred embodiment of the
invention.
Fig. 2 is an enlarged vertical section taken generally
along line 2-2 of Fig. 1, and illustrating the laminar
construction thereof, with the various layers being dispro-
portionately enlarged for clarity of illustration.
Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2, but illustrates the - -
laminar cross-section of an alternative preferred embodiment
of the inventive belt.
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Fig. 4 is a schematic side elevation of a preferred
apparatus employed in practicing the inventive method of
heat setting the inventive backing material.
Fig. 5 is a top plan view of the apparatus of Fig. 3.
Fig. 6 is a schematic side elevational view similar to
Fig. 4, but illustrating an alternative preferred apparatus
employed in the inventive method of heat setting the inven-
tive backing material.
Fig. 7 is a top plan view of the apparatus of Fig. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
- GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIVE BELT
Referring to the drawings, and particularly Fig. 1, -
a preferred embodiment of the inventive coated abrasive belt
is generally indicated at 10, and includes a composite or
laminar sheet 12 which is turned upon itself, abrasive side
outwardly, to arrange its opposite end portions 14, 16 in- - -
edge abutting relationship. As should be evident from Fig.
1, these end portions 14, 16 are slit at an angle to the -
running direction of the belt, as indicated by the arrows,
and the desired butt joint is provided by a patch splice
generally indicated at 18. This splice may be of any suit-
able construction, such as disclosed in U.S. Patents
3,665,660 and 3,763,604.
Alternatively, the belt could be formed with a lap
splice by skiving the end portions, interposing a suitable
adhesive and then heat pressing the joint, as is well known
in the art.
Turning now to Fig. 2, the cross-sectional, multi-
layer or laminar construction of the belt of Fig. 1 is
illustrated in exaggerated form for clarity. In other words,
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the proportion of the thickness of the various layers i8
not to scale, but rather considerably enlarged in order to
indicate the presence and nature of each layer and its
relationship with the adjacent layers.
Thus, sheet 12 of belt 10 includes a woven fabric
backing material 20, preferably of 100% polyester fabric
woven from polyester staple fibers in a sateen weave. On
the back or lower side of backing material 20, is a back
fill coat 22 and on this coat is a back size coat 24. The
manner in which these coats are applied will be described
in detail below, but it is to be noted at this point that
the back fill coat 22 actually impregnates the backing
material 20.
On the top or front side of backing material 20 is a
front fill coat 26, which also impregnates the fabric, and
on top of this is arranged a pre-size coat 28, on top of
which is located the maker coat 30. Embedded in the maker
coat is a layer of abrasive grain 32, and this layer is, in
turn, covered by a size coat 34.
An alternative preferred embodiment of the inventive
belt is illustrated in Fig. 3, which is similar to Fig. 2,
and where the layers and coats are the same, the same numerals
are employed, followed by the small letter "a". However, in
the embodiment of Fig. 3, the back fill coat 22 and the back
size coat 24 of Fig. 2 are replaced by dipping the fabric
backing material 20a in an appropriate fluid composition
; to provide a dip fill envelope or coat 23a completely
surrounding and impregnating both the back and front sides
of backing layer 20a. Of course, as shown in Fig. 3, the
backing material 20a has been cut to the desired belt width;
hence the envelope is removed from the side edges.
. . : ,
- . ~ . , ,
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In each embodiment, as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3,
however, a critical feature of the construction is the heat
set and destretched condition of the backing material prior
to the addition of the other layers, and prior to the cutting
to belt width.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD OF MAKING THE INVENTIVE
BELT
Continuing with Figs. 1-3, the manufacturing procedure
may be said to include 6 basic steps, as follows. In des-
cribing such procedure, it is to be noted that Figs. 1-3
show the finished product cut to width, whereas prior to
belt formation, the various layers and/or coats are consider-
ably wider, depending upon the width of the woven fabric -
material roll provided.
The first step is weaving the wide fabric backing
material from which the narrow backing material 20 or 20a is
formed. The second step is heat setting and destretching
such fabric backing material, as will be described in detail
below, and with particular reference to Figs. 4-7. The third
step is that of cloth finishing, and this includes the
application of the back fill coat 22, back size coat 24 and
front fill coat 26 of Fig. 2. The same is true for the
embodiment of Fig. 3, except that the back fill coat 22 and f -
the back size coat 24 are replaced by the dip coat or
envelope 23a.
As an alternative procedure, and as preferred for heavy -
duty, non-waterproof type belts, such as those illustrated
in Figs. 2 and 3, it is both necessary and desirable to
include a pre-size coat 28 (Fig. 2) or 28a (Fig. 3), in order
to enhance the base adhesion properties of the finished
product.
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The fourth basic step in such belt manufacture is
generally referred to as coating, and this includes the steps
of applying the maker coat, the grain layer and the size
coat, as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3.
The fifth basic step or procedure in such belt manufac-
ture is that of curing, which will be explained in more
detail below, and involves the heat treating of the coated
roll of backing material from which the belt is made.
The sixth and final procedure involves that which is
generally referred to as product finishing, and this
includes the flexing, and slitting of the roll cured belt
matrix into the various desired belt widths, bias cutting and
positioning the abutting end portions 14, 16, such as shown
in Fig. 1, and applying the splice, such as 18, to complete
each individual belt.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF HEAT SETTING APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN
THE INVENTIVE METHOD
Referring now to Figs. 4 and 5, there is shown in
schematic outline from such heat setting apparatus which
actually was used in heat setting the backing material ' '-
referred to in each of Examples 1 and 2.
This apparatus includes a supply or unwind roll 40,
~' on which the roll of fabric 200, for making up the narrower
- backing material 20 (Fig. 2) or 20a (Fig. 3), is supplied.
