Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~01!3GSSl
- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a process for producing
albumin containing nutrient composition. In one aspect this
invention relates to a process for producing feed supplements
containing albumin and other proteinaceous materials. Further-
more this invention relates to a process for utilizing protein-
aceous substances containing albumin such as animal blood
and milk whey. In addition, this invention relates to fertili-
zer compositions produced from albumin containing substances.
In another aspect, this invention relates to novel
feed supplemets for ruminant animals comprising albumin and/or
other proteinaceous materials which, when ingested by a rumi-
nant, passes readily through the rumen of the animal so that
the nutrients of such feed supplements are assimilated within ;
the abomasum and lower gut of the animal. -
In another aspect, the invention relates to elimina-
ting the odors associated with the conventional processing of
animal blood.
Animal blood obtained in a typical slaughterhouse
20 operation is usually processed by drying or the blood is e~pel- ;
led as an effluent. More specifically, liquid blood obtained
as a byproduct in a slaughterhouse operation is a low value ma-
terial and is often dumped because no market exists for the ma-
terial. Some meat packing facilities have dryers and dry the
blood to form a meal which is sold mainly as a fertilizer or
animal feedstuff. In general, the bloodmeal is processed into
a dry form on or near the slaughterhouse premises. Typically,
blood is collected in holding vessels and periodically, when a
sufficiént quantity is collected, it is subjected to one of
several possible heating processes which in effect dries the
- 2 --
~08~55~
volatile constituents therefrom and thus the blood solids are
recovered. This is conventionally accomplished in a batch type
blood cooker, a ring dryer or a spray drying operation. ~hese
various drying processes utilize relatively large quantities of
energy and produce obnoxious odors which are released into the
atmosphere and surrounding environment. In addition, refrige-
ration of the blood may be required in the case of some spray
drying operations. Substantial quantities of the nutrients in
the blood are normally lost through bio-degradation which re-
sults during the typical storage and transit conditions of theanimal blood. Furthermore, substantial degradation of the
nutrient value of blood solids is typical when the blood is
exposed to the high temperatures associated with blood cooker '
operations~ Specifically, such processes will render substan-
tial quantities of the blood protein undigestible to animals.
A more efficient process for the utilization of blood obtained
from slaughterhouses is needed, i.e., a method of processing
- blood into a usable and thus saleable commodity is needed which ~ ~'
, can,,be carried out without an undue expenditure of energy and
20 without polluting the environment with obnoxious odors and ~ '
efflUentS ~
; Earlier researchers have discovered the value of
proteinaceous material bypassing the rumen of ruminant animals
in order to improve'the effectiveness of the proteinaceous
material and its assimilation by the animal. For example, U.S.
Patents 3,619,200 and 3,829,564 disclose various methods for
encapsulating proteinaceous materials in order to effect bypass
of such proteinaceous materials through the rumen of the rumi-
nant animal. Recently, a process has been developed which ,,
1~86i55~
encapsulates nutrient lipids in a protective protein-aldehyde
o~lex coating. This process is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,925,560,
issued December 9, 1975. The protein-aldehyde coating covering
the lipid is not susceptible to breakdown in the rumen but i5
susceptible to breakdown in the abomasum and lower gut. This
process includes finely dividing a lipid material into discrete
particles or globules and forming an aqueous emulsion of the
finely divided lipid and a proteinaceous material~ The aqueous
emulsion can then be reacted with an aldehyde such that the
10 finely divided lipid particles are encapsulated in a protein-
aldehyde complex. The emulsion is treated with aldehyde and
dried to form a coated particulate solid. Thus, this encapsula-
tion process requires an aldehyde reactant to react with the pro-
teinaceous material to form the ruminant resistant coating over
the lipid material.
An effective method for-producing feed supplements
which are not susceptible to breakdown in the rumen but which
are susceptible to breakdown in the abomasum and lower gut
without resorting to the use of exogenous chemicals is desirable. ?
- 4 -
~l086SS~
SUMMARY OF T~l~ INVENTION
__ _
According to the invention, a novel albumin containing
nutrient eed supplement for animals and plants is
provided. Further according to the invention, a novel
nutrient feed supplement for animals and plants is
provided which comprises albumin and other proteinaceous
materials.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention,
the above novel compositions are produced by: adjusting
the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6
weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from
about 9.6 to about 12.5; heating said aqueous medium at a
temperature effective to form an albumin containing gel;
and recovering said gel.
When desired, the gel can be dried to form a
paeticulate feed supplement containing albumin. -
In accordance with preferred embodiments of the
subject invention, the aqueous medium containing albumin
is heated to a temperature within the range of from about
40C to about 100C. The gel can be dried by any suitable
manner to a moisture content of below about 13 weight
percent thereof to form the particulate compositions of
the subject invention.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention,
from about 100 to 500 weight percent of another
proteinaceous material based on the weight of the albumin,
can be admixed with the aqueous albumin medium to provide
an improved proteinaceous containing feed supplement.
6~1 ,.
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36S5~
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The subject invention makes possible a more efficient
utilization of albumin containing products, such as animal
blood and milk whey for use as a nutrient food for animals
and plants, or if manufactured under acceptable standards of
hygiene, for human foods or food addit;ves. These products
can be manufactured at the meat packing plants where ingred-
ients, such as animal blood, are available. Thus, such feed
supplements can be made utilizing some of the existing
equipment and facilities found at meat packing plants and
little additional processing equipment is required.
