Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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. . . ¦ BACKGROU~'D OF T~E INVENTION
. 1. ' .
, a) Field Or the Invention ~v~
This invention relates to a method of geophysical explora- :.
tion employin~ liquid-filled geophones, which do not require
orienting and which are especially adapted for being towed by
. ¦ a flexible me~ber over the earth'R surfare. The method is
,. characteri~ed in that the electric sienals produced by the -~ :
geophones have a polarity which is independent of the orienta-
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¦ tion of the axes of the geophones relative to the vertical oYer
21 ar. arcuate span ranging from 0 to 180.
31
4 ¦ b) Reference to Related Prior Art
¦ In reflection seismic prospecting, the reflected seismic
6 ¦ signals are detected with seismic detectors, either geophones
7 ¦ or hydrophones. Geophones are typically for land u~e and hydro-
8 ¦ phones for marine use. In use, a geophone is coupled to the
9 ¦ earth and is responsive to movements thereof. A hydrophone
10 ¦ is submerged in water and is responsive to the pressure changes
¦ produced therein by the movements of the earth. Either type may be
¦ used in shallow waters, typically positioned an the bottom of the
13 ¦ body of water. For the sake of simplicity, the term geophone as
14 ¦ used herein shall be understood to also include seismic detectors
15 ¦ used on or in water. Most practical geophones presently commercially
16 ¦ employed constitute an electromagnetic circuit which includes a coil and¦ a magnet movable relative to each other. A conventional geophone is
18 ¦ substantially responsive only to movements of the earth having a
19 component force along its axis and, in use, produces an output electric
signal having a polarity dependent upon the directior. of such force.
21 During normal seismic prospecting, geophones are manually disposed
22 upright on the earth's surface with their axes substantially in align-
23 ment with the vertical. When a geophone accidentally or otherwise
24 becomes disposed on the earth's surface such that its axis is excessiYely
inclined from vertical, or in the extreme case, when the geophone is `
26 completely on its side (90 from vertlcal), it becomes inoperative for
27 all practical purposes. Also, when a geophone becomes accidentally
28 disposed upside-down ~180 from vertical~, it will produce a signal
29 having a polarity which is opposite from the polarity of the signal
produced by the geophone when upright. In either case, the failure to
31 produce an output signal, or the production Or an opposite polarity signal,
32 adversely affects the records produced by the seismic prospecting.
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l ¦ To overco~e the problems when such upright positionine
2 ¦ i9 impractical, the geophones are mounted on orienting means
3 ¦ which are adapted to continuously maintain the geophones in
4 ¦ an upright position. A very common orienting means is provided
5 ¦ by a gimbal mount. More recently, attempts have been made to
6 ¦ mount the geophones on a flat, flexible, conveyor-type belt
¦ which is towed by a vehicle. The belt is intended to maintain
8 the geophones substantially upright. The dragging of such belts
9 in many instances has not produced the anticipated results,
and, therefore, seismic crews still continue to spread out the
ll geophones manually in an upright position, all of whicb is time
12 consuming and very expensive.
13 As the search for hydrocarbons is increasingly expanding -~
14 to relatively inaccessible terrains, the need to uprightly dispose
the geophones over the earth's surface, or to use self-orientins
16 means, such as gimbal mounts, places a heavy burden on the seismic
17 crews. This burder, has plagued the seismic industry for'many years
18 in spite of continuous efforts to devise geophones which can be
l9 towed and which need not be uprightly implanted on the earth's
surface, as above described.
2 After long experimentation I have devised a novel, liquid-
22 1 filled geophone which can effectively replace conventional geo-
23 ¦ phones, especially of the electro-magnetic type 'that have been
24 ¦ almost exclusively used commercially to date.
25 ¦ Accelerometers using liquids are described in U.S. Patents
26 ¦ 3,270,565, 3,555,543 and in U.S.S.R. Inventor's Certificata
2q ¦ 171,676 issued on July 26, 1965. Such liquid-filled devices,
28 ¦ however, produce a response having the same polarity for all
¦ excitations, irrespective of direction, or are incapable of
30 ¦ meeting the peculiar require;nents imposed by seismic pros-
31 ¦ pectln~.
