Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
BACKGROUND OF T~E INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to hydrotherapy devices
and, more particularly, to such devices having selectable
water circulation rates.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Hydrotherapy devices, such as health spas, whirlpool
; and je-t stream exercisers, are becoming popular and are being
installed in health and athletic clubs and in residential
homes at an increasing rate. Two problems have been ex-
perienced with existing devices, namely the increased cost
in maintaining purity of the water due to the high energv
cost of operating the filter system and the noise generated
by the filter system. The noise is particularly obnoxious
in residential installations during evening hours.
Several actions have been taken in an attempt to over-
come these difficulties, the most common procedure is to turn off
the pump during periods of non-ùse and especially during the
evening hours. This procedure eliminates the nighttime noise
and reduces the overall energy consumption; however, the
pollutant levels in the system quickly rise to unacceptable
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levels providing dangerous health hazards. In order to elimi-
nate the health hazard, it is essential that the filter system
remain in operation continuously so that the water continues
to circulate, thereby preventing stagnation and the ~rolifera-
tion of impurities.
In an attempt to reduce energy consumption while maintain-
ing water purity, users periodically turned the filter system
on and off at specified intervals; however, this starting and
~' stopping of the pump motor was extremely detrimental to the
motor and severely reduced the life thereof.
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Thus, there is a significant need in the industry for a device that
is more efficient and generates less noise while still providing a sufficient
flow rate to realize the beneficial efEects of the hydrotherapy device.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides a hydrotherapy device, comprising:
water retaini.ng means Eor retaining a body of water, said means
having an outlet and a plurality of inlets;
injecting means associated with each of said inlets for injecting
water into the body of water at a high velocity;
a water circulating and purifying system including a centrifugal
liquid pump and a filter serially connected between the outlet of the water
retaining means and the injection means;
means associated with said circulating system for selectively by-
: passing the filter;
a motor capable of operating at at least two speeds drivably con-
nected to said pump; and
means for selecting a motor speed to thereby provide a high water
circulation rate when the hydrotherapy device is to be used and to provide a
low water circulation rate during periods of non-use for purposes of filter-
ing the water and maintaining its purity.
From another aspect, the invention provides a method of operating
a hydrotherapy device to provide efficient operation and maintenance of water
clarity and purity, said device including a water circulating loop having a
: two-speed motor close-coupled to a centrifugal liquid pump, a filter, a filter
bypass circuit that may be selectively actuated, and water injecting means
comprising the steps of:
en~rgizing the motor at low speed to achieve a low water circulation
rate with the filter connected in the circulating loop to thereby maintain
water clarity during periods of non-use;
selectively bypassing the filter; and
energizing the motor at high speed to achieve a high water circula-
tion rate sufficient to provide a water velocity out of the water injecting
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means that results in the desired therapeutic action.
The invention also provides a method of operating a hydrotherapy
water circulation system to obtain maximum efficiency and operating effective-
ness, comprising the steps of:
establishing a first system head curve for the circulation system
by connecting a filter in the system;
selectively operating at a point on the first system head curve to
establish a low water circulation rate sufficient to maintain water clarity
during periods of non-use,
selectively establishing a second system head curve by bypassing
the filter; and
selectively operating at a point on the second system head curve to
establish a high water circulation rate sufficient to provide a water
velocity that results in the desired therapeutic effect.
The present invention provides a unique solution to the energy
consumption and noise problems of the prior art devices by utilizing a two-
speed c~ose-coupled motor with a centrifugal pump to circulate the water
through the device. The use of a two-speed centrifugal pump in conjunction
with water filters has been rejected by the industry because of their
apparent failure to fully understand the significance of system head curves.
The industry was pre-occupied with the problems of increased pressure drop,
a H shown in Figure 5, across the filter as it became dirty and the need for
sufficient capacity to overcome this drop, that it failed to realize that
during periods of non-use, a much lower pump capacity could be satisfactorily
used with substantial energy savings and the accompanying reduction in noise
leve1. It was a common misconception that flow rate is controlled solely by
pump pressure and therefore low capacity pumps could not be used since a
slight rise in filter pressure drop would quickly exceed the shut-off head
of the pump, resulting in a zero flow.
Referring to Figure l, there is shown a series of system head curves
resulting from increased filter resistance. The graph of Figure l shows
curves for a system having total head H plotted against resulting capacity
-3a-
B
of flow rate ~. The solid line labelled "Total Circulation System Head"
represents the total system rurve~ taking into account the entire circulation
system resistance including a clean filter, heater, piping, valves,
-3b-
R
elbows and nozzles. The static suction lift is not re-
flected in the curve. The dashed lines show the effect
of increased filter resistance on the system head curve.
