Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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~ BAC~CGROUND Ol~ Tlll;, INVENTION
. . ~
Many forms o~ building are known which embody the
use of factory prepared lengths of timber or other
material pre-cut or otherwise formed which can be over
layed or stacked lengthwise (normally in a tongue and
groove relationship) in order to provide the walls
without there being any need to provide external
cladding or ;nterior cladding. Such systems can be
extended for use as sarking, floors and the like. For
ready use however any such pre-cut system should lend
itself to easy on site erection and for this purpose
various nail-less types of construction and components
therefore have been devised. ~lo satisfactory nail-less
system however has yet been devised which enables solid
or seemingly solid plank-like members to be used
without leading to significant difficulty or expense
with regard to provision of aligned holes which define
conduits necessary for receiving ties or utilities such
as plumbing and electricity.
It is believed therefore if some modular system is
devised in connection with a plank-like method of
construction that cheaper factory treatment of the
plank-like components in a substantially standard way
will not only meet specific needs but will allow for
on-site assembly flexibility as well as fu-ture specific
demands. It is therefore an object of the present
invention to provide means and methods which will go
someway to meeting the abovementioned desiderata. It
should be realised of course that any such means and/or
methods will have application not only within buildings
per se (including toy buildings and like structures)
but also in such items as feed bins, tanks, pools,
partitions, shelving, boxes, containers, etc.
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1 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect the invention consists in a length-
wise stackable plank-like building component having a
plurality of parallel wholly extending transverse holes
passing therethrough, said holes lying in a plane in
which said component is lengthwise stackable with like
components, at least one of said holes having in a
plane that substantially includes the axis of such hole
a planar slot from the hole to the periphery of the
`component, said slot extending substantially the full
axial extent of such hole. Preferably said plurality
of parallel wholly extending transverse holes are
spaced with respect to each other in a modular ~anner
such that if the two closest of the modularly spaced
holes are considered as being a distance Y apart the
space between neighbouring holes of the modular holes
will be a distance selected from Y and a multiple of Y.
Preferably all of the modularly spaced holes are a
distance Y away from a neighbouring hole. Preferably
said component is lengthwise stackable and engageable
with like components by virtue of a tongue and groove
configuration thereof. Preferably a face of said
component is parallel to the modularly spaced holes and
at least one end hole bears the same distance relationship
to that face as it does to the end of the component.
~ Preferably two parallel faces are parallel to the
modularly spaced holes and each hole of the modularly
spaced holes bears the same relationship to each.
Preferably said modulary spaced holes are parallel
3 to and positioned between mutually parallel faces of
the component and if the modular distance which is the
distance between the holes is X then the distance from
an end hole to an end is either (~X) or (~X+A) and the
spacing of substantially all the holes to the parallel
faces is either (~X) or (~X+A) respectively such that
if one distance is (~X+A) the other is substantlally
(%X-A) to thus maintain a modular distance of substantially
X in most situations between the closest holes of two
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1 like components that have been butted to~ether in line
or at right an~les.
In a further aspec-t the invention consists in
combination a lengthwise stackahle elongate
plank-like building component having two parallel
wholly extending transverse holes passing therethrough
one of said holes having in a plane which substantially
includes the axis of such hole a planar slot from the
hole to the periphery of the component, said slot
extending substantially the full axial extent of
such hole and,
an elongate connection member of su~stantiallY
constant cross section which cross section includes
a substantially straight shan]c and end regions
of spread configuration, either of which end regions can
be slidably located in said hole with the sLot with
the other outstanding from the component hy the shank
which lies partly in and extends from said slot, the
elongate connection member extending substantially
parallel to the plane in which said plank-like component
is stackable, the combination being further characterised
in that if the distance between that point of each of
the end regions that will coincide with a hole axis
locatably receiving the same is X the distance between
the hole axis of said two holes of said component is
selected from the group consisting of X and a multiple
of X.
Preferably there are a plurality of holes parallel
to the slotted line wholly extending transversely
through the plank-like component and one is spaced
a distance from the slotted hole section Erom the
group consisting of X and a multiple oE X and the other
or others, as the case may be, are spaced a multiple
of X from said slotted hole.
Preferably said holes are drilled holes. Preferably
said slot extends to an end or to a suhstantially flat
side face of said component. Preferablv if the distance
between that point of each of said end regions -that
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1 will coincide with a hole axis locatabl.y receiving same
is X then the distance from a hol.e of said at
least two holes which is closest to an end is sel.cted
from the group consisting of (~X), ('2X~A) and (~X-A)
then the spacing of said at least two holes to a
parallel side face against which such an end can be
abutted is selected from a group consisting of (~X),
(~X-A) and (l2X+A) respectively. Preferably at least
two holes are located equi-distant between parallel
side faces.
In a further aspect the invention consists in
a structure formed by a plurality of lengthwise
stackable elongate plank-like building components
each of which has at least two parallel wholly extending
transverse holes passing therethrough, one of
said holes having in a plane which substantially includes
the axis of such a hole a planar slot from the hole to
the periphery of the component, said slot
extending substantially the full axial extent of such
hole, such components being lengthwise abutted so as
to align said at least two parallel wholly extending
transverse holes and any such slots of other of said plank-
like building components within the structure, -the aligned
slotted hole of each of said plank-like building components
within the structure receiving an elongate connection
member of substantially constant cross section which
has a substantially straight shank and end regi.ons of.
a spread configuration, one of said end regions being
recei~ed in said slotted hole and the other ou-tstanding
from the abutted components by said shank which lies
partly in but extends from the aligned slot.
Preferably the outstandinq end reglon of said
elongate connection member is received in means defining
a lengthwise slotted conduit similar in configuration
to the composite lengthwise slotted conduit defined
by the aligned slotted holes. Preferably said means
defining a lengthwise slotted conduit is a post member,
although of course it could be and in many cases it
will be a similarly defined lengthwi.se slotted conduit
to that defined by the aligned sl.o-tt~d Iloles.
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1 In still a Eurther aspeet the invention will
consist in a method of eonstruetion which employs
a component in aceordance with the present invention
or a combination in aceordance with the present
invention or which results in a strueture in aecord-
ance with the present invention or within a building
or the like structure employs a structure i.n accord-
anee with the present invention.
Preferably said method consists in a method where
two or more building eomponents as defined previously
are joined together, said method comprising the steps
of plaein~ the bui].ding eomponents to~Tether so that a
slot o.f one is aligned with or eommunieates with a slot
of another, loeating a eonneetor through said building
eomponents so that the expanded end regions of the
conneetor pass through the slotted holes and the
shank of the eonneetor is positioned suhstantially
wholly in the aligned or eommunieatin-3 slots.
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1 Preferably any such lengths are part of a modularly
holed and dimensioned system substantially as hereinafter
described.