32 ¦ The novel geophone is relatively light weight, inexpensive
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to manufacture, capable of withstanding normal field abuse,
and, above all, need not be implanted on the earth's
surface in any particular orientation. The new and
improved geophone therefore requires no self-orienting
means which are expensive and frequently fail during normal
field abuse. The polarity of the output signal produced
by this novel geophone can be made to be independent of the
inclination of the geophone's axis relative to the vertical.
For upwardly and downwardly directed movements of the earth,
this geophone will produce electric signals of opposite
polarities, as required for seismic prospecting.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIGN
.; -- . The invention relates to a method of seismic
signal detection comprising the steps of positioning a
plurality of seismic detectors, substantially filled with
fluid inertia masses, in random orientations on the earth's
surface, measuring the pressures exerted by the masses
as a result of accelerations of the earth's surface caused
` by seismic signals, upon a pair of oppositely-mounted
- 20 pressure transducers in each detector, and separately
combining the output signals produced by each transducer
of a pair to determine individual acceleration components.
In its apparatus aspect the invention relates to
a seismic detector, comprising
a housing including an internal chamber, a pair of
transducers in the chamber, a fluid inertia mass in the
chamber contained between the transducers, the transducers
generating a pair of transducer signals in response to
accelerations of the fluid mass by seismic signals so that
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the vertical and horizontal components of the seismic
signals may be separately identified and processed
regardless of the orientation of the housing with respect
thereto.
The method comprises in one preferred embodiment,
` towing a long, flexible member over the earth's surface,
the member having liquid-filled geophones mounted thereon
or coupled thereto and suitably spaced therealong, and a
seismic cahle for receiving the individual outputs of the
I 10 geophones. Each liquid-filled geophone provides an
output electric signal having characteristics corresponding
to the direction of the earth's motion. The movement of
the earth can be produced by a seisrnic energy source
imparting energy into the earth so as to produce reflected
seismic signals therein from underlying layers thereof.
Using the preferred embodiment of the geophone, the
polarity of the electric signals detected by the geophones
and transmitted by the seismic cable to a utilization device
is substantially independent of the orientations of the
flexible member relative to the earth's surface and of the
orientations of the axes of the geophones relative'to the
'~ vertical. In another embodiment of the method of this '
invention, the geophones are positioned on the earth's
surface in a predetermined pattern their output
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I signals are transmitted to the utlli~ation device; and then
2 the geophones are moved to another location and the process
` 3 is repeated.
.. 4 In a simplified apparatus embodiment, the geophone comprises
s 5 a hollow cylindrical casing defining a chamber therein. A
6 suitable liquid, preferably having a high density, substantially
7 fills the chamber. The chamber has a flexible bottom wall which
~ constitutes a force or pressure transducer. The transducer
9 produces an electric signal having amplitude and polarity
characteristics corresponding to the magnitude and direction
of the flexure thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the geo-
- 12 phone, the chamber has in addition to the flexible bottom
." 13 transducer, a flexible top transducer. When the axis of the
14 geophone is substantially vertical in an upright direction,
the liquid in the chamber impinges upon the bottom transducer
only, whereas for most inclination of the geophone the liquid
17 impinges upon both bottom and top flexible transducers. When
the geophone is upside-down, the liquid impinges on the top
transducer only. The geophone provides at its output terminals
2 electric signals corresponding to the output signals of the
2 pair of transducers.
2 When a pair of transducers are used, they must be oppositely
2 mounted. In this context, the phrase "oppositely mounted" is intended
2 to mean that the transducers of each pair are separated by at least a
substantial portion of the liquid at least for certain orientations
2 of the housing. A transducer pair may be oppositely mounted in
2 separate casings with separate portions of liquid. This may conveniently
be accomplished by use of two separate casings, each having a portio~ .
of the liquid associated w1th a single transducer.
3 In any event, it is preferable to have the planes of sensitivity
3 of each transducer parallel to each other and, in a preferred embodiment,
3 to have these planes perpendicular to a line drawn ~oining the transducers.