As the wide backing material 200 is fed from left to right;
it proceeds from supply roll 40 over support rolls 41,
whereupon it is taken off over guide roll 42, and is then
- passed through nip rolls 43, 44, which are designated as the
"NIP I" position. From here, the backing 20 is fed between
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nip rolls 45, 46, which constitute the "NIP 2" position, and
then proceeds between nip rolls 47, 48, forming the "NIP 3"
position, under guide roll 49, over guide roll 50, down
under guide rolls 51, 52 and up over guide roll 53 to nip -
rolls 54, 55, which constitute the "NIP 4" position. It is
to be noted at this point that these nip rolls 54, 55 are
driven at variable speed which is greater than the speed at
"NIP 3" position to apply warp tension, but which was less
than the tension speed of the chain and clip assemblies
described below, (also known as the tenter frame), in order
to put additional warp tension on the fabric while it is being -
heated. -- -
Next, the material passes through the combined heat
treating and destretching apparatus generally indicated at
56. This apparatus is known as a clip tenter and includes an
oven generally indicated at 57 and provided with a number of
stations or controls 58 for adjusting and setting the width
of the tenter frame. By means of a support structure which -
is cantilevered at each end, as shown at 59 and 60, such
apparatus includes the dual chain and clip mechanisms or
assemblies generally indicated at 61, and having a common
drive (not shown), for feeding material 200 through oven 57
while maintaining the desired width thereof. To this end,
each such assembly or mechanism 61 includes, at the entrance
end of the oven a sprocket 62 and at the exit end of the oven
another sprocket 63, with the two being connected by a link
type chain 64 on which are mounted a series of clip
mechanisms 65. The detailed structure of this assembly is
disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,180,001 and 3,234,622, which are
incorporated herein by reference.
107SC107
Generally speaking, the clip mechanisms 65 are
disengaged on the outer reach of chain 64 and become engaged
with the fabric 200 on the inner reaches of the chain in
order to maintain the desired width of the material during
heat setting and destretching thereof. To facilitate
disengagement of the clips with the fabric, the dual
assemblies are provided with guides 66 at the exit end of
the oven, and which guides are designed to actuate the clips
so as to disengage the same from the fabric, in order to
facilitate even and uniform passage of the fabric between
nip rolls 67, 68 as the fabric leaves oven 57. These nip
rolls constitute "NIP 5" position and are driven at variable
speed (set at about the same as assemblies 61~ to insure
proper declipping of the fabric in its running or warp direc-
tion as it passes through the heat setting and destretching
apparatus, because the wind up roll drive is not adequate -
for this purpose. Finally, the heat set and destretched
fabric is wound on wind up roll 69 for further processing.
ALTERNATIVE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT ---
In addition to the heat setting apparatus employed in ---
Figs. 4 and 5, that illustrated schematically in Figs. 6 and
7 also has been used to successfully heat set the fabric in
practicing the inventive method, particularly as set forth
in Examples 3-5 below.
Thus, only the differences in the two types of apparatus
will be described, with the same numerals being used in
~ Figs. 6 and 7 as for Figs. 4 and 5 to designate like parts,
i with the addition of the small letter "a".
Referring to Figs. 6 and 7, instead of a supply roll,
the fabric 200 may be heat set from a trough 70 or the like,
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whereupon it is passed over a guide roller 71 and under
another guide roller 72 prior to passing through the three
high vertical stand of squeeze rollers 72, 73 and 74, which
replace "NIP 1", "NIP 2" and "NIP 3" positions of Fig. 4. ~-
Next, the fabric travels around knurled rollers 75, 76, which -
have a variable speed drive, prior to entering oven 57a of
heat setting apparatus 56a and engagement with the dual
chain and clip assemblies 61a. The only differences between
these last mentioned parts and those correspondingly numbered
parts in Figs. 4 and 5 is the exposure of the support struc-
ture at the entrance to the oven 57a, and the elimination
of the guides or wings 66a, which have been found not to
be necessary with this particular apparatus. Otherwise, the
structure and operation of the oven and chain and clip
assemblies are just as described above.
Following heat setting and destretching, the fabric is
passed over the spaced ganged rolls 76, 77, 78 and 79, which
replace the nip rolls 67, 68 at "NIP 5" position of Fig. 4.
Whereupon, the fabric passes over guide rolls 80 and 81 to
the wind up roll 69a.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF -INVENTIVE METHOD AND PRODUCT
EXAMPLE 1 --
A 100% polyester sateen fabric was woven on a standard
loom using a high tenacity polyester fiber designated as -- -
Eastman-Kodel 421 (trademark). This fiber is believed to
be thermoplastic, and has the characteristics of high tena-
city, superior strength, high modulus and relatively low
elongation. It also has the following properties: Tenacity,
6 g/den; Elongation, 24~; Tenacity at 10% Elongation, 4.5
g/den; Initial Modulus, 55 g/den; Average Toughness,
B
13
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0.90 g/den; Specific Gravity, 1.38; Moi~ture Regain,
0.4% at 65% RH, 70F (21C); Cross Section, Round; Yarn
Shrinkage, in hot water at the boil, 2 minutes, 2%, and in
hot oven at 374F (190C), 10 minutes, 11%. Tensile proper-
ties were measured on single filaments with an Instron
(trademark) Tensile Tester operated at 70F, 65% relative
humidity.
The above information was obtained from Publication
No. TDS K-103a-III, Fifth Edition 1972 by Eastman Chemical
Products, Inc., Kingsport, Tennessee, and such publication
is incorporated herein by reference.
The fabric was a 5 harness, 4/1 sateen construction
using such 2 denier, industrial grade, high tenacity, polyester
staple fiber. The fabric was woven with 96 warp yarns, 13/1,
and 42 filling yarns 23/1, at a nominal weight of 1.42 yards
per pound and a width of 60 inches. This construction pro-
duced a fabric weight of 6.76 ounces per square yard and a
woven fabric cover of 96.63%. The calculation for fabric
weight is 1 pound x 16 ounces per pound x 36 inches per yard/
1.42 yards x 60 inches. The well-known Golec formula for
fabric cover, as set forth in U.S. Patent 3,787,273, is the
difference between 100 percent and the percent of air space,
assuming regular twist yarns and maximum diameter per inch =
28vr-, where N = yarn number. Thus, warp cover = warp ends
per inch/28 ~ ; fill cover = fill picks per inch/28 ~ ;
the open area (fabric air space) = (1 - warp cover) x (1 -
fill cover), and the % fabric cover = (1 - the open area) x
100. Accordingly, for this fabric, warp cover = 96/28
= 0.9509; fill cover = 42/28 ~3 = 0.313; air space = (1 -
0.9509) x (1 - 0.313) = 0.0491 x 0.687 = 0.0337, and the %
fabric cover = (1-0.0337) x 100 = 96.63%.--.
