Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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BA KGROUND OF THE INVENTION
2 This invention is a further development in the
3 fabrication of dispenser cathodes, which find application
4 generally in microwave tubes and linear beam devices.
S Heretofore~ the emi~ting surfaces of dispenser cathodes
6 have been made either from porous metal matrices whose pores
7 were filled with electron emitting material, or from poro~s
8 metal plugs covering reservoirs of electron emitting
9 material.
The porous metal bodies of prior art dispenser cathodes,
11 whether they were matrices filled with electron emitting
2 material or porous plugs covering reservoirs of electron
13 emitting material, did not have consistently uniform pore
14 size, pore length, or spacing between pores on the surface.
As a consequence, dispenser cathodes of the prior art
16 tended to exhibit non-uniform electron emission from their
17 surfaces.
1~ U.S. Patent 4,101,800 (issued July 18, 1978) described
19 a dispenser cathode comprising a reservoir of electron
emitting material covered by a periorated metal foil. The
21 pattern of perforations was such a~; to permit migration
22 of electron-emitting material from the reservoir to the
23 foil surface in such a way as to coat the surface uniformly,
24 thereby providing a cathode surface of substantially uniform
emissivity. The prior art has not, however, developed a
26 practicable method for fabricating a perforated metal foil
27 of the kind disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,101,800. Consequently,
28 the production of dispenser cathodes having uniform surface
29 porosity has not heretofore been commercially feasible.
3~ A further problem with such prior techniques has
31 arisen from the sonventional use o a barium carbonate
32 starting material d~ring fabrication, and its s~bsequent
33 conversion into the barium oxide electron emitting material
34 during cathode activation by heating. The carbonate thereupon
converts to the oxide, giYing off carbon dioxide gas. Thi5
36 results in the oarborization or oxidation o~ the electron
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emittiny metal surfaces; further, such carborized or oxidized
suraces then reduce the active barium oxide into elemental
barium, which evaporates at tube operating temperatures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
-
It is an object of the present invention to provide
a method for fabricating a dispenser cathode having a
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1 uniform surface porosity, whereby uniform electron emission
2 from the surface can be achieved.
3 It is a concomitant object of this invention to provide
4 a method for controlling the porosity of the surface of a
dispenser cathode in order to provide a surface of uniform
6 electron emission.
7 It is a further object of this invention to fabricate
a dispenser cathode having uniform surface porosity by a
9 method that minimizes carburization and oxidation of the
cathode surface.
11 It is a particular object of the present invention
12 to provide a method for fabricating a dispenser cathode
13 having uniform pattern of electron emission from its surface
14 by sandwiching a reservoir of electron emitting material in oxide
between an apertured foil and a supportin~ structure using
16 a bonding t~chniques, minimizin~ carburi~ation of the
17 emitting surface.
18 In order to acco~plish the aforementioned objects of
19 this invention, a quantity of material having a low work
function ~e.~., barium oxide) is placed on a supporting
21 structure, and a thin foil of refractory or platinum-group
22 metal having a desired pattern of uniformly sized and
23 evenly distributed apertures is placed on the support
24 structure so as to cover the barium oxide. The foil is
bonded to the support structure by laser welding so as to
26 localize the heating effects due to the bonding process.
27 In order to prevent chemical reaction of the barium oxide
28 with moisture in the air during fabrication of the cathode,
29 a specially treated pellet of barium oxide is used. This
barium oxide pellet is formed by heating a solid pellet
31 of barium carbonate in a vacuum to liberate carbon dioxide,
32 thereby leaving a porous pellet of barium oxide. ~he porous
~ ~ 3jjmll2278 ' - 4 - 78-51
5~763
1 pellet of barium oxide is then impregnated with a wax,
2 or with a resinous material such as methyl methacrylate
3 or nitrocellulose, to provide a protective coating over
4 the barium oxide. Without such a protective coating, rapid
S chemical reduction of the barium oxide to barium hydroxide
6 would occur. Barium hydroxide is not usable as an electron
7 emitting material.
