Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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~88684
BACKGROU~D OF THE INVÆNTION
This invention relates to telephony and more particularly,
to a ground start loop current detector. In general, loop
current detectors are used to monitor the condition of a
subscriber loop by sensing the level of current in the loop
and to signal the central switching equipment indicating the
sensed condition of the subscriber loop.
A typical subscriber loop is characterized by four
conditions. The first condition is an idle state when the
subscriber is on-hook and the subscriber loop is open so that
virtually no d.c. current flows in the loop. The second con-
dition is an initial busy state when the subscriber first goes
off-hook, and the ring lead is grounded. The third state is a
normal busy state which immediately follows the initial busy
state. In the normal busy state the subscriber loop is closed, and
the ground has been removed from the ring lead. And the fourth
condition is the ring state when the subscriber is on-hook, the
subscriber loop is open to d.c. current and an a.c. ringing
signal is being transmitted on the ring lead.
For each of these conditions, the loop detector detects
the level of d.c. current in the leads of the subscriber loop
and provides a control signal to the central office switching
equipment so that the subscriber loop is properly serviced.
The loop current detector must accurately detect these
various conditions in order to determine when a change has
occurred in the status of the subscriber loop. The first
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~C388684
change or transition from the idle to the initial busy state
occurs when the subscriber requests service by going off-hook,
thereby grounding the ring lead of the loop.
The second transition from the initial busy state to the
normal busy occurs when the detector senses the ground on the
ring lead, and associated control circuitry signals the sub-
scriber (by grounding the tip lead) that the central office
is ready. The subscriber set in response removestheground ~ -
from ring lead and closes the loop circuit.
The third transition from the normal busy to the idle
state occurs when a subscriber ends a call, goes on-hook and
thus opens the subscriber loop.
And the fourth transition from the ringing to the normal
busy state occurs when the subscriber, responding to the ring-
ing of his set, goes off-hook and closes the subscriber loop.
In a ground start telephone system, only the ring lead
of a loop is monitored during the idle condition of the loop
for the presence of the ground -- thus the term "ground start".
When the subscriber goes off-hook and requests service, the
ring lead is grounded, and the detector senses the current
flowing as a result of the grounded condition in order to
initiate the transition from idle to normal busy.
The telephone industry has long been plagued by the
problem of spurious a.c. currents induced into the subscriber
loop (especially during the low current, high impedance idle
; condition) by outside instrumentalities such as power lines
and other sources of electro-magnetic energy. The result
of such electro-magnetic energy is to produce longitudinal
(common mode) interference currents in the subscriber loop.
The longitudinal currents flow in the same direction in both
the tip and ring lead and thus add to the current in one lead
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1~8~368~
and subtract from the current in the other lead. If the
longitudinal interference is sufficiently strong, these
spurious currents can trigger the loop current detector and
provide false indications to the central switching equipment
as to the status of the subscriber loop.
Conventionally, in locp start detectors (as distinguished
from ground start) differential amplifiers may be connected
across the current loop in order to eliminate the effects of
the longitudinal interference currents in the loop. United
States patent No. 3,622,709 issued in Tjaden is illustrative
of the approach of using a differential amplifier for a loop
current detector.
Other approaches have been tried to eliminate longitud-
inal interference. United States patent No. 3,042,816 issued
to Aagaard illustrates a detector that uses a transformer to
cancel the effect of longitudinal current in the loop. The
Aagaard patent shows a transformer having one winding con-
nected in the tip lead circuit and a second winding connected
in the ring circuit. Rather than being connected in series
with the respective conductors, one of the windings parallels
a battery feed resistor while the second winding serves as an
input to a single ended detector. Thus, the Aagaard device
does not operate in a ground start facility but, rather, re-
quires current flow in both loop leads in order to cancel the
effects of longitudinal currents.