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This woven substrate was subsequently heat set and
destretched in the apparatus shown in Figs. 4 and 5, to
impart the required dimensional stability in the running
or warp direction of the material of less than 6.5~ elonga-
tion at 170 pounds per linear inch (pli) of width tensile
using a standard ravel strip method of testing. Briefly,
this testing method involved cutting a 1-1/4 inch wide heat
set sample to a warp length of 10 inches, with the outer
warp yarns being raveled out to leave a 1 inch width. The
sample was placed in an Instron Tensile Tester with the jaws -
set at a 5 inch gap using 3 inch and 2 inch face clamps. The
jaws and chart were set at speeds of 2 inches/min. and
0.5 inch/min. respectively, in order to determine the elonga-
tion at 100 and 170 pli, and the warp tensile strength at
break pli.
The heat setting was attained by using the standard
drying tenter apparatus of Figs. 4 and 5, and which had a
heating capacity of 500F. This apparatus is manufactured by
Marshall & Williams Corporation, Providence, Rhode Island.
The entrance to the oven is constructed so that the fabric ~ -
was nipped at the "NIP 4" position tFig. 4), thereby causing
the longitudinal tension, inasmuch as the tenter frame - -
(chain and clip assemblies 61) was set to travel faster than --
the variable speed driven nip rolls 54, 55.
Referring to Figs. 4 and 5 in particular, a 60 inch wide
roll of the fabric was placed upon unwind roll 40, and then
fed through the machine to, but not into oven 57. The oven -
then was heated to 440F while the tenter frame (forming
the dual chain and clip assemblies 61) was set at a width of
56 inches. The entrance of the tenter frame is so designed
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that it is self-adjusting as to the width of the entering
cloth fabric.
Following this, the fabric 200 was fed through the
entire length of machine 56 and rolls 67, 68 were closed at
"NIP 5" position. Once the fabric has passed through this
position, it then was wound on wind up roll 69. Next, the
surface speed of rolls 54 and 55 was set at 16 surface feet
per minute, while the exit speed of rolls 67, 68 as set at
21 surface feet per minute ~the speed of chain sprockets 62,
63 being measured at 21.5 surface feet per minute). Finally,
nip rolls 45, 46 and 47, 48, were closed at the "NIP 2" and
"NIP 3" positions respectively.
Fifteen rolls (approximately 200 yards per roll) of fabric
200 were heat set and destretched successfully to an elonga-
tion of less than 6% at 170 pli (ravel strip test). The
backing material was heated to about 440F for about 1 minute,
because the oven was only about 25 feet long. In addition,
markers, to determine width decrease, as well as length
increase, were sewn into the fabric with the following
results. The weftwise tension was sufficient to limit the
average width decrease from the woven state through heat
setting and stabilizing to 5%. The warpwise tension was
sufficient to produce an average length increase of 4.3%.
Hence, the warpwise and weftwise tension were sufficient to
increase the fabric cover to 99.86%. This figure was
determined from the foregoing formula after adjusting for
the changes in ends and picks per inch caused by the
average width decrease and length increase. Thus, 1.05 x
96 = 100.8 warp ends per inch; warp cover = 100.8/28 ~ =
0.998, and warp air space = 1.000 - 0.998 = 0.002; likewise
~- 16
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0.957 x 42 = 40.194 fill picks per inch; fill cover =
40.194/28 ~ = 0.299; fill air space = 1.000 - 0.299 =
0.701; fabric air space = 0.002 x 0.701 = .0014 = 0.14%, and
fabric cover = 100 - 0.14 = 99.86%.
In order to compare the pertinent physical properties
with a standard belt backing construction made of cotton,
the following control was treated in the same manner as
noted above except for heat setting. The control construc-
tion was a comparable roll of cotton drill, woven with 76
ends and 48 picks, 12-1/2S warp and 17s fill. This construc-
tion was subjected to a standard wash and dye process and
dried in the normal way, producing a 4.8% width decrease.
The pertinent physical properties of each type of fabric - --
are set forth below.
TABLE I
Tensile pli/in. ~ Elongation ~ Elongation
Warpat 170 pli Warp at 100 pli Warp
Polyester HS346 5.9 2.3
Cotton
Standard Wash
and Dye 135 - 6.9
NOTE: Elongations at 170 pounds per inch were not compared
because the cotton ruptured at less than 170 pounds per inch.
However, one readily can see from the above Table that both ---
the strength and the elongation characteristics of the inven-
tive heat set polyester fabric were substantially superior
to the cotton control fabric.
The polyester fabric 200 was subsequently cloth finished,
as was the cotton control fabric, using a back fill and back
size of AC 604/CacO3 and a front fill of phenolic/CacO3 of
the following formulations.
17
~- -
- - - - . .
-: - ' . -,
O,,~
BACK FILL AND BACK SIZE FORMULATION
Wet Lbs. Dry Lbs.% Dry Basis
AC 604 475.0 218.5 48.86
CaC03 218.0 218.0 48.74
NH4SCN 4.5 4.5 1.01
Tamol 731 (25%) 2.5 0.63 1.14
CMC (8%) 70.0 5.60 1.25
Water 66.6 - -
TOTAL 836.6 447.23 100.00
NOTE: The viscosity of the formulation, at 75 F was 5,500
cps + 500 cps, and the solids content was 53%.