The term "albumin" as used herein is understood to be a
protein found in milk whey and occurring in blood, lyrnph,
chyle, and many other animal and vegetable tissues and
fluids which has substantially a neutral pH in its natural ~-
occurring state. Albumin is soluble in water, coagulates on
heating, and is readily hydrolyzed to a number of amino
acids. One readily available source of albumin is animal
blood, e.g., the whole animal blood. Such is collected in
~o large quantities during killing operations in meat packing
plants, slaughterhouses, and the like. The blood so col-
lected can vary in blood solid contents dependent upon the
amount of dilution it receives Erom the wash water used to
clean the kill floor. A solids content of from about 12~ to
about 21% can be employed for the aqueous blood mixture of
the present invention. Such solids content is believed to
comprise about 50% albumin and about 50~ other blood
proteins. Thus~ as used herein, blood contains from about 6
to 10.5 weight percent albumin and from about 6 to about
10.5 weight percent other blood proteins.
In accordance with the process o~ the subject invention,
6.
~ 1 ' . '::
, '. .' ' ' ' ~' ' ' ~ ' ' : ' "
. , ~ ,
S5~
an aqueous solution containing at least about 6 weight percent
albumin is contacted with an effec-tive amount of base consti-
tuent to provide a pH of the aqueous solution of from about 9.6
to about 12.5. It is noted, that when utilizing animal blood
as the albumin source, the base should be added thereto before
su~stantial bacterial degradation occurs. Generally, the pH of
the blood should be adjusted to a value in the range of from
about 9.6 to about 12.5 within about 24 hours from the time
it is drawn from the animals. Furthermore the pH adjusted
blood should be maintained at ambient temperatures, e.g., at
temperatures above about 0C and below about 40C, for a period
of time effective to begin formation of a gel. In general, the
pH adjusted blood should be maintained at least about 12 hours
at ambient temperature before it is heated to form the gel. In
general, it is preferred that the heating occur within one to
three days after its pH has been adjusted as set forth above.
Thereafter, the aqueous solution is heated to a tempe-
rakure effective to form an albumin containing gel. Generally
the aqueous solution is heated to a temperature within the range
20 of from about 40C to about 100C until the entire solution gels. ~;
The gel so formed can then be employed as the plant or animal
feed supplement or the gel can be dried to a particulate
composition as will be described in detail hereinafter. The
term "gel" is to be understood to mean a cross-linked three
dimensional network of fibers of albumin which binds water with-
in th~ network. It should be noted that in producing the feed
supplements of the present invention one must employ at least
about 6 weight percent albumin. Additional albumin can be
employed, the only limitation being the solubility of the
albumin within the aqueous medium.
8655~
Any suitable base can be employed to adjust the pH of
the aqueous medium containing the albumin. ~or example, the
base can be an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkaline earth
metal hydroxide. Especially desirable ~esults have been ob-
tained wherein alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydro-
xide, have been employed. Care must be exercised in adjusting
the pH of the aqueous solution to maintain the pH within the
desired range of 9.6 to about 12.5. Also, it should be noted
that often the pH tends to decline after the pH of the aqueous
solution has been initially adjusted so that one may be
required to employ additional base to maintain the aqueous
solution within the described pH range.
In producing animal feed supplements it is often
desirable to incorporate other proteinaceous materials into the
aqueous medium containing the albumin. The amount of protein-
aceous material employed can vary widely but is generally -
preferred that it be used in an amount at least equivalent to ~
the amount of albumin initially solubilized. Desirable results ~;
can be obtained when the proteinaceous material is incorporated
20 into the aqueous medium in an amount of from about 100% to 500~,
based on the weight of albumin initially placed therewithin.
Further, any suitable proteinaceous material which is readily
soluble within the aqueous medium can be employed. Typical of
such proteinaceous materials are casein, soy meal, sunflower ; ;
meal, safflower meal, and mixtures of the same.
As previously stated, the aqueous medium containing
the albumin, and when desired, the proteinaceous material, is
heated to a temperature effective to form an albumin containing
gel. While the particular temperature employed can vary widely, ;
especially desirable results are obtained when the aqueous medium
. .
., , , .',' :' '
,: :
i5~L
is heated to a temperature in the range of from about 40C to
about 100C for a period of time effective to form the desired
albumin containing gel. After the gel is formed, it can be
dried in any conventional agricultural dehydrator or dryer to
a moisture content of less than about 13 weight percent there-
of and generally to a moisture content in the range of from
about 8 to about 13 weight percent thereof. The drying opera-
tion can occur in a conventional manner in a conventional drying
apparatus. A preferred drying apparatus is a rotary drum type
agricultural dryer. It should be noted that when desired, the
albumin containing gel can be employed as an animal or plant
feed supplement without the requirement of drying to the parti-
culate form.
In order to more fully describe the present invention
the following examples are set forth. However, it is to be
understood,that the examples are for illustrative purposes only
and are not to be construed as unduly limiting the scope of the
present invention. ;,
ss~
EXAMPLE I
Initially, 800 gallons of an aqueous blood containing
solution obtained from a slaughter house was pretreated with
an effective amount of sodium hydroxide to yield an aqueous
soiution having a pH of about 10Ø The aqueous solution
contained about 16 weight percent blood solids of which about
50 percent, e.g., about 8 weight percent, was albumin. A
4 liter aliquot of the base treated aqueous solution was
further treated with sodium hydroxide to yield a resultant ~-~
10 aqueous solution having a pH of about 10~5. The resultant ~ ;
aqueous solution was allowed to stand at room temperature
~or about 18 hours. Thereafter, the pH of the solution was
again measured and it was noted that the pH of the solution
had dropped to about 10Ø The aqueous solution was further
divided into four 1 liter aliquots. The aliquots were then
diluted with an effective amount of deionized water to provide
aqueous solutions having the following blood solids contents.
Aliquot I - 16~ blood solids (about 8% albumin)
no dilution
Aliquot II - 14% blood solids (about 7% albumin) ;~
Aliquot III - 12% blood solids (about 6~ albumin) ~ ,
Aliquot IV - 10% blood solids (about 5% albumin) ~ ~
~.