Because in a ground start system only one lead of the
subscriber loop is attached to the loop current detector
during the idle condition, the conventional differential
amplifier will not serve to eliminate longitudinal inter-
ference currents which are flowing in the single line beingmonitored, nor will the device show in Aagaard operate
10886~34
connected to a single line. Insofar as applicants are aware,
the prior art with its differential amplifiers and its loop
current equalization circuits does not provide a solution to
the unique problem of longitudinal interference currents for
ground start operation when a single line of the subscriber
loop is being monitored.
SUM~ARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, it is the primary aim of this invention to
provide a ground start loop detector which can monitor a
single loop lead and provide immunity from the effects of
longitudinal interference.
In order to provide immunity from longitudinal inter-
ference, the present invention provides for a loop current
detector which incorporates transformer windings into each
of the inputs of a differential amplifier. The windings
are phased so that any longitudinal current flowing in the
one line being monitored during the idle condition is coupled
into both differential inputs and the effect of the longitu-
dinal current is eliminated.
Collaterally, the transformer inputs provide the added
advantage that they help to balance any impedance mismatches
in the subscriber loop.
A subsidiary objective of this invention is to provide
a ground start loop detector having variable sensitivity to
sense levels of current in a subscriber loop by automatic
reconfiguration of a biasing network at the inputs of the
differential amplifier.
Finally, it is a further object of this invention to
provide a high degree of electrical isolation between the
1~88684
inputs of the ground start loop detector and its output. The
input to outpu~ isolation is achieved by optically coupling
the detector's differential amplifier to a unidirectional
output.
In accordance with the foregoing objects, there is
provided:
A ground start loop current detector for detecting
the grounding of one of two leads of a battery energized
telephone loop in presence of longitudinal interference
currents in the loop, the detector comprising:
; a) differential sensing means having two differential
input terminals and an output terminal which output terminal
provides an output signal in response to a differential input
signal level resulting when the one loop lead is grounded; and
b) biasing means including first and second inductors,
the biasing means interconnecting the differential input
terminals and the one lead of the telephone loop and estab-
lishing the differential signal level at the input terminals
when the one loop lead is grounded, and the inductors elec-
trically connected to the differential input terminals
respectively and magnetically coupled together, in phased
relationship so that longitudinal interference currents in
the one loop lead mutually induce nondifferential signals
at the input terminals of the sensing means.
There is als~ provided:
A ground start loop current detector for detecting
the grounding of one of two leads of abattery energized
telephone loop in the presence of longitudinal interference
currents in the loop, the detector comprising:
a) differential sensing means having two differential
input terminals, at least two amplifiers being interconnected
in feedback relationship to increase overall gain of the
sensing means, an opto-isolator connected to the amplifiers
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lQ886B4
and having an output terminal so that a differential signal
across the input terminals creates a differential signal by
means of the amplifiers across the opto-isolator, thereby
producing an output signal at the output terminal;
b) a four branch biasing network for interconnecting
the one loop lead and the two input terminals, including
first and second inductors in opposite branches thereof, the
biasing network being adapted for providing a balanced non-
differential signal at the two input terminals when no steady
state current flows in the telephone loop and wherein the
inductors are electrically connected to the differential
input terminals respectively and magnetically coupled together
in phased relationship so that longitudinal interference in
the one loop lead mutually induces nondifferential signals
at the input terminals of the sensing means; and
c) control means including switching means wherein the
control means is connected to the output terminal of the dif-
ferential sensing means and energizes the switching means,
the switching means adapted to provide a first state for
detecting d.c. current in the ring lead and a second state
for sensing d.c. current in the telephone loop.