Rhoples AC 604 is the trademark for a thermosetting
acrylic emulsion polymer supplied by Rohm & Haas Company,
Independence Mall, West, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19105,
and had a brookfield viscosity at 25C of 20 - 100 cps, a
solids content of 46% and a pH of 9.5 - 10.5. This resin
is described in the Rohm and Haas Technical Bulletin C-340,
February, 1972, and this Bulletin is incorporated herein by
reference. The ammonium thiocynate crystals were used for
catalysis of the AC 604 and were purchased from McKesson
Chemical Company, 803 Walden Avenue, Buffalo, New York. The
Tamol 731 (25% solids) is the trademark for a dispersing
agent also available from Rohm & Haas Company. The calcium
carbonate (ground limestone) has a C02 content of 43.88 +
0.43%, a specific gravity of about 2.74, an average particle
size between 17 and 25 microns, as measured at the 50% point
on a sedimentation curve, a white color, a particle size
range such that not more than 35% by weight remained on a
220 mesh scren having an opening of 53 microns (USS), and
freedom from organic impurities and inorganic trace elements
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such as SiO2, Fe203, A1203, and clays. The vendor is
National Gypsum Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was an anionic,
water soluble thickening agent, having a pH of 7.0 at 2%
solution, a solids content of 95 + 1%, and a viscosity of
25 - 30 cps, number 1 spindle at 60 rpm, using a Brookfield
LVF viscometer.
The back fill and back size is a 1:1 ratio of AC 604/
CaC03 on a dry basis composition. The system is catalyzed
with ammonium thiocynate in a 1:48 ratio based on dry AC 604.
The wetting agent (Tamol 731), thickener (8~ carboxymethyl
cellulose), brown pigment and water are added to obtain a
viscosity of 5,500 cps + 500 cps at a temperature of 75F.
The total solids of the solution is 53% dry basis.
The viscosity will vary with the coating application
method used, as is known by those skilled in the art. The -
knlfe on web system actually used requires a viscosity of
5,500 cps in order to produce a satisfactory finish. However, -
if a flexible knife on roll method of application is employed
(or an inverted knife as well), the viscosity can be dropped
as low as 1,300 cps to obtain a satisfactory finish.
The back fill deposition is 3.5 + 0.5 dry pounds per
ream (1 ream equals 480 9 x 11 sheets). The back size
composition, which is the same as the back fill, was -
deposited dry at 2.5 + 0.5 pounds per ream. As noted above,
the viscosity will vary depending upon the method of applica-
tion, i.e., knife or roll.
The front fill composition employed was a 1:1 ratio of
a phenol formaldehyde resole and calcium carbonate on a dry
basis. The viscosity was 1,300 cps + 150 cps at 90F, with
~ J-- 19
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a solids content of 75%, by weight, dry basis. This
composition had the following formulation.
FRONT FILL FORMULATION
Wet Lbs. Dry Lbs.
P-Fl resin 500 345 50.70
CaC03 333 333 48.93
Span 20 2.5 2.5 0.37
Furfural 67.9
TOTAL 903.4 680.5 100.00
The P-Fl resin had a formaldehyde/phenol ratio of 0.99,
and contained ethylene diamene as the catalyst constituting
0.6% of the total charge. This catalyst was modified with
furfural and shelacol constituting 4.6% and 2.0~ respectively
of the total charge. The physical properties of the resin
were: pH = 7.7 + .2, specific gravity = 1.120 + 0.025,
solids content = 69 + 3%, viscosity = 1,400 cps + 200 cps,
and G.E. Gel time at 121C = 20 + 2 minutes.
The CaC03 was the same as noted above. Span 20 is
the trademark for a sorbitan monolaurate, used as a wetting
agent and is available from McKesson Chemical Company,
Buffalo, New York.
The furfural (furfuryl aldehyde) is a solvent thinner
with a specific gravity of 1.165 + 0.005 at 20/20C. This
material may be obtained from Quaker Oats Company, Cleveland,
Ohio.
The viscosity and solids may vary according to the
method of deposition, as known to those skilled in the art,
with the roll coating actually used requiring considerably
less viscosity than if a knife coating were employed. For
coarse grits, a roll coating does produce a satisfactory
~.
1~7500~ ,
deposition, but for fine grit products, it may be necessary
to knife coat such face or front fill composition.
The deposition used to achieve the satisfactory product
was 8 _ 2 pounds per ream of face or front fill.
As noted above, the heat set inventive polyester woven
fabric and the cotton control fabric were cloth finished
using the foregoing teachings. It also is to be noted that
an attempt was made to cloth finish non-heat set and
destretched polyester fabric, but this was found to be
impossible because of curling (tubing), i.e., rolling up
of the selvage edges of the fabric toward the center of the
fabric. Hence, further efforts along this line were discon-
tinued.
For the non-waterproof coated abrasive product produced -
in accordance with this Example, the polyester and cotton
constructions were as follows:
POLYESTER COTTON
Backing Material 96 x 42 sateen 76 x 48 drills
(as woven) (Standard in the
Coated Abrasive
Industry)
-~ Backing Weight 17.0 _ 0.7 15.7 + 0.7 lbs/ream
lbs/ream
Heat set and Yes Pull Down Only -
Destretched
Back fill - 3.5 + 5 2.1 lbs/ream -
AC 604/CaC03 lbs/ream
Back size - 2.5 + 0.5 2.1 lbs/ream
AC 604/CaC03 lbs/ream
Front fill - 7.0 + 0.5 7.2 lbs/ream
P-F Resole/CaC03 lbs/ream
~3:
21
'' ` . ' ", '
.. ... . . . . .
107SOC~7
NOTE: Everything else being the same, it was found to
impossible to deposit the same amount of back fill and back
size on the cotton substrate as on the polyester, although
the front fill met the specifications.
A comparison of the properties of these two filled
fabrics is set forth below.
TABLE II
POLYESTER COTTON
(Heat set and(Pull Down
Destretched) only)
Warp Tensile:
pli 472 254
% Elongation at
170 pli 4.8 2.4
Elmendorf tear: Warp did not tear
Cross-warp (propagated across
fill) 693
Base Adhesion:
Instron pli 17.8 Embrittled
NOTE: No further work was done with the cotton because
of embrittlement.
In preparing for the base adhesion test, the specific
maker mix described below was applied to the face side of an
8 inch x 10-12 inch sample of each fabric with roll bars.