8 In the fabrication of a dispenser cathode according to
9 the present invention, a pellet of barium oxide impregnated
with a wax or a resinous material to prevent any rapid
11 chemical reaction in air is placed on the surface of a metal
2 supporting member of the cathode structure. The apertured
13 foil is placed over the barium oxide pellet, and is then
14 welded to the metal supporting member. A la~er welding
technique is preferred because laser welding c n be
16 accomplished in areas of limited access, and efEectively
17 localizes the heating effects of the welding process.
18 The heat generated during tube bake-out and processing,
19 or during cathode activation, causels the wax or resinous
protective material to evaporate from the barium oxide
21 pellet.
22 The apertured metal foil of uniform pore size and
~3 distribution according to this invention may be obtained
24 by a photolithographic technique whereby a pattern of
2~ holes is chemically etched in a foil of a refractory
26 metal such as tungsten or molybdenum. After the holes
27 have been formed, the foil is then coated with iridium,
28 osmium or some other platinum-group metal. Typically,
29 the tungsten or molybdenum foil is O.OOl inch thick, and
the coating thereon is about one micron thick.
31 Alternatively, a foil having a desired pattern of
32 uniformly ~ized and distributed pores according to the
.
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1 present invention could be produced by deposition of a
2 layer of a platinum-group metal onto a substrate having
3 an array of appropriate dimensioned and spaced posts
4 projecting therefrom. After the layer of metal has been
deposited upon such a substrate, typically to a thic~ness
6 in the range from 0.0005 inch to 0~0015, the substrate
7 with its projecting posts is removed either by chemical
8 etching or by evaporation. Deposition of the platinum-
9 group metal layer onto the substrate could be accomplished
by chemical vapor deposition, sputter deposition, electro-
11 plating or evaporation. Such techniques are well known
l2 to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, the metal
13 layer could be formed by rolling fine particles of the
14 metal (i.e, particles less than one micron in diameter)
onto the substrate and subsequently sintering the articles
16 to fonn a porous layer. The substrate could be made of
17 any material amenable to photoetching or subsequent
18 evaporation, whereby the posts co-lld be formed by a photo-
l9 etching process, and whereby the entire substrate with
its projecting posts could subseq~lently be removed from
2l the overlying foil by chemical etching and/or evaporation.
22 Suitable substrate materials are molybdenum, aluminum and
23 copper.
24 It is within the purview of the present invention
to provide a shadow grid as an integral part of the foil
26 covering the reservoir of electron emitting material. To
27 accomplish this, the area of the foil destined to function
28 as the shadow grid is coated with a non-emitting material
29 such as zirconium or graphite. The non-emitting material
coated onto specific non-perforated areas of the cathode
31 surface suppresses electron emission from these areas and
32 thereby functions in a manner a~alogous to a shadow grid
3jjmll2278 - 6 - 78-51
3'763
1 in a non-intercepting grided gun.
2 Other methods for accomplishing the objects of this
3 invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art
4 upon a perusal of the following description of the preferred
embodiment together with the accompanying drawing.
6 DESCRIPTION OF_T~E DRAWING
7 FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a dispenser cathode
8 according to the present invention.
9 FIG. 2 is a pictorial flow diagram illustrating a step-
by-step process for fabricating a metallic foil having
11 uniforml~ sized and spaced apertures for use as the
2 emitting surface of a dispenser cathode.
13 FIG. 3 is a plan view of a dispenser cathode
14 emitting surface fabricated by the process illustrated
in FIG. 2, with a shadow grid formed as an integral part
16 of the emitting surface.
17 FIG. ~ is a plan view of a dispenser cathode as in
18 FIG. 3, with an alternative design for the shadow grid.
19 FIG. 5 is a plan view of another dispenser cathode
as in FIG. 3, with another alternative design for the
21 shadow qrid.
22 FIG. 6 is a plan view of yet another dispenser
23 cathode as in FIG. 3, with a further alternative design
24 for the shadow ~rid.
- FIG. 7 is a flow dia~ram summarizing the steps in
26 the fabrication of a reservoir of thermionically emitting
Z~ material according to the present invention.