Each of the above four solutions was then employed
to provide nine 100 ml samples.
- 10 -
S5
.
An effective amount of sodium hydroxide was then
incorporated into each sample so that samples having the
following pH values were obtained:
(1) 10.0 (4) 11.0 (7) 12.0
(2) 10.3 (5) 11.3 (8) 12.5
(3) 10.7 (6) 11.7 (9) 13.0
Each of the samples was then heated to a temperature
sufficien~t to allow gel formation, e.g., from about 70 to
about 85C. Each sample was stirred continuously during the -~
heating of same. The results of the above experiment are
tabulated as follows:
'
Aliquot I - samples containing 16% blood solids
(about 8% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 10.7 to about
12.5 a satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot II - samples containing 14% blood solids
(about 7% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 10.7 to about
12.5 a satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot III - samples containing 12% blood solids
(about 6% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 11.7 to 12.0 a
satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot ~V - samples containing 10% blood ~olids
~about 5% albumin): No satisfactory
gels were obtained at any pH within
the range tested.
-- 11 --
~86SS~L
The term "satisfactory gel" as used hereinabove is
to be understood to mean a gel of firm consistancy which can
readily be dried to a particulate composition within an
agricultural-type dehydrator.
EXAMPLE II
~' ' .
An experiment was conducted to determine the
effectiveness of delactosed dry whey powder as the source -
of albumin to produce the compositions of the present in~
vention. Initially 40 grams of delactosed whey powder* was ;~
admixed with 59 ml of water to form an aqueous albumin
containing solution. One gram of sodium hydroxide pellets
was then dissolved in the aqueous solution to form a solution
having a pH of about 11Ø The pH adjusted aqueous solution
was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill
was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture was passed through ;
the mill until a smooth, homogeneous product was obtained.
The pH of the homogeneous product was determined to be 10.7.
The homogeneous product was then heated in a water bath. At
.: ~ .
about 70C the product started to gel. Heating was continued ~ ;
until a firm gel resulted at a temperature of about 85C.
* The delactosed whey contained about 24% by weight
albumin. Thus, the aqueous solution contained about 9
by weight albumin.
- 12 -
~o~s~
While this invention has been described in relation
to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that
various modifications thereof will now be apparent to one
skilled in the art upon reading the specification, and it is
intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope
of the appended claims.
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~36S5~
SUPPLEMENTARY DISCLOSURE
- This invention permits more efficient utilization of
protein-containingruminant feed materials. Proteinaceous
materials suitable for use include soymeal, sunflower meal,
safflower meal, lupines, meat and bone meal, blood meal, blood,
lymph, chyle, milk whey, egg albumin, other animal or vegetable
tissues and fluids, and mixtures thereof. Proteinaceous ruminant
feedstuffs generally have a protein content ranging from about
80% to about 95% on a dry matter basis. Consequently, they
are often utilized to upgrade the protein content of cereal
grain based ruminant rations. Cereal rations ordinarily contain ~ ;
only 8% to 10% protein whereas the requirement for beef cattleand ~ -
lactating dairy cattle is in the range of 14% to 20% protein. To ;~
upgrade the protein content of the ruminant animals' diet, feed-
stuffs containing from about 30% to about 95% protein arecommonly
added to cereal rations in amounts ranging from about 5% to about
20% of the total feed. Where the amount of protein in the total
feed exceeds about 20%, protein in excess of 20% will generally
not be effective in increasing meat, fat and milk production.
Proteinaceous feedstuffs are usually produced as
by-products from other industries and are utilized in ruminant
rations on the basis of cost, protein content and amino acid com-
position. These protein by-products can occur in either liquid o~
solid form. The novel feeding method of this invention will
permit more efficient utilization of such protein.
According to the present invention, ruminant animals
are fed a special feed supplement in addition to forage cellulose
ordinarily ingested during grazing. The special feed supplement
.
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16SSl
comprises a nutritionally effective amount of a proteinaceous
material that resists biodegradation in the rumen but is readily
assimilable within the abomasum and lower gut. For purposes of
this invention, a nutritionally effective amount of the pro-
teinaceous material is a quantity that will increase the protein
content of the total feed above the 8% to 10% level ordinarily
found in cereal grain based ruminant rations, thereby increasing
meat, fat and milk production. In some cases, the protein
content of a nutritionally e~fective amount can exceed 20% by
weight of total feed. Dietary proteins from either animal or
vegetable sources can be used in accordance with the present
invention.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the pro-
teinaceous matter used in the feed supplement is whole animal
blood collected during killing operations in meat packing plants,
slaughterhouses,and the like. The solids content of blood col-
lected in this manner can vary, depending upon the extent to which
it is diluted by wash water used to clean the kill floor. A
solids content of from about 12% to about 21% can be employed for
the aqueous blood mixture of the present invention. The solids
content is believed to comprise about 50% albumin and about 50%
other blood proteins. Thus, as used here, blood contains from
about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent albumin and from about 6
to about 10.5 weight percent other blood proteins. In other
preferred embodiments, commercially available preparations of
soymeal, meat and bone meal, and blood meal are utilized as the
proteinaceous material.
1~36SSl
~ ccording to the method of the invention, the protein-
aceous material is prepared Eor inclusion in the feed supplement
by solubilizing it within an aqueous medium, adjusting the pH of
the solubilized mixture to a level of from about 9 to about 13.5,
and drying to a particulate composition. Where the proteinaceous
material is obtained in a dry form,water must be added with
mixing in order to solubilize the protein. Sufficient water is
required to adequately penetrate the feed protein particles. A -~
1:1 ratio of water to proteinaceous material is ordinarily
sufficient to effect such penetration. Furthermore, heating the
aqueous solution to a temperature ranging from about 30 degrees
C to about 80 degrees C will assist in solubilizing proteinaceous
matter obtained in a dry form. Where a proteinaceous material
such as animal blood is obtained in an aqueous ~orm, the admixing
of additional water and heating are not required.