This was repeated and a sandwich was made of the two samples.
The sandwich was pressed through a laboratory padder for
uniform contact. Following drying for 3 hours at 200F, with
a disc weight on top, the samples were stapled on three of
the four sides, leaving one side to begin peeling. The
samples then were cured for a time of about 16 hours at a
temperature of about 225 F.
The cured samples were cut into one inch wide strips
about 10-1/2 inches long in the machine direction using a
~ 22
~075007
cutting board and a one inch placement control on the
Instron Tensile Tester. Next, the samples were peeled by
hand until the peeled strips extended past the opposite end
of each sample. A one inch strip was placed on a steel bar -
and clamped with the bar into the upper jaw of the Instron.
The remaining peeled strip was placed in the lower jaw, thus
causing 180 peel. The jaws were secured shut and the
Instron was run at a speed of 0.5 inches per minute. The -
speed was charted; the 0.5 inch per minute cross-head speed
and the pound scale were also charted.
From the foregoing Table it is evident that the excel-
lent tensile, acceptable elongation and excellent tear
properties across the warp, and the fact that the polyester
was not embrittled during the adhesion test, show substantial
superiority of the inventive polyester fabric over that of
the standard cotton control substrate.
PRE-SIZE
Continuing with the inventive method, and as noted
previously, a pre-size may be applied to enhance adhesion. :
This alternative step occurs prior to deposition of the ~ -
maker coating. In the manufacture of the belts illustrated
in Figs. 2 and 3, a pre-size was used and is denoted at 28
and 28a repsectively.
The undiluted pre-size composition is a water soluble
phenolic resin having a formaldehyde/phenol ratio of 1.01,
and a 50% sodium hydroxide catalyst constitituting 0.6% of
the total charge. The properties are: pH = 7.85 + 0.15;
S. G. = 1.195 + 0.015, solids = 70% + 3%; viscosity = 500
cps + 150 cps, gel at 121C in 28 + 3 minutes.
This pre-size layer was applied by means of a two roll
23
.. .. . . .
10750o7
padder to a deposition weight of 4 pounds per ream, wet
basis. The pre-size is subsequently dried to a tack free
state.
MAKING COAT
The maker solution was made up of the same resin system
as the pre-size solution, but with the incorporation of
CaC03 and Span 20 for wetting. Thus, the composition has
the following formulation.
MAKER FORMULATION
. _
WET DRY %
Pre-size resin 550 385 41.04
CaC03 550 550 58.64
Span 20 3 3 0.32
TOTAL 1,103 938 100.00
NOTE: Total solids content was 85.04~ by weight, dry
basis.
This maker system was roll coated to a deposition
weight of 21 pounds per ream on a wet basis, and such maker
coat is illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 at 30 and 30a respec-
tively.
GRAIN DEPOSITION
The belt matrix at this point was inverted so that the
maker coat faced downwardly, whereupon grit 36 aluminum
oxide grain was then propelled upwardly electrostatically
and embedded in the fluid mass at about 60 pounds per ream.
Following this, the grain coated article was subsequently
dried to a tack free state, so that the embedded grit did
not lose its orientation.
SIZE COATING
Following curing the maker, the article was then coated
,`'' ~
24
-
. .
107500~
with a size or sand size coat having the following composi-
tion.
SIZE COAT
WET DRY % -
Pre-size resin 550 385.00 40.45
Cryolite 550 550.00 57.79
Span 20 3.75 3-75 0 39
Tamol 731 (25%) 8 2.00 0.21
Nalco 123 * 2.00 - - --
Attagel 50 11.00 11.00 1.16
TOTAL 1,124.75 951.75 100.00
* Approximate, assumed to contain no solids.
The pre-size resin is described above. The synthetic
cryolite had the following formulation. -
INGREDIENTS % BY WEIGHT, DRY BASIS
Cryolite (Na3AlF6) 91.0 - 94.0
F 48.0 - 52.0 -
Al 13.0 - 15.0
A123 2.0 - 6.0
Si 0.14 - 0.30
; 2 0.04 - 0.09
Fe203 0.01 - 0.10
Free Moisture 0.05 - 0.12
;~ SIEVE ANALYSIS
100 Mesh0.1% maximum
Thru 100, on 200 Mesh 1.0% maximum
Thru 200, on 325 Mesh 5.0% maximum
Thru 325 Mesh95% maximum
NOTE: The maximum pH value is 8.5, and this material
may be purchased from Great Lakes Foundry Sand Company,
Detroit, Michigan.
. ;~ .
: - . : -
.,., . .. ~ . . ' .
, - , .
:10750o7
The descriptions of the Tamol 731 and Span 20 have been
given previously.
Nalco 123 is the trademark for an anti-foaming agent
for both defoaming and preventing foam build-up in resin
filler mixes. It is a blend of synthetic organic chemicals
and can be purchased from Nalco Chemical Company, Chesterland,
Ohio. Attagel 50 is the trademark for a thickener for resin
systems. It is an especially processed form of the mineral
Attapulgite, an acicular-shaped magnesium aluminum silicate.
It can be purchased from Meyers Chemicals, Inc., Buffalo,
New York.
This size or sand size coat was applied by means of a
roll system to a deposition weight of 29 pounds per ream,
wet basis. The product then was roll curled.
PRODUCT FINISHING
At this point in the invention process, the coated belt
forming matrix was finished, wherein the matrix was slit to
the desired width and length of the desired number of belts,
which then were spliced to produce a belt having the general
appearance shown in Fig. 1. During this finishing, it
usually is necessary to flex the belt matrix prior to the
splicing and slitting operations to facilitate handling.
STANDARD COMPARISON-OR CONTROL PRODUCTS
In order to properly evaluate the performance of the
belts made in accordance with the present invention, they -
were tested against two standard belts incorporating cotton
backing material and constructed as follows.
COTTON CONTROL 1 -
The greige cloth construction of the Cotton Control -
No. 1, was a cotton drill, 76 ends by 48 picks, 12-l/25 warp
~ 26
- - -
,.
