Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~097~7
The invention relates to composite wall elements for
walls, ceilings, and the like, and in particular for structural
work above the surface and below ground level, bridge~, tunnels,
vehicles, cold storage houses and cold storage rooms, means of
transportation, or the like.
An object of the invention is to provide a wall
element having a resistance to bending so as to be capable of
carrying high loads as well as having high acoustic and ther-
mal insulation properties.
More than two wall elements can be successively
connected to each other in order to satisfy various functions,
in particular the bending strength or, respectively, the load-
carrying capacity and the thermal and acoustic insulation. For
this purpose the invention provides special connecting means by
which the resistance to bending and thus the load-carrying
capacity can be increased up to the limit of the strength of
the material and, if necessary, sound insulating functions can
be achieved by elastic tensioning and embedding on all sides in
elastic seals.
- 20 The acoustic and thermal insulation can preferably be
achieved by a smaller insulating wall element provided in the
interior of a composite wall element and consisting o~ a casing
which air-tightly and vapor-tightly, seals the wall element,
said casing consisting, for instance, of synthetic resin mate-
rial, plastic, or metal capable of carrying load. Within the
hollow space, there are arranged insulating elements, preferably
. . ~
~; reflective foils, which can be aluminum, plastic with vapor-
deposited aluminum or sheet metal plates capable of carrying
load.
~ .
, " , -- 1 --
-
...... ~. .. ~ . : .
~097(~7
Flat and corrugated metal plates and/or plasticpanels with reflecting coatings, and deformable closed-pore
plastic foam plates or the like which are arranged therebetween,
can also be provided, combined in groups. In particular these
casings and their inserts can be tensioned in combination with
outer shells or, respectively, wall elements, or parts thereof.
The inner wall element and also, if required, the
hollow spaces of the outer wall element can be connected by
pipes exteading thereinto and having provided thereon valves
with air drying devices, volume equalizing elements, air-filter-
ing devices and especially with evacuating devices or pressure
pumps and, if desired, with hydraulic pumps. In this manner it
is possible to provide the interior of the wall element with
dry air and/or other dry gases of any desired pressure, for
instance, o~ a high negative or positive pressure to maintain
desired condition for an unlimited period of time. In this
manner water condensation is prevented from forming on the
reflecting foils upon a decrease in temperature. The vapor-
tight sealing of the inner wall element by seals or the like
enhances this. In order to render vapor-proof the flexible or
rigid envelopes, which envelop the inner wall element, they may
; be multi-layer in form, or may comprise boxes. If they consist
of synthetic resin foils or plastic panels or sheet metal, they
can be bonded to each other in several layers, welded, pressed
together, or otherwise connected to each other in a flat or
profiled manner, in which case they can be provided with metal-
lic, vapor-tight layers or they can have metal foils there-
between.
- - 2 -
1097~17
The envelop~s or boxes of the inner element, if of
porous material can be immersed after completion into liquid
plastic material to which preferably metal powder has been
added in order to achieve vapor-tight sealing. Also, metal
foils or sheets can be arranged around the inner wall element
in a vapor-tight manner overlapping each other. If the inner
wall element is then cast into an outer wall element, any
admission of air and vapor is prevented. It is advantageous to
provide vapor barriers also in the outer wall element, espe-
cially towards its front wall side. For this purpose the innersides of the outer envelopes or the outer wall shells can be
connected vapor-tightly with metal foils or sheets and can be
sealed hermetically.
The envelopes and outer shells can consist of several
parts and can have interposed sheet metals. Such shells can be
made, for instance, of concrete by pouring around such sheet
metals in a mold established for this purpose. Such shells of
concrete can be reinforced in order to further increase their
strength and load-carrying capacity. Thus, concavely bent
reinforcing irons can be cast into vertical wall parts, such
reinforcement excluding an outward bulging of the wall element.
In addition, the reinforcementscan extend throughout the cast-
ing around the ~all element, and can be interconnected in such
a manner to ensure the concave bending and consequently the
increased load-bearing capacity.
In order to connect the opposite surfaces of the wall
element in an increased load-carrying manner, there can be
arranged tensioning or anchoring screws which pass in an air-
and vapor-tight manner through the inner wall element. They
cause a concave bending of the surfaces of the envelopes or the
D 3 _
1097(3~7
shells and plates. These screws can be of several parts and
screwed into each other. The heads can be adjustable and
capable of being fixed in any position. Different threads can
be cut on the screw spindles depending on the requirements.
Pressure differences within the housing can serve to
effec-t movement for producing compressive or tensile stresses
and for achieving support of load-carrying parts, for instance,
of the wall shells or of the fixed envelopes and the inner and
outer supporting elements.
Also, load-bearing suppor~ing elements can be advan-
tageously pre-stressed, which is counteracted by loading.
Since laterally or horizontally applied pressure, due at least
partially to the pre-stressing, increases with the load more
than proportionately, pressures up to the limit of elasticity
can be absorbed. The load-carrying parts can be kept accord
ingly lighter. This partial conversion of the vertical forces
acting as load into the horizontal forces which increase more
than proportionately with respect to the bulging component is
the decisive factor.
For casting the inner composite wall element, differ-
ent cast materials can be employed and connected with each
other. The nature of the material depends upon the function of
the wall part, for instance, the required load-carrying
strength, flexible elasticity, compressibility, and acoustic
and thermal insulating power. The casting in place can be
effected layer-wise in time sequence with different materials
and solid reinforcing inserts for instance, iron bars, pipes,
square pipes, perforated metal sheets, perforated plastic
boards, and adhesives, in such a manner that, after hardening,
elements of different composite layers are formed as a whole or
partially as groups or as individual elements.
- 4 -
1~9~ 17
The outer wall element can be cast in advance on all
sides, for instance, with the exception of the surface directed
~ towards the inside of the building. This casting can have any
shape, for instance, in combination with an outer frame which
encloses intermediate cavities which can also be separated
hermetically from each other and can hermetically define toward
the inside the hollow space for the inner insulating element.
These possibilities of different shapings and developments are
unlimited.
In order to receive the inner wall element or ele-
ments, corresponding recesses or hollow spaces are provided in
which the wall elements are inserted.
By means of the intermediate spaces which remain, the
wall elements can be arranged or cast hermetically in an air-
tight and vapor-tight manner in these cavities. The casting
material can be selected suitably of various types and can also
consist of mixed working materials, for example, a metal alloy.
