Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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BACKGROUND OF_THE INVENTION
This invention lies in the field of fuel burning for
heat supply. More particularly, it concerns the design
- of a burner and fuel system which can be used either with
gaseous or liquid fuels.
Because of the restricted supplies of gaseous fuels
which are typically in the natural gas category, it is at
times necessary to burn liquid fuels as replacements for
the normally used gaseous fuels, where fuel burning is
required in the operation of industries, generally, but
particularly, in the chemical and petroleum industries,
where all functions of production result from the applica-
tion of heat in some manner.
Such application of heat is typically carried out in
process heaters of many shapes and forms, in which the
delicacy and intimate control with which heat is applied,
is at times quite critical. Gaseous fuels lend themselves
well to critical firing. Thus, heaters are -typically and
preferentially gas fired. In view of increasing gas fuel
shortage, this leads to problems of fuels firing which are
serious because of the quite different characteristics of
gas firing versus liquid fuel firing.
Many process heaters built during the time of ample
gaseous fuel supplies are equipped with burners for gaseous
fuel firing only. Alternative firing with typical liquid
fuels, demand burners which are of the combination gas and
oil type, which are well-known in the industry. Such
alteration in fuel firing capability requires removal of
the gas-only burners and replacement of them with combina-
tion gas-and-oil burners. This expedient is expensive and,
due to time for burner change, it results in intolerable
loss of critical product production.
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Broadening Concepts of this ~pplication
This application is similar in many respects to our co-pending
- Canadian application Serial No. 252,985, filed May 20, 1976 which describes
and claims -the method of using steam as a diluent gas for mixture with oil
vapor so as to provide a gaseous mixture of oil vapor and steam, which, if
under sufficient pressure, can be passed through a conventional burner, such
as one which uses gas alone.
However, the prior application also covers the situation where
the resulting temperature of the oil vapor-diluent gas, or steam, is such
that the vapor is above its ignition point. Thus, as the vapor-steam issues
from the orifice in the fuel supply line it would ignite into flame, with
disastrous results. This flow of oil vapor and steam must ~e protected
from contact with air until it is inside of, and mixes with, the air in the
burner tube. This is provided by a screen of steam, which would issue
from the annular orifice surrounding the fuel supply orifice in the burner.
We have fo~md that by careful attention to the partial pressure,
of the oil vapor and the steam or diluent gas, the resulting temperature of
the oil vapor-steam mixture can be held low enough, so that when the mixture
issues from the orifice it will be below the ignition point of the oil vapor.
; 20 In that case, the gaseous mixture of oil vapor and steam or diluent gas is
used in a manner identical to a gaseous fuel, both being under sufficient
pressure, to issue from the orifice at sufficient velocity, to induce ade-
quate primary combustion air. If the temperature of the vapor is low
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enough, then the shielding effect of the flow of steam or diluent gas through
the am~ular orifice i9 no longer required~ and the burner can be simplified
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to the conventional burner, that is, a burner construced without an annular
passage and annular orifice.
Thus, the process of preparing the liquid fuel (which may be a
hydrocarbon liquid or otherli~uid), is carried out as follows, including the
steps of:
(a) atomizing the combustible liquid into small droplets;
(b) mixing the droplets with a selected diluent gas;
(c) heating said mixture of said liquid droplets plus diluent gas
until the droplets vaporize and a mixture of combustible vapor plus diluent
10 gas is formed; and
(d) flowing this mixture of combustible vapor plus;diluent gas under
pressure through at least one orifice into a burner.
When the temperature of the mixture is low enough, and when the
pressure of the mixture of oil vapor and diluent gas is high enough, this
mixture can be used identically to the supply of a gaseous fuel to a con~
ventional burner.
It has been found also that when the temperature is low enough,
as provided by the proper vapor pressure of the combustible vapor, such that
the temperature will be bèlow the ignition point of the vapor, then the dil-
` 20 uent gas can be any one of a variety of gases which are primarily non com-
bustible and non-oxygen containing. Such non-combustible, non-oxygen-con-
taining gases as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc. are ideal for this purpose.