28 DESCRIPTION OF THE_PREFERF~ED E~BODIMENT
29 FIG. 1 shows a dispenser cathode 10 according to the
present invention. The cathode structure comprises an
31 electron-emitting surface 11 covering a reservoir 12 of
32 thermionically emitting material such as barium oxide,
3jjmll2278 ' - 7 - 78-51
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1 or a mixture of barium oxide in combination with calcium
2 oxide and/or strontium oxide.
3 The electron emitting surface 11 is an apertured metal
4 foil supported on a hollow elongate member 13, which is
mountable within an electron tube such as a klystron or a
6 travelling wave tube. The support member 13 is made o
7 a refractory material, and encloses a heater coil 14 that
8 is made of a material such as tungsten that can dissipate
9 electric power so as to achieve a temperature within the
support structure 13 in the range from 800 to 1100C.
11 The support structure 13 may be made entirely of a refrac-
12 tory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum; or it may be
13 - a composite structure whose bottom portion is made of a
14 refractory insulating material such as alumina or beryllia,
and whose upper portion is made of a refractory metal.
16 As shown in FIG. 1, the upper portion of the sup30rt
17 structure 13 is configured to retain a block 15 of refrac-
18 tor~ metal such as tungsten, tantalum, or a porous tungsten-
19 impregnated material. The block 15 need not be a separate
member, but could be fabricated as an integral part o-
21 a homogeneous support structure 13.
22 On the upper surface of the refractory metal b]ock 15,
23 the reservoir 12 of material that emits electrons by ther-
24 mionic emission at temperatures above 700C is provided.
The reservoir 12 would typically comprise a layer of barium
26 oxide. However, as discussed above, the reservoir layer
27 12 could also comprise a mixture of barium oxide in
28 combination with calcium oxide and/or strontium oxide,
29 depending upon the particular use intended for the tube
in which the dispenser cathode 10 is to be mounted. On
31 top of the reservoir la~er 12, the metal foil 11 is
32 disposed. The foil 11 is arranged as a cap structure
3jjmll2278 ' ` - 8 - 78-51
1 retaining the reservoir layer 12 in position. The foil
2 11 is bonded to the outside vertical wall of the support
3 structure 13 by an appropriate technique such as laser
4 welding, which locali2es the heating effects of the bonding
technique so as to minimize chemical decomposition of
6 the electron-emitting material constituting the reservoir
7 layer 12.
S Barium oxide, when exposed to air, is quickly con-
9 verted to barium hydroxide by the moisture in the air.
Barium hydroxide, which melts at 78C, is ineffective
11 as a thermionic electron-emitting material. Hence, the
12 application of a barium oxide layer to the surface of
13 a cathode has heretofore required rigid control of the
14 environment in which fabrication takes place.
According to the present invention, the barium oxide
16 reservoir layer 12 is applied to the top surface of the
17 refractory metal block 15 by the following technique.
18 First, a solid pellet of barium carbonate is heat~d in
19 a vacuum to liberate carbon dioxide, leaving barium oxide
according to the equation BaCO3-?BaO + COz . The pellet
21 of barium oxide that remains after the carbon dioxide
22 has been liberated is quite porous. Next, the porous
23 barium oxide pellet, while still under vacuumr is
24 impregnated with a wax such as eicosane, or a resinous
material such as methyl methracrylate or nitrocellulose.
26 This wax or resinous coating, which permeates the barium
27 oxide pellet, protects the pellet from hydration in moist
2S air. Such coated pellets can easily be fabricated in
29 desired quantities by well-known techniques: e.g., in
an inert atmosphere by back-filling a vacuum chamber with
31 argon.
32 A wax-impregnated or resin-impregnated barium oxide
3jjmll227~ . - 9 - 78-51
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1 pellet is then placed on the surface of the refractory
2 metal block 15. The apertured metal foil 11 is then
3 disposed to cover the barium oxide pellet; and the peri-
4 meter of the foil 11 is then sealed to the outer wall
of the support structure 13 by laser welding. Later,
6 during the tube bake-out or during the cathode activation
7 process, the heat thereby produced causes the wax or
8 resinous protective material to evaporate from the pellet
9 through the apertures in the foil 11. By this technique,
not only can the barium oxide electron-emitting layer
11 12 be applied under ordinary atmospheric conditions, but
12 also the layer 12 can be heated to operating temperatures
13 without causing carburization or oxidation of the surface
14 of the foil 11.