In particular, it can form additional vapor-proof envelopes
around the inner wall elements. The insulating properties can
also be further increased, for instance, by foaming plastic
foams into the insulating element. With such pre-fabricated
outer wall shells the cavity surfaces on their inner side can
be profiled, in particular developed in corrugated shape. They
can be coated in a vapor-tight manner with reflective foils and
thus can form additional radiation spaces with respect to the
inner wall elements and can serve at the same time to apply
linear pressure to the inner supporting elements, for instance,
via anchoring bolts and atmospheric pressure.
'
~, - 5 -
~9'i'~1`7
Within these intermediate spaces horizontally and/or
vertically corrugated flexible plates can be arranged. If
necessary, there can be interposed on one or both sides of the
corrugated plates elastic foam plates which can be pressed in a
cushion-like manner into the corrugations so as to take up
pressures.
The surface of the inner wall element located towards
the inner side of the building can, after appropriate sealing
of the edges of the inner wall element, be cast or also foamed
in place. Instead of casting, a load-carrying cover plate with
an outer layer of plaster can be provided having towards the
inner element a polished, reflecting, and vapor-proof surface,
for instance, a corrugated plate, trapezoidal plate, a flat
metal plate or a plastic plate, provided if desired, with
additional coatings.
The cavity of the outer wall element i~ provided with
a vapor-tight aluminum lining on all sides and, after introduc-
tion of the load-carrying insulating element, is preferably
also provided with a vapor-proof rigid or flexible or stiff
en~elope. The cavity can be s aled in a vapor-tight manner,
; e.g. filled with a dry gas under a suitable pressure, that is,
positive or negative pressure or a vacuum. A positive pressure
can be exerted also by a liquid. Radiation spaces, for
instance, horizontal radiation chamber~, can be formed by
spacer strips. The introduction of the insulating element into
the evacuated cavity of the outer wall element makes possible a
completely pressure-free arrangement of the insulating element,
by which the heat conduction through the individual parts of
the insuIating~element which are in contact with each other can
be substantially reduced.
- 6
- ~)9'~Q~7
If the vapor-tight closure is assured for an
unlimited period of time by the covering or the box of the
i~lner wall element and in addition by the outer wall element
and its cavity, the wall element, before it is closed, can
be filled with a dry gas of predetermined negative or positive
pressure or be completely evacuated, and the closing can be
effected in a pressure or evacuation space. In order to
avoid the oxidation of reflective metal surfaces, it is ad-
vantageous to provide them with a layer of polyethylene of
a thickness of less than 0.1 mm.
The building element is preferably formed with at
least one disk which is formed of cap bolts, the heads of
which rest against the outer walls of the building element
and the inner ends of which are connected by a thread arranged
within the interior of the insulating elements. In this con-
nection, the length of thread is such, and flanges are so
arranged on the cap bolts, that, upon the tightening of the
two spindle parts, the anchor bolt or its flange rest against
the covering or the walls of the insulating elements. By
means of the anchor bolts, an increased compressive strength
; of the building element is obtained transverse to the longi-
tudinal axis of the anchoring bolt. At the same time, the
walls of the insulating element are maintained an exact dis-
tance apart from each other.
In a broad aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a composite wall element comprising a vapor-
- tight insulating inner wall element having side walls.
Supporting means are provided within the inner wall element
for providing the inner wall element with load bearing char-
acteristics. An outer wall element of cast material encloses
at least part of the inner wall element. Anchoring means
connects opposed walls of the outer wall element and extends
- 7 -
.~'
~0~7~7
through the composite wall element. The anchoring means ex-
tends air-tightly through the inner insulating wall element
and the opposed parts of the outer wall element so as to in-
crease the load-bearing capacity of the composite wall ele-
ment. The anchoring means comprises male and female screw
spindle members. The threaded end of the male member is
threadedly engaged with the internally threaded end of the
female member for relative adjustment. Each screw spindle
member has an outer flange mounted thereon non-rotatably for
engaging the outer surface of the inner wall element. Inner
flange members are adjustably axially mounted on the screw
spindle members for rotation therewith and for engaging the
inner surfaces of the walls of the inner insulating element.
The outer and inner flanges engage both surfaces of the side
walls of the inner insulating element for adjusting the dis-
tance between the side walls and the compressive loading
placed on the inner wall element.
An example of the embodiments of the invention is
described hereinafter in conjunction with the drawings attached
hereto, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a fragmented vertical cross-sectional
view through one of the forms of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary, perspective view of a~modi-
fied wall element form,
FIG. 3 is a perspective, fragmentary view of a com-
posite building block,
FIG. 4 is a perspective view, fragmentary and par-
tially cross-sectioned, of a still further modified form of
the invention,
FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view of yet
- a further wall element modification,
-- 8 --
~097(~17
~ IG. 6 is a fragmentary, front elevational view
of a screw assembly used in accordance with the invention
and
FIG, 7 is a modification o~ the screw assembly of
Fig. 6.
,
- 8a -
~ EJ j~
'~, . . : '
1~7~`7
Fig. 1 is a cross-section throug~ an upper part of a
composite wall element consis~ing of the combination of an
inner smaller wall element which serves for thermal insulation
and which is enclosed on all sides in air-tight and vapor-tight
manner by a covering 10 of synthetic resin or plastic material.
An outer wall element 15, for load-bearing and compressive
strength, is cast around the inner wall element 10 and consists
of any suitable material, for instance, concrete, cement or
plastic.
The covering 10 is made reflective on its inner side
or is coated, for instance, with a foil 4 of plastic with
aluminum vapor deposited on both sides thereof, in order to
assure the vapor-tig~t closure. For the shaping and stiffening
of the covering for load-bearing purposes, plates 1, 2, 3, for
instance, of metal, wood, plastic, rigid foam, cardboard, or
the like, are arranged around all the inner sides of the cover-
ing 10, the plates being reflective towards the hollow space of
the wall element thus formed as a result of reflective foils 4
or coatings applied to them. These reflective foil may be,
for instance, aluminum foils or plastic foils with aluminum
coatings vapor~deposited thereon.
The coverings 10 themselves may consist of any flexi-
ble or rigid material, depending on function. In particular,
they may consist of a composite with other materials, which are
combined with each other, for instance, by bonding. The shap-
~ ing may be multipartite, for instance, with intermediate seal-
; ings, as described balow.
The structural alement is traversed by at least one
two part anchor bolt 11, 12, the two parts 11, 12 of the anchor
bolt baing connected with each other by a tapered thread 13 on
the part 12 which can be screwed into an inner mating thread
13a of the part 11.