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The transducers generate output signals in response to pressure
2 exerted upon them by the interaction Or the fluid mass and the trans-
., 3 ducers resulting from excitations of the earth's surface caused by
reflected seismic signals. In particular, the geophone is primarily
- ; sensitive to accelerations of the earth's surface. Such acce erations
6 are typically in the range of 10 to 1000 hertz and on the order of
7 less than 3 percent of the acceleration due to gravity. The excitations
~ of the earth's surface to which this device is sensitive may be
s considered to have both vertica]. and horizontal components. The
sensitivity of any geophone to vertical and horizontal components may
11 be controlled by the manner in which the output signals of the individual
; 12 transducers in a pair are combined.
The geophones may be made sensitive primarily to vertical components
14 by combining the individual transducer outputs by addition. The polarity
of the sum will then indicate the direction of the vertical component
16 without regard to the orientation of the geophone with respect to ths
17 vertical. That is, positive polarity may be used to indicate vertical
18 components directed toward the center of the earth and negative polarity
to indicate vertical components directed away from the center of the
earth. If the dimensions of the chamber, and the proportion of the
21 chamber filled with the liquid, are carefully chosen, the amplitude o~
22 the sum may be made constant for a given vertical component regardless of
23 orientation of the housing. The components of the output signals from
24 each transducer generated in response to horizontal components are of
opposite polarity from each other and o~ equal magnitudes. They will
- therefore cancel each other when combined by addition.
2 On the other hand, the outputs of the transducers in each pair
27 may be combined by subtraction. If the geophones are positioned
28 approximately on their sides, the signal resulting from the subtraction `
2 is then proportional only to the horizontal components. All signals
3 representing vertical components will be cancelled by the subtraction
because, in this orientation, the output signals from each transducer
- 3 generated in response to vertical components will be equal in magnitude
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and of the same polarity~
It is, therefore, particularly convenient to
position the geophones approximately on their sides and
record the output signals from each transducer in a pair
separately. The signals may thereafter be combined, by
addition and by subtraction, to determine both horizontal
and vertical components without having to reorient the
geophones.
Additional pairs of oppositely mounted flexible
transducers may be added to increase the accuracy and
amplitude of the resulting output signals.
The output signals from the transducers in each
pair may be combined by addition and/or subtraction, in
parallel or series, with the signals from transducers in
other pairs or may be transmitted separately accordins to
the needs of a particular situation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
` Fig. 1 is a sectional view in elevation of a
preferred embodiment of the geophone of this invention;
Fig. 2 illustrates the operation of the geophone for
inclinations thereof from upright to upside-down for
upwardly-directed movements of the earth;
Fig. 3 is similar to Fig. 2 but for downwardly
directed earth movements;
Fig. 4 found adjacent Fig. 1 illustrates the
installation of the geophone of the invention onto a towed
seismic cable;
Fig. 5 found adjacent Fig. 1 illustrates a preferred
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method of seismic propecting in accordance with the
nvention;
Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 1 of a simplified
embodiment of the geophone;
- Fig. 7 is an illustration similar to Fig. 2 for
.,
the geophone embodiment shown in Fig. 6;
; Fig. 8 is a perspective view of a housing for the
geophone;
Fig. 9 illustrates the attachment of the geophone
housings, shown in Fig. 8, onto a seismic spread cable,
and the use of the spread cable for seismic prospecting ;
illustrated in Fig. 5;
Fig. 10 found adjacent Fig. 1 is a sectional
- view illustrating a geophone having a rectangular cross-
section; and
Fig. 11 found adjacent Fig. 1 is a view similar to
Fig. 10 with an elliptical cross-section.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The preferred embodiment of the liquid geophone,
generally designated as 10, comprises a metal housing 12 ~;
having a cylindrical cross-section (Fig. 1). Housing 12
can also have a rectangular cross-section (Fig. 10), an
elliptical cross-section (Fig. 11~, or variations thereof
depending on the desired sensitivity of geophone response.