-' :- - . '-' ': ' , -
1~
and 17s fill. The width decreased 4.8% prior to back
filling, after the drying procedure of the standard wash
and dye process.
The cloth was subsequently back-filled employing a two --
roll padder with a solution having the following formulation.
WET POUNDS DRY POUNDS %
Glue300 300 50
Starch300 300 50
Water833
Steam92 - -
':-
TOTAL1,525 600 100 -
NOTE: Viscosity was 10,000 cps + 1,000 cps at 1500F.
The deposition was 4.0 + 0.5 pounds per ream.
The glue properties were: viscosity, 58 mP + 3 mP's;
gel, 135 grams + 5 grams; moisture, 12% + 1.5%; pH, 6.5 +
1.0; ASA, 5% maximum; grease, 2.5% maximum; foam, 20 seconds;
grading - at least 50% must be coarser than U.S. Standard
20 mesh, with no more than 2% passing 100 mesh and not more
than 1% on the 6 mesh. The vendor is Peter Cooper Glue
Company, Gowanda, New York.
The starch is a 50 fluidity thin boiling starch. It
may be purchased from Hubbinger Company, Keouku, Iowa under
the mark Reofilm 50. :-
The face fill and back size were applied by means of a
two roll padder using a 25% glue solution having a viscosity
of 40 + 5 cps at 150F. The solution had the following
formulation.
WET
Glue 400
Water 1,216
TOTAL 1,616
27
~ - - .
. . .
:' ,' - ' ' ' , , ' "
l~nso~
NOTE: Total solids were 25%.
The face fill deposition was 1.3 + 0.5 pounds per ream
and the back size deposition was 1.0 + 0.5 pounds per ream.
The glue was the same as that used in the back fill.
The backing was pre-sized with the P-F resole resin as
previously described, with a deposition of 4.0 pounds per
ream (wet).
The maker was then applied with a two roll padder to
a wet deposition of 28 pounds per ream.
The maker formulation was as follows:
WET DRY
P-F2 resin 275.0 176 18.57
P-F3 resin 275.0 213 22.48
CaC03 550.0 550 58.04
Potassium
Tripolyphosphate 5.5 5.5 0.58
Span 20 3.0 3.0 0.32
TOTAL 1,108.5 947.5 100.00
NOTE: Total solids were 85.5%.
The P-F2 resin had a formaldehyde/phenol ratio of 1.76,
with barium octahydrate catalyst constituting 2.24% of the
total charge, and the properties were: pH = 7.9 + 0.2;
specific gravity = 1.21 + 0.02; solids = 64.0 + 2; viscosity
= 130 cps + 35; water tolerance = 100~ minimum, G. E. gel
at 121C = 12 + 1.5 minutes.
The P-F3 resin had a formaldehyde/phenol ratio of 1.82,
with barium octahydrate catalyst constituting 2.24% of the
total charge, and the properties were: pH = 8.0 + 0.1;
specific gravity = 1.275 + 0.015; solids content = 77.5 +
2.5%; viscosity = 3,500 cps + 1,000 cps; water tolerance =
~ .
28
.. . . . .
.. . . .
``` 1075007
75~ minimum; G. E. gel at 121C = 9 minutes + 2 minutes.
The potassium tripolyphosphate (a dispersing agent)
was a clear and colorless solution, and it may be purchased
from Chemical Sales, Buffalo, New York.
The aluminum oxide grit was deposited in the same waY as
previously described on the maker coat.
The grain so embedded was subsequently size coated,
using a two roll padder applying a size coat having the
following composition:
WET DRY %
P-F2 resin 550 352 34.78
CaC03 650 650 64.23
Tamol 371 10 10 0.99
Nalco Trace
TOTAL 1,210 1,012 100.00
NOTE: Total solids content was 84%.
The same procedures followed previously were then
followed with respect to the curing and product finishing - -
~ operations.
COTTON CONTROL 2
The cloth substrate for this cotton control product was
the same as for Cotton Control 1, including the cloth finish-
ing, except for the pre-size, which had the following compo-
sition.
PRE-SIZE FORMULATION
WET BASIS
Pre-size resin 60%
Camelcarb (CaC03) 40%
This pre-size was supplied by means of a two roll
coaster to a deposition weight of 5.25 pounds per ream, wet
~ 29
-
1~75007
basis. The pre-size resin is that described above.
Camelcarb is the trademark for a fine grain of CaC03. The
C2 content is in excess of 40%, and the CaC03 content is
in excess of 92~. The color is white; 99.5% by weight must
pass through a 325 mesh screen (U.S.S.) and 70% must be
finer than 15 microns. The vendor is S. A. Campbell and
Co., Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
The maker composition was the same as for the inven-
tive product above, and was applied by rolls to a deposi-
10 tion weight of 21 pounds per ream, wet basis.
The size composition had the following formulation.
WET DRY %
- P-~4 resin 550.0 385 40.94
Cryolite 550.0 550 58.48
Tamol 731 5.5 5.50.58
Nalco Trace - - -
TOTAL 1,105.5 940.5100.00
NOTE: The total solids were 85%. The cryolite, Tamol
731 and Nalco have been described above. The P-f4 resin had -
a formaldehyde/phenol ratio of 2.03 and contained 50% sodium --
hydroxide catalyst making up 1.5% of the total charge.
The physicals were: viscosity, 350 + 100 cps at 25C;
solids content, 70 + 3%; G. E. Gel at 121C, 11 + 2 minutes;
water tolerance, 500% minimum; pH, 8 + 0.2; specific gravity,
1.195 + 0.15. This size coating was roll coated to a
deposition weight of 19 pounds per ream, wet basis. -~--
COMPARISON TESTS
The inventive polyester backed belt product then was
tested as were the two standard products containing cotton
backing. The belt size for both the inventive and standard
~- 30
. - ~ - . . . .
-. .. . . ..
-: - - ~ . . . :.
-:: .
'' ' ' ' ,', ', . ,' ",, . :- '- ' -
products was two inches wide by 132 inches long. The
following data was obtained.