~ 9~
1~97(~17
On the outer wall of the covering 10, flanges 14a are
arranged on the anchor bolt 11 and also on the anchor bolt 12,
and flanges 14b on the inside of the covering 10. The outer
flanges 14a, resting against the covering 10 form at the same
time the bolt heads for the spindles which pass through the
inner wall element.
The outer flanges 14a can be arranged firmly on the
bolts 11 and 12 so as not to be displaceable in a given posi-
tion, for instance, by welding. Another possibility consists
in providing bore holes 140 in the screw spindles 11 and 12,
into which holepins or protruding head bolts can be placed
which prevent the flanges from being shifted, at least in the
direction towards the anchor heads lla and 12a. Instead of or
in addition to this, annular grooves can be cut into the
spindles 11, 12 at predetermined places and the flanges can be
- inserted therein, for instance, by means of radial cuts in the
flanges. If the hole in the flanges 14 corresponds to the
diameter of the spindle, protruding resilient split rings can
then be inserted into the grooves on both sides of the flanges.
The intermediate flanges are prevented ~rom any shift in posi-
tion by the rings which limit then on both sides and act as
stops. Thread cuts are made on the screw spindles and can
extend in the same direction or in opposite directions for the
mo~abla arrangement, if desired, of the flanges 14a, 14b which
in each case bear corresponding mating threads. It is also
advantageous to arrange the anchor heads lla, 12a of the anchor
bolts in detachable manner, for instance, with internal threads
such as nutsl but nevertheless in lockable ~ashion, so that
they can be screwed on and off and fixed in the desired end
position, for instance, by means of small radial screws lls,
~ 12s. These small screws can extend through bore holes provid-
- ed at small distances apart from each other.
.:
.. -- 10 --
" ~97(~17
The spindle flanges 14a, 14b can be arranged at a
desired distance apart, so that in the end position they rest
firmly against the outer walls of the covering or wall. Thus
they assure a very specific distance between the coverings 10
or covering walls 10 against which they rest. For this purpose,
for instance, the fixing of a given thread length can also be
used. In this way the inner wall element is protected from an
excess of pressure or static stress being pressed inwardly in
the direction of the longitudinal axis of the anchor bolt. On
the other hand, it is also possible, if necessary, to exert a
predetermined pressure on the inner wall element and its
inserts by the screwing together of the anchors 11, 12 ~y
means of their threads 13, 13a.
It may be sufficient to provide a thread or the
screwing on of the flanges 14a only on the spindle parts which
are located outside of the covering. From the length of the
thread the possibility results of use for wall elements of
different depth dimensions which are to be pressed against each
other by the flanges 14a.
As shown by Fig. 1, there are loosely arranged on the
inner sides of the covering 10 on threads directed in the same
direction, i.e. on the extended threads fro~ the anchor heads,
opposing flanges 14b. The ~langes 14b are stopped at the~r end
position on the spindles towards the inside o~ the covering by
screws 14s which are tightened against the spindles 11, 12,
and thus, by the pressure which they exert, connect the flanges
14b firmly at the intended place to the spindle. For this
purpose, there can also be provided corresponding bore holes
140 on the spindle into which these screws engage with their
ends. Grooves can also be cut at successive places in the
.
: . . , : - , .
97Q17
corresponding regions of the spindles and the flanges 14b can
thus be fastened in longitudinal direction by engagement of the
screws into these grooves. -
Fig. 1 shows another possibility for positioning the
flanges. For the right-hand flange 14b there are arranged
resilient triangular locking elements 14p which have an oblique
plane in the direction towards the screwable spindle end part
13. If the flange 14b is pushed, coming from the thread 13,
onto the spindle 12, these triangularly broadening oblique
ele~ents 14p will be pressed down elastically against springs
within this spindle so that the flange 14b can be pushed over
it. Since the triangular locking elements have a flat tri-
angular base which is developed perpendicular to the surface of
the spindle and against which the flange 14b can lie flat, the
flange 14b is prevented from changing its position back against
this locking element. This is of importance when the wall
element or its cavities are to be widened by displacement of
its wall parts in such a manner that it is possible jointly to
evacuate all chambers, cells, and other cavities from one point.
If the spindle parts 11, 12 are screwed apart, the cover parts
10 are pressed outwardly by the flanges 14b. In this way there
iq produced the necessary evacuation slot. Such locking stop
elements 14p can be arranged at all places on th~ spindles,
particularly in the ca~e of building elements having a plurality
of partition walls, coverings, and the like, the movement of
which is required. This may also be necessary in order to
~.
compress an intermediate space by widening the spaces arranged
on both sides thereof.
12 -
L~
17
A blocking of the flanges 14b is necessary with an
arrangement of the ~hread in opposite direction. With the
countercurrent arrangement of the thread, the two flanges 14a,
]4b move further and further apart upon the reverse movement,
i.e. upon the partial turning outwardly of the connecting
thread 13. This is not possible, however, if the inner flange
14b is stopped either by such elastic blocking means, or by
pins which engage in bore holes, or by screws which extend
radially through the flanges. In such a case, the flange would
have to turn with the spindle and not axially relative thereto.
If the flange 14b has a thread and if it is firmly
fastened to the covering 10 or the partition wall, then the
wall must move or bend either inwardly or outwardly correspond-
ing to the direction of the thread or the direction of the
actuation of the spindle.
The provision of the locking elements 14p has the
advantage that, with the rotation of the flange l~b on the
~hread, the locking takes place automatically in the intended
position which is to be assumed upon the termination of the
rotation of the flange 14b. For reasons of assembly, this may
then be particularly advantageous if it is not possible to
insert locking pins or to provide screws.
The coverings can bear horizontally firmly arranged
pins or the like vertically-on their surfaces directed towards
the flanges 14b by means of which they can engage into corres-
ponding perforations in the flanges. In this way, depending on
the length of these pins a connection is produced during a
certain rotation of the spindle between covering and flange.
Then the flange must move in the longitudinal direction of the
`30 spindle corresponding to the rotation thereof. This displacement
': :
_ 13 -
, ' . , ' , ' ~ .
7Q17
may serve either for evacuating the air or for other purposes,
for instance, for the production of pressure by adjacent load-
bearing supporting elements or the like.