In Fig. 1 housing 12 has bottom and top covers 14
~ and 16 which hermetically seal its inner cylindrical `
; cavity 18. A split ring 20 rests on the bottom cover 14 ,
and provides a support for a circular conductive wall 22 to
the undexface of which is secured a crystal 24 having a
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silver electrode 26. Throughout the description and to
~; the extent possible, similar parts are designated with the
same reference characters followed by a prime ~'). A
split annular ring 20' abuts against the top cover 16 and
. provides a support for a circular conductive wall 22'
to the top face of which is secured a crystal 24' having a
silver electrode 26l. Housing 12 is lined with a tubular
plastic casing 30 (Figs. 1, 10, 11) extending between bottom
` and top covers 14, 16. Walls 22, 22' abut against O-rings
.. 10 32, 32', positioned on shoulders 33, 33', respectively,
`. formed in casi.ng 30~ The walls 22, 22' are secured to
the shoulders 33,
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33' by the annular rings 20, 20', respectively. Walls 22, 22',
2 ¦ are flexible and their flexures are sensed by their crystals
3 ¦ 24, 24', respectively. Thus, each flexible wall and the crystal
¦ mounted thereon constitutes a conventional force or pressure
5 ¦ transducer. The transducers formed by walls 22, 22' and their
6 ¦ respective crystals 24, 24' are generally designated as 27,
7 ¦ 27', respectively.
¦ For the purposes of this description, transducers 27 and 27'
9 ¦ are assumed to be mounted so that they will generate signals of the
same polarity when a force or pressure causes them to bend outwardly
tl away from liquid 36. Additional pairs of oppositely mounted flexible
12 transducers (not shown) may be added to increase the accuracy and
13 amplitude of the resulting output signals.
~ousing 12 may also be made of a nonmetal, such as plastic,
eliminating the need for tubular plastic casing 30. Walls 22 and 22'
16 need not be made of conductive material except to the extent required
to provide an electrical connection to crystals 24 and 24'~
The output sigr.als from pressure transducer 27 are conducted
I through a pair of wires 51, 52, and the output signals from pressure
20¦ transducer 27' are conducted through a pair of wires 51', 52'. Wires
21 ¦ 51, 52 pass through a slit 53 in ring 20, a longitudinal groove 54 in
221 the outer wall of casing 30, then through a slit 53' in ring 20'. The
23 ¦ output signals carried by wires 51, 52 and 51', 52' can be added, either in
24 ¦ series or in parallel, at a pair of the geophone's output terminals 56,
25 ¦ 58, extending through top cover 16. On the other hand the wires 51,
26 ¦ 52, 51' and 52' can be connected to four output terminals ~not shown).
27 ¦ When the wires are connected to four output terminals, the outputs
28 ¦ of each transducer of the pair may be recorded or otherwise utilized
29 ¦ separately. Addition an ~or subtraction may be then accomplished during
30 ¦ recording or afterwards. As another alternative, the output signal~
31 ¦ carried by wires 51, 52 and 51', 52' can be subtracted from each other,
32 ¦ either in series or in parallel, at output terminals 56 and 58. ~;
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The inner space confined between tne transducers and the inner
2 cylindrical wall of casing 30 forms a chamber 34 which is substantially
3 fully, but not completelyt filled by a liquid 36 serving as the inertial
mass for the geophone 10. It is therefore desired that the liquid 36
have a high density, and a suitable such liquid is mercuryO In the
6 preferred embodiment, liquid 36 fills approximately 90% of the space
7 in chamber 34, leaving approximately 10% of available space for
8 expansion of the liquid due to temperature changes within the operating
9 temperature range for the geophone.
The terms "substantially" and "substantially fully" which, when used~
11 designated the degree to which the chamber is filled by the liquid,
12 shall be understood to include all degrees of such filling beyond 50~
full in which the upper transducer is at least partially decoupled from
14 the liquid when the geophone is in an upright position. The term
"liquid" as used herein is intended to include other fluids, such as
16 powdered metals, which are suitable for use as inertial masses in geophones
17 of the type described herein.