There is further provided:
A ground start loop current detector for detecting
the grounding of one of two leads of a battery energized
telephone loop in the presence of longitudinal interference
currents in the loop, the detector comprising:
a) differential sensing means having two differential
input terminals, an opto-isolator connected to the input
and having an output terminal so that a differential signal
across the input terminals causes the opto-isolator to
produce an output signal at the output terminal;
3868~a
b) a four branch biasin~ network for interconnecting
the one loop lead and the two input terminals, including
first and second inductors in opposite branches thereof, the
biasing network being adapted for providing a balanced non-
differential signal at the two input terminals when no steady
state current flows in the telephone loop and wherein the
inductors are eL~ctricallyconnected to the differential
input terminals respectively and magnetically coupled together~
in phased relationship so that longitudinal interference in
the one loop lead mutually induces nondifferential signals
at the input terminals of the sensing means; and
c) control means including switching means wherein the
control means is connected to the output terminals of the dif-
ferential sensing means and energizes the switching means,
the switching means adapted to provide a first state for
detecting d.c. current in the ring lead and a second state
for sensing d.c. current in the telephone loop.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent upon
reading the following detailed description and upon reference
to the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing an illustrative
loop current detector constructed in accordance with the pres-
ent invention; and
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram for an alternative embodiment
of a loop current detector constructed in accordance with the
present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
While the invention will be described in connection with
a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that we do not
intend to limit the invention to that embodiment. On the
5b
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86b~
contrary, we intend to cover all alternatives, modifications
and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope
of the invention defined by the appended clai~s.
Figure 1 shows a ground start loop current detector 10
for monitoring the status of a subscriber loop 12. The sub-
scriber loop consists of a tip lead 14, a ring lead 16 and a
subscriber set 18.
The ground start loop current detector has a differential
sensing means such as a differential amplifier 20 with inputs
22 and 24 and an output 26 for sensing the differential signal
across a biasing means as illustrated by biasing network 21.
Differential amplifier 20 consists of two operational amplifiers
34 and 36 which have outputs 38 and 40, respectively. The out-
puts 38 and 40 of the operational amplifiers are connected by
5c
t
1~868-~
me~ns of a gain boost feedback circuit 41 to an opto-isolator
42 which includes a light emitting means, such as a light emitting
diode 43 and a light responsive means such as a photo tran-
sistor 45. The opto-isolator 42 produces a unidirectional
output signal on output line 26. The opto-isolator serves
both to isolate electrically the differentially amplifier's
inputs 22 and 24 from the output line 26 and to change
voltage levels from a line voltage battery 50 to a lower
control voltage 52.
The output 26 of the differential amplifier 20 is con-
nected to a control means, such as common control circuit 28,
of conventional construction which is used to control switch-
ing means, as illustrated by line relay 30 and ring relay 32,
as well as provide other control signals to the central exchange.
The biasing netowrk 21 is provided at the inputs 22 and 24
of the differential amplifier 20. The biasing network estab-
lishes the no signal condition for the differential amplifier
and the d.c. sensitivity of the loop detector. In the absence
of any signal from the subscriber loop (the loop is idle), the
biasing network provides a balanced (nondifferential) d.c. sig-
nal to the differential amplifier 20.
The biasing network 21 includes transformer Tl with wind-
ings Ll and L2 connected in series with the battery 50 and the
tip and ring lead respectively. The transformer is connected
and phased so that any a.c. signal appearing in one winding
is coupled into the other winding in order to cancel the effects
of each other at the respective amplifier inputs and retain the
d.c. balance established by the biasing network at the differen-
tial inputs 22 and 24.
The windings Ll and L2 being in series with the loop leads
and the battery 50 collaterally provide a high a.c. input
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impedance than a direct connection to the battery 50. As
a result of higher input impedance, the effects of line
impedance mismatch are reduced, and transients are more
readily damped.
In order to establish the detector's d.c. sensitivity,
the biasing network includes positive ground node 54 and
negative voltage node 56. Ground node 54 is connected to
input 24 through a first branch consisting of winding Ll
of transformer Tl and resistors Rl and R2. Ground node 54
is also connected to input 22 through a second branch con-
sisting of resistor R5. Negative voltage node 56 is connect-
ed to input 22 through a third branch consisting of winding
L2 of the transformer Tl, and resistors R4 and R3. Negative
voltage node 56 is also connected to input 24 through a fourth
branch consisting of resistor R6.