BRIEF ~ESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred forms of the present invention will now
be described with reference to the accompanying drawings
in which;
Figure lA is a view from above of a length of
~. timber in accordance with one preferred form of the
present invention showing holes that transversely pass
therethrough to lie substantially parallel with the
sides of a rectangular sectioned plank-li.ke component
which in use, if used for a wall, would have the holes
lying in substantially a vertical direction, the holes
themselves being mutually spaced apart at a constant
predetermined modular distance of for example 50mm,
Figure lB is a similar profile to that of figure
lA but showing the appearance from above of a tongue
profile of a kind substantially shown in figure 2,
Figure 2A is a section view AA of a length of
timber but which has a profile shown in Fi.gure lB and
which i.s adapted for a tongue and groove arrangement,
the dotted lines denoting the transverse extent of the
holes that pass therethrough,
Figure 2B is a variant of the profile of Figure 2A
and which for convenience does not show the dotted
extent of the holes that would pass therethrough, the
variant of figure 2B being one where common sized saw
mill components are shown laminated to provide a profile
substantially as shown in Figure 2A, the use of such
lamination being such that each part of the lamination
will tend to counteract any warping characteristic of
the other,
Figure 2C is a similar view to that oE Figure 2B
but showing a cavity type construction, the cavity
either being left empty or being filled with for example
a thermal insulating plastics materia]., for example
polyurethene foam,
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1 Figure 3 is a sectional view AA of the profile of
Figure 1 with the dotted lines again showing the extent
of the longitudinally spaced wholly extending transverse
holes thereof,
Figure 4 shows the nature of the tongue and groove
arrangement which results in the use of sections as
shown in Figure 2A and showing the nature of the aligned
holes which permit the fitting therein of wiring or
plumbing or expanded ends of an extruded sp].ine member
(provided there is an appropriate cut or slot), a roof,
tie member or other metal tie member or a tight fit
shear resisting member or members in accordance with
the present invention,
Figure 5 is a similar view to that of Figure 4 but
showing alternative tongue and groove arrangements,
- suited for exterior walls, the right hand side being
the weathering side of the structure,
Figure 6 is a similar view to that of Figure 4 but
with the additional dotted outlines showing possible
extentions intergal or fabricated to the section which
would enable particular lengths of timber to be approp- -
riately positioned within a wall structure so that the
shoulder or shoulders can provide a bearing support for
floor joists or other beem members, eg ceiling joists
or roof rafters,
Figure 7A is a further transverse section of a
fabricated or laminated construction but which for
convenience omits the dotted lines which show the whole
extent of the transverse holes thereof, the particular
section showing how a plurality of cavities could be
defined which could be filled with for example insulating
material for the purpose of heat insulation when incorporated
in an exterior cladding,
Figure 7B is a similar view to that of Figure 7A
showing how if desired minimal cavities or no cavities
at all need be provided even in such a profile of the
composite construction and exterior outline of figure
7A,
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1 Figure ~ is a plan view of the ki.nd shown in
Figure 1 but showing various types of connections
whereby cuts can be made to or arranged for appropriately
positioned aligned holes of the overlying lengths of
timber (or such other material from which the plank-
like components may be formed) to provide butt joints
of any of the kinds shown or a mitred joint as shown
(the mitred joint not being the most preferred as it
tends to lose the module of the construction as will
hereinafter be discussed),
Figure 9A shows sectional view of various overlying
lengths of timber or other material showing various
means whereby the same can be set one upon the other,
with some of the forms showing modifications to a
tongue and groove arrangment (for example using substantially
horizontal spine members and the like) the preferred
form however being those which do not include splines
for this purpose as the provision of splines will
interfere with passage of material whether it be shear
resisting members, conduits, plumbing or electrical or
the like down through any aligned holes,
Figure 9B shows how in some forms of the present
invention the plank-like components in accordance with
the present invention can not only be composite from a
lamination point of view but can also be composite from
an abutment engaging point of view (the term "plank-
like" component as used throughout the presen-t specification
and'the apended claims therefore including any such
composite fabricated or the like component),
Figure 10 is a perspective view of one means
whereby ends of lengths of timber within a wall structure
can be brought into a relationship whereby a tying
member can tie to wall structures together by the
passing thereof down through the aligned holes in the
corner without interfering with the module and leaving
free a plurality of aligned holes for the purpose of
carrying wiring or plumbing if any and of course shear
resisting members in order to minimise deflections
g
1 under racking or the like loads,
Figure 11 shows an alternative to the form in
Figure 10 whereby lengths which are unmodified at the
end (save for having the cut at the end position so as
to preserve the modular inter relationship) can be
stacked alternatively to provide an alignment of holes
at the corner whereby a tie member can pass down there-
through to not only locate the two walls re].ative to
each other but also if desired tie a roof structure to
the foundation from which the tie may originate,
Figure 12 is a variation of the arrangement shown
in Figure 11 whereby it is possible to have a partitioning
wall or the like tied by a member in a simple manner
from an exterior wall or vice versa,
Figure 13 is an arrangement whereby a tie in the
direction shown by the dotted line can provide a located
connection between butted wall sections which are
substantially in the same plane without it being necessary
to provide a spline member as will be hereinafter
described, (a spline member or dowel or the like resisting
member being viable alternatives to a tie for purposes of
horizontal location),
Figure 14 shows in a perspective manner the arrangement
shown in Figures 11 and 12 with portions of a metal tie
extending upwardly out of the stack structure,
Figure 15 is a similar view to that of Figure 14
but showing instead spline members holding the three
lots of wall structure together, only one of the spline
members being shown extended above the upper layer of
the structure and the dotted line showing how the
modular inter relationship between the aligned hole of
wall structures does not vary if in fac-t the module is
preserved by judicious cutting with respect to the
openings and the use of a connecting spline members
whose expanded end regions are spaced sufficiently to
preserve the modual also,
Figure 16A is a composite section of one form of
post which can be used so that the cuts can be taken
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1 into an appropriately positionecl longitudinall.y extending
hole thereof if a spline member is to be received
therein to tie the same to either a wall structure or
the like, any other hole if not being used wi-thin the
post being suitable for the purpose of carrying conduits,
tie members and the like, the section however as shown
not being the most desired other than for stiffeni.ng
purposes where it is not required to maintain the
module as it would tend to result in the loss of the
module throughout the building if such a structure is
included as part of a wall,
Figure 16B is a composite section of a post which
is preferred as it enables the preservat.ion oE the
building module as the spacing of each ho]e from its
nearest neighbours is the same distance as will exist
between the holes along the length of the piece of
timber, the distance of each hole from the nearest edge
of the post being substantially half the modular distance
so that the same combines readily with -the end of the
length of timber which has had the end cut thereof
positioned substantially half way between adjacent