Figure 1 also shows the typical operating characteristics
of a centrifugal pump, and the curve is labeled H.Q~Hi. The
system performance may be evaluated by comparing the H.Q.
curve and the system head curves. With a clean filter, a
head of about 21 feet would result in a flow of about 88
- gallons per minute; however, with a dirty filter, a head of
54 feet develops a flow rate of about 25 gallons per minute.
Thus, the filter itsel, can result in increased pressure
drop of over 33 feet, shown on Figure 1 as ~ HHi.
- As a result of this increased pressure drop across the
` filter, prior art designers have considered it essential
; 15 that the pump operating characteristics provide sufficient
head to overcome this pressure drop. Thus, a pump providing
a pressure head of less than 33 feet would be unaccepta~le
in such a system since it would not be able to handle the
pressure drop of a dirty filter and the flow would shut off.
Also shown on Figure 1 is the operating characteristics
of a centrifugal pump operating at a low speed indicated as
~ ::,
H.Q.Lo, and i~ can be readily seen that the maximum head de-
veloped at the low speed is about 16 feet and would thus, ac-
cording to prior art designers, be unacceptable in the system.
What the prior art designers failed to take into considera-
tion were the system head curves which, when considered, show
that the pressure drop across the filter is not 33 feet as it
was for the high speed operation but is considerably reduced
and is approximately 10 feet, shown as a HLo in Figure 1. Thus,
the applicant has discovered that a centrifugal pump operating
2~3 J
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at a low speed may provide sufficient flow to maintain
water puri-ty while using considerably less energy and
generating significantly lower noise levels. During periods
when the device is to be used, the pump is operated at a high
speed to provide the necessary flow rate to realize the
therapeutic value of the device.
The applicant has also increased the flow rate and im-
proved the operation by providing a valve controlled filter
bypass so that the filter resistance is eliminated from the
circuit and significantly yreater flow rates may be achieved.
It is perfectly permissible to eliminate the filter from
the circuit during periods of use since the impurities intro-
duced into the water from the human body during use will be
adequately removed during the longer periods of non-use ex-
perienced in residential installations.
Thus, the present invention contemplates a hydrotherapydevice having a two-speed pump motor that provides high
capacity for high water flow rates during periods of use of
the device, while providing a lower circulation rate during
periods of non-use. The circulation rate is silfficient to pre-
vent the water from becoming stagnant with the resulting
proliferation of impurities while providing a considerable
savings in energy costs. The lower circulation rate aiso re-
sults in the unexpected benefit of a substantial reduction in
5 noise levels~
l~lo-speed and variable speed motors are rather common,
and the method Qf achieving the variable speed is usually de-
pendent upon the use to which the motor is applied. Variable
speed may be obtained through the use of a variac while dual
speed may be achieved through the use of a rectifier device.
Both of these means of providing speed changes consume energy
and are thus inefficient methods of providing speed control
and could not be considered for use in an e~ficient energy
saving filter system.
The present invention contemplates the use of a motor
wherein the two-speed capability is achieved by the e~ficient
S use of two separate stator windings for two-pole or four-
pole operation to achieve nominal motor speeds of 3500 RPM
and 1750 RPM. The motor is provided with a manual selector
switch ky which the motor may be operated at low or high speed.
The primary objective of the present invention is to pro-
vide a more efficient circulating system for a hydrotheravydevice.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide
a circulating system for a hydrotherapy device that generates
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less noise than those devices heretofore provided.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide
a circulating system for a hydrotherapy device wherein a low
flow rate is used during periods of non-use for filtering pur-
poses while a high flow rate is used during periods of use so
that the therapeutic value of the device is increased,
These and other objectives and advantages of the inven-
tion will become more apparent from the following description,
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taken in con~unction with the accompanying drawings wherein
several embodiments of the invention are described.
RIEF ~ESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Z5 Figure 1 is a graph showing the operational characteristics
of a typical circulating system that includes a filter and a
centrifugal circulating pump.
Figure 2 is a schematic representation showing the present
invention in the form of a health spa.
~' Figure 3 is a schematic representation of another embodi-
ment of the present invention in the form ol a jet stream pool
exerciser.
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Figures 4 and 5 are schematic diagrams of ~ portion
of the electrical control system of the present invention.
' Figure 6 shows an alternate embodiment for the filter
and heater connection.
Figure 7 is a graph showing the operational characteristics
of a system incorporating the present invention.