The action of the inertial liquid 36 on the pressure transducers
t9 27, 27' will now be illustrated with reference to Figs. 2 and 3,
wherein only the operational parts of the geophone are shown, that is,
21 casing 30 and its associated bottom and top transducers 27, 27'. The
22 solid lines illustrate the positions of the flexible walls 22, 22' when
23 the transducers are at rest, and the dotted lines illustrate their deflected
24 positions produced by the pressures of the inertial liquid reacting to the
i 25 earth motion.
26 In Fig. 2 geophone 10 is shown positioned over the earth's
27 surface 40 at various inclinations from an upright position A to ar.
28 inverted upside-down position E. The earth is assumed to undergo upward
29 movements, represented by the arrows 42, which are transmitted to the
inertial liquid 36 which, in turn, produces a force or pressure outwardly
31 directed with respect to the axis of casing 30. Thus, in position A
32 transducer 27 will bend outwardly toward cover 14, and transducer 27'
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¦ will bend nelther outwardly nor inwardly, since it is decoupled fro~
the inertial liquid 36. In posltion B, at an inclination of 45 from
I vertical, transducer 27 will bend outwardly toward cover 14, and trans-
4 ¦ ducer 27' will bend outwardly toward cover 16. The same applies for
s¦ position C corresponding to an inclination of 90 wherein the geophone
6 ¦ lies completely on its side, and for position D corresponding to an
7 1 inclination of 135. In the fully-inverted, upside-down position E
8 ¦ correspondingtO an inclination of 180, transducer 27' bend outwardly
9 ¦ toward cover 16, and transducer 27 will bend neither inwardly nor out-
10 ¦ wardly, since in this position it is decoupled from liquid 36.
11 ¦ Thus, for all positions from 0 to 180 relative to the upright
12 I position A, either one or both of the pressure transducers 27, 27~
13 ¦ will sustain an outwardly-directed deflection. The transducers 27, 27'
14 1 will therefore produce electric signals 43 of the same polarlty for all
15 ¦ the outwardly-directed flexuresO
16 ¦ As the level or degree of filling of chamber 34 with liquid
17 ¦ 36 is increased, another effect becomes noticable. At sufficiently
18 1 high degrees of filling the top transducer in the vertical position
19 may no longer be completely decoupled even though liquid 36 does not
actually impinge upon this transducer. That is, transducer 27' in
position A and transducer 27 in position E may each exhibit a tendency
22 to move inwardly in response to upward motions of the earth as repres-
23 ented by arrows 42. In such situations this top transducer will generate
24 an output signal of the opposite polarity from the other transducer
of the pair. The amplitude of this opposite polarity output will always
26 be no greater than the amplitude of the output of the lower transducer.
27 Geophone output signal 43, which is the sum of the output signals of
28 transducers 27 and 27', will therefore always have the same polarity
29 for all vertical components in the same direction without regard to
the orientation of the geophone with re~pect to the vertical.
31 The degree of filling of chamber 34 has a different effect on
32 the amplitude of geophone output signal 43 in position A or E than it
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1 has on the amplitude of signal 43 in positions B, C, or D. The amount
2 of variation in the amplitude of signals 43 for the same acceleration~
3 in various geophone orientations may therefore be controlled somewhat
4 by changing the degree of filling of chamber 34. The amplitude of the
S output signal from a transducer in response to a particular amplitude
6 of excitation is primarily controlled by the height of liquid above
7 the transducers 'n that particular orientation.
The partial decoupling of one transducer in certain orientations
9 may be utilized in order to configure a geophone in which the sensitlvity,
that is, the ratio of the amplitude of the output signal to the amplitude
11 of the detected component, is not effected by the orientation of the
12 geophone with respect to the vertical.
13 In the preferred embodiment, the ratio of the diameter to
14 height of the enclosed column of liquid 36 is chosen such that the
amplitude of signals 43 remains substantially constant for all positions
16 A through E of the geophone, i.e., from its upright to upside-down
17 positions.