There may also be instances in which a different
pitch can advantageously be employed on the thread 13 with
respect to the pitch of the flanges 14a, 14b. The flatter the
thread, the stronger the pressure which can be exerted by the
flanges. Different thread pitches in the different regions
make it possible to move with the same number of revolutions
over different lengths of paths of the walls and, temporarily
or in final manner, to change the distances from the adjacent
partition walls and shells which are also simultaneously moved.
The advantage of the arrangement of the flanges on
threads within given regions of movement is a precise possibi-
lity of adjustment, as desired, of the distance from the other
opposite flanges 14a, 14b and thus the assuring of the intend-
ed functions. The coverings can bear, around the holes through
which the spindles are pushed, guides which can widen as
desired on both sides, consisting of correspondingly thick
rubber disks, rings, pipe lengths, or the like which are glued
thereon. In this way in case of contrarotating threads there
is obtained a correspondingly hermetically sealed play for the
variability of the final position of the flanges. The same
anchor bolts can in this way be used for differently dimension-
ed inner wall elements. Between the inner flanges 14b there
can preferably be provided fixed spacer sleeves 14d, for
instance, of insulating material such as plastic, the ends of
which press themselves into highly elastic seals, for instance,
of rubber, which may he arranged on the flanges 14b, or in case
of larger diameter, on the covering 10. When the spindles 11
and 12 are screwed together, the bolt passage is closed off
1 l - 14 -
7017
towards the rest of the cavity of the inner building element.
By the dimensioning of said sleeves 14d a predetermined spacing
of all flanges 14b can be maintained and thus the corresponding
depth direction of the inner wall element in the end positions
can be kept uniformly flat. Furthermore, these sleeves 14d
serve as additional pressure-resistant supports in the direc-
tion of the spindle axis. If the sleeves are made of rubber,
they can also contribute to the acoustic insulation.
An air-drying device 7, 7a, 8, 9 can be provided in
the upper part of the inner wall element. The venting and
pressure regulating of the inner wall element can be achieved
~y a drying device 16, 17, 18, with valve 19. In this way, the
inner structural element can enter into communication with the
outer atmosphere or a pump unit, without water vapor being able
to penetrate into the inner element. The pipe 18 can also be
connected with, for instance, a volume equalization device so
that the same pressure is always present within the wall ele-
ment as outside of it. The valve 19 can be adjustable so that
a given pressure, positive or negative, can be maintained in
the interior. In particular, the pipe 18 can be connected to
an evacuation unit and by suitable adjustment of the anchor
bolts, for instance, ky providing an appropriate length of the
thread 13 and of the qpacing of the flanges 14, the evacuation
of all hollow spaces can be effected from a single point.
The wall element itself and all parts which lead into
the inner wall element, are sealed off in air- and vapor-tight
manner by corresponding sealing means, and all walls of cells,
chambers, and other hollow spaces are preferably insulated in
vapor-tight manner on all ~ides by a reflective development or
coating~
. .
-- 15 --
- ~0~ 7
Fig. 1 shows in the outer cast layer, in order to
provide an increased load-bearing function, a vertical rein-
forcement 15k and a horizontal reinforcement 15'k. These
reinforcements are bent concavely toward the inner wall element.
They are directed opposite the preferably similar concave
reinforcements present on the other side of the wall element.
This applies both for the vertical as well as the horizontal
reinforcement. Even in the case of extremely high pressures,
the outer cast layers can thus not bulge outwardly.
lo Additional reinforcements 15k", 15 L 15 r and 15 ~`
are also cast into the outer layer 15, positioned so that the
curved ends of reinforcements 15k and 15 leither extend over or
engage around certain of these reinforcements so as to achieve
the prestressing desired.
The anchor bolts can be made of any suitable material,
depending on the requirements. The same applies also to the
flanges, as well as to the sleeves 14d. Thus they can consist,
for instance, of a metal alloy which is of poor heat conducti-
vity, such as of iron with an about 30% to 40/O addition of
nickel, or of plastic or of some other material resistant to
pressure or to tension.
Instead of dry air, another gas of poor heat conduc-
tivity, for instance, dichloro difluoro methane or sulfur
hexafluoride, can be introduced in the wall element in dried
condition at a negative pressure. A negative pressure or
vacuum results in a favorable pressure action by the atmosphere
on the outer cast structural parts 15. These parts are thereby
pressed concavely from both sides towards each other or towards
the intermediate inner wall element. Due thereto the lateral
supporting of load-bearing elements arranged in between is
increased.
1 6
~r ~/
~9~Q17
If such a structural element is pressed together in
part by the atmospheric pressure and in part also by firmly
t:ightening the screwable anchor bolts lla, 12a after the cast-
ing has solidified, then the vertical actions can increase the
stresses only in a direction concavely towards each other. AS
a result of the increased concave bending towards each other,
an increased horizontal opposing force, acting laterally on the
load-bearing supporting elements, is produced that corresponds
to the increase in the bulging components. By the reinforce-
ment described above with vertical and horizontal reinforcement
members directed concavely towards each other or, for instance,
with reinforcement sheets, such wall elements can compensate
over-proportionately in horizontal direction, upon increasing
load in vertical direction, in a rupture-proof manner for the
horizontal bulging component which develops. For protection
during the casting, the outer spindle parts are covered with
protective coverings, for instance, with sleeves 14d, lengths
of pipe, or parts of hose, which are arranged permanently or
can be removed subseqùently and replaced by other means.
The supporting opposing forces increase to a greater
extent than the bending component which is formed from the
increasing load. If metal sheets are used for the reinforce-
ment, they should preferably be perforated in order to make
possible the coherence of the concrete layers. Such reinforce-
.,
; ments or reinforcement sheets can be strengthened, for instance,
by square iron bars or they can be profiled.
~: Fig. l also shows honeycomb plates 5 and 6 with
interposed reflector means 4 which can be load-bearing support-
ing elements as, for instance, plates 1 and 2, which, as shown,
extend to the upper horizontal bearing plate 3. These support-
ing elements can be composite elements consisting, for instance,
.
~ - 17 -
1~97~l7
of a plurality of pipes arranged spaced alongside of each other,
particularly square pipes which are surrounded in an air- and
vapor-tight manner on both sides by metal sheets and can be
*astened to said sheets, for instance, by welding, cementing,
rivetiny, or the like.
Other supporting means can also be provided, for
instance, square or round pipe lengths arranged horizontally
between the vertical square pipes by which the distance of the
vertical pipes from each other is assured and a lateral bending
of the pipes is precluded, even in case of great load on the
vertical pipes. The metal sheets ~rranged on both sides of the
vertical pipes are supported by the honeycomb plates 5 and 6.
