Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~54~77
The present invention relates to -the use of N,N-
dimethylpiperidinium salts for promoting plant growth.
The use of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium salts in amounts
of from 5 to 24.5 g per hectare for reduciny the height of
cotton plants has been disclosed (German Laid-Open Application
DE-OS 2,815j345).
A positive effect therewith is observed in
experiments with tomatoes and potatoes, and an erratic action
in cereals, grasses, rape, soybeans and sugarcane. It is also
known that N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, in amounts of
from 25 to 100 g per hectare, has a good action in cotton
(leaElet issued in May 1978 by BASF Wyandotte Corporation,
U.S.A.).
We have now found that treatment of plants - except
cereals and cotton plants - with less than ~50 g per hectare
of an N,N-dimethylpiperidinium salt does not reduce growth
height but promotes plant growth. In this case, N,N-dimethyl-
piperidinium salts can be considered to belong to the group of
bioregulators, which have a qualitative and quantitative effect
~ 20 on biological development processes~
: ~ The following effects, for instance, may be observed:
- increase in the production of dry matter in vegetative and
generative plant parts;
- alteration of the weight ratio of vegetative to generative
organic mass in favor of the latter;
.
/
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- increase in the assimilation area;
- increased production of plant materials, e.g., starch, soluble
amino acids, terpenoids, ethereal oils, latex and alkaloids;
- reduction in the content of unwanted plant materials, e.g.,
aflatoxin, gossypol and limonin;
- alteration of the ion concentration in plant tissue and thus of
the resistance to envir-onmental influences;
- production of seedless fruits without fertilization,
- increased pigment formation;
- improvement in internal and external fruit quality;
- shortened development cycle, enabling harvesting to be brought
forward.
Examples of salts are those of halogen hydro acids, e.g., the
chloride, or of sulfuric acid, acetic acid or phosphoric acid. The
chloride is preferred.
A particularly good action is observed for instance in tubers,
fruit vegetables, seed fruits, legumes~ leaf vegetables, oil plants,
cucurbits and citruses.
Application rates are preferably from 1 to 450, and especially
from 10 to 200, g/ha.
The following reEults of experiments in the open demonstrate
the biological action of the compounds according to the inventionr
These experiments (with 4 replicates) were carried out on 25 to
50 m2 plots. All treatments were effected by spraying an aqueous
solution of the active ingredient onto the green plant parts.
I. Tubers ? e.g ~_potatoesS sweet potatoes
:
Examples 1 - 4
In experiments with 4 different potato varieties, 25 g/ha of
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N,Nodimethylpiperidinium chloride was applied to the leaves
80 days after planting (upon commencement of tuber formation). The
results show that the treatment brings about an increase in the
assimilation area, an increase in the dry matter from leaves,
stems and tubers, and finally a gain in tuber yield. The corollary
is an increase in the production of starch and biomass.
Example 1
Treatment: 80 days after planting ~commencement of tuber formation)
Solanum tuberosum, var. Mariva
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
_ _
0 25
. ~
Height cm 73.0 83.0
Leaf area dm2 3.8 4.8
Leaf' weight (DM) g 27.2 28.6
Stem weight (DM) g 42.8 45.4
TubersJplant - no. 17.0 21.0
Tuber /plant (DM) ~ 132.7 142.1
DM = dry matter
ExamPle 2
._
Treatment: 80 day3 after 1978 planting (commencement of tuber
formation)
SoIanum tuberosum, var. Revolucion
gJha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
,
0 25
Height cm2 51.0 67.o
Leaf area _ 3 _ 16.4
1~L5~ 7
O.Z~ 0050/034321
Leaf weight (DM) g 41.3 63.4
Stem weight (DM) g 31.2 53.9
Tubers/plant no. 15.0 23.0
Tubers/plant (DM) g 85.1 176.5
Example 3
Treatment: 80 days after 1978 planti.ng (commencement of tuber
formation)
Solanum tuberosum, var. Mi Peru
g/ha N,N-dimethylpipèridinium
chloride
_
0 25
Height cm 63.0 60.0
Leaf area dm2 6.2 14.8
Leaf weight (DM) g 33. 8 65.3
Stem weight (DM) g 41.3 54.1
Tubers/plant no. 17.0 32.0
Tubers/plant (DM) g 69.2 129.7
Example 4
: ::
Treatment: 80 days after 1978 planting (commencement of tuber
formation)
Solanum tub~rosum, var. Ticahuasi
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
. chloride
0 25
- . ~
Height cm 62.0 57.0
Leaf area dm2 11.8 12~1
Leaf weight (DM) g 58.6 67.4
Stem weight (DM) g 52.5 61.1
Tubers/plant (DM~ g 103.7 144.5
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Example 5
A further experiment with potatoes shows that the application
of 74 g/ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride increases the yield
of tubers per plant and thus per unit area.