18 Geophone 10 may therefore be used in geophysical exploration
19 to detect seismic reflections without careful positioning. That is,
a series of such geophones may be positioned in random orientations ~-
and yet generate output signals having the correct amplitudes and
22 polarities to represent vertical components of acceleration of the
2 earth's surface.
2 In fact, geophone 10 may be made responsive only to vertical
components. That is, horizontal components cause transducers 27 and 27'
2 to respond in a manner in which the effects of such horizontal components
2 are cancelled by the addition of the outputs of the transducers to form
28 si6nals 43.
29 For ease of illustration, the effects of a horizontal component
3 will be described assuming acceleration from left to right. The effects
31 of horizontal components in any direction may be understood therefrom.
3 In position A, horizontal components have no effect on elther transducer
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l because the acceleration is parallel to the surface of the transducers.
2 In position B, transducer 27' will deflect inward and transducer 27
will deflect outward. The same applies for positions C and D. In
4 position E there will be no net effect as noted above. In position
C the amount of deflection and therefore the amplitudes of the output
6 signals of transducers 27 and 27' will be equal. In positions B and
7 D the ratio of the diameter to height of the enclosed column twhen
8 viewed in Position A) may be chosen, and the degree of filling of
9 chamber 34 with liquid 36 may be adjusted, so that the amplitudes of
~0 the output signals of transducers 27 and 27' are approximately equal.
11 Since these signals are of opposite polarity, they wll cancel when the
outputs of transducers 27 and 27' are added to produce signal 43.
In this manner it can be seen that geophone 10 may be made to be
sensitive only to vertical and not to horizontal components. That is,
the effective sensitive axis of geophone 10 automatically remains
16 oriented to the vertical without regard to the actual orientation of
17 - the device.
1g As noted above, in position C, the amplitudes of the output signals
19 resulting from horizontal components are equal in amplitude but .,
opposite in polarity. When combined by subtraction these signals will
21 not cancel but will reinforce each other. Signal 43 formed in this
22 manner will therefore be proportional to the effects of horizontal
23 components. Further, the output signals resulting from vertical com-
24 ponents produced by transducers 27 and 27' in position C are equal in
amplitude and of the same polarity. Combination by subtraction will
26 therefore result in cancellation. 11hen the output signals of transducers
27 27 and 27' in position C are combined by subtraction, the resultant
28 geophone output signal 43 contains the effects of horizontal components
29 but not vertical components. As geophone 10 is changed in orientation
from position C to positions B or D the amplitude of geophone output
31 signal 43 formed by subtraction is reduced as a function Or the cosine
3 of the angle of orientation with respect to the horizontal. When
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l position A or E is reached, output signal 43 i5 not representative at
2 all of the horizontal components.
3 It is therefore particularly convenient to utilize a plurality
4 of geophones 10 in substantially horizontal positions to detect reflected
seismic signals. The outputs of individual transducers 27 and 27' of
6 each pair may then be separately transmitted to the utilization device
7 for combination by addition and subtraction in the utilization device
8 or for recording and later combination so that both vertical and
9 horizontal components may be determined for the same location on the
surface of the earth by one of geophones without repositioning.
11 The description of Fig. 3 is similar to that of Fig. 2,
12 except that the earth's movements, represented by the arrows
13 42', are now assumed to be directed downwardly, causing inwardly-
14 directed flexures resulting from relief of static pressure of the
inertial liquid and the spring action of the flexible walls 22, 22'.
16 As illustrated in Fig. 3, for all positions of geophone 10
17 from its upright position A to its upside-down inverted position E,
18 the transducers 27, 27' will flex inwardly, that is, away from their
19 respective covers 14, 16. The transducers 27, 27' will therefore
2 produce electric signals 43', having a polarity opposite to the
21 polarity of the electric signals 43 produced by transducers 27, 27'
2 in response to the upwardly-directed movements of the earth, as
2 shown in Fig. 2.