Using prior techniques, carburization or oxidation
16 of the emitting surface could be caused by the release
17 of carbon dioxide gas during cathode activation. In the
18 prior art, the conventional method of applying a layer
19 of barium oxide to the surface of a cathode involved
covering a quantity of barium carbonate with a porous
~1 foil and then welding the foil to a support structure.
22 Subsequent activation of the cathode by heating to 9O0C
23 would convert the barium carbonate to barium oxide, thereby
24 driving off carbon dioxide gas. This carbon dioxide gas
would react with adjacent metal surfaces (including the
26 electron-emitting surf~ce~ to cause carburization or
27 oxidation thereof. Furthermore, the carburized surface
28 would act as a reducing agent for the barium oxide, thereby
29 generating elemental barium that would evaporate at
operating temperatures of the ~athode. With the technique
31 of the present invèntion, on the other hand, there is
32 no carbon dioxide to be liberated from the wax- or
.
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1 resin-impregnated barium oxide pellet. Thus, the possibility
2 of carburization or oxidation of the surface of the foil
3 11 by the formation of the barium oxide reservoir layer
4 12 is eliminated.
In order to provide a uniform electron emission
6 density over the surface of the foil 11, a pattern of
7 apertures of uniformed size and of uniform distribution
~ with respect to each other are formed on the foil surface.
9 Such uniform porosity of the foil 11 is achieved according
to the present invention by fabricating the foil 11 according
11 to one of the following techniques:
12 (1) Photolithography: A pattern of uniformly dimensioned
13 and spaced holes is chemically etched through a foil that is
14 made of a refractory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum,
preferably about 0.001-inch thick. Thereafter, a coating
16 of iridium, osmium or other platinum-group metal is deposited
17 to a thickness of about one micron on one surface ti.e., the
18 upper surface) oE foil. This coating of iridium or other
19 platinum-group metal serves to enhance emissivity.
(2) Deposition on a Substrate: A layer of refractory
21 metal or platinum-group metal is deposited upon a substrate
22 by chemical vapor deposition, sputter deposition, electro-
23 plating or evaporation. The material from which the substrate
24 is made depends upon the deposition technique used. The
substrate is configured to have a flat surface with evenly
26 spaced posts protruding therefrom, the posts having been
27 formed by a conventional photolithographic and chemical
2~ milling technique. Preferably, the thickness of the substrate,
29 exclusive of the protruding posts, is about 0.01 inch. The
posts are generally cylindrical, with a diameter in the
31 range from 0O0005 inch to 0.0010 inch, and extend about
32 0.0010 inch to 0.0015 inch above the flat surface of the
3jjmll2278 ~ 78-51
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1 substrate. In the usual embodiment, the posts are separatèd
2 by about 0.002 inch from center to center.
3 The second technique described above for
4 fabricating uniformly apertured metal foil for use in
a dispenser cathode is illustrated in the pictorial
6 flow-diagram of FIG. 2. At step ~, a substrate having
7 an array of posts protruding therefrom is pictured. The
~ posts are uniformly dimensioned and uniformly spaced with
9 respect to each other, and are produced on the substrate
by a conventional lithographic techni~ue and by chemical
ll milling. At step Br the substrate of step A is shown coated
12 with a layer of refractory metal or platinum-group metal.
13 The particular type of coating process used ~70uld depend
14 upon the nature of the substrate material. At step C,
the coated substrate of step B is shown after having been
16 polished to achieve a metal layer of uniform thickness
17 with the substrate posts flush with the upper surace
18 of the metal layer. Polishing may be done by a conventional
19 method such as sur~ace grinding. ~t step D, the metal
layer produced at step C is shown with the substrate
21 (including its projectin~ posts) having been removed.
22 The substrate can be removed by a c:onventional method
23 such as chemical etchiny or evaporation, depending upon
24 the natuare of the substrate material.