Any suitable alkaline agent can be employed to adjust
the pH of the aqueous medium containing the protein to a level ~ ~ ~
ranging from about 9 to about 13.5. Suitable alakaline agents ~ -
include nontoxic alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal
20 hydroxides. In a prèferred embodiment of the invention, -
especially desirable results have been obtained where the alka= _
line agent is sodium hydroxide. Because the pH will often tend
to decline after the pH of the aqueous solution has been adjusted
initially, it may be necessary to employ additional quantities of
the alkaline agent to maintain the aqueous solution within the
prescribed pH range. The soIubilized proteinaceous mixture ~;
should be stirred during the addition of the alkaline agent to
ensure it is e~Jenly d~stributed throughout the proteinaceous
- - 16 -
'
~6SS~
material. The pH-adjusted mixture can also be heated to a
temperature ranging from about 55 to about 85 degrees C to
promote gelling of the mixture prior to drying.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the
pH-adjusted proteinaceous material is maintained for a suffi-
cient period to effect thickening of the solution. A period
that has proven both effective and convenient is 12 hours.
Maintaining the pH-adjusted proteinaceous material for a suffi-
cient time to allow thickening will facilitate the drying
10 operation.
When ful~ aqueous penetration of the protein feed
particles has been achieved and the pH has been adjusted to a
level within the prescribed range, the product can be dried in - ~ -
any conventional dehydrator or dryer to a moisture content of
less than about 20 weight percent of the proteinaceous solution.
A preferred drying apparatus is a rotary drum-type agricultural
dryer. ;
EXAMPLE III
Initially 100 lb. batches of soymeal (minimum 49
protein solvent extract) were processed in the following manner:
To a 40 gallon capacity ribbon band mixer was added 10 gallons
of water at a temperature of 40 degrees C. To the water was
added 2.2 lbs. of sodium hydroxide in prill form. The mixer was
activated until the sodium hydroxide had dissolved and then
100 lbs. of the soymeal was immediately added. The soymeal
was mixed in the caustic solution for 5 minutes to ensure thor-
ough mixing, after which it was emptied onto a concrete floor.
After the addition of the meal to the caustic solution a vlsible
thickening of the wet meal became evident and a strong smell of
ammonia arose. Several 100 lb. batches were processed in an
identical manner. After 20 batches, the combined material was ~ ~ `
- 17 - ~
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~0~55~
dried in a Berk ring dryer with an inlet temperature of 600 :
degrees F and an outlet temperature of 180 degrees F. The final
product resembled a fine dry meal. To act as a control for the
process, an equal amount of product was produced in an identical
manner but without the addition of sodium hydroxide. In the
case of these control batches no visible thickening of the -
.. ,, - . ,
material took place and no ammonia smell could be detected.
The formulation of the treated material was~
% of Dry ~ of
% Material Protein
Soymeal100 lbs. 49.5% 97.8%
Sodium Hydroxide 2.2 lbs. 1.1% 2.2% 4.5%
Water 100 lbs. 49.5% ~~
.. , .:
Total202.2 lbs. 100.1% ~ ~
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101~655:1
The pH of the alkali trea ~ wet material was 11.8. The treated
wet material was 50.5% dry matter and dried very efficiently.
Analysis of the dried treatment and control soymeals revealed:
Alkali Treated Control
_ _ _
Moisture 8.0% 8.0%
Protein (D.M.B.) 44.6% 46.3%
pH* 9.8 6.2
* 1:4 w/v dis~ersion is distilled water at 10 degrees C. ~!
EXAMPLE IV
Initially 10 gallons of 12% solids aqueous blood
obtained from a slaughterhouse was pumped into a ribbon band
mixer. To the blood was added 1 lb. of sodium hydroxide dis~
solved in .25 gallons of cold water. The alkali blood mixture
was mixed for 5 minutes after which the pH rose to 11.0 and the
material darkened in color, thickened in consistency and gave
off a strong ammonia smell. To the alkali was added 40 lbs. of
wheat bran and mixing continued for an additional 5 minutes.
The mixture stood on a concrete floor for 2 hours and was then
dried in a Berk ring dryer. Several identical batches were
processed.
The formulation of the treated material was:
% of Dry ~ of Blood
Matter Protein
(10 gallons of 12% solids aqueous blood)
12 lbs. blood solids 22.6
88 lbs. water
Sodium Hydroxide 1 lb. 1.9% 8.4
Wheat bran40 lbs. 75.6%
Total 141 lbs. ~ -
Total Solids53 lbs. ;
Total Solids % 38%
1 9 --
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The addition of bran raised total solids to 28%, which allowed
convenient drying. Analysis of the dried materials gave:
Moisture 10.5
Protein 32.1%
pH* 10.2
*1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE V
.... _ .............................. . ~ ,
Initially 110 lbs. of commercial meat and bone meal
containing a minimum of 50% protein was treated in the following
manner. 14 gallons of water at 65 degrees C was added to a
ribbon band mixer. To the water was added 2.2 lbs. of sodium
hydroxide which was mixed for 5 minutes. The meat and bone meal
was then added to the alakli solution and mixing continued for
an additional 5 minutes. During this mixing period the material
thickened and gave off ammonia gas. At the end of the mixing
period the treated meal was emptied onto a concrete floor and
left overnight. It was dried the following morning in the Berk
ring dryer. Several identical batches were produced. ~ ~
The formulation of the treated material was: ~ -
~% of Dry % o~ -
Matter_ Protein ~ ~-
Meat and Bone Meal 110.0 lbs.