holes on the length of the timber or the distance from
each hole of the length of timber to its transverse
edge is approximately half the modular di.stance so that
the same is spaced in the modular manner from a post
butted thereagainst or the end cut of a simi.lar length
of timber,
Figure 17A is a further variant of the four hole
module preserving configuration of Fi.gure 16B showing
an additional pair of holes located between those pairs
for the purpose as will become evident from a consideration
of Figure 18 hereinafter,
Figure 17B is a variant of configura-tion as shown
in Figure 16A showing how if considered desirable the
two component parts of the fabricated structure can be
splined together,
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Figure 18 shows in dotted oukline how the module
can be preserved with various configurations using a
post of the sections shown in Figure 16B, the various
spline members being shown located in appropriate
holes, the figure also showing with dotted additional
holes how a post of section as shown in Figure 17A does
not interefere with the module but can allow if desired
the taking off of a wall or the like from the post at a
position centrally of the post,
Figures 19 to 31 show diagramatically ~arious
different kinds of spline connectors all of which are
capable of being extruded from a metal or alternatively
a plastics material, all of them inc].udiny a shank and
expanded end regions and the majority of them having
expanded end regions substantially hollow so as to
enable if desired the metal tie of the like to pass
down through or if desired utilities to pass therethrough,
Figure 32 shows the preferred section of the
spline connector in accordance with -the present invention
which has substantially circular expanded end regions
which are open on the non load bearing regi.ons thereof
and which have on the shank regions thereof ridges
adapted to fit the shank tightly into the cuts, such a
configuration therefore by virtue of its substantial
conforming to the holes between which it splines and
the engagement of the shank ridges with components to
be splined providing not only accurate locations and
holding together of the components but also some degree
. of shear or racking resistance for the structure,
30 Figure 33 is a view BB of the section shown in
Figure 32,
Figure 34 shows in perspective a connecting spline
of the kind shown in Figures 32 and 33 received within
joints of timber of sections similar to that shown in
Figure 3,
Figure 35 is a side elevation view of such a butt
joint showing the extrusion extending in its connecting
mode upwardly and showing two tie members that extend
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1 upwardly through the wall structure, one of the tie
members being shown passing through the open expanded
end of the extruded spline connector, said figure also
showing upwardly extending portions of the preferred
shear resisting tight fit members,
Figure 36A shows the preferred form of tight fit
shear resisting member which is preferably a wooden
dowel of length such the same projects .in a tight fit
.manner into part only of each length of timber which
has the same extending therebetween, (preferably non glued)
after its being driven subsequent to the abutment of
adjacent lengths of timber into its final position,
Figure 36B shows a variant of the configuration as
shown in Fiyure 36A,
Figure 37 shows a section of an exteri.or wall, the
exterior face being on the right with a dotted line
showing the ceiling level and the portion -thereabove
being a wall section of a gabled end region showing how
the same can have a cladding sheet mounted thereon over
~0 a spacer and insulation yet at the same time the overlying
lengths of timber can have in the aligned holes the
metal ties, spline members and/or shear resisting tight
fit members, it being realised of course the different
profiles as previously shown are adapted to being
substantially interchangeable to provide some degree of
flexibility in design and appearance of a structure,
Figure 38A shows a diagramatical view of a wall
structure showing a sill ceiling joist connection and
a rafter, sarking and soffit arrangement, the ceiling
beam memher having a hole or holes thereof splined in
the normal manner (shown figuratively by the various
dotted outlines) to a preferred single vertical width
of a component of the wall and having the same resting
on a sill or the like portion, for example as described
with reference to dotted outlines in Figure 6, Figure
38A also showing diagramatically in a thi.rd angle
projection the section of, for examp]e, an appropriate
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1 rafter member having appropriate recesses for receivin~
cladding sheets o.r the like for a soff:it and sarking
(of course in alternative forms the sarking could be
formed using profiles in accordance with the present
invention),
Figure 38B showing in more detail but without
showing the splining of the ceiling joists how a rafter
can be splined into a wall (for this purpose a short
length spline member preferably of section as shown in
Figure 32 is shown in dotted outline),
Figure 39A shows diagramatically how a wall structure
in accordance with the present i.nvention can tie down
and locate a rafter or truss even when a full wall
height tie member is not used, the tie member being
shown in Figure 39A being for example a length of 3/8"
diameter rod with an expanded head at i.ts lower extremity
with a coach screw thread which can be anchored down
into some horizontal wall component and have the shank
thereof pass up through the aligned holes thereof to
thus anchor the rafter or truss with an appropriate
washer and nut at the upper extremity,
Figure 39B is an alternative form which shows for
example a full length bolt like screw screwed down into
- the aligned holes to tie a rafter or truss,
Figure 40 shows how even with the l.ocation of such
rafters by for example the arrangement as shown in
Figure 39A those horizontal plank-like components which
form part of the present invention can themselves be
firmly anchored by fully extending tie rods to the
foundation shown diagramatically at either end of the
wall,
Figure 41 is a view of connected wall s-tructures
showing how the same can be spaced in order to provide
an insulating space for exterior walls i.f desired, each
of the wall structures however being a structure in
accordance with the present invention,
Figure 42 shows how wall structures can be arranged
in order to provide an alternative to a post structure,
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l said alternatives being useful for ducting large diameter
utilities in the vertical direction and providing a
support frame for the roof,
Figures 43A and 43B show how an exposed end of a
wall can if desired be weatherproof or dressed,
Figure 44 shows a further variant of -the arrangement
shown in Figure 43,
Figure 45 shows in a similar directi.on to those
shown in Figures 2 to 5 how a lower most length of
timber or other material in a wall can be rested on the
floor or floor joists and can if desired have a dowelling
member passed down into a hole in the floor or alternatively
- can have a tie passed down thereinto,
Figure 46 is a similar view to that of Figure 45
but showing how an extruded or roll formed metal bracket
can locate such a lower most length of -timber against
movement in a direction which is horizontal yet perpendicular
to the elongate axis thereof, again showing in dotted
outline the position whereby if desired dowels or tie
rod like members can be passed down below the supporting
level of the floor or floor joist,
Figure 47 is a perspective view of a roof structure
showing a plurality of lengths of timber in accordance
with the present invention which are joined at or about
the apex by a spline member in the normal manner described
in regard to walls and showing how with the holes of
each length of timber lying substantiall.y horizontal
how using tie members and dowel members, (the preferred
tight fit shear members) a diaphragm type roof struct-lre
can be erected,
Figure 48 is a plan view of how a woooden plate or
metal channel member can be affixed, for example, by
nailing into an existing wall structure e.g. a concrete
wall so as to locate the end of a partition wall or the
like formed from a plurality of lengths of timber in
accordance with the present invention,
Figure 49 is a plan view showing how short lengths
of timber in accordance with the present i.nvention can
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~q~3a~
l be splined together by a variety of mitre or modified