The metal foil remaining after the substrate has
26 -been removed, as pictured at step D ~n FIG. 2, has an
27 array of holes of predetermined size and spatial distribution.
2S This foil is used to cover the barium oxide reservoir
29 12, as shown in FIG. 1, and provides the desired electron-
emitting pattern from the surface of the dispenser cathode.
31 During cathode activation, barium oxide migrates up through
32 the apertures in the foil ll and coats the entire surface
3jjmll2278 ' - 12 - 78-51
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1 thereof by a diffusion process known as Knudsen flow.
2 In this way, the non-perforated surface of the foil 11
3 becomes a thermionic electron source of substantially
4 uniform surface emissivity.
(3) Sintering: The formation of a metallic foil
6 on the surface of a substrate could also be accomplished
7 by the sintering of fine particles of a refractory or
$ platinum-group metal onto the surface of the substrate.
9 A porous metallic foil fabricated according to this
invention can also ~e treated so as to provide a pattern
11 of non-emitting portions on the upper surface of the
12 foil. Thus, after a foil of uniform porosity has been
13 fabricated according to the process described above in
14 connection with FIG. 2, a pattern of non-emitting surface
areas can then be superimposed upon selected portions of
16 the upper surface of the foil to function in a manner
17 analogous to a shadow grid in a non-intercepting gridded
1g gun. These non-emitting areas comprise a coating of an
19 oxygen scavenging material such as zirconium or graphite,
which can be deposited upon the surface of the foil by
21 sputter deposition or any other appropriate technique
22 known to those skilled in the art.
23 The configuration oE the shadow grid portion of
24 the foil can be selected in accordance with the
application for which the tube is intended. In FIG. 3,
26 the shadow grid is configured as a pattern of circles,
27 which is representative o~ shadow grid patterns used in
28 - klystron tubes. In FIG. 4, the shadow grid is configured
29 as a pattern of hexagons, which represents another type
of shadow grid pattern used in klystrons and also in
31 travelling wave tubes. In FIG. S, a radial vane
32 configuration for the shadow grid pattern is shown,
3jjmll2278 , - 13 - 78-51
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1 which provides an advantage with respect to thermal
2 conductivity. In FIG. 6, the shadow grid comprises an
3 array of bars.
4 The steps in the fabrication of the layer 12 of
thermionically emitting material according to the present
6 invention are summarized in the flow diagram of FIG. 7.
7 First, a quantity of alkaline earth carbonate material
8 is compacted to form a pellet. This pellet is then heated
9 in a vacuum at 900C to convert the carbonate to an oxide
by driving off carbon dioxide. In the case of a barium
11 carbonate pellet, the heating converts the barium carbonate
12 pellet to a porous pellet of barium oxide. This resulting
13 oxide pellet is then impregnated in a vacuum with a wax
14 or with a resinous material. Finally, this impregnated
oxide pellet is placed on the block 15 at the top of the
16 cathode support structure 13, and is covered with the
17 perforated foil 11.
18 The steps in the fabrication of a dispenser cathode
19 according t~ ^ r~ r~ y~ 5'`~ 3`e~ g``?~ q
follows:
21 1) The heater 14 is assembled in the cathode structure
22 13.
23 2) l'he protected (i.e., wax- or resin-impregnated
24 oxide pellet is inserted in place on the support structure
13 to form the reservoir 12 of election-emitting material.
26 3) The perforated foil 11 is placed over the pro-
27 tected oxid~ pellet.
28 4) The perimeter of the perforated foil 11 is laser
29 welded to the support structure 13 so as to sandwich the
oxide pellet between the foil 11 and the support structure
31 13.
32 This invention has been described above in terms
3jjmll2278 ' - 1~ - 78-51
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1 of a particular embodiment. However, from a reading
2 of the above disclosure, other techniques for optimizing
3 the desired electron emitting pattern from the surface
4 of a dispenser cathode will suggest themselves to those
skilled in the art. Consequently, the invention is
6 limited only by the following claims.
11
12
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14
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
26
27
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29
31
32
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