Example 5
Planted: March 9, 1979
Treated: May 1, 1979 (first flowers visible)
Harvested: June 11, 1979
Solanum tuberosum, var. "Lasotared"
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
_ _ chloride
~ 7 _ _
Tubers/plant no. 23.9 35.2
~Yield g 267.7 294.8
Example 6
I~ sweet potatoes are treated for instance with fronl 28 to
448 g/ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride upon commencement
~: of tuber formation, the proportion of qualitatively first-class
tubers and the total yield are significantly increased.
; .
~ 5 -
:
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II. Fruit vegetabies, e.g.~ tomatoes
Example 7
Tomatoes 25 to 30 cm high and in full blossom were treated
with 112 g~ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride. The yield of
marketable produ~e wasincreased. Fu;rthermore, the fruit quality
was improved. The superior quality was manifested in a thicker
flesh and improved pigmentation.
Example 7
Planted: February 7, 1978
Treated: March 23, 1978 (25 - 30 cm high, 60% ~lowers)
Harvested: May 10, 1978
Lycopersicon esculentum, var. Flora-date
g/ha N~N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
__ 112
Yield of marketable
produce tons/ha 31.2 33.8
Flesh thickness mm 5.95 6.27
Fruit color 0 - 5 ) 4.8 4.9
Flesh color 5 2.7 2.9
) 0 = green, 5 - red
Example 8
Treatment o~ tomatoes with from 112 to 448 g/ha of N,N-dimethyl-
piperidinium chloride at a height of from 60 to 90 cm upon commence-
ment of flowering resulted in a significant increase in yield.
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Example 8
Planted: June 2, 1978
Treated: August 21, 1978 (60 - 90 cm high, comMencement o~ ~lowering)
Harvested: October 2, 1978
Lycopersicon esculentum, var. C-28
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
~ . . . . _ _
_ 0 112 224 448
Ripe fruit Yield tons/ha 7 8 17.6 14.1 12.6
~_ __ _ . ~ _ _ .. ~ . _ .__ _ __.. . . _ _ _ ._ _ __ _
Example 9
The application of from 24 to 1~2 g/ha of N,N-dimethyl-
piperidinium chloride to tomatoes 50 to 65 cm high upon commencement
of flowering also resulted in increased ~ruit production. Where
growth height remains unaffected, it may be assumed that the ratio
of vegetative (e.g., leaves) to generative plantm~tter(tomatoes)
is improved.
Example 9
Planted: August 2 8 g 1978
Treated: October 26~ 1978 (approx. 50 - 65 cm high, loTo flowers)
Harvested: December 8~ 1978
Lycopersicon esculentum, var. Flora-date
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
.... ~
_ 0 24 48 192
Height cm 81 ~ 8 82. 4 78. o 80.8
Green fruit yield tons/ha23~8 26.6 26.2 26.7
Yield of marketable
produce tonsfha26.2 27.7 29.3 29.1
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Example 10
Tomatoes were treated at a height of from 50 to 65 cm and
upon commencement of flowering with ~rom 112 to 448 g/ha (including
twice 112 g/ha) of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride. Ripening
was hastened and yield increased particularly after kreatment with
112 and 112~ g/ha of active ingredient. The weight of the
individual fruits was also increased.