CUT DATA FOR 1018 COLD ROLLED STEEL
EDGE TEST CUT TEST
NUMBER OF GRAMS
CONTACT REMOVED
Inventive Belt 8.5 955
Cotton Control 1 5 882
Cotton Control 2 3 884
These tests showed the base adhesion qualities ~Edge
Test), as well as stock removal capabilities (Cut Test).
The polyester backed belts of the invention showed 2.8 times
better base adhesion than the Cotton Control 2 and 1.7 times
better base adhesion than the Cotton Control 1. It is
believed that this is a result of the cloth finishing process,
wherein thermosetting materials have been incorporated into
the substrate to retain much of the original body, without
embrittlement. On a percentage basis, the results showed the
inuentive belts to be 70% better than Cotton Control 1 and
167~ better than Cotton Control 2. The capability of metal
stock removal also is better in that the inventive belts are
8% better than both control products.
A unique capability of this non-waterproof heavyduty,
~`~ all resin product made in accordance with the invention, is
that it has the strength and toughness to withstand being
doubled upon itself across the warp, grain side being com-
pressed, without shattering. It cannot be torn readily across
the warp manually, in the crease produced ~ring the doubling
process. On the other hand, coated abrasive belts with plain
cotton as a standard substrate and finished with both natural
and thermosetting high polymers, and made into an all resin
product, as were the two controlled products, will just not
stand up to this type of treatment, but will shatter first.
- 31
- . ' .
107SO~7
In addition, the inventive belts have been evaluated
successfully in the field against competitive products,
with the reports indicating at least a 75% success ratio
ranging from 25% to 300% better in metal removal capabilities.
In some instances in the field, the inventive polyester
backed belts with aluminum oxide grain was found to be
better than competitive products having incorporated in
their coated abrasive belts premium grain composed of zirconia-
alumina, that is generally and normally known to out produce
the regular aluminum oxide abrasive belts in both edge tests
and in grinding performance.
EXAMPLE 2
The 100% polyester sateen fabric, heat set and
destretched, as well as cloth finished as in Example 1,
was made into a waterproof product for use as a coated - -
abrasive where such a product is immersed in a predominantly
aqueous solution in order to carry out the grinding opera- ~ -
tion. While the various coating and product finishing steps - ~ -
were the same as those used for Example 1, it was necessary
to change the maker system so that the phenol-formaldehyde
resin used to hold the grain did not lose its properties
detrimentally when so used in an aqueous system. Thus, the
maker composition of this Example was as follows.
MAKER COAT FORMULATION
. :
WET DRY %
Al 6164 resin550 451 44.83
CaC03 550 550 54.67 -
Span 20 3 3 0.30
Silane Z-60262.75 2 (Prox) 0.20
TOTAL 1,105.75 1,006 100.00
NOTE: The solids content was 91%. The maker was deposited
- 32
. .
..
1075007
by means of a roll coater at 19 pounds per ream, wet basis,
and viscosity was 2,000 cps. For viscosity adjustment two
parts of ethylene glycol monoethylether were used for 3 parts
of water.
The physical properties of the A1 6164 (trademark)
phenol formaldehyde resin were: solids content, 82 + 3%;
viscosity, 5,000 + 1,000 cps; G. E. Gel at 121C, 6 + 1 minute,
and pH at 25C, 6.7 + 0.3. This resin can be obtained from
Borden Chemical Company, Bainbridge, New York. Silane
Z-6026 is the trademark for an adhesion promoter which may
be purchased from Dow Corning Corporation in Cleveland, Ohio.
The ethylene glycol monoethylether had a specific
gravity of 0.928 + 0.505, and may be purchased from Commer-
cial Chemicals Inc., Buffalo, New York.
Grit 36 aluminum oxide grain was applied as in Example
1, but at about 57 pounds per ream and subsequently sized,
using a two roll coater as is well known to those versed in --
the art. The size composition was as follows. -
SIZE FORMULATION
WET DRY - % -
Al 6164 resin550 451 44.83
CaC03 550 550 54.67
Span 20 3 3 0.30
Silane Z-60262.75 2.-75 0.2
TOTAL 1,105.75 1,006.75 100.00
NOTE: The physical properties of this size composition
were: solids content, 91%; viscosity, 2,000 cps; deposition, -
29 pounds per ream, wet basis. The viscosity adjustment was
the same as for the maker coat. ~ -
30The sized belt forming matrix was then cured, flexed,
B 33
~ .
107S00~
slit to width and spliced in order to provide a waterproof
product similar to that illustrated in Fig. 2, except that
there was no pre-sizing required.
It is to be noted at this point that for both the
non-waterproof product of Example 1 and the waterproof
product of this Example 2, where a fine grit abrasive is
employed (80 grit and finer), the front fill needs to be
applied with a knife on web, rather than by a roll applica-
tion. The back fill and back size remain the same. In this
particular case, i.e., fine grit size, the front fill -
formulation is modified to the following.
WET DRY % -~
Al 6164 resin 500 410 53.24
CaC03 350 350 45.87 -
Span 20 3 3 0.39
TOTAL 853 763 100.00 --
NOTE: Solids content was 89%; viscosity was 3,250
250 cps at 90F, and the composition was deposited at 10 ~-
pounds per ream, wet basis. The viscosity adjustment was
made using the same solution as with the Al 6164 resin maker
and size solution.
The cloth was dried to a tack-free state and thereafter
further processed in the same manner as in Example 1 to
product the desired coated abrasive belts containing abrasives
of 80 grit size and finer.
EXAMPLE 3
The polyester fabric was heat set and destretched as
in Example 1, except that the apparatus of Figs. 6 and 7 was
used. The knurled rolls had a surface speed of about 84
feet per minute, the tenter frame (i.e., chain and clip
.
~.1
.
1075007
assemhlies) has a surface speed of about 87 feet per minute,
and the backing material was heated to about 440F for
about 1 minute, because the oven was about 90 feet long.
However, to increase pliability, the back fill and backsize
steps were eliminated and replaced with a dip filling opera-
tion in order to produce a belt having a cross-section such
as that illustrated in Fig. 3.