joints so as to define a shape suitable for example,
below and above a bay window, cylindrical structures,
tanks or other curved structures,
Figure 50 is a plan view o:E a corner of a wall
showing how the exposed grain o:E one wall can be protected
from the effects of weather using metal or plastic
members, the system being an alternative to that shown
in figures 43 and 44, the construction of figure 50
showing a nailed or screwed in member over which can be
clipped the weathering member,
Figure 51 is a side elevation of a wal.l structure
showing how within a wall structure irrespective of
whether or not lengths of timber are not provided with
tongues and grooves, how shorter lengths can if desired
be butt jointed, the dotted lines showing -the extent of
a spline member which not only substantially weatherproofs
the joint but also makes the joint strong,
Figure 52 is a diagrammatic elevation view of a
floor for example, a concrete floor which has anchored
therein any conventional form of concrete socket, for
example a concrete anchor member and showing how a tie
rod or the like of the present invention can be screw
engaged therein, (obviously a simple washer and nut
arrangement being provided at the upper end (not shown)),
Figure 53 shows a similar view to that of figures
2 to 5 but showing how at the floor joist level a
covering member maintains the appearance of the outer
face of the wall below the floor joist level if required,
Figure 54 shows diagrammatically a side elevation
of composite members that can be preassembled so as to
provide an outline for a window, door or -the like
opening which minimises the amount of flashing needed,
the arrangements shown in solid outline being those
that would be preassembled bearing in mind the reduced
section which would probably not be self~suyporting,
2~o
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1Fiqure 55 includes sectional views of two possible
forms of rafter (see figure 38) which are capable of
supporting on the shoulders thereof, ceili.ng linings,
sof~it lining and the like,
Figure 56 is a similar view to that of figures 2
to 5 but showing how a longitudinal recess can provide
means whereby a timber or plastic flashing member for
weatherproofing or aesthetic purposes can be engaged
therefrom for any number of purposes,
10Figure 57 shows a plan view of a structure showing
a multitude of different jointing arrangements but
showing how in a majority of instances the modular
inter relationship between walls and the like can be
maintained, some of the wall structures being of a non
plank-like construction so as to show how additions are
possible to an existing structure using a building
system in accordance with the present invention,
Figure 58 shows in a sectional view how one of the
. holes that extends wholly through the transverse section
- of a plank-like member in-accordance with the present
invention could have located therein prior to on site
location or at least prior to the abutment a shear
resisting member which upon said abutment need not be
inserted first in the plank-like member shown in Figure
58 but need only have the shear resisting member pushed
therefrom so as to provide the inter engagement with
the previously located length,
Figure 59 showing the resulted position in the
- same terms as shown in Figure 58, and
3~Figure 60 shows diagramatically a wall section
which could wholly or in part be formed in a factory or
on site if deemed desirable (though unlikely) which
could have sections of the plank-like members glued one
to another to provide a rigid section of an overall
building structure with probably more resistance to
deflection than sections of the building simply provided
. with the measure of racking resistance that results
from the use of the shear resistant memhers, such a
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1 factory or the li~e prepared structure possibly finding
some use in the provision of short walls or the like
which even ~hen assembled can be readily man handled on
the site.
The system of the present invention is primarily
designed for use in combining building components
preferably Eormed for laying substantially horizontally
in an overlying relationship so as to define wall
structures. However persons skilled in the art will
appreciate the building components in accordance with
the present invention could be formed for laying at an
angle to the horizontal and yet still embody some of
- the features of the present invention.
In still other forms of the invention a roof
structure could be formed whereby while the longitudinal
axis of the lengths of timber are inclined the holes
that pass transversely thereto lie substantially horizontally.
Moreover when used for partitions it would still be
possible to provide instances where the holes that pass
transversely through the lengths of timber lie substantially
horizontally, i.e. with the longitudinal axis of the
lengths of timber lying substantially vertical. This
may be a form that is appropriate for, for example, A-
frame buildings which have steep inclined walls.
Primarily however the preferred form of the building
component is one such as shown in figure 1 where a
plurality of holes 1 are provided which pass into and
through a transverse section of the elongate building
component. Figures lA and lB show two different profiles.
Ideally the building component is formed from timber or
other lightweight material and has a section as shown
in figure 2A or some equivalent (such as Figures 2B and
2C) which allows an overlying tongue and groove type
relationship which offers a weather seal, an aesthetic
finish and also some resistance to deElection in a
direction perpendicular to the vertical plane of the
longitudinal axis thereof. In other forms of the
present invention the length of timber or other material
from which the building component is formed could be
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1 for example as shown in figure 3. With such a simple
configuration some means could be necessary if such
component was used for a wall exposed to the weather
(especially in a residential building) to weather proof
between joints e.g. butyl tape, mastic or the like.
Figure 9A shows various other configurations of the
cross section that could also find favour. All of the
preferred building components however do have one thing
in common and that is the positioning of holes 1 (see
the dotted lines in figures 2 and 3 which show extent)
which are spaced at a modular distance with respect to
each other along the length of the timber. The splined
profiles of Figure 9A are not preferred where shear
resistent members are to be inserted unless of course
the spline is fixed and has the holes extending therethrough.
In the preferred form of the present invention the
centre to centre distance of the modularly spaced holes
is 50mm. Obviously however other forms of hole could
be provided and the modular spacing could be quite
different. In fact in some forms of the present invention
it is envisaged that it may be appropriate to provide
modular spacings between groups of holes, however, to
give the greatest possible flexibility and reduce waste
preferably the holes 1 are spaced evenly along the
length of each building component and each passes
completely through the major transverse dimension of
the timber. Preferably the cross section of the lengths
of timber is approximately 150mm x 50mm.
In the preferred form of the present invention the
holes 1 are circular owing to the fact that they are
the easiest type of hole to form, thus making it possible
to drill the holes by normal drilling.
Figures 4 and 5 show the various tongue and groove
engagements that would find favour. Figure 4 shows one
that is suitable for internal wall structures and also
is suitable for external wall structures. Figure 5
however shows a variation where there is a non-laminated
- 19 -
~4~
1 version havin~ a weather face (the right hand side of
the drawing) and an inner face. ~lowever these variations
are not an essen-tial feature. In order to understand
the present invention the dotted lines shown in figures
4 and 5 show the manner in which the holes 1 pass down
neatly between the tongues and from and to a flat face,
thus making drilling from either side relative easy.
Moreover by having the holes positioned between two
tongues it is possible to ensure the accurate alignment
of the holes of the lengths of overlayed timber by
simple end adjustment or by simply sliding down a -tie
(difficult), or spline member. Usually the fitting of
each tight fit member resistant to shear provi,des
progressive alignment of the layers.