Example 10
Planted: May 25, 1978
Treated: July 6, 1978 (approx. 50 - 65 cm high, 10~ flowers)
~arv~sted: August 28 and September 20, 1978
Lycopersicon esculentum, var. C~37
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
0 112 224 448 112~112
Ripe fruit yield
(first harvest) tons/ha23.6 30,822.4 29.1 34.9
Ripe fruit yield
(total) tons/ha6008 69.661.2 63.1 75.1
20 100 fruit weight ) kg 7 ~ 9 8.5 8.o 8.1 8.6
~ ) = weight of 100 tomatoes
; Example 11
In tomatoes, treatment with 112 and 224 g/ha, and twice 224 g/ha,
of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride at a height of 30 to 40 cm and
while the plants were in full bloom or at the end of the blooming
period resulted in an earlier harvest and increased yield.
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Exam~le 11
Planted: May 2, 1978
Treated: July 6, 1978 (about 30 to 40 cm high, 65% flowers)
July 21, 1978 (end of bloom)
Harvested: September 1 and 15, 1978
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
_ 0 112 224 224+224
Ripe fruit yield
(first harvest) tons/ha 28.6 29.9 31.5 34.1
Ripe fruit yield
(second harvest ? tons/ha 31.7 33.4 33.4 32.3
Total ripe fruit yield tons/ha 60~3 63.3 64.9 66.4
Example 12
Tomatoes in full bloom were treated with from 56 to 896 g/ha
of N,N~dimethylpiperidinium chloride. The 56 and 112 g/ha rates
again resulted in increased yields. The high application rate of
896 g/ha brought about a decrease in yield.
Example 12
.
~- ZO Planted: May 23, 1978
Treated: July 19, 1978 (60% flowers)
Harvested: October 27, 1978
Lycopersicon escu~entum, var. C-38
~ ~ .
:
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0,Z. 0050/034321
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
_ chloride
0 _ 56 112_ 2?4 896
Individual weight g 212 225 214 197 197
Yield of marketable
produce tons/ha 35.9 36.3 38.3 35.2 34~1
Total yield (marketable
produce + green fruit) tons/ha 40.6 42.0 l~3.7 40.9 39.5
Example 13
75 g/ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, applied to
tomatoes in full bloom, resulted in an increased yield.
~ .
Planted: May 9, 1979
Treated: May 25, 1979 (full bloom)
Harvested: July 2 - August 27, 1979
Lycopersicon esculentum, var. "Sonato"
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
0 75
Yield tons/ha 83.0 85.2
Example 14
When tomatoes are treated upon commencement of blossoming and
i~ full bloom with from 25 to 100 g/ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride, considerable increases in yield are observed. The fact
that no influence on flower formation is observed is indlcative
~ of an increased fertilization effect.
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Example 14
.
Planted: April 4, 1979
Treated: April 19 - May 16, 1979 (flrst blossom visible, and full
blossom)
Flowers counted: April 20 - August 27, 1979
Harvested: August 27, 1979
Lycopersicon esculentum, var. "Houryu"
g/ha N3N-dimethylpiperidinium
_ _ chlorid_
lo 0 25+25 50+50 75~75 loO~loO
.. _ .. .. ~
Yield tons/ha 65.2 73.4 78.0 77.2 68.6
Flowers no./plant 48.5 49.5 48.5 44.5 45.5
III._Legumes, e.~., beans
Example 15
Broad beans were treated with 70 g/ha of N,N-dimethyl-
piperidinium chloride at branching. The stem and flower mass is
increased and the production of dry matter raised. Fruit production
also rose. An increase in protein content per unit area may be
assumed.
ExamPle 15
Sown: April 21, 1979
Treated: May 17, 1979 (middle o~ branching period)
Assessed: June 6, 1979
Vicia faba, var. "Broad improved long pod"
~;~
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g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
0 70
Stems no./plantl~.2 5.3
Flowers no./plant7.4 11.2
Wt./plant g of DM 201.0 216.4
Yield g/plant 67.4 75.7
Wt./pod g 11.0 10.7
Example 16
Beans were treated, upon commencement o~ flowering, with
112 g/ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride. Contrasted with the
high application rates, the rate of 112 g/ha increased fruit set
and overall yield.