Sodium hydro~ide2.2 lbs. Z.0% 4.04
Water - 140~0 lbs.
Total 252.2 lbs.
Total Solids 112.2 lbs.
Total Solids %44 5%
~, - 20 -
~655~
The treated wet material had a pH of 12Ø The treated wet
material was 44.5~ dry matter and dried very efficiently.
Analysis of the dried treated meal was:
Moisture 11.7%
Protein 52.0%
pH* 10.4
*1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C. ~-
EXAMPLE VI ~!' . . .
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 16 gallons of
water at a temperature of 40 degrees C. 3.3 lbs. of sodium
hydroxide was added to the water and dissolved by mixing for
5 minutes. To the alkali water was added 155 lbs. of whole
soybean meal containing 36% protein which had been prepared by
passing whole soybean through a "Modern" ~ mix mill with a
3/16" screen. The ground soybean was mixed in the alkali water
for 5 minutes during which time it thickened and gave off a
strong ammonia smell. 18 hours later the mixture was trans~
ferred to a Berk ring dryer and dried. Several identical bat~
ches were prepared. Additional batches were prepared without
. ~
the addition of sodium hydroxide. These batches provided
controI material for the process. They did not thicken or
give off ammonia. The formulation of the treated soybean was:
% of Dry % of ~ -
Matter Protein
Ground Whole Soybean 155.0 lbs. - -
Sodium hydroxide3.3 lbs. 2.1% 5.9%
Water 160.0 lbs. `~
Total 318.3 lbs.
Total Solids158.3 lbs.
30 Total Solids ~ 49.7%
'
- 21 -
55~ ~
Analysis of the dried meal was~
Treatment Control
Moisture 11.8% 10.9% -
Protein 38.1% 39.7%
pH* 10.2 6.5
* 1:4 w/v dispersicn in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE VII
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 16 gallons of
water at 65 degrees C. To the water was added 110 lbs. of
commercial blood meal containing 90% protein which was mixed
in the water for 5 minutes. 4.4 lbs. of sodium hydroxide
dissolved in 1 gallon of water was then added to the wetted
blood meal and mixing continued for 5 minutes. On addition -~
of the alkali, the blood meal mixture thickened and gave off `
ammonia gas. The alkali treated blood meal was dried immedi-
ately in the Berk ring dryer. Several identical batches were
prepared. The formulation of the treated blood meal was~
% of Dry % of
Matter Protein
Blood Meal110.0 lbs.
Sodium Hydroxide 4.4 lbs. 4.0% 4.4
Water 170.0 lbs. -~~
Total 284.4 lbs.
Solids114.4 lbs.
Total Solids %40.2%
The treated wet material was 40.2% dr~ matter and dried easily.
Analysis of the dried treated material was:
~.;` ' :
~ - ~
- 22 -
655~L
Moisture 5.0~
Protein 87%
pH* 10.0
*1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE VIII
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 12 gallons of
water at 65 degrees C to which was added 2.2 lbs. of sodium
hydroxide and mixing allowed for 5 minutes. To the alkali
water was then added 100 lbso of soymeal (49% protein solvent
extract) which had previously been passed through a "Modern"
mix mill with a 3/16" screen. Mixing continued for a further
5 minutes during which time the material thickened and released
ammonia gas. The alkali treated ground soymeal was then dried
immediately. Several identical batches were processed.
The formulation of the treated ground soymeal was:
of Dry ~ of
Matter Protein
Ground Soymeal100.0 lbs.
Sodium Hydroxide 2.2 lbs. 2.2% 4.4%
Water120.0 lbs.
Total222.2 lbs.
Total Solids102.2 lbs.
Total Soiids %46.0
The treated material was 46% dry matter and dried without dif~
ficulty. Analysis of the dried material was~
Moisture 12%
Protein 47%
pH* 9.9
*1:4 w/Y dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
- 23 -
~6S5~
EXAMPLE IX
Alkali treated blood solids prepared by the process
described in Example IV were pelleted into 1/4" pellets with
the inclusion of 5~ cane molasses. Thus the pellets contained
approximately 20~ treated blood solids, 75% wheat bran and 5%
molasses. Four dairy cows in a commercial herd were split into
two groups of two cows each and each group was fed with 10 lbs.
/head/day of the above treatment pellets or 10 lbs./head/day ~ ~.
of commercial dairy concentrate pellets containing 18.0% pro-
tein. The two groups were fed their treatment or control
rations for 14 days after which the rations changed over bet-
ween the two groups and feeding continued for a further 14
days.
The pellets were fed once/day after morning milking.
For the purpose of analysis, data was used from the second `~
week of each feeding period as is customary with cross-over
designs.
Average Milk Yield (lbsO/head/da~)
Week II Week IV
Group I 54.1 (control) 57.4 (treatment)
Group II 52.0 (treatment) 44~4 (control)
Difference 2.1 13.0
.
The treatment effect is estimated as (13.0 - 2.1)/2 = +5.45 ;
lbs. or +11% increase. The difference is significant at the
1 % level by the F-test in the analysis of variance after
removing group and period effects.
It is evident that the feeding of approximately
2 lbs./head/day of alkali treated blood solids prepared by
the process of Example IV increased milk yield by 5.45 lbs.
or 11% as compared with 10 lbs. of a conventional dairy
concentrate.