Figure 6 shows a variant of the type of arrangement
shown in figure 4. However the concept shown by figure
6 has application to many other forms of configuration
including the simple form shown in figure 3 and the
other forms shown in figure 9 . In figure 6 can be
seen dotted projecting portions 2 and 3 which would be
formed integrally with the length of timber 4 or alterna-
tively could be glued or otherwise fitted thereto
preferably at the factory precutting and preparation
stage. One or both of the projecting portions 2 and 3
could be provided so as to define shoulders onto which
floor joists or other beams or including even the ends
of rafters or the like could rest. A person skilled in
the art will appreciate how the use of a shoulder of a
region 2 or 3 could support a member which is to be
spline attached to a hole 1 of the aligned wall structure
of which the section 4 forms but part.
Whatever profiles of the kinds herein are used in
a building it can be seen that it is possible, for
example, for a wall of one profile to butt against a
wall (or posted wall) of another without a loss of hole
modularity.
20 ~
1~443~#
1 Figure 7A shows a further section (which does not
include in dotted outline the central or substantially
central positioning of the holes 1 for ease of explan-
ation) which has on the weather face thereof a lamination
(e.g timber, particle board, asbestos-cement sheet,
moulded plastic, metal or the like) which defines a
cavity or cavities in order to minimise glue requirements
when the same is fabricated (preferably at the factory
stage) and also allow inclusion of insulation. Preferably
the weathering member 5 includes in the hollowed out
regions 6, some insulating material such as polyurethane,
polystyrene, phenolic or urea foam. Preferably the
material is polyurethane, such a foam making the system
readily adaptable without a double wall structure or
further attention for use in climates where heat loss
or air conditioning is important.
Figure 7B shows an alternative form to that of
Figure 7A.
Figure 8 shows in plan various lengtlls of timber
of the kind shown in figure 1 showing the principal of
the present invention. In figure 8 can be seen a
series of different lengths (very much simplified for
ease of explanation) where holes 1 of any particular
length of timber are spaced evenly by the modular
distance. Some of the holes that are to be connected
by a spline connector as will be hereinafter described
in more detail have a cut 7 (end cuts) 8 (side cuts)
or 9 (mitre cuts) leading thereto adapted to locate
firmly the shank of an extruded section which has a
shank with at each end an expanded end slidably receivable
within a hole 1. It can be seen however that if the
connecting spline member is to have the expanded end
regions receivable within a hole and the same is to
maintain the module of the structure, the expanded ends
of such a connector must be slidably receivable into
adjacent holes spaced apart by the modular distance if
in fact such holes had an appropriate cut passing
- 21 -
~1~4;~
1 therebetween. As can be seen however Erom figure 8
difficulties arise from the use of other than butt
joints between an end or ends of the length of timber
and/or a side face thereof. For instance the mitre
joint shown generally as 11, obviously has -the holes 12
and 13 that are connected by the aligned cuts 9 spaced
apart by the modular distance, i.e. preEerably 50mm.
However if the section of wall or the ]ike structure 14
is to have the holes 12 thereof relate for example to
~0 one of the holes 16, it can be seen that such a relation
is out of modular relationship with remainder of structure
owing to the module being lost between the holes 12 and
13 that are connected at the mitre corner 11, owing to
the angle at which the spline member must necessary be
received with respect to the remainder oE the connections
of the arrangement as shown in figure 8. If the effect
of the mitred joint 11 is ignored it can be seen how
the various side cuts 8 and end cuts 7 inter-relate to
enable a series of different types of butt joint, i.e.
some in line and others forming a T section, to be
arranged in order to maintain the module throughout the
building.
Figure 9A shows several different sections of
lengths of timber which could be embodied in a system
in accordance with the present invention. Some of
these systems are joined by horizontal splines, or the
like. Others simply rely upon a modified form of
tongue and groove, the inter engagement of a convex and
concave (whether stepped or smoothly curved) surface or
the like. All of these however do have some application
within the scope of the present invention as each
embodies one face to which the vertically extending
modular holes in use could be parallel.
Figure 10 shows how the most simple form of the
present invention can be employed if it is desired to
build a structure to hold same together at corners
using upstanding ties. With such lapped cuts the holes
- 22-
11443;~3
1 1 can be readily aligned 50 that the wllo]e structure,
for example for a shed, barn or the like call be simply
held together by vertical ties. Thus the sp]ine
members could be used elsewhere for differellt forms of
connection if desired. Obviously the shear resistiny
members of the present invention which will be described
more fully hereinafter could also be used.
Figure 11 shows a different way whereby unmodified
ends of a section shown in the top right o~ the Eigures
contained within figure 9 could be arran(J(!(3 so that a
tie member could tie aligned holes 1. I'i(luc~e 12 shows
a different form of overlapping that woul(i be appropriate.
Figure 13 shows yet a Eurther simple for~
Figure 14 shows in perspective Form and showing
metal ties or the like members 10 projectin(3 from the
uppermost of the holes from both of the ~inds of
arrangements shown in figures 11 and 12. Figure 15
shows in perspective a spline connectincJ member in
accordance with the present invention pcojecting from a
structure formed in accordance with ttle present invention,
said member having a shank and expanded end regions,
-~ each of with is receivable within aligrled holes. As
can be seen from the perspective view of figure 15 a
similar member to that designated 17 would protrude -- I
from the corner. The dotted line of figure 15 suc3c3ests
how the modular relationship between hole.q of associated
walls is lost if in fact the distance betwc~ell the
expanded ends is not such as to preserve tlle module.
Figure 16A shows the cross section of one post
section. The distance between each ho]e al-ld the nearest
face would preferably be ha]f the moclula~- distance if
in fact such posts are to be used witil lellgtils oF
timber which have the cuts to be associcll:ed -therewith
effected by extending from a hole to ~-he abutment face
at the same distance or vice versa. lf SllC}I an arrangement
is not used then obviously careful matcllirlg of connecting
members would otherwise be necessary. I~ is anLicipated
,~0
23 -
1 however that t lle length of timber whether they be
provided with tonyues and grooves or not be double
sided in the sense that each side bears a similar
relationship to the holes that pass substantially
parallel therebetween. In the most preferred form of
the present invention both sides are parallel to the
holes that pass therethrough and if the modular distances
i.e. the space in between the holes is considered as X
then obviously it is desirable that end cuts be at a
distance which will mate with the hole to side face
distance so as to be engaged with spline member which
has the expanded ends thereof spaced apart by a distance
of substantially X. Such a spline joint in the preferred
form of the present invention need not be a tight fit
save for aesthetic reasons. Having regard to the fact
that structural strength derives primarily from the
combination of tongue and groove relationship between
planks and boards if there is such a tongue and groove
relationship the fitting of the dowels (and/or the
spline members in a low load situation) as the structure
is being erected, and the provision of tie rods, thus
making each wall more unitary in characteristic. It is
envisaged however that if the modular distance i.e.
the hole spacing is X then the distance from an end
hole to an end is either (~2X) or (~2X+A) or (~2X-A) and
the spacing of substantially all of the holes to the
parallel side or preferably to both sides is (~2X), (~2X-
A) or (~2X+A) respectively. Obviously such measurements
are not necessarily accurate bearing in mind the fact
that a small gap should be provided to allow fitting,
for example therefore consider the gap between either a
staight or T-section butt joint as ~ then any of the
distances (~2X), (~X+A) or (~2X-A) can vary by some
proportion or all of ~. Obviously, however in the
preferred form of the present invention the holes would
be regularly spaced along a length of timber in order
to save wastage and also to enable on site cutting,
- 24 -
~1443:~3
1 slotting etc. Of course the timber would be double
sided again to save wastage and difficulties in fabrication.