Example 16
Sown: July 24, 1978
Treated: September 15, 1978 (commencement of flowering)
Harvested: November 8, 1378
Phaseolua limensis, var Kingston Bush
Baby lima beans
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
.
o 112
. _
Pods~plant 150 3 18,0
Bean yield~plant g 10,5 12.4
Example 17
White beans, treated at the end of flowering, react best to
112 g/ha of N~N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride - fruit set and
.~ :
-~ overall yield are improved.
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Example 17
.
Sown: June 15, 1978
Treated: August 3, 1978 (about 35 cm high, 50% pods, 10% flowers)
Harvested: October 11, 1978
Phaseolus, var. SW 59
Small white beans
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
0 112 560
... . .. _ . _ _ . . . _ _
Pods/plant 13.0 14.8 8.3
Bean yield kg/ha 1,928 2,093 1,745
IV. Leaf vegetables, e.g., lettuce, kohlrabi
Example 18
Lettuce treated at the 6-8 leaf stage reacted to treatment
with from 25 to 100 g/ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride with
increased production of biomass.
Example 18
Planted: June 26, 1979
Treated: July 4, 1979
Harvested: August 9, 1979
Lactuca sativa, var. "Corelli"
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
0 25 75 100
.. . _ .
Wt./head g 316 344 340 344
Yield tons/hectare 4 2.1 4 5. 8 45.4 45.8
Example 19
Kohlrabi treated at the 8-10 leaf stage with from 25 to 75 O/ha
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of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride bring forth a greater proportion
of healthy heads and a higher yield.
Example 19
. .
Planted: August 24, 1979
Treated: September 4, 1979 (8-10 leaf stage)
Harvested + assessed: October 4, 1979
Brassica oleracea gongylodes~ var. Tero
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
0 25 75
Healthy kohlrabi % 70.0 76.0 72.0
Yield tons/ha 52.93 55-38 55.06
V. 0i1 plants, e.g., soybeans
Example 20
Soybeans treated at the 4 leaf stage with from 112 to 448 g/ha,
and at the 4 and 10 leaf stage with 112 g/ha, of N,N-dimethyl-
piperidinium chloride reacted with better fruit set and improved
yields.
Example 20
; 20 Sown: May 29 l 1978
~- ~ Treated: July 9, 1978 tabout 16 cm high; 4 leaf stage)
July 24, 1978 (about 36 cm high; 10 leaf stage; blossom)
Harvested: October 19, 1978
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chlori de
0 112 448 112~112
Bean yield kg/ha 3,053 3,344 3,664 3,475
;; .
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VI. Cucurbitaceae,_e.~., melons
Example 21
__ _ __
Watermelons were treated upon commencement of flowering with
25 g/ha, and upon commencement of flowering and in full blossom
with 12 g/ha each time, of N,N-dimethylpiperidiniuM chloride. The
increased fruit set may be indicative of sex differentiation.
Yields are improved.
Example 21
lO Planted: May 28~ 1979 ~
Treated: June 26, 1979 (commencement of f`lowerin~/full bloom)
Harvested: August 8, 1979
Citrullus lanatus, var. "Clondyke"
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
12.5+12.5
Fruit no./plant 6.o10.0 9.0
Fruit weight kg/melon 1.281.1~ 1.20
Yield tons/ha 47.970.9 74~8
20 Example 22
..
When watermelons are not treated until they are in blossom,
the influence on sex di~ferentiation is reduced. ~'reatments with
from 12.5 to twice 50 g/ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride
resulted in an increase in tne weight of the individual fruits and
in increased yields.
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Example 22
~ . .