Figure 8 is a graph showing the operational characteristics
including power consumption of a system utilizing the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to Figure 2, there is shown a spa 10 having
an outlet 12 for connection to a circulating system 14. The
, spa may be a circular bath that contains a quantity of water,
; however, it is to be understood that the size and shape are
not pertinent to the present invention and may vary considerably
depending upon the facility in which it is used, such as a home
or a health club. Outlet 1~ is connected to an inlet of a
centrifugal pump 16 which is coupled to a motor 18. Preferably,
pump 16 and motor 18,are close-coupled as an integral unit on a
single shaft. The motor and pump combi,nation may be similar to
that used on the Mar Dur Model 1-1/2 HP21EC-A3 swimming pool
pump sold by ITT Marlow, the assignee of the present invention,
The pump has an outlet connected to an inlet of a heater 20 for
heating the circulating water. An outlet of heater 20 is con-
nected by way of a valve 22 to a filter 24. An outlet of
filter 24 is connected to a plurality of nozzles 26 disposed
about the periphery of the spa 10 and positioned to inject high
speed water into the spa. A bypass 28 is connected from valve 22
to the outlet of filter 24 so that the filter may be bypassed
during use of the spa.
It is often considered desirable to introduce air
into the injected water to provide a frothing and bubbliny
action. This can be accomplished in a number of ways. A
venturi can be provided at the nozzles for dra~Jing air into
the water; however, this type of apparatus is rather noisy
and inefficient due to the severe pressure drops through the
venturi. It is also possible to inject pressurized air ai-
rectly into the water through ports at the bottom or sides
of the spa.
It is also contemplated that the present invention may
be used in a jet stream swimming exerciser as shown in
Figure 3 wherein a small pool of water 30 usually of rectangular
; shape has water in~ected into one end by a plurality of
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nozzles 26, the water being drained from the opposite end of
the pool by drain 12. The drain 12 is connected to the input
of centrifugal pump 16 and the nozzles 26 are connected to the
output of the filter 24 and the bypass 23 shown in Figure 2.
The water injected from the nozzles 26 sets up a current in the
-; pool 30 against which a person may swim for the purpose of
exercise. The pool itself should be as small as possible, so
that a minimum amount of water is required, but large enough to
provide sufficient room for a swimmer to move about freely.
The motor 18 used in the present invention is a two-speed
motor having nominal speeds of 1750 RPM and 3500 RPM. The two-
speed feature of the motor is preferably achieved through theuse of a dual stator winding wound to selectively provide two-
pole and four-pole operation. By using the dual stator windings,
a more favorable energy efficiency is achieved by the motor as
compared with other speed varying means, such as rectifiers
~ or variacs. The motor for residential use will usually be in
the size range of 1!3 to 2 horsepower, ~7hich is generally
considered sufficient to provide proper circ~.lation rates for
residential type hydrotherapy devices. It is to be understood
that larger size motors may be used when larger bodies of
water are required, such as for health and athletic clubs.
The motor may be designed for either 115 or 230 volt AC op~ra-
tion and in the least complex embodiment shown in Figure 4,
the motor is equipped with a manually operated switch 32 which
may be a single pole double-throw toggle switch ~hen the
switch -is moved to one side, the high speed winding is energized
while in the other position the low speed winding is energized.
Referring to Figure 5, there is shown a preferred circuit
arrangement for a 230 volt AC motor which requires that both
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power lines be controlled by the switch. Thus, a double pole,
lS double-throw switch 34 may be used to control both power lines
of the 230 volt energy source.
It is contemplated that the embodiments shown in Figures 2
and 3 will be operated at a low motor speed during periods of
non-use, with the valve 22 positioned as shown in Figure 2 so
that the water is slowly circulated through the filter 24 to
maintain water purity. During periods of non-use, the heater 20
which may be an electric or gas-fixed heater will most likely be
shut off to conserve energy. It is not necessary that the heater
be on full time because the small volume of water contained in
the spa 10 or pool 30 may be quickly warmed up by heater 20 just
prior to use and therefore, it is not necessary to maintain an
elevated water temperature during the substantial periods of
non-use. Due to the small volume of water, the flow rate during
periods of non-use may be minimal since filtration will not
~ generally be a big problem and the water will be frequently cir-
culated through the ilter.
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When a person desires.to use the spa or t~e pool, the
valve 22 will be turned to a position wherein the water flo~7s
through bypass 28. In this position of the valve, the restric-
tion provided by filter 24 is eliminated from the circulation
loop and a substantially greater flow rate results. The
motor 18 will also be switched to its high speed operation
and the heater 20 will be energized. By switching the motor to
the high speed and by bypassing filter 24, substantially in-
creased flow rates may be experienced and the water injected by
the nozzles 26 will be at a high velocity, thereby providing
; the necessary therapeutic value in the spa 10 and providing a
substantial current in the pool 30.