This can be effected not only by the anchor bolts 11, 12 and/or
the atmospheric pressure,'but also from both sides by a concave
prestressing of the vertical outer walls of the wall element by
means of stressed cast-in-place reinforcements 15k, lS'k. For
this purpose, the reinforcements, prior to the casting, are
introduced not only bent into the casting mold but also by
; special tensioning means which may possibly also be cast in
place. Thus, for instance, the concave curved reinforcements
15k, 15'k may be cast in flatter position, stressed elastically
by tensioning means. Thus they have an increased opposing
force as soon as a force attempts to deform them in convex
direction.
The honeycombs should advantageously be selected in
~; such a size that their webs bridge over the distances between
the pipes. The space between the metal sheets in which the
pipes are located can be evacuated and in this manner, if an
atmospheric pressure or a positive pressure prevails in the
inner wall element, an additional higher pressure or tension
can be exerted onithe sheet metal walls and intermediate pipes
in order to increase th~ir resistance to bending and their load-
bearing capacity.
D - 18 -
1~7~17
The horizontally arranged pipe lengths mentioned can
be arranged laterally to the vertical pipes, and disks cemented
or welded to the vertical pipes laterally, corresponding to the
inner diameter of the horizontal pipes. The disks then enter
in air-tight manner into the pipes which are arranged in
between and thus fix their position.
Instead of square pipes there can also be arranged
between such composite sheets vertical corrugated plates, for
instance, trapezoidal sheets or corrugated sheets. Instead of
pressing by honeycombs the surrounding composite sheets from
the outside, this can be done, for instance, by horizontally
corrugated plates, particularly corrugated metal sheets. This
has the advantage that under the pressure which acts on them,
deformation of the undulations by flattening takes place or, if
this is not possible, an increased tensioning takes place where-
by a stretching of such horizontally corrugated sheets occurs.
~ In this way, the bending strength and the load-bearing capacity
; ~ are further increased. These horizontal corrugations which are
placed under tension by the lateral pressure provide increased
support for instance, horizontally, for the interposed load-
~; bearing supporting elements.
~ hese stresses can be increased and act horizontallyon the adjacent supporting elements, concentrated at indi~idual
lines of contact, so that in this way a further opposing force
is developed against a pressure which increases with increasing
load. Gases, rather than liquids, can also be used for exert-
ing the pressure.
In additi~n to the stress forces exerted on the load-
~` bearing supporting elements horizontally and vertically over
the horizontally corrugated intermediate plates, a high hydrau-
lic pressure can be exerted on all sides upon all walls in the
;~ - 19_
~971~7
hermetically closed hollow space in which the vertically
corrugated plate is located, and in this way not only are the
vertically load-bearing supporting elements additionally
supported against bending in order to take up even higher
loads, but, at the same time, a high pressure action is exerted
on the upper cover which, by corresponding connection by bolts
with the vertical load-bearing parts of the wall element,
produces a tensile stress on the latter in vertical direction
and results in a stretching, which additionally counteracts
lateral bulging upon the action of this stress.
The bending strength is thus produced in two ways, on
the one hand by horizontal pressure and on the other hand by
vertical tension.
The increased resistance to bending by stretching the
supporting elements, e.g., the load-supporting square pipes,
can be produced in advance by the production of a tension of
; any desired value in vertical direction in pipes whose function
` is to produce the load-bearing capacity of the wall element.
Fig. 2 shows a wall element, preferably as a building
block, consisting of at least two shells 61a, 61b, spaced from
each other and consisting of load-bearing material, e.g. slabs
of cement, concrete, clay, plastic, and/or suitable materials
combined with each other in composite character~ The load-
bearing materials are formed jointly with side walls 69a, 69b
~` which are preferably of material of poor heat conductivity, for
instance, plates, covers of plastic, synthetic resin, foamed
; materials, and the like, which vertically surround a hollow
space which can be closed off in air-tight and preferably vapor-
tight manner on top and on the bottom by cover plates 64a, 64b
of material of poor thermal conductivity, such as plastic slabs.
- 20 -
., ,
7Q17
The side walls 69a, 69b have the function of limiting
the heat conduction ~rom the outer wall 61 to the inner wall
61b to a minimum . For this purpose, the thickness of the mate-
rial of poor heat conductivity can also correspondingly be
determined. The vertical walls of the element can be connected
to each other directly or by seals.
For fastening the different parts to each other,
screws, bolts, pins, clamps, and the like may be used which
extend, ~or instance, throuyh correspondingly provided holes
and the like. All walls of the hollow space are coated or
otherwise developed in a hermetically insulating and particu-
larly reflecting manner. For insulation, foam plates can be
arranged, for instance, on the inner surfaces of the hollow
space, for instance, by bonding. Reflective foils, of aluminum,
or plastic with vapor-deposited aluminum, can be arranged on
such insulated plates, for instance bonded thereon and/or
clamped in whole or in part thereon. In this way the hollow
space can be sealed off in a reflective manner on all sides.
The cover plates 64a, 64b also are provided on the inner side
of their cavity with correspondingly suitable insulating and/or
; reflective layers. In the hollow space itself, there i9
preferably elastically resilient, upright or stressed reflec-
tive foils, panels, or metal sheets or swingable plates provid-
ed with a reflective coating, for instance, of plastic or syn-
thetic resin. Such foils, and in particular thin plates, can
be tensioned as a whole or can be subdivided in a manifold
tensioned manner by interposed springs or by other elastic
tensioning means in order to absorb sound. By a han~ing or
vertically tensioned arrangement, there are imparted to the
foils natural frequencies which enable them to absorb resonance
vibrations. The arrangement is highly elastic on all sides
and permits a considerably broader resonance spectrum than a
~-~ - 21 -
.,
7~17
rigid attachment of the edges. The foils or panels can be
arranged in a multiple staggered arrangement one behind the
other and, in accordance with the stresses imparted to them,
achieve the absorption in predetermined regions of the acoustic
spectrum. In this way, low-frequency vibrations can also be
taken up as membrane vibrations. In combination with associa-
ted additional sound-absorbing means, for instance, with inter-
posed closed-pore foam layers which c~ be completely surround-
ed with, for instance, stretched foils, the oscillations are
~0 converted into irregular molecular thermal movement. The
interposed foam layers can be arranged under elastic tension,
for instance, over the foils surrounding them. Foils, panels,
and metal sheets capable of vibration can be arranged verti-
cally upright on highly elastic, for instance, ribbed bottom
supports.