Compressed flue gases, which have only a limited oxygen content, can also be
used.
Also, gases which have some calorific value, but which are too low
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in calorific value for normal burning, can be utilized as a diluent gas.
Thus, its calorific value can be salvaged and will become part of the calor-
ific value of the mixture of the diluent gas and combustible oil vapor mix-
ture. This is a satisfactory heat energy conservation procedure of making
otherwise unburnable low calorific value gases useful as fuels. In this
` instance the low calorific value gas provides the diluent gas which is
required to maintain the proper partial pressure of the oil vapor, so as
to be above its dew points, and below its ignition point, and also to be low
enough so that a minimum quantity of heat is required in providing the oil
vapor, by heating of liquid droplets.
` Of course, steam can also be used as the diluent gas, since it is
a noncombustible, non-oxygen-containing gas, as has been fully described
in the co-pending application Serial No. 252,985. The non-oxygen-contain-
ing feature of the diluent gas becomes important if the partial pressure
of the vapor is such that its dew point temperature is not below the igni-
tion point. In such cases, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or steam can of course
be used. I~here the temperature is held to a low value, then compressed
stack gases can be used even though they do contain a small amount of oxy-
gen.
` 20 Thus~ we have found that the invention as described and claimed
in the co-pending application can be broadened and simplified materially,
by careful attention to the partial pressure of the oil vapor. By keeping
the temperature of the diluent gas-oil vapor mixture low, then other types
of diluent gas can be used besides steam, which may be more convenient, or
cheaper to use than steam. Also the need for a more complicated burner may
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no longer be required, since there will be no need for shielding the mixture
of oil vapor and diluent gas from the air, and thus the simple conventional
burner can be used.
The emphasis in this application is the use of a more general
diluent gas, ~ihich, while it includes the use of steam, includes also the
use of noncombustible, non-oxygen-containing gases, noncombustible minor-
oxygen-containing gases, as well as steam, where steam forms one element
of the group that may be used.
One of the important features of this invention lies in maintain-
` 10 ing the ratio of diluent gas to liquid fuel, such that the partial pressure
of the liquid vapor is such as to permit a reduced temperature of the mix-
ture, without condensing the liquid vapor. Further, the method preferen-
tially requires that the temperature of the liquid vapor-diluent gas mixture
be below the ignition point of the liquid vapor.
It is also possible to use as a diluent gas a combustible gas
which has a relatively low heat value, and therefore cannot be burned in a
conventional furnace. Here, if the gas is at sufficient pressure, or can
be raised to sufficient pressure to serve as a diluent gas, then full use
will be made of its calorific value in the resulting combustion process.
20~ It is possible also to utilize the energy of the pressurized dil-
uent gas to produce the atomization of the liqu~d fuel and provide suffic-
` ient heating as well, prior to entering the heater, In other words, it is
- desirable to simplify the atomization process by providing the diluent gas
under selected pressure and selected temperature.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a fuel burning
system in which either gas or liquid fuels can be burned alternatively, with
outany,change in~eq~ qnt.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a liquid fuel
burning system in which the liquid is fully vaporized prior to entering the
burner so that the burning characteristic of the vaporized liquid fuel is
substantially the same as that of gaseous fuels.
According to the invention there is provided a method of burning
a combustible liquid in an apparatus equipped with at least one orifice for
normally burning combustible gas, comprising the steps of:
(a) atomizing said combustible liquid into very small droplets;
(b) mixing said small droplets with a concurrently flowing selected
diluent gas in advance of heating;
; (c) heating said mixture of liquid droplets plus diluent gas until
said droplets vaporize, and a mixture of combustible vapor plus diluent gas
if formed; and
(d) flowing said mixture of combustible vapor plus diluent gas
under pressure through said at least one orifice into a burner.
~RIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DR~WINGS
~ These and other objects and advantages of the invention and a
: better understan~ing of the principles and the details of the invention will
be evident from the following descrippion~ t~ken in conjunction with the
appended drawings in which:
FIGGEE I represents schematically the fuel supply system to
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battery of burners, where alternate oil or gas can be supplied as fuel.