Referring to Figure 6, there is shown an alternate embodi-
ment for the connection of the heater 20 and the filter 24.
Heater 20 and filter 24 are connected in parallel with the
valve 22 arranged so that the incoming water may be directed to
elther the filter or the heater. During periods of non-use,
valve 22 will be positioned as shown in Figure 6 so that the
water flows through the filter 24 and bypasses heater 20. When
the device is to be used, the valve 22 is positioned to direct
the incoming water through the heater 20 and to bypass filter 24.
For a better understanding of how the substantial increases
in flow rate may be achieved by merely changing the motor speed
by a factor of two and by eliminating the filter, reference
should be made to Figure 7 where the pump characteristics are
superimposed on the total circulation system head curves for
the system with and without the filter. The particular pump
motor used was a nominal NSF rated one horsepower motor. The
graph shows the flow curves H.~.Hi for 3500 RPM and H.Q.Lo for
1750 RPM operation by plotting flow rate (Q) in gallons per
minute against total head ~11) in feet. Superimposed on the curve
-10-
is the total circulation system head curve representing the
system head curve without the filter and a total circulation
system head curve with the filter. The curves are similar to
two of the system head curves shown in Figure 1 and discussed
previously. It can be seen that without the filter, the system
head curve has a very gentle slope and extends a considerable
distance before it intercepts the flow curve H.~.Hi for the
3500 RPM operation whereas the system head curve with the filter
has a very steep slope and quickly intercepts the H.Q.Lo curve
for the low speed operation. Thus, it can be seen that with
the high speed operation and the filter out of the circuiating
system, a flow rate of approximately 90 gallons per minute may
be achieved, while at the low speed motor operation and with
the filter in the system, a flow rate of approximately ten
lS gallons per minute is achieved. Thus, it can be seen how the
substantial change in the flow rate may be achieved through the
unique use of a two-speed motor pump in combination with a
filter bypass during the high speed operation.
In order to more fully appreciate the benefits of the
present invention, reference should be made to Figure 8 where
- the power curves for the motor are superimposed over the curves
-
shown in Figure 7. The power curves show energy consumed at each
operating speed in watts plotted against flow rate in gallons
per minute. Thus, at a nominal motor speed o~ 3500 RPM, a flow
rate of 90 gallons per minute is achieved with an energy consump-
tion of approximately l,350 watts. At a nominal 1750 RPM speed,
a flow rate of ten gallons per minute is achieved with an
energy consumption of less than 200 watts. Thus, it is apparent
that by operating at the lower flow rate, the energy consumed is
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reduced substantially. For e~ample, if the pump were to continue
running at the nominal 3500 RPM speed with the filter in the
--11--
system, a flow rate of approximately 22 gallons per minute
would be realized with a power consumption of over 830 watts.
Thus, by operating at the low speed during periods o~ non-use,
the energy consumption is reduced to less than one-fourth that
of the high speed with the filter. Comparable results may be
achieved with similar systems having motors of different sizes.
; l~en one considers that a residential spa would probably
be used at the most one hour a day and that it may run at low
speed during the remaining 23 hours, during which time 600
less watts of power will be consumed, it is apparent that con-
siderable savings may be realized over a period of time. At a
cost per kilowatt hour of six cents, the savings during a thirty-
~- day month would be almost $25.00. Considering that the cost of
energy is increasing, this savings will, in all likelihood~ in-
crease.
Another important unexpected advantage realized by the
present invention is the substantial reduction in noise that
is achieved by operating at the lower speed. This advantage is
particularly important in residential installations where the
constant drone of the motor and pump becomes quite annoying
during the evening hours when one is trying to sleep.
Test results indicated that at the low speed operation,
there was a 68% reduction in noise level as compared with the
high speed operation. These tests were conducted under ideal
conditions with no noise reflective surfaces so that the motor
noise was dissipated about a full 360 without the production
of any echoes. It is to be expected that in a home, the noise
; will resonate through the building and piping sy~stem as is com-
monly experienced with hot water hydronic heating systems. Thus,
t ~ ~
it is apparent that the reduction in noise is a si~nificant ad-
vantage of the present invention.
From the foregoing, i.t is apparent that the present
invention provides improved operating characteristics for a
hydrotherapy device, while also providing more efficient and
quieter operation. Substantial reductions in energy consump-
tion may be realized while maintaining the water purity andeliminating the risks of high contamination levels that may
result when the circulation system is shut down. In addition
to the above mentioned beneficial results, the present inven-
tion also provides the unexpected advantage of significantly
reduced levels of noise pollution.
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