Planted: April 18, 1979
Treated: June 1, 1979 (20 - 25% flowers)
June 8, 1979 (60 - 70~ flowers)
Harvested: July 10 17, 1979
Citrullus lanatus, var. "Sugarbaby"
g/ha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
0 12.5 50 50~50
~ruits, first harvest no./100 m2 8.o 8.0 8.0 8.2
Fruit weight kg/melon 2.36 2.40 2.64 2.74
Yield kg~ha 1,890 1,920 2,110 2,260
Fruits~ first and
second harvest no./100 m2 10.0 9.7 9.8 10.2
Fruit weight kg/melon 2.36 2.65 2.66 2.64
Total yield kgJha 2~359 2,573 2,610 2,690
Example 23
_ . _
;;; Treatment of muskmelons upon commencement of flowering with
20 50 and twice 50 g/ha of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride makes
earlier harvesting possible and increases yields.
Example 23
Planted: May 11, 1978
Treated: June 30, 1978 (about 60 cm trail Iength, first flower)
July 13, 1978 (~ull bloom)
Harvested: August 2, 1978
August 14, 1978
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Gucumis melo
glha N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
. . . _ _ _
0 50 50+50
. .
Height cm 48.7 49.2 51.7
Ripe fruit yield,
first harvest tons/ha 22.3 23.0 33,0
Ripe fruit yield,
10 second harvest tons/ha 14.7 8.3 14.0
Non-ripe ~ruit yield,
second harvest tons/ha 14.3 20.3 19.0
Yield Or ripe and
non-ripe fruit, first +
second harvest -- tons/ha 51.3 51.6 66.o
VII. Citruses~ e.g., oranges
:
Example 24
When orange trees are treated in full blossom with ~rom 50
to 1,000 ppm of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, the concentration
20 of cell materials, e.gO, Ca ions in the peel, flesh and juice, is
increased.
~ ~ Example 24
;~ Planted: about I954
Treated: April 26, 1379 (full bloom)
Harvested: November 7, 1979
Analyzed: November 14, 1979
~ ~ - 18 -
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Citrus sinensis, var. Navel
ppm N,N~dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
~ ~ = .. . _, . .. ...
0 50_ 100 1,000~)
Ca content in peel ppm 10,500 12,000 7,750 12,250
% 100 114 74 117
Ca content in flesh ppm 3,000 l1,250 5,000 5,000
% 100 142 167 167
10 Ca content in juice ppm 5,500 8~750 5,750 7,500
% 100 159 104 ~6
) equivalent to 20, 40 and 400 g of active ingredient per hectare,
dissolved in 4.o l of water per tree; 100 trees/ha.
.,
~ Exam~ 25
: ,
~ Fruits from orange trees treated for example with 1,000 ppm
;~ ~ of N,N~dimethylpiperidinium chloride in full bloom and fruits from
,.
untreated trees were subjected for 3 hours to a temperature of
12C. Electrical resistance measurements were carried out
15 1/2 hours later, and it was found that there was less con-
20 ductivity in~the treated oranges. Lower conductivity is directly
related to~less rree electrolytes from cells damaged by cold, and
thus to less frost damage. It is well known that Ca ions perform
~ . :
an essential function in cell wall formation.
N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride increases the Ca-ion content
in plant tissue~and thus resistance to cold.
By altering cell materials, e.g., increasing the ion concen-
~ .:: : :
tration, the resistance to environmenta~l influences is increased.
;~ 19
::
.: ::
7~
O.Z. 0050/034321Example 25
Planted: about 1954
Treated: April 26, 1979 (full blossom)
Harvested: December 8, 1979
Subjected to cold
storage at -12C: December 8, 1979 (2.30 p.m.
Removed from
cold storage: December 8~ 1979 (5.30 p.m.)
10 Resistance measured: December 9, 1979 (9.00 a.m.)
Citrus sinensis, var. Navel-Valencia
ppm N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
__ chloride__
Variety_ O 1~_0+)
Navelelectrical resistance kilohm 17.5 19.4
Valencia " " " 1~.6 24.4
-~ ) equivalent to 400 g/ha of active ingredient
Example 26
1,000 ppm o~ N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, sprayed onto
,
20 orange trees in full bloom, increases individual ~ruit weight and
~ruit yield.