- 24 -
ss~ :
EXAMPLE X
Eighteen dairy cows in a dairy herd a-t an agricultu-
ral college were fed 10 lbs./head/day of a commercial dairy
concentrate pellet containing 18% protein. This pre-experimen-
tal period lasted for 14 days. At the end of the pre-experi-
mental period the cows were split into two groups of nine
cows each, paired on the basis of calving date. One group
(control) continued to receive the dairy pellets for a further
14 days while the other group (treatment) was fed 10 lbs./head
/day of the alkali trated blood pellets described in Example
IX and produced by the process of Example IV.
Milk yield and milk composition were recorded daily
during the last 7 days of the pre-experimental period and
the last 7 days of the experimental period. Butterfat percen- ~;
tage was r~asured by the "Milkotester", protein percentage by
the "Pro-Milk" and non-~at solids percentage by the specified
gravity method. Data in the experimental period was analyzed
by the analysis of couariance using the data in the pre-experi~
mental period as covariates. Analysis of the adjusted means
gave:
Adlusted ~eans (lbs./head/day)
. , ~ . .
Treat- Differ- Signifi- %
Control ment ence cance Increase
_
Milk Yield 49.47 55.82 +6.35 ** 12.8
Fat % 3.24 3.34 + .10 N.S. 3.1
Protein % 3.49 3.61 + .12 * 3.4
S.N.F. ~ 8.83 8.86 + .04 N.S~. .5
Fat Yield 1.607 1.843 + .236 ** 14.7
Protein Yield 1.733 2.002 + .269 ** 15.5
~o S.N~F. Yield 4.356 4.938 + .582 ** 13.4
'.
- 25 -
.
": './ ! .; , ;.;,
~l~8~i5S~
** Significant at 1% level
* Significant at 5~ level
N.S. Not Significant
It is evident that the feeding of approximately 2
lbs./head/day of a~ali treated blood solids from the process of
Example IV, as compared with 10 lbs. of conventional dairy con-
centrate, increased milk production by 6.35 lbs./head/day or
12.8~. Milk composition was not significantly changed with the r
exception of a small increase in protein percentage. The yield
10of all milk components increased significantly, especially pro-
tein yield. These results are similar to those reviewed ear- ~ ~
lier in reference to the direct infusion of casein into thé ~ '
post-rumen digestive tract.
EXAMPLE XI
Six dairy cows in a commercial herd were divided into
two groups of three cows each by pairing on calving date, and
fed either 5 lbs./head/day of alkali treated 49% protein solvent
extract soymeal produced by the process of Example III and pel-
letized into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molasses, or
205 lbs./head/day of 49% protein solvent extract soymeal produced
by the process of Example III without the addition of alkali,
and also pelletized into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5%
molasses. The cows were fed the treated or untreated soymeal
pellets once a day after morning milking and then allowed to
return to pasture. Individual milk yields were recorded at each -;
milking. The cows were fed in a double cross-over design with
three periods of two weeks each. The design was:
; - 26 -
~: .
~365~i~
Weeks 1 & 2 Weeks 3 & 4 Weeks 5 & 6
. . _ . . .
Group I Untreated Treated Untreated
- Group II Treated Untreated Treated
Two cows in Group I refused to eat the untreated ration at the
first cross-ovèr and had to be removed from the trial. This
left an unbalanced design for analysis with one cow in Group
I and three cows in Group II. Data used for analysis was taken
from the second week in each period as is customary for a
cross-over design. The data was analyzed by the least squares
10 method of fitting constants for cows, periods and treatments, ~ -
and the treatment difference tested for significance by the
F-test after eliminating cow and period effects in the usual
manner for nonorthogonal data. Least squares constants were~
Cow 1 59.85 lbs./head/day
Cow 2 40.84 lbs.
Cow 3 35.60 lbs.
Cow 4 57.41 lbs.
Period 1 - 1.41 lbs. ;
Period 2 .0 lbs.
Period 3 - 4.45 lbs.
Untreated .0 lbs.
Treated 6.05 lbs. ** (SE = .72 lb.) ~ -
** Significant at the 1% level
The treated soymeal increased milk yield by +6.05 lbs. or
~12.5% over the cow average of 48.45 lbs. as compared with the
untreated soymeal. ~ ;~
- 27 -
. .
S~
EXAMPLE XII
Alkali treated ground whole soybean produced by the
process of Example VI and containing 36% protein and 18% oil
was pelleted into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molas-
ses. Ground whole soybean produced by the process of Example
VII but without the addition of alkali was also pelleted into ~`
1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molasses.
Eighteen dairy cows in a dairy herd at an agricultu-
ral college were divided into three groups of six cows each
on the basis of matching calving dates. All 18 cows were fed
4.4 lbs./head/day of comrnercial dairy concentrate pellets con-
taining 18% protein for a pre-experimental period of 14 days.
At the end of the pre-experimental period one group continued
on 4.4 lbs. of dairy pellets, the second group received 4.4 lbs.
o~ untreated soybean pellets and the third group received 4.4
lbs. of treated soybean pellets. This experimental period
continued for a further 14 days. Milk yield and milk composi-
tion were individually recorded at each milking during the
last seven days of the pre-experimental period and the last
seven days of the experimental period. Butterfat percentage
was measured by the "Milkotester", protein percentage by the
"Pro-Milk" and SNF percentage by the specific gravity method.
Data in the treatment period was analyzed by the
analysis;of covariance using data in the pre-experimental
period as covariates. Mean differences betewen the three
groups were tested for significance by the t-test based on
the standard error of the difference between pairs of adjusted
means. The following significant mean differences between
adjusted means were obtained.
- 28 -
. . .