In order to maintain their vertical position they can
be deformed in suitable manner vertically and/or horizontally
and can be stiffened. Accordingly, the vertical edge parts can
be bent, for instance, in æigzag shape, whereby a uniform
development of the surface in vertical direction is effected.
By elastic spacer means arranged especially on the upper and
lower edge parts, for instance, by interposed foam strips, a
uniform parallel development of the surface with respect to the
following foils can be achieved in horizontal direction. It
may be advantageous to provide the edge portions of the foils
~ with reinforcing means.
- The outer parts of such a structural element can; advantageously be connected with each other by the cover plates
64a, 64b which lie on the upper and lower horizontal edge
surfaces of the plates 61a, 61b, and 69a, 69b and are connected
- 22 -
7~7
to these vertical wall parts. Furthermore, they can hold said
parts in their position and reinforce them at least on two
sides, preferably on the sides 69a, 69b which shall close them
off in insulating fashion, by means of vertical bends. By a
suitable inward bending there is achieved a U-shaped embracing.
In the same manner, the front and rear plates 61a, 61b can also
be embraced so that the two cover plates 64a, 64b cover the
structural element in its entirety, embrace it, seal it off in
vapor-tight manner, and uniformly distribute the pressure act-
ing thereon. For connecting the front and rear structuralpanels 61a, 61b and for exerting pressure, anchor bolts 61c are
passed through the hollow space or through the side walls 69a,
69b in suitable number.
For air-tightly closing off the holes, corresponding
sealing means, for instance, sealing disks, are provided for the
screws between nuts and the inner and outer flanges and shells.
The same applies in particular to screws or bolts which extend
into the hollow space of the wall element for instance, through
the lateral load-bearing walls 69a, 69b. It is possible to
provide the inner hollow space with a negative pressure or
vacuum by which it is possible to improve the bending strength
and acoustic insulation.
As shown in Fig. 2, the upper and lower cover plate~
64a, 64b of the wall element have depressions. These depres-
sions serve not only for the U-shaped embracing and connecting
of the vertical structural parts but also for the insertion of
insulating connecting plates, for instance, of rigid foam plas-
tic, which are preferably enveloped by vapor-proof foils. In
this way, the exact position of the building blocks to be placed
~ 30 one above the other is as~ured. Continuous holes from the top
.' :
.' .
_ 23 -
,' ' ' ' .
97~17
to the bottom can be provided in the vertical walls through
which bars are inserted, for instance, bars of plastic material.
In this way the building blocks which are stacked one above the
other are accurately and firmly connected with each other to
form flat inner and outer overall walls.
The arrangement of the cover plates 64a, 64b in con-
nection with wall elements or building blocks makes it possible
to connect the superimposed hollow spaces of the building
blocks. It is then possible to insert larger foils in tension-
ed condition, for instance, arranged on suitable frames, in alarger total hollow space formed in this manner.
In the preceding and succeeding hollow spaces enclos-
ed by further building shells, pressure differences can be
produced. The variation of such pressures is advantageous for
the bending strength and thus the load-carrying capacity of
such building elements and their combinations. For this pur-
pose the lengthened anchor bolts 61c can extend through further
head and end parts, and also through the associated wider
hollow spaces and additional outer walls and can bear further
flanges, nuts, and sealing means, for instance, spacing and
sealing sleeves.
Fig. 2 shows a pipe length 65 for evacuating the
building block. In this way communication can also be achieved
with adjacent building blocks for ventilating with dry air or
dry gases.
Fig. 3 shows, in perspective view, a similar wall
,
element in the form of a composite building block. This compo-
sit~ building block consists of a front block 71, a gap 72 in
which insulating inserts are arranged, and block part 74. The
gap 72 is provided in the full height and width of the building
- 24 _
'' . , ~ , ~ . ..'
.: . :
. .
7~7
block parts so that the insulation provided therein thermally
and acoustically separates the blocks from each other. This
gap is closed in air- and vapor-tight manner at its upper and
lower openings by profiled cover plates 75a, 75b of insulating
material. Such cover plates can consist, for instance of
plastic. The cornPr parts can be closed also in vapor-tight
manner by adhesive strips, for instance, of aluminum foils. In
this way the gap is closed off hermetically in vapor-tight
manner on all sides.
What has already been stated with regard to the
insulating inserts 62, 63 in Fig. 2 applies also to the insu-
lating insert designated by the reference numeral 51 in Fig. 3.
The inner walls of the gap 72 are also covered on all sides
with insulating and reflecting layers. A layer of closed-pore
plastic foam can be bonded to the inner surfaces and can bear
aluminum foils which reflect towards the free space of the gap.
The bonding of insulating means to the block surfaces of the
parts 71 and 74 can be effected at individual points or over
the entire surface, depending on whether the ability of vibra-
tion of such parts is to contribute to the acoustic insulation.
The parts 71 and 74 are profiled similar to the cover
plates 64a of Fig. 2 to make possible the positioning of inter-
mediate layers of insulating plates between the upper and lower
surfaces of the blocks.
The front block part 71 is connected with the rear
inner block part 74 by the upper and lower cover plates 75a,
75b and by means of screws 75c. As a result of these and
correspondingly profiled lateral vertical cover plates (not
shown), such a building block forms a firm unit.
., , ' ' '~.
~97~7
Anchor bolts 74a are preferably provided extending
through the entire building block. By the pressure which they
are able to exert in predetermined manner, seals, for instance,
rubber plates, can seal off the gap 72.
Vertical holes or recesses can also be provided in
the outer block surfaces 71 and 74 permitting a connection of
the stacked blocks by the passage therethrough of corresponding
round bars of metal or plastic or the like, in order to secure
the arrangement of the blocks one above the other.
The air gaps can be in communication with gaps
arran~ed alongside of and/or above each other by pipe lengths
76 or openings.
Fig. 4 shows another wall element consisting of an
outer shell 50a, preferably of pressure-proof, load-bearing,
inorganic building material, for instance, cement, concrete,
clay, or the like, and also a compression-resistant, load-
bearing shell 50b of approximately similar type, arranged at a
distance therefrom.