The post according to the arrangement as shown in
figure 16B is preferred over that of figure 16A where
the module must be carried through. Wi-th such an
arrangement preferably each hole is again the same half
modular distance from each near face, i.e. each of the
two nearest faces. Figures 17A and 17B show additional
forms~ That of Figure 17A is a splined version of that
of Figure 16A while tha-t of 17B has six holes to enable
(see Figure 18) the posted connection of right angled
walls. With such arrangements any of the configurations
as shown in figure 18 can be used. A person skilled in
the art will appreciate the modular inter-relationship
between the various types of members determinable
therefrom.
Figures 19 to 31 show diagramatically various
sections of extrudable members that are capable of
being used as spline connector members in accordance
with the present invention. Each has a shank and
expanded ends at each end thereof. Obviously some of
the members as shown are composite members. Others are
more complicated in that dependent from the shank
thereof are other regions all of which would have some
application. Obviously however care should be taken to
maintain the module when used. A majority of the
sections it will be noted include open expanded ends.
This is for ease of extrusion, the saving of material
and takes into account the only fully stressed region
of the expanded ends is that portion thereof which will
be most closely adjacent to the connecting region with
the shank.
The preferred section is that shown in figure 32
and which is shown sideways by figure 33 in the direction
BB denoted on figure 32. Shown by the broken line in
figure 32 is the axis of symmetry with the shank 18 and
the expanded ends 19 bearing an identical mirror like
relationship thereto. Shown in figure 32 and 33 are
25 -
~4~:~
l ridges 21 ad~)te(l to ensure a tight yet axially slidable
non rattling fit in the aligned cuts of the members to
be connected. Also shown is the open region (preferably
outwardly) of each expanded end l9. It can be seen
that utilities, tie rods or the like could easily be
slid upwardly through the open sectioned expanded ends.
~s can be seen it is desirable to have an expanded end
that locates reprocibly in the modular holes as it is
desired to be able to slide fit one expanded end into a
length of timber or aligned lengths of timber and for
the shank to be correctly indexed so that the same can
have a normally cut piece of timber that is to be
associated therewith readily engaged with the other
expanded end l9 without the need for wrestling with the
inclination or position of the extruded spline connecting
member.
The shape of the expanded ends and the ridges 21
provide a good measure of rigidity to a structure as
well as good component location.
Preferably the spline connector in accordance with
the present invention is formed from aluminium. Other
forms can be formed from other materials e.g. that of
figure 22 would be spot welded galvanised steel. Other
materials include plastics material.
Figure 34 shows in perspective a length of timber
33 -that has had shank region of a spline connector as
shown in figures 32 and 33 fitted there into. The
shank of course lies reproducibly within the cut 22 of
the length of timber 23. Obviously also as can be seen
3 the connector 25 passes down into lowermost layers. In
use of course that spline member would continue upwardly
to locate any further layers of timber to be placed on
the structure shown in figure 34.
Figure 35 shows the side elevation of a wall
structure (reference 23 being used to denote-the type
of length of timber as shown in 34) having the spline
connector extending upwardly. Such a structure shows
metal ties, ~referably steel, 24 that can extend up
- 26 -
1~4~
1 through al i glle d holes of the wall structure or through
an expanded end of a spline connector 25. Such ties tie
the founda-tion to the wall structure and the roof as
well as tie the components of the wall together.
One aspect of the present invention that is of
considerably importance is the resistance to racking
and the possibili-ty of preassembly and figure 36A shows
a preferred shear resisting member which is capable of
a tight fit relationship with a hole of each length of
timber. Pre~erably these members are formed from wood
though some other material such as plastic, (see for
example Figure 36B for a suitable profile) aluminium or
the like can be used. With a wooden dowel of short
length (preferable of Figure 36A configuration) it is
possible to lay each length of timber 23 and locate the
same as required with ties, spline members 25 or the
like and to drive members 26 as required so that they
span between adjacent planks, lengths of timber or the
like 23 through the aligned holes thereon. Preferably
the shear resisting members are not of such a length,
such that the same in use span more than about the full
vertical transverse section of a length of timber 23.
It is envisaged in use that an appropriate number of
members 26 would be hammered in, pressed in or otherwise
located in the structure being erected to provide the
required resistance to racking.
Of course the posts as shown in figures 16A, 16B,
17A and 17B cannot be prepared simply by drilling owing
to their great length and for this purpose ideally the
same are formed as composite members in a technique
defining conduits as has been use for example in hollow
mast construction.
Figure 31 shows with the horizontal dotted line 28
a ceiling leve] and shows how an alignment of holes 1
can persist thereabove especially at gables ends and
how an internal board can be made to fit an exterior
board if required. A packing member or the like 29 -
- 2 ~-
1144~
1 could be l~rovi~ tl ~0 locate a gable cladding face 30,
under which Ccltl ~e positioned some appropriate insulating
material or tlle li.ke 31 if deemed necessary. Shown in
figure 37 too also is a cladding material which is
preferably factory attached to basic timber component
32. The cladd;ng 33 can be of any appropriate material
but is preferabl.y formed from a factory treated timber.
Figure 38 shows in detail a sill ceiling joist
connection and a rafter sarking detail. The alignment
of the holes of the wall structure are not shown nor is
the preferrecl tongue and groove arrangement. Persons
skilled in the ar-t will appreciate however how the same
relates to, for example the sill arrangement shown
diagramatically in dotted outline in figure 6 of the
drawing.
In figure 38A can be seen a ceiling beam which is
shown spline fitted to an exterior wall, the spline
having been shown diagramatically. The figure also
shows in third angled projection a sectioned view of
the rafter. The soffit lining and sarking is shown in
a solid band for ease of explanation and shown skeletally
thereabove i.s a layer of insulation and roofing battens
that would bear any conventional cladding. The actual
ceiling beams shown, which could if desired be splined
to internal wal.l.s (shown in Figure 38A diagramatically)
could themesleves be clad by ceiling linings and left
exposed together with the sills for aesthetic purposes.