Example 26
Planted: about 1954
Treated: April 26, 1979 (full bloom)
Harvested: December 7, 1979
~Weighed: January 18, 1980
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O.Z. 0050/034321
Citrus sinensis, var. Navel
ppm N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
_ chloride
60 fruits tested _ ~IOA ~ 000
Total fruit weight kg 12.85 15.05
Average individual fruit
weight g 214 251
% 100 117
) equivalent to 400 g/ha of active ingredient
Example 27
1,000 ppm of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, sprayed onto
trees in full bloom, increases fruit size (larger diameter and longer
axis). Bigger oranges means increased fruit quality (external fruit
quality).
Example 27
Planted: about 1954
Treated: April 26, 1979 (full bloom)
Harvested: December 7, 1979
20 Measured: January 18, 1980
~ Citrus sinensis, var. Navel
`~ ppm N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chl ride_
4 fruits tested _ 0 ~000 )
Average fruit diameter mm 49.8 56.1
% 100 113
Average longitudinal axis mm 53.2 57.5
% 100 108
) equivalent to 400 g/ha of active ingredient
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Example 28
.
1,000 ppm of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride~ sprayed onto
orange trees in ~ull blossom, increases juice yield. Furthermore~
the internal fruit quality is improved: the vitamin C content is
considerably higher and the acid content significantly lower.
Example 28
Planted: about 1954
Treated: April 26, 1979 (full bloom)
10 Harvested: December 7, 1979
Analyzed: January 24, 1980
Citrus sinensis, var. Navel
ppm N,N-dimethylpiperidinium
chloride
13 fruits tested __ _ 0 _ ~000 )
~; Average indiuid~al ~ruit weight g 211.8 237.5
; % lOo 112
Average juice/fruit cc 96.0 115.3
% 100 120
20 Juice ~ield % 45 ~ 3 _ 48.5
Vitamin C mg~100 g (~resh) 65.1 73.9
% 100~ 113.5
Acid in juice mval/100 cc ~ 19.2 15.1
% loO 78.6
) equivalent to 400 g/ha of active ingredient
:: : :
~:
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The salts may also be applied with other crop protection agents,
e~g., herbicides, insecticides, synergists, antidotes, other growth
regulators, and particularly with fungicides. It is advantageous
in practice to apply the salts in admixture with fertilizers,
especially ureas.
As the effectiveness of the salts is attributable to the cation,
any anion - with the exception of those of phytotoxic aci~ - may be
used~ Examples of suitable acids are hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic
10 acid, sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid3
acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, sulfuric acid monomethyl
ester and monoethyl ester, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, acrylic acid,
maleic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, formic acid, chloroacetic
acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and dodecyl-
benzenesulfonic acid. The salt of hydrochloric acid is pre~erred.
The salts may be applied all at once, or split up into several
applications (i.e., at different points in time).
The salts may be applied as solutions, dispersions, emulsions,
suspensions, granules, foams or dusts. The application forms depend
20 entirely on the purpose for which the agents are being used; at
all events, they should ensure a fine distrlbutlon of the active
~; ingredient. The agents may be applied to the seed or to the green
; plant parts.
For the preparation of solutions to be sprayed direct, water
is suitable. However, the active ingredients may also be dispersed
in hydrocarbons having a boiling point of more than 150C and
; ~ one or more functional groups, e.g., the keto group, the ether group,
the ester group or the amide group, this group or these groups
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O.Z. 0050/034321
being substituent(s) on a hydrocarbon chain or component(s) of a
heterocyclic ring, and used as spray liquors.
Aqueous formulations may be prepared from emulsion concentrates,
pastes or wettable powders by adding water. To prepare emulsions,
the ingredients as such or dissolved in a solvent may be homogenized
in water or organic solvents by means of wetting or dispersing
agents, e.g., polyethylene oxide adducts. Concentrates which are
suitable ~or dilution with water may be prepared from active
lO ingredient, emulsi~ying or dispersing agent and possibly solvent.
Dusts may be prepared by mixing or grinding the active
ingredients with a solid carrier, e.g., kieselguhr, talc, clay or
fertilizers. When the agents are applied in granular form, admixture
with fertilize~ is preferred.
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