FIGURE 2 illustrates a conventional gaseous fuel burner.
FIGURES 3, 4 and 5 show three views of a combination gas and
vapor burner.
DESCRIPTION OF THE; PREF~D EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIGURE 1, there
is sho~m in schematic form the flow lines and controls of a combination
gaseous and liquid fuel supply and burner system.
- A single, or group of burners, 24A, 24B---24N are shown which are
to be supplied with gaseous or liquid fuel. If the fuel is gaseous, it
would be supplied through a supply line 10 in accordance with arrow 11 to a
check valve 12 and through a shut-off valve 14, through conduits 15 and 17
through a control and metering means 18~ to a manifold 20 t,lhich supplies
the gas through lines 22A, 22B---22N.
FIGURE 2 shows a conventional gaseous fuel burner in which gas is
supplied through a pipe 67, in accordance with arrow 66 and provides a jet
of gaseous fuel 68 when it issues from an orifice in the end of the pipe 67.
The high velocity of the jet of gas entrains air and provides and induced
- flow of air in accordance with arrows 64. This is the primary aar for
combustion and is entrained with the high velocity stream of gas and is
turbulently mixed inside of the burner tube 62, from which it issues and is
ignited in a conventional manner. The shield 70 is provided so that it can
be moved vertically so as to control the area of the opening through which
the primary air 64 enters. No extra source of energy is required to provide
sufficient primary air, because of the normal high pressure and high velocity
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of discharge of the gas supplied through the pipe 67.
In this system, -the normal gas burner, as shown in FIGURE 2 can
be used as sho~Yn, or can be modified as shown in FIGURE 3, to have not only
the central passage 76 through conduit 91 and orifice 78 supplied with gas
- in accordance ~ith arrows 72, 73 and 8Q, but it has also an annular passage
86 through conduit 93~ which surrounds the conduit 91 and terminates in an
annular orifice 89~ through which diluent gas is supplied~ by means of
pipe 82 in accordance with arrows 84, 88. The fuel to be supplied to the
burner passage 76 is in the form of an oil vapor which is mixed with dil-
uent gas but will not generally have the high discharge velocity which is
characteristic of normal gaseous fuel as supplied. Consequently, diluent
gas under suitable pressure is required to provide a high velocity stream
of diluent gas in the form of a cylindrical curtain around the vapor flow-
ing through the orifice 78. This high velocity stream of diluent gas
provides the required induction of primary air. And as will be explained
further, it serves to isolate the vapor flow 80 from contact with the prim-
~` ary air 640
Referring back to FIGURE 1, there is shown a conduit 32 supply_
ing fuel oil in accordance with arrow 33 and a shut-off valve 34~ with some
metering device 36, if desired. The oil flow then passes through conduit
40 to an atomizer 38, of conventional formO Diluent gas under pressure
flows through conduit 42 in accordance with arrow 43, through shut-off
valve 44, and metering device 46 to the atomizer through conduit 48. The
diluent gas provides the energy~ to atomize the oil into minute droplets of
large area-to-mass ratio. Additionally, the diluent gas serves to preheat
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the oil for its passage through line 50 to a heater 52~ wherein heat is
applied in accordance with arrow 54~ to the mixture of diluent gas and liquid
droplets. The heater can be of any desired form. For example, it can be
direct-fired or it can make use of waste-heat or it can use s~eam as heat
sources for vaporization of oil droplets.
The final temperature should be high enough so that all of -the
liquid droplets will be vaporized. This might be in the neighborhood of
450 degrees. In any case, it is sufficient to vaporize all of the liquid
and therefore the line 55 carries a mixture of diluent-gas-oil vapor through
a check valve 56, and a shut-off valve 58, and through line 60 to a tee
16 whereby the diluent gas-vapor mixture can pass alternatively to the gas
flow, through the line 17 to the metering device 18 and to the bllrners 24.