In the space between these two shells there is
arranged a box-like, bipartite body preferably of insulating
material, for instance, synthetic resin, plastic, aluminum
sheet, or the like. The horizontal flanges 52c, 52d of the
vertical box parts 52a and 52b, respectively, are arranged
displaceably in one another against seals 52e and intermediate
~`
~ seals 52f, as well as inner sealing inserts. In the hollow
; space between parts 52a and 52b there are arranged thermal and
acoustic insulating elements, particularly ones with reflective
, :
~ surfaces. For this purpose, reference is had to the insulating
. ~ .
inserts as they have already been described in the preceding
examples of embodiments. Panels 53 and 54 are arranged with or
: :
~- _ 26 -
- . -
~7~3~7
without tension in load-bearin~ manner, for instance, by means
of edge bends or zigzag edge profilings between elastic,
lnsulating, vibratable sealing strips 52g. This can be done in
such a manner that the width of the plates is maintained larger
in a predetermined amount corresponding to the desired differ-
ence in degree of tension, than the width of the space. In
this way, there are produced predeterminable natural frequen-
cies. Between these flat reflector plates 53, 54 there are
arranged horizontally and vertically corrugated plates, panels,
foils, or the like 55, 56, which are upright and standing, with
or without tension. In particular, vertically corrugated
plates can thus be inserted. The outer block parts 50a, 50b
are connected with each other at a predetermined pressure and
spacing, by means of anchor bolts 50c which pass through the
box-like body. For this purpose the spindles bear, in the
inner boxes 52a, 52b or covering, threads, preferably opposing.
The flanges secure the distance apart so that the inner element
cannot be changed even under a higher pressure of the outer
anchor heads or of the tensioning bolts. The predetermined
pressure exerts an intentional deformation on the corrugated
re~lector plates, which deformation, insofar as it cannot act
through the upper and lower as well as lateral limitations,
achieves a static condition of stress in vertical as well as in
horizontal direction of the corrugated intermediate plates 55.
In this way, the block is made of increased load-bearing
capacity. These stresses are at the same time of advantage for
acoustic insulation by the formation of natural frequencies.
In order to be a~le to reflect vibrations at the edge parts as
elastically as possible in the same phase, circumferential,
hi~hly elastic sealing strips 52g are preferably provided.
- '
7Q17
Between the flat plates 53, 54 and the corrugated
plates 55, 56 there can be provided further insulating means,
for instance, profiled and particularly cross-wise ribbed
plastic foam plates (not shown), the ribs being so arranged
with respect to the corrugated plates that they intersect the
same.
By the stacking of the flat and corrugated plates
one behind the other and by the stress imparted to them, for
instance, via the anchor bolts 50c, the closed-pore-plastic
foam layers are pressed in cushion-like fashion into the
chambers formed by the corrugations. These cushions are pre-
ferably coated on all sides with reflective foils, for instance,
aluminum foils, so that these foils also are tensioned in the
same manner as the foam foils or plates and have natural fre-
quencies to take up resonant oscillations. The plastic foam
plates may be of different thickness and different density and
thus elasticity. By these different embodiments, predetermined
ranges of the acoustic spectrum can be covered and the corres-
ponding frequencies absorbed as body vibration and then con-
verted into molecular heat movement.
Thus a high acoustic insulation can be achieved with
such building blocks as well as with wall elements. For heat
insulation, all hollow spaces and the closed-pore ~oam plates
are reflectively enveloped on all sides. For a further increase
in the reflection, thin wrinkled foils of aluminum can be intro-
duced into the hollow spaces formed by the corrugations, parti-
cularly in large chambers and cells, by means of which air con-
vection is impeded and the infrared rays are diffused in all
directions with the formation of interferenceO Plastic foam
beads of special plastic which can be coated in a vacuum wlth
aluminum, may also be put in. GIass fibers or glass wool, pre-
- 28 -
r ,~ ~~ .~
~r --~A
1~7~17
ferably coated with aluminum in a vacuum, can also be intro-
duced into large chambers, the direction of the reflecting
glass fibers being preferably the same as that of the flat
plates. As a result, the glass fibers extend transversely to
the passage of sound and heat so that the absorbed energy is
deflected in transverse direction to the direction of passage.
The insulating element between the block parts can be provided
with a negative pressure or a vacuum, whereby the strength of
the composite unit and the acoustic insulation is improved.
The load-bearing capacity of the building block is
also increased by incorporating into the inner element cor-
rugated plates. The inner stresses in horizontally and verti-
cally corrugated plates result in an increased lateral as well
as increased vertical support. The embodiments described here-
inbefore can also be employed in the other illustrative examples
of embodiments.
FIG. 5 shows an inner wall element surrounded in air-
and vapor-tight manner by a covering 51. The wall element is
suitable for composite wall elements as well as for building
blocks as the inner element thereof. It consists of two pre-
ferably load-bearing insulating supporting elements 41 which
are arranged spaced from each other. The inside vertical sur-
faces 42 thereof are profiled in undulated shape and reflec-
tively coated, for instance, with reflective foils 43~ Between
the two supporting elements is arranged a composite supporting
~` element consisting, for instance, of pipes 44 or bars, pre-
ferably square pipes, arranged at predetermined distances apart
in a row (one behind the other in cross-section), preferably
with cylindrical bores which are surrounded on both sides by
reflective, pressure-resistant, load-bearing metal sheets 44b
to which they are fastened. Round pipes which are inserted into
- 29 -
D
1097~1q
square pipes can also advantageously be employed. This compo-
site supporting element of pipes and lateral cover sheets is
preferably closed in air- and vapor-tight manner on all sides.
On the side of the cover sheets 44b there are
arranged corrugated reflective sheets 46a which contact both
the cover sheets 44b and the vertical profilings of the sup~
porting plates 41. Through this inner element 41, 46a, 44,
46a, 41 there are extended anchor bolts 11, 12,(shown schema-
tically by line 11, 12) which exert a predetermined pressure
or tension on the supporting elements 41, as a result of which
the latter are pressed against the horizontally corrugated
plates 46a, thereby producing therein both a vertical load-
bearing as well as a horizontal supporting stress. In this way,
the composite supporting element 44 is supported in bending-
resistant manner from two sides. In lateral direction the pipes
can be supported, for instance, by anchor bolts extending
through the pipe spacings or by spacer means in the form of
horizontal transverse pipes.