The ring and tip leads are connected to the biasing net-
work 21 through line relay 30 and ring relay 32. The relays
switch and leads to various points on the biasing network to
provide the proper d.c. sensitivity for each of the conditions
to be sensed. Specifically, tip lead 14 is connected alter-
natively to node 58 or 60, depending on the condition of ring
relay 32. Ring lead 16 is alternatively connected to node 62
or 64, depending on the condition of line relay 30. The effect
of the relays on varying sensitivity will be considered with
respect to the various loop conditions set out below.
A capacitor Cl for filtering out ringing interference is
switchably connected across inputs 22 and 24 by ring relay 32
and the operation of contacts 32c and 32d.
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~8868~
The operation of the loop current detector 10 is best
understood by focusing on various conditions which the
loop current detector senses and the transitions between
those conditions. The first condition is when the line is
idle -- the loop is open. In the idle condition, the common
control 28 de-energizes both line relay 30 and ring relay
32. As a result, contact 30c is open and the tip lead is
disconnected from the loop current detector altogether. The
ring lead 16 is connected to node 64 of the loop current
detector through contacts 32f and 30a thereby forming a
path from battery 50 through resistor R4 and winding L2
of transformer Tl to the ring lead. The biasing network
provides a balances d.c. input to the differential ampli-
fier and no output signal is generated by the opto-isolator
on line 26.
If in the idle condition a longitudinal interference
current is generated in the ring lead, that transient lon-
gitudinal current flowing in the ring lead is conducted
through resistor R4 and winding L2 of transformer Tl. Be-
cause the longitudinal current flowing in L2 is transientin nature and because L2 is magnetically coupled to winding
Ll and the windings are phased as indicated in the drawing,
a similar induced current flows in winding Ll. As a result,
equal currents flow in Ll and L2, the biasing network remains
balanced, and the effects of the longitudinal current in the
ring lead are eliminated.
When the subscriber goes off-hook, thereby grounding the
ring lead, a d.c. current flows in resistor R4 (100 ohms)
and winding L2 tlOO ohms, d.c. resistance). The series
resistance of R4 and L2 establishes a sensitivity of approx-
imately 6 milliamperes of current in the ring lead. Because
~Q8~84
the d.c. current is not coupled by the transformer, the 6 or
more millampere flow of the d.c. current in resistor R4 and
winding L2 causes input 22 of operational amplifier 34 to
become more positive. In turn, output 38 goes more positive.
Input 24 is sufficiently negative with respect to input 22 to
cause the output 40 of operational amplifier 36 to go negative,
thus augmenting the forward signal across the light emitting
diode 43. With a differential voltage across light emitting
diode 43 of the opto-isolator 42, the diode produces light.
The light causes photo transistor 45 to conduct and an output
signal results on the output 26.
In response to the output signal, the common control unit
28 places a ground on ring lead 70 of central office loop 75.
The central office in conventional fashion provides a ground
on tip lead 72. This tip lead ground condition causes common
control 28 to energize line relay 30. Energizing relay 30
connects tip lead 14 to d.c. ground through winding Ll which
signals the subscriber to remove the ground on ring lead 16
and close subscriber loop 12 for the normal busy condition.
Energizing line relay 30 also reconnects ring lead 16 to the
biasing network at node 62 so that the current flows in the
subscriber loop between battery 50 and ground. The current
path includes the two transformer windings and the closed sub-
scriber loop. The d.c. loop current flowing through the
transformer windings produces a differential d.c. voltage
across the inputs 22 and 24 with input 22 being more positive.
As a result, the output signal on line 26 is sustained. The
d.c. voltage drop across the windings (each having a d.c.
resist~nce of 100 ohms) thus determines the detector's
sensitivity (at least 6 milliamperes of loop current), for
determining when the loop is busy.
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If during the normal busy condition longitudinal inter-
ference is produced in the loop, the longitudinal currents
flow in both leads and produce a simultaneous voltage rise
or drop at both inputs 22 and 24 of the differential amplifiers
20. Therefore, no differential signal relating to the long-
itudinal currents results at the inputs, and the output 26
of the detector remains unaffected.
