Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
:~5~
D ITAL PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE
The present invention relates in general to telephone
systems, and more particularly, to a digital private automatic branch
exchange which employs modular concepts and distributed control
techniques.
To meet ever-increasiny customer demands, both for the
present and the future, new system concepts of switching are contin-
uously being introduced in the telephone industry. ~ver the last
decade, a tremendously-increasing demand for new services has also
been recognized. While conventional type systems could accommodate
many new features onto a limited extent and with rather high costs
for additional hardware, the digital stored program concept, which
offers the possibility of manipulating existing compact hardware by
software control functions utilizing LSI and microprocessor applica-
tions, appears to provide the best practical solution to the realiza-
tion of these goals