If the space in which the perpendicular corrugations
44a are located is evacuated, atmospheric pressure bears on the
cover surfaces 51 and effects a concave inward bendiny of the
inner wall element from both sides. Above the outer supporting
elements 41 there are arranged elastic circumferential sealing
strips 41a above which there is arranged a pressure plate 48e
and a circumferential plate 48 in the center of which is mounted
a preferably elastic seal 48b. Bolts 51s extend through plates
48, 48e, and 41a into the supporting elements 41. The bolts
are surrounded in the plates 48, 48e, and 41a in air-tight
manner by sleeves 51h. By tightening the bolts, the supporting
elements 41 are stretched and placed in tensile stress. This
is made possible by the elasticity of the circumferential seals
- 30 -
- ' '
1e~97Q17
41a which can be pressed together upon the stretching and by
the supporting of the pressure which the bolt heads of the
bolts 51s exert on the load-bearing composite supporting ele-
ments 44 by their counteracting stress. The stretching of
the outer supporting elements 41 with simultaneous compression
in a horizontal direction by the anchor bolts 11, 12 against
the corrugated plates 46a and the composite supporting element
44, 44b produces a high resistance to bending as well as a -
high load-bearing capacity of the inner wall element. The
stretching tension counteracts a bulging. The anchor bolts
impart a predetermined concave bend to the wall element. The
load pressure, therefore, produces an increased concave ten-
sioning of the supporting elements 41 directed against each
other and thus a more than proportional supporting of the com-
posite supporting element 44, 44b. The structural shells of
the outer wall element act likewise. The cover 51 may consist
of flexible, firm or stiff material~ The joints can be closed
off towards the outside in advance by adhesive sealing strips
48a. For better distribution of the load a pressure joint 48c
.,.
is arranged above the composite supporting element 44, 44b and
the elastic seal 48b.
~~ FIG. 6 shows a screw spindle 111 having a foot llla
and a locking ring 120 fastened thereon, which is encased de-
tachably by a corresponding housing 121 by screw 122 and cover
plate 123 positioned in the composite wall 101. The spindle 111
-~ can therefore not shift in the longitudinal direction. The
partition walls 102, 103 have accompanying disks 104 welded
around the passage openings or reinforcement strips with mating
threads are applied to the spindle. The spindles, depending
on the direction of the thread cuts, can be screwed into said
mating threads after complete evacuation of the intermediate
- 31 -
,~
7Q17
hollow spaces. This is done by simple turning, by means ofwhich the shells 102, 103 are simultaneously moved. For this
purpose, the spindles may have, within the regions entering
into consideration, different and preferably increasing dia-
meters and bear threads of different pitch and direction of
thread. This can precisely be de~ermined in advance, and thus
all functions to be performed by the shells in their permanent
end position can be achieved simultaneously and jointly by
means of the corresponding screw movement.
Instead of the stepwise increase in the diameters of
the threads, pipe lengths of correspondingly larger diameter
can also be fastened on the spindle. Such pipe lengths can be
placed one behind the other on a smooth spindle and, by the
nature of their attachment, for instance, by slots which push
themselves onto pins which extend transversely through the
spindle, can rotate with the spindle. The threads can be
provided on these pipe lengths so that the shells, partition
walls, or the like arranged thereon carry out the intended
movementsin the manner necessary. Thus, by a greater thread
pitch the movements of the one shell can amount, with respect
to the other shell, to twice the path at the same rotation or,
in the case of counterrotating threads, the building shells
can be moved against each other. Thus all possibilities are
afforded. As many pipe sleeves as desired can be put on such
a spindle with driving pins which are insertable into the
spindles and which engage in longitudinal slots of the pipe
lengths. A spindle with partition walls arranged thereon can
also be provided on the opposite left-hand side of the shell
101 in the same manner by lengthening the foot llla. In this
way, any desired number of partition walls and shells can be
brought into the predetermined arrangement and their parallel
position with respect to each other assured.
--.
- 32 -
~197~17
Fig. 7 shows a variant of Fig. 6. In this form the
foot 211a of the spindle 211 is mounted rotatable with a ring
220 in a housing 221 in a shell 201, with the ring being
detachably fastened by a transverse screw 222. The spindle
211 bears threads with different pitches. On the thread,
there is arranged a pipe length 130 with internal mating
threads, having four driving disks 241, 242, 243, 244, and
two partition walls 202, 203 arranged between. These driving
disks can be fastened detachably on the transverse screws
which engage in grooves on the pipe lengths or are otherwise
attached in the intended position after arrangement of the
partition walls 202, 203. If it is necessary to widen the
intermediate space from the building shell 202 to the building
shell 201 by 5 mm, e.g., in order to effect the evacuation ofthe
air, the building shell 203 must be displaced by 10 mm. in
order to obtain a change in position of S ~m. with respect to
the building shell 202. The building shell 203 must in addi-
tion, for the widening of its own hollow space, be removed by
a further 5 mm., for a total of 15 mm. from its original
position. Accordingly, the driver disk 241 in its starting
position is at a distance of 10 mm. from the position of the
building shell 202 on the screwed-on pipe length 130, and a
return disk ~42 is fastened on the pipe length 130 at a dis-
tance of 15 mm. from said driver disk 241. The driver disk
243, on the other hand, is in its basic position only 5 mm.
:` :
~; from the partition wall 203 and the corresponding return disk
244 rests against the partition wall 203. If the pipe length
130 is moved from left to right by the movement of the l`end-
less screwl', then, after passing over a distance of 5 mm. the
disk 243 will contact the partition wall 203 and will shift
the same by 10 mm.
- 33 -
J,
lt:~7~7
The driver disk 241, on the other hand, comes into
contact with the partition wall 202 only after a path of 10 mm.
of the pipe length and can shift the partition wall only by
5 mm. There is thus obtained the required widening of the
hollow spaces. The return disk 244 in this displaced position
is only at a distance of 5 mm. from the partition wall. On
the other hand, the return disk 242 is at a distance of 10 mm.
from the partition wall 202. The original starting positions
of the partition walls 202 and 203 are again assumed after the
evacuation i9 completed. The outer shell 204, on the other
hand, is not arranged on the pipe length but on the spindle
211, the shell having a counter-thread of its own. This
thread within the range of movement of the shell 204 is cut
with such a different pitch that, with the same number of
revolutions of the spindle for displacement of the partition
walls 202, 203, the outer shell 204 changes its position by a
total of 15 mm. and thereby widens also by 5 mm. the hollow
space between it and the partition wall 203 arranged in front
of it for the purpose of evacuation.
Sleeves 231 are arranged around the spindle passages
between highly elastic rubber rings 232 and assure an air- and
vapor-tight closure of the spindle openings in addition to the
other sealing disks and rings which are arranged directly on
the perforations.
. :
.~ .
~ ~ - 34 -
,