When the subscriber subsequently decides to go on-hook,
the subscriber loop is opened, and the d.c. loop current drops
below 6 milliamperes. As a result, the d.c. voltage drop
across the windings Ll and L2 is dimished, and inputs 22
and 24 detect no differential signal. ~Jith no differential
input signal, the differential amplifier 20 drops the output
signal on output 26 which indicates that subscriber loop 12
is now idle. The common control 28 then opens central office
loop 75. The central office in turn removes the ground from
tip lead 72 of the central office loop, and ccmmon control 28
de-activates line relay 30 so that the detector circuit returns
to its idle condition with tip lead 14 of subscriber loop 12
disconnected and ring lead 16 switched from node 62 to node
64 in order to await the next request for service indicated by
the grounding of ring lead 16.
Finally, the loop current detector also operates as a
ring trip detector during a ringing condition. Prior to ring-
ing, the loop is in the idle condition. In response to a
command from the central office, the common control activates
both ring relay 32 and line relay 30. ~hen the ring relay 32
is activated, the negative ring generator (not shown) is connected
to the ring lead by the closing of contacts 32e while contact
32f is simultaneously opened thereby disconnecting the ring
1~886B4
lead from the detector. Line relay 30 is activated in anti-
cipation of the busy condition which is expected to result.
Activating line relay 30 closes relay contact 30c to connect
the tip lead to node 60 through closed contact 32b so that
the tip lead is connected in series with resistor Rl and
winding Ll. The series resistance of Rl and Ll establishes
the d.c. sensitivity of the detector for detecting when the
loop is subsequently closed. In addition, ring relay contact
32c is closed to connect capacitor Cl across inputs 22 and
24 of the differential amplifier 20 to filter out the 20hz.
component of the ringing signal.
When the subscriber goes off-hook in response to the
ringing at his subscriber set, he closes subscriber loop 12
so that d.c. current then can flow through winding Ll, resistor
Rl,tip lead 14, subscriber set 18, the ring lead and the
negative ring generator. This d.c. loop current is not
coupled through transformer Tl. The d.c. voltage drop across
resistor Rl and winding Ll causes input 24 to become more
negative with respect to input 22. This causes output 38
to go positive and output 40 to go negative, thus forward
biasing diode 43 so that an output occurs on line 26. The
signal at output 26 causes the common control to de-activate
the ring relay 32, thereby disconnecting the ring generator
from the ring line-and reconnecting the -ring line through
contact 32f to node 62 by way of contact 30b (the line relay
still being in the active condition). Furthermore, the tip
lead is switched from node 60 to node 58 by the operation
of contacts 32a and 32b. The capacitor C1 is also discon-
nected from the inputs 22 and 24 by the operation of contacts
32c and 32d. The line then is in the normal busy condition
with line relay 30 activated and the detector waiting ~or
the subscriber to go on-hook again to restore the loop to
its idle condition.
1~386B4
Referring to Figure 2, the loop current detector 10 is
provided with an alternative differential amplifier 220. The
differential amplifier 220 has inputs 222 and 224 and an out-
put 226, for sensing the differential signal across biasing
network 21. The differential amplifier 220 consists of a low
input current, high gain ipto-isolator 242. The opto-isolator
242 includes a light emitting means, such as a light emitting
diode 243, and a light responsive means, such as a photo-
transistor 245. The opto-isolator 242 produces a unidirectional
output signal on output line 226. The opto-isolator 242 serves
both to isolate electrically the differential amplifier's inputs
222 and 224 from the output line 226, and to change voltage
levels from a line voltage battery 50 to a lower control
voltage 52.
The opto-isolator 242 is commercially available, such as
model 4N45/46 opto-isolator, manufactured by Hewlitt Packard.
The differential amplifier 220 with opto-isolator 242
operates in essentially the same manner as the differential
amplifier 20 of Figure 1. In all other regards, the operation
of the circuitry disclosed in Figure 2, except for the use of
differential amplifier 220, is essentially the same as the
operation as the circuit disclosed in Figure 1 and previously
described.