Whenever the oil is being used, the gas flow is completely shut
off by the shut-off valve 14. Conversely, when gas is being used the oil
is shut off by the valve 34 and the diluent gas is shut off by the valve 44
and the valve 58 is further shut off to avoid leakage of gaseous fuel back
into the heater system. Preferably~ check valves 56 and 12 are also applied
to prevent leakage of either fuel back into the fuel system not in use, in
case of failure to obtain complete shut-off by valves 58 and 14.
Each of the burners 24 ~rill be similar to the burner indicated
in EIGllRE 2 or as indicated generally by the n~1meral 24 in FIGURE 3. That
is, it will provide the central passage for either gas alone~ or vapor and
diluent gas mixture, flowing down through the central conduit 91 to orifice
780 Alternatively5 it may also have the annular passage 86 formed between
the conduit 91 and an outer conduit 93 providing an annular orifice 89.
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Diluent gas would enter this annular channel through pipe 82 in accordance
with the arrow 84 and flow do-~n and around the annular chamber 86 and out
through the orifice 89 in accordance with arrows 88.
FIGURE 1 shows a separate diluent gas line 26 flowing in accord-
ance with arrow 27 through a valve 28 and to each of the burners 24 by means
of line 30 and through lines 82A, 82B.~.82N to the burners 24.
FIGURES 4 and 5 show other~iews of the burner 24.
FIGURES 4 shows a view taken across the plane 4-4 of FIGURE 3~
while FIGURE; S shows a view of the two orific~s of the burner, and is taken
10 across the plane of 5-5 of FIGURE 3~
In review, what has been sho~m is a modified gaseous fuel burner
in which gas or oil vapor-diluent gas mixture can be flowed axially through
a conduit 91 to an orifice and into a burner tube, such as 62 of FIGURE 2.
When gas is used alone, that is the entire flow. I~hen liquid is used and
has been atomized and vaporized, and the fuel is in the form of a diluent
gas-vapor, the flow follows that of the gas down through the C~nduit 91 and
; orifice 78. However~ when the diluent gas-vapor is used, additional diluent
gas may be applied through the pipe 82. This diluent gas issues at high
velocity through the annular orifice 89. This high velocity diluent gas
20 flow serves to induce sufficient primary air 64 for the complete combustion
of the fuel.
However~ there is a further reason for the diluent gas supply. In
the vaporizing process in the heater 52, the temperature of the oil vapor
may be above the temperature at which it will spontaneously combust when
mixed with air. In such a case, ~ithout the protection of the diluent gas
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in the form of a cylindrical screen, to isolate the hot vapor from the air
64~ the vapor ~ould flash into flame :~mediately after orifice 78~ rather
- than at the outlet of the burner tube 62, and therefore would do great dam-
age to the burner and other apparatus. Consequently, the diluent gas serves
the double purpose of inducing air, and protecting the oil vapor from contact
with air, until it progresses down the burner tube 62 and issues at the open
end of the tube in the furnace, or other chamber, in which the burning takes
place.
The use of metering devices 36~ 46, and 18 is optional provided
adequate flow contr41 can be provided by means of the shut-off valves 34
44, 58 and 14, respectively.
Once this system is set up, the fuel going to the burners car
be switched rapidly from gas to liquid fuel, and vice-versa.
In fuel burning~ some excess air is demanded for complete burning
in avoidance of fuel wastage. However, too much excess air results also in
fuel wastage and is to be avoided. Since the kinetic energy for air inspir-
ation with gaseous fuels is greater than that with preheated oil vapor-
diluent gas as fuel, diluent gas may be supplied to supply suppliemental
energy whenever the change of fuel is from gaseous to oil vapor-diluent gas.
No detail is shown of the atomizer 38 since there is no structural
limitation. The function of the atomizer, which is typical of all atomizers
is to break up the liquid oil mass into droplets, which are best measured
in microns, for great increase of the liquid surface-to-mass ratio. This
provides rapid vaporization of the liquid, plus homogeneous mixture of liquid
; vapor and diluent gas.