55~L
Treated- Untreated- Treated-
Control Control Untreated
Milk Yield (lbs./day) +3.75** +3.09* ~.66 NS
Total Solids (Ibs./day) + .507** ~ .337 NS -~.170 NS
Fat Yield (lbs./day) + .225** + .101 NS ~.121*
SNF Yield (lbs./day) ~ .291* + .238 NS +.953 NS
** Significant at the 1% level.
* Significant at the 5% level. ;;
NS Non-significant
The treated soybean significantly increased milk yield,
fat yield, SNF yield and total solids yield over those obtained
with dairy concentrate pellets. The untreated soybean signifi- ;
cantly increased milk yield over the dairy pellets but not fat
yield, SNF yield or total yield. Although the treated group
outyielded the untreated group for milk yield, total solids
yield, fat yield and SNF yield, only fat yield was significantly
different. The transfer rate of oil into butterfat was 31%
for the treated soybean as compared with only 14~ for the ;~
untreated soybean.
EXAMPLE XIII
Alkali trea~ed solvent extract soymeal containing 49%
protein produced by the process of Example VIII was pelleted
with the inclusion of 5~ molasses. An untreated ration consis-
ting of commercial solvent extract 49~ protein soymeal also
pelleted with the inclusion of 5% molasses.
Eighteen cows in a dairy herd at an agricultural col-
lege were divided into six groups of three cows each and fed
for 28 days according to the following design:
- - 29 -
: ,. . ' ' ' . . ,; ': .: . ' . '
;. ~ ., .~, ................ .
;55~
Perlod I (2 wks.) Period II (2 wks.)
Group 1 P T
Group 2 P P
Group 3 U T
Group 4 U P
Group 5 T P
Group 6 T P
where P = 4.4 lbs./heads/day of 18% Protein Commercial Dairy
Pellets
U = 4.4 lbs./headjday of Untreated Soymeal Pellets
T = 4.4 lbs./head/day of Treated Soymeal Pellets
Individual milk yields fat percentage (Milkotester) and SNF per-
centage (specific gravity method) were recorded daily during the
second week of each period. Individual data from a previous
pre-experimental period were used as covariates.
Data was analyzed by the least squares method of fitting
constants for groups, periods, treatments and linear regression
on the pre-experimental period. There were no significant dif-
ferences for any milk component composition but milk fat and
SNF yields were increased for treated soymeal.
~ - P U - P T - U
Milk Yield (lbs.) 2.14** 1.28 NS .86 NS
Fat Yield (lbs.) ,05* - .04 NS .09*
NSF Yield (lbs.) .19** .16 NS .02 NS
** Significant at 5% level.
* Significant at 10% level. ;~
NS Not Significant
- 30 -
'
,
, ,.:
,~,. ' ' ' ' ` ' .
J~0~;1655~
Although the increased milk yield due to the treat- ;
ment material is lower than in other trials, it must be noted
that these cows were in the stage of falling production with
summer pasture rapidly drying up.
EXAMPLE XIV
To demonstrate the equivalence of alkali treatment
of protein feedstu~fs as a means of protection as compared
with heat denaturation, the following trial was carried out.
Twenty-eight dairy cows in a herd at an agricultural college
were milk recorded during a sever day pre-experimental period.
On the basis of individual milk production during this period,
the cows were divided into four groups of seven cows each such
that group means were similar. The four groups were then fed ;~
the following rations for a two-week period.
GROUP I 11 lbs./head /day, 18% protein commercial dairypellets
GROUP II 11 lbs./head/day, untreated blood meal ration
GROUP III 11 lbs./head/day, alkali-treated blood meal ration
.
GROUP IV 11 lbs./head/day, alkali-treated blood solids rations
The untreated blood meal ration consisted- of 22% com- -~
i~ .
mercial blood meal and 78% wheat bran, pelleted with 5% molasses.
The treated blood meal ration consisted of 22~ com-
mercial blood meal treated by the process of Example VII and
78% wheat bran, pelleted with 5% molasses.
The treated blood solids ration consisted of 22% blood
-
solids treated by the process of Example III and 78% wheat bran,
pelleted with 5% molasses.
Thus, all three blood protein rations were close to
100% protected as measured by the in-vitro method of Example XV,
~ :
- 31 - -
3~865S~L
two were alkali-treated according to the process of the present
invention and one was alkali-treated in a completely undenatured
state.
During the treatment period, the cows were fed 6.6
lbs./head at morning milking and 4.4 lbs./head at evening milk-
ing. Grazing was on low quality dry summer pasture.
Milk yield and samples were taken during the second
week of the experimental period. Samples were analyzed for fat
percentage (Milkotester), protein percentage (Pro-Milk), and
acid SNF percentage (specific gravity method).
The data was analyzed by the method of analysis of
covariance using pre-experimental data as covariates. Adjusted
means were as follows: ;
Adjusted Means
Milk Yield (lbs./head/day)
Difference
Unadju~sted Adjusted from Control
Dairy Pellets 41.9 43.4 ---
~ntreated Blood Meal 46.3 46.1 +2.7*
20 Treated Blood Meal 46.5 45.2 +1.6 NS ,~
Treated Blood Solids 47.6 46.3 +2.9* --
* Significant at 5~ level.
NS Non-significant.
There were no significant differences between dairy pellets and
blood meals for unadjusted and adjusted means for fat percen-
tage, protein percentage and SNF percentage.
EXAMPLE XIII
To demonstrate the characteristics of proteins treated ~
by the process to show reduced biodegradation in the rumen, the ~--
:
' ~ '
- 32 -
' ,
: . . ,
~1516SS~
following procedure was adopted. Approximately 2.0-2.5 g of
either treated or untreated protein feedstuff which had been
passed through a 850 micron mesh and held on a 250 micron mesh,
were incubated anaerobically in fresh strained rumen fluid for
a period of 20 hours at 39 degrees C. At the end of the incuba-
tion a duplicate 1 ml sample of the liquor was removed from each
incubation and used in the determination of ammonia according to
the method of Conway 1950. That is, the ammonia released into
the rumen fluid from microbial deamination of protein was absor-
bed into boric acid solution and titrated directly with hydro~
chloric acid. To allow for ammonia production from the rumen
liquor during incubation, a blank incubation was run with ~ ~ ?
rumen liquor only. As an example of a readily soluble form of
protein, acid casein was also incubated.