Figure 38B shows a similar view to that of Figure
38A but shows how a spline (in dotted outline) could be
3 used to spline a rafter into the wall ideally (not
shown) down into the floor joist. For this purpose
therefore it is envisaged that a spline of approximately
twice a plank height would be used so that ~he same
member splines not only the rafter to the wall but also
the joist to the wall thus also providing some degree
of inter engagement between the joists and the rafter.
For the purpose of splining the rafter a hole at an
angle other than strictly transverse would be necessary.
- 28 -
1~433:~
l Figllr( 39A shows how a rafter can be tied down
into a wall s~r~lcture where a full length tie member
from foundation to rafter is not used. In this form of
tying a metal member with an enlarged lower end would
be provided with an appropriate coach screw thread
which allows the same to be screwed down into one of
the uppermost plank-like members and have the upstanding
shank thereof passed through subsequently positioned
plank-like members (if any) and eventually passed through
the rafter and receive a washer and nut thereon. ~n
alternative form to that shown in Figure 39A is that
shown in Figure 39B where a straight threaded member
could be screwed down through the rafter into one or a
plurality (2 as shown) elongate members that form part
of the wall structure.
Figure gO shows how a fixing system as shown in
Figures 39A and 39B can if desired be used in coniunction
with a full length,tie, the dotted arrows denoting a
full length tie a's an alternative to the forms of tie
shown in solid outline in the wall structure of figure
40, showing for example how a limited tie of the kind
shown in figure 39A is appropriate above for example a
window.
Figure 41 shows a plan view showing how wa~l
structures can be connected by connectors to define an
insulating space 34 if the same is deemed necessary~
Where such a structure is for external walls inner
sections of timber could be employed having a different
section to that of the weathering wall. A person
skilled in the art will appreciate the potential of
this system and the fact that with the modular spacing
of the holes incremental adjustments of wall thickness
can, if desired, be readily achieved.
Figure 42 shows how it is possible to create a
composite post structure formed wholly of horizontally
positioned axial lengths of timber or the equivalent
that are spline connected to each other to thereby
provide a space 35 capable of hiding utilities such as
- 29 -
~4~3~
1 wiring, pipinc~ eating ducts and the like. Such a
structure ten~s to be more time consuming in the
erection than the use of a post as shown in figure 17
but would find certain applications. Nevertheless
figure 42 does show how the module is maintained between
four walls if the concept shown simplistically there is
extrapolatec3 i tl scale.
E`igures 43~ and 44 show simply various types of
weather cladding in a plan view of external corners of
a building. Such forms are not preferably necessary
but could be employed.
Figures 43~ could be used internally. Figure 43B
shows the use of such a capping profile as by way of an
example a door jamb and as means to tie together a
short length of wall.
Figure 45 shows as also does figure 46 how a lower
most plank or board of a wall structure can be supported
by the central tongue region on the surface either in
absence of or presence of a metal or the like channel
that is affixed to the supporting surface. Moreover in
order to firmly anchor the same a tie rod could be
passed down some of the holes from at least the ceiling
level and also in order to maintain recovery and racking
resistance preferably at least one or more tight fit
shear members would be passed down into an appropriate
hole in the floor.
Figure 47 shows how planks or boards in accordance
with the present invention can also be used to form a
structural roof i.e. the longitudinal axes are inclined
3 so that they provide a mateable right angle joint which
can receive a spline member at or about the apex or
alternatively provide some form of mitre joint at the
apex. Obviously with the provision of tie rods along
holes of the structure and also the provision of tight
fit shear members between adjacent planks throughout
the structure an overall strong structure will be
provided. In this form of the invention therefore
_ 30 _
~14~3~
1 preferably tl)(~ lloles are indexed to lie substantially
horizontal. ~'ersons skilled in the art on the basis of
the foregoing will envisage how the modular arrangement
of the hole in this way need not necessarily be but can
be arranged to bear some modular relationship to structures
below the same.
Figure 48 shows how a wall of the kind previously
described can be Eitted end wise up against an existing
for example concrete wall by virtue of a channel of
wood, plastic or metal being fixed by appropriate
fixing means for example masonry nails into the structure.
Figure 49 shows how spline members in accordance
with the present invention can be used to hold together
modified mitre join-ts so as to define for example a bay
window structure or other cylindrical or curved structures.
Such a structure would also have application in buildings
of unusual con~iguration. Again however difficulties
will be encountered in relating portions of such structure
to other walls or structures of the building. Persons
skilled in the art however having regard to the foregoing
will envisage how that can be arranged.
Figure 50 shows a plan view of a external corner
of a building having over the end grain thereof affixed
a clip member over which a weatherproof capping of
plastic or metal material can be clip fitted. A provision
of this -two part weather protection on a corner enables
the clip member to be affixed by screws or nails and
have such unslightly nails or screws covered in an
aesthetic yet weatherproof manner.
Figure 51 shows how the instance illus-trated in
figure 28 is not necessarily the only instance in a
building where a length of spline member substantially
only the length of the major transverse distance of a
plank would be used. In figure 51 is shown a wall
where a butt joint owing to a need to join lengths of
timber can aesthetically and strongly be mated. This
is especially importan-t in instances where some form of
- 31 -
l~44a~
1 weatherproofing should be provided.
Figure 52 shows a side elevation as previously
mentioned of a ground anchoring socket which includes a
screw thread into which for example the lower most end
of a tie bolt can be screwed after having been passed
down through aligned holes of a wall structure. Obviously
the upper end thereof would have a washer and nut
fitted thereto.
Figure 53 shows capping planks or the lilce which
overlie the end plank of a floor joist yet maintain a
constant appearance for the facade of the outer wall
down below the floor joist level.
Figure 54 envisages the coupling together at a
factory stage of sections for example as shown in solid
outline which can be fabricated on site in order to
provide window openings into which window frames which
require only a minimum of flashings can be received.
The lintel arrangement or the lintel receiving arrangement
shown obviously would result in a plank or board being
delivered on site which would be too flimsy to withstand
breakage and for this reason such a plank having a
reduced section would necessarily have to be coupled
with a plank of normal strength for example by tight
fit shear members and possibly some glue, if the tight
fit shear members are not sufficient. ~deally however
no glue would be used.
Figure 55 should be considered in conjunction
with figure 38 as the same shows possible profiles of
rafter members which are provided with shoulders capable
of supporting ceiling linings or the like.
Figure 56 shows a bottom portion of the profile of
the preferred boards showing therein a longitudinal
groove capable of receiving a portion at leas-t of a
flashing member. Such a flashing member could be a
portion of for example skirting, formed from plastics
materials, or a metal or could be a portion of a weather-
proofing flashing. For example, modifications based on
L~o
32 -
1~443:~
1 the concept shown in figure 56 could have application
to window frames etc.