The dip fill was composed of a 20% phenol-formaldehyde
resin/water solution having the following formulation.
WET DRY
Pre-size resin 3,000 grams 2,100 grams
Water 7,500 grams
TOTAL 10,500 grams 2,100 grams
NOTE: The solids content was 20%. The pre-size resin
was as described above in Example 1.
The polyester substrate was immersed in this solution
and subsequently squeezed between two rolls and dried. The
dry add on was 1.3 pounds per ream. The cloth thus treated
was given a second dip application for a total of 2.8 pounds
per ream, dry pickup. A face or front fill coat of 60/40
phenol-formaldehyde resin/calcium carbonate at 1300 cps + 100
cps at 90F was applied to the dip filled fabric to a dry
deposition of 8 + 2 pounds per ream. This face fill was the
same composition as employed in Example 1. - -
In order to compare the difference in processing between
these two Examples, the following information is tabulated
below.
~'~1
~. 35
10`7~o7
COMPARISON TO PHYSICALS IN EXAMPLE 1
Tensile pli Elongation at 170 pli
Polyester, BF, BS, FF 472 4.8
Polyester, dip fill, FF 428 4.3~
As is evident, the physical properties of the dip filled
polyester as compared to that in Example 1 are quite adequate.
Next, the dip filled fabric was processed in the same manner
as for Example 1, in order to produce belts having a grit
size of 36 aluminum oxide grain in an all resin system.
Following this, the product of this Example was compared to
those recorded in Example 1, with part of the data being
repeated, below.
CUT DATA
FOR 1018 COLD ROLLED STEEL
Edge Test Number of Cut Test Grams ~ ~
Contacts `
-: .
Example 1 8.5 955
Example 3 6 918
Cotton Control 1 5 882
20 Cotton Control 2 3 884 -
From the data in the above Table, it becomes evident
that the cloth finishing plays a part in final performance ~ -
because the dip filled product of this Example is not quite
as good as the back sized, back filled product of Example 1.
At the same time, the dip filled product is substantially --
superior to the Cotton Control 2 product. The edge test
results of the above Table are an indication of greater
pliability in the dip filled product than in the back sized
product, and this is an asset in areas where more pliability ~-
is a pre-requisite, so long as stock removal remains within
acceptable limits.
~7~
;
36
. .
107S007
EXAMPLE 4
The polyester fabric was heat set and destretched as in
Example 3, but the double dip fill coat operation disclosed
therein was replaced with a single dip to achieve satisfac-
tory results where base adhesion is not a pre-requisite, as
in Example 1, but a strong, tough backing is required. The
single dip fill coat is composed of a 50~ phenol-formaldehyde
water solution having the following formulation.
SINGLE DIP FILL FORMULATION
WET DRY -
Pre-size resin (Ex. 1) 10,000 7,000
Water 4,000
TOTAL 14,000
The polyester substrate was immersed in the solution
and subsequently squeezed between two rolls and dried. The
dried add-on weight was 3 + 0.5 pounds per ream.
A front fill or face fill coat of 60/40 phenol-
formaldehyde resin/calcium carbonate at 1300 cps + 100 cps at
90F was applied to the dip filled fabric to a dry deposition
of 8 + 2 pounds per ream, and the formulation of and the ~ -
properties of such resin compound was the same as for Example
1 .
COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Tensile pli Elongation at 170 pli
Example 1 (control)
Polyester BF, BS, FF 472 4.8%
Example 3 (control)
Polyester double dip
and FF 428 4.3%
Polyester single dip
and FF 428 4.4%
., .
_ 37
1075007
The above comparison Table of physical properties shows
that the single dip and double dip products are comparable,
and quite adequate in comparison to the control product of
Example 1 which had the back fill, back size and front fill
coats.
The single dip filled cloth finished product was then
processed to form belts in the same manner as set forth in
Example 3, in order to produce a 36 grit aluminum oxide all
resin product and resulting belts. -
The product thus made was compared to the inventive
control product as set forth below. ~ -
CUT DATA
1018 COLD ROLLED STEEL
Edge Test NumberGrams of Steel
of Contacts Removed
Polyester single dip 16 679
Polyester BF, BS, FF
(control of Ex. 1) 16 + 826 -
These above tabulated results show that the single dip ~- -
filled product does not have quite the base adhesion of the
inventive polyester control product of Example 1. Also,
these results indicate that the flat cut is better on the
product which has more body, namely the inventive product
of Example 1.
At the same time, this single dip product has been -
successfully field tested as a SiC resin cloth on glass.
EXAMPLE 5
The 100% polyester sateen fabric heat set and destretched
as in Example 3, and cloth finished as in Example 4 was made -
into a waterproof product for use as a coated abrasive belt,
where such a product is immersed in a predominantly aqueous
38
:- - - . , . ..................... , : .
.. . . , ` . `: . - ,, ' - ' .
iO75007
solution to carry out the grinding operation. In this case
the maker system was changed, as in Example 2, so that the
phenol-formaldehyde resin employed to hold the grain did not
lose its properties detrimentally when used with such aqueous
system.
The only other difference between the product of this
Example and that of Example 4 was that a fine grit silicon
carbide grain was employed. This grain had a size of 80 grit
and was deposited at about 24 pounds per ream, and the belt
product was evaluated in comparison to a control waterproof
belt product of the invention in the same grit where the
cloth finish was back filled, back sized and front filled.
The results in glass grinding were as follows:
~; TABLE III - -
Glass Grams Removed Inches Stretch ~
Polyester waterproof ~-
control 126 3/32
Polyester two pass process
(dip plus front fill) 130 2/32
These results show at least comparable cut and stretch
during use of the two pass product in comparison to the
polyester control.
It now will be seen how the invention accomplishes its
various objectives, and likewise, the advantages inherent
therein have become apparent. It further is to be understood
that the various preferred embodiments referred to herein are
to be considered in the illustrative sense rather than in
the limiting sense, and that the scope of the invention is
to be defined by the appended claims.
~,
39