2 The design of geophone 10 makes it relatively easy to maintain
2 the desired ratio, between the mass of the inertial liquid 36 and the -
2 mass of the rema1ning components of the geophone including housing 12,
2 greater than one. Such a ratio is favorable for seismic prospecting,
2 as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,067,404. In the prior art
2 utilizing self-aligning means, such as gimbal mounts, for orienting
3 the geophone, the heavy mass of such means makes it virtually imposaible
3 to achieve said desired ratio.
3 In Fig. 6 is shown a less desirable embodiment o~ the geophone,
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¦ generally desi6nated as 10'. In geophone 10', only a slngle bottom
¦ transducer 27 is employed, and a rigid wall 80 is substituted ~or
3 ¦ the pressure transducer 27'. In all other important respects, geophones
4 1 10, 10' are identical.
5 1 In Fig. 7 are illustrated various inclinations A through E of geo-
6 ¦ phone 10', similar to the inclinations A through E of geophone 10 in
l Fig. 2. It will be noted that when geophone 10' is in the upright
8 ¦ position A, its output signal S1 is identical in amplitude and polarity
9 1 to the output signal 43 of geophone 10 when in its upright position, in
10¦ response to upwardly-directed earth movements 42a. As geophone 10'
Il ¦ assumes progressive inclinations toward the upside-down position E, the
12¦ amplitude of the geophone's output signal decreases, as illustrated
13¦ by the decreasing amplitudes of signals S2, S3, S4, produced by the
14¦ geoptlone in its positions B, C, D, respectively. The output signal Ss15¦ is substantially zero when geophone 10' is upside-down. It will be
16¦ noted, however, that the polarity of signals S1-S4 is the same as the
17¦ polarity of signals 43 in Fig. 2. These comparisons with output signal1i8¦ 43 of geophone 10 ignore the effects of the opposite polarity output
~9¦ of the top transducer as discussed aboYe.
701 The geophone 10 or 10' can be housed in a suitable housing 60
21¦ tFig. 4) which is protected by a resilient sleeve whose ends are
22¦ suitably secured by a tape 65 to the outer sleeve of a towable seismic23¦ cable 62. A pair of wires 66, 67 interconnect the output terminals
241 of the geophone with a pair of conductors in seismic cable 62. If
251 sensitivity to both vertical and horizontal components is desired, one2~1 additional pair of wires, not shown, will be required to connect the
27¦ geophone with one additional pair of conductors, not shown, in seismic28¦ cable 62.
291 Thus cable 62 may have associated therewith and interconnected
301 therein a plurality of suitably spaced-apart geophones. In accordance
with a very important aspect of this invention, each geophone can lle
321 on its side, as shown in Fig. 4, yet still be fully operative and
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I responsive, as shown in Figs. 2C, 3C, 7C, to upwardly and downwardly
directed earth's movements represented by the arrows 42 and 42',
3 respectivelyO
4 In accordance with one embodiment of the method of the invention,
the seismic cable 62 together with its geophones is towed with a
6 seismic truck 72 having a utilization device such as a recorder 73 there-
in which receives and records the signals from cable 62. Cable 62 can
8 be wound on and unwound from a rotatably-mounted spool 70, and the
9 seismic energy needed for seismic exploration can be imparted into the
earth by a suitable seismic energy source 74.
11 In an alternate embodiment of the method of the invention, each
12 geophone 10 is housed in a housing 90 (Fig. 8) and the output
terminals of the geophone are connected to a lead-in, short cable 91
14 which extends from a spread cable 93. The seismic crew positions cable
IS 93 on the earth's surface 40, with the housings 90 disposed in any
16 desired detection pattern, but housings 90 need not be oriented in
any particular direction ~ith respect to the vertical. However, if
housings 90 contain geophones 10', then the housings should not be
disposed on the earth's surface 40 in an upside-down position to
prevent the decoupling of the inertial liquid 36 from the wall 22 of
21 ¦ the only transducer 27j as shown in Fig. 7E.
22 Instead of employing crystal pressure sensors., 24, 24', typically
23 ¦ made of a piezoceramic material, other pressure sensors can equally
24 ¦ be employed, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
2S .
26
27
28 ~IHAT I CLAIM IS:
33
3 ;
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