~ igure 58 and 59 show how if desired shear resisting
members such as -the preferred dowel can be inserted as
required in various holes of the plank-like members
prior to their being located on top or alongside as the
case may be a prior located elongate component and how
the same can be driven into its engagement as shown in
figure 59 is even envisaged that the planks can be
factory prepared with the requiste number of dowel
members appropriately positioned for a precut building
kit or assembly of components.
For a lower most wall structure the dowel member
would be driven down into a floor joist or some foundation
dependant member even if it is only a floor and subsequently
abutted plank-like members would have their dowel
driven down into the abuting plank-like member.
Figure 60 shows diagramatically how for example it
may be appropriate in a structure to pre-form certain
portions of a structure to minimise assembly time on
site. This would be especially so where short lengths
of wall are used. This therefore lends itself to the
possibility of the structural wall components being
glued one to another to thus enhance the rigidity of
any structure that may otherwise rely for its racking
resistance on the dowel and the spline connections etc.
The instance as shown in Figure 60 shows how by way of
example a section of a length of wall could if desired,
have various portions thereof glued as they are being
3 assembled on site so as to provide a strong point in
the structure which otherwise is simply assembled in
the nailless fashion in accordance with the preEerred
form of the present invention.
From the foregoing then it can be seen that the
present invention in its most preferred form embodies
several important features.
- 33 -
~4~
1 1. ,5~ rd modular distances between holes
whic~l are spaced preferably continuously
~I<>ng the length of each length of timber
that is to form part of a wall structure.
Ideally the lengths are precut prior to being
clelivered on site to ensure speed of on site
asseml)ly and neatness of jointing. Such
joint:s do not require tightness as such
tightness is only a visual and non-structural
requirement. Moreover the factory cutting
could include predetermined cuts Eor spline
connector members in accordance with the
prcsent invention.
2. Such building components can be erected
speedily as they can be readily indexed into
posi-tion on site.
3. The shear resisting members (also the spline
members) can be used in order to resist
racking deflections and assist in factory
preassembly of the structure with the number
of shear resisting members that are used
being determined on the likely racking loads
to be experienced and the deflections which
are -to be allowed and
4. the utilities can be placed virtually at will
at any portion along a wall structure owing
to the communications possible down the
preferably otherwise solid structure owing to
the aligned modular holes.
A person skilled in the art will appreciate that
very little strength of a structure is lost owing to
the number of holes as the same are all preferably
passed down the centre of each length of timber and of
course the centre of a length of timber is not that
section which is placed under compressive or tensile
stress in most stressing conditions.
Aspects of the racking resistence should now be -
considered.
- 34-
. . .
~443~
l The s~ inr members of the present invention as
previously stated hold the structure together and also
provide some measure of racking resistance. Obviously
the provislon of ceiling rafters and the like will
square up the structure after it has been initially
erected. ~]so as it is being erected the tight fit
shear members will be fitted thereby making each wall
structure reasonably rigid on its own. The need however
for the tight fit shear members is in order to ensure
that the structure is correctly indexed as it is being
erected and ~lso to ensure that it meets required
building codes concerning recovery after deflectlon, a
resistance to excessive deflection and the like. Owing
to the clearance of the holes that is needed in order
to easily slide the planks down onto the spline members
a certain a~ount of plank movement would occur under
load if it were not for the tight fit shear members.
Such movement forms a considerable proportion of the
total deflection of a wall structure or building which
includes such a wall structure when added to the initial
small load deformation of the timber where the contact
between it and the extrusion takes place. The problem
of this excessive deflection and recovery has been
solved by the use of dowels between adjacent boards
thus almost relegating the spline member to the position
of being a connector only. i.e. it holds wall structures
or the components thereof together. The dowels are
sized to give a small interferrence fit while remaining
easy to drive. They are equal in length preferably to
3 the depth of each individual board and once placed
accurately in the bottom board and floor are driven
into contact in the subsequent boards making accurate
placing easy. Dowels used in the structure were 18mm
in diameter. Some initial shear tests were carried out
using solid aluminium doweis which gave marginally
better performance. Of course aluminium tends to be
more expensive and does not have the recovery that wood
- 35 -
has.
Tests llave ~)eell conducted on a test panel of
different he;ghts and different lengths. Dowels were
spaced at different spacings and different numbers of
dowel were use-l for different lengths and sizes of
panel. More~ver t;e rods were varied throughout and
the overall structure was tested under impact loads,
repeated deflections, usual destructive deflections
etc. Tests ~howed that racking load when plotted
against the number of dowels per unit length of panel
indicates that the racking load is directly proportional
to the number of dowels plus a constant in each case
with the effect of the surcharge varying the constant
the lines remaining essentially parallel. Aberrations
were located however over short lengths from which it
would not have been possible in the absence of full
tes-ts being conducted to presume that a rule of thumb
could be arrived at whereby a person on site seeing the
length of wall involved could apply a simple building
code concerning the number of dowels required thereto.
The test showed that for panel widths greater than for
example 1500mm other factors such as bending deformation
and rotation have little effect while for the short
panels they are quite marked resulting in the aberrations
i.e. a curved rather than a straight line. From the
test however it became plain that when the number of
dowels is varied without shortening the panel or otherwise
altering its structure a reasonably straight line
variatioll in racking loads occurs. This is reasonably
true even for shorter panels.
The tes-t of structures built in accordance with
the present invention showed that under the strict
requirements of New Zealand building codes panels even
after all cycles to + and - what would normally be
considered a destructive deformation of a conventional
stud and dwang structure the panels still retained 90%
of their original strength and resistance to deflections
36
~144333
1 althougll resi(l~ eflectlons were understandably
greater than prior -to such cycled heavy deformations
but still withln the maximum permissible. Still
however a~ter the test the structure was shown to
exhibit 60% more resistance to racking than a newly
built conventional wall.
For wind loads especially high wind loads such as
those that would have been experienced for example, in
the Darwin cyclone, a building in accordance with the
present invention could readily be erected so as to be
capable oE withstanding expected wind loadings. Obviously
the exterior walls need not have the high racking
resistance of the interior walls if there are interior
walls that will bear wind loads. Impact tests on the
structure which simulate the effect of flying debris
etc, in a cyclone showed virtually a total resistance
thereto at normal test levels.
From the foregoing then it can be seen that the
present invention provides a structure which can be
selectively strengthened against racking load using the
fact that the racking load resistance wil] be proportional
'to the number of dowels chosen, thereby enabling the
erection of a resilient strong structure than can
simply be erected from factory prepared timber, precut
or otherwise.
Obvious],y the means and methods of the present
invention are applicable to toy structures and building
structures of human proportions - hence building as
used hereinthroughout includes within its ambit toy
3 building etc as well as, where the context allows, any
commercial structures for containment of goods, cylindrical
and curved structures etc.
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