Incubations were carried out with the followin~
materials~
: . .
(i) Acid casein ~
(ii) Untreated soybean produced by the process of Example ;~
VI without the addition of alkali.
20(iii) Treated soybean prod~ced by the process of Example ,~
VI.
(iv) Untre~ted soymeal produced by the process of Example ~-
III without the addition of alkali.
(v) Treated soymeal produced by the process of Example -~
III. ~ ~ ;
(vi) Commercial solvent extract soymeal.
(vii) Treated soymeal produced by the pracess of Example ~ ;~
VIII. -~
(viii) Commercial meat and bone meal.
(ix) Treated meat and bone meal produced by the process
of Example VIII.
- 33 -
' '' " ~
.: , . ::.
, ,. . : , , . :
: ' "' "" ' ' ~ ~ : . ' '
ss~
- (x) Commercial blood meal.
(xi) Treated blood meal produced by the process of Example
VII.
(xii) Ground whole lupines.
All results are expressed as milligrams of recovered
ammonia nitrogen (above the rumen liquor blank) per milligram of
sample nitrogen added. The nitrogen content of the sample was -
taken as .16 of dry matter protein. The results are shown in
Table I.
Table I
Milligrams Recovered Ammonia Nitrogen (Above
Blank)/Milligrams Nitrogen in Sample
Incubation Number
Sam~ I II III IV V VI VII Average
(i) .186 .156 .243 .323 .278.261 .290 .248
(ii) .169 .043 .128 .113
(iii) .056 -.010 .058 .035
(iv) .114 .148 .131
(v) -.046 .029 -.008
20(vi) .125 .297 .192 .205
(vii) .029 .063 .032
(viii) .133 .091 .112
(ix) .080 .058 .069
(x) .030 .005 .015.OI7 ~ ;
(xi) .006 .016.011
(xii) .103.103
Note: (a) All ammonia nitrogen determinations in
duplicate
(b) Incubation No. IV is mean of four replicates.
(c) Incubation No. V is mean o~ two replicates.
.
- 34 -
iSSl
(d) Incubation No. VI is mean of two replicates.
(e) Incubation No. VII is mean of three
replicates.
The figures in Table I clearly show the substantial
reduction in deamination of the treated materials compared with
untreated materials. The results for (ii) versus (iii) and (iv)
versus (v) also show that the reduced deamination is not due to
the drying operation as both of these control materials were
water treated (without alkali) and dried identically to the
treated samples. The figures for untreated materials also demon-
strate the well known effect of heat processing on the resistance
to rumen deamination of various processed feedstuffs. Thus, ~ ~;
steam coagulated/dried commercial blood meal which is only 1-3
soluble is almost completely naturally protected, and only a
negligible improvement due to alkali treatment is possible.
~ommercial meat and bone meal which has been dried by cooking
shows a deamination level half that of casein as does dried
soybean and redried soymeal, while solvent extract soymeal (not ~;~
redried) and lupines (unprocessed) show a deamination level
~0 approaching that of casein.
Clearly, the effect of the invention is greatest with
those protein feedstuffs which have the lowest level of natural
protection, although improvement is achieved in all examples. `
In Table II, the results in Table I are presented on ~;~
the basis of percentage protection relative to casein. This ~ -~
is obtained by taking the deamination figure for each sample
as a percentage of that for casein and expressing as a differ~
ence from 100%. ;
- 35 -
. . .
,
.:
, ' . ~
~36S5i~
Tahle II
Relative Protection (%)
Incubation
Sample I II III IV V VI VII Average
(ii) 972 47 43
(iii) 70106 76 84
(iv) 27 47 37
(v) 129 90 109
(vi) 49 9 31 29
10(vii) 88 80 84
(viii) 45 65 55
(ix) 67 77 72
(x) 88 98 95 94
(xi) 95 9~ 94 96
(xii) 17 17 ;~
Thus the casein figure in each incubation is taken as
0% protected, and all other samples are expressed relative to
this base. Table II shows that (relative to casein) treated
materials are substantially protected from deamination, the
lowest being lupines àt 64%, while untreated materials are
substantially less than 50% protected, th exception being -
blood meal which is known to be almost completely insoluble.
Following incubation, rumen liquor pH was checked in several
samples to ensure that the pH of the treated material had not
interfered with rumen fluid metabolism. Typical examples are:
. ~
:-
- 36 - ~ ~ ~
~. ' . . .
.. ., ~
~ : , . ' ' ,' .. '
'',' ~: ,
Treated Untreated
-
Soymeal 6.55 6.62
6.60 6.60 ~-
6.55 6.55
6.66 6.58
6.90 7.05
Lupines 5.5 5-9
5.8 6.0
5.7 5.4
Blood Meal 6.3 6.4
6.2 6.8 -
There is clearly no effect of sample pH on that of the incubated
rumen liquor.
This invention therefore provides a novel method of
feeding ruminant animals so as to promote meat, fat and milk -~
production, through more effective utilization of protein~
containing feedstuffs. Proteinaceous materials suitable for
use in the subject invention are characterized by their sur-
prising ability to substantially resist biodegradation in the
rumen while being readily assimilable in the abomasum and
lower gut.
As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the
art upon reading the present disclosure, many alterationsj sub-
.
stitutions and equivalents may be applicable to the various dis~closed embodiments of the invention. It is the intent, however,
that the concepts disclosed herein be limited only by the
appended claims.
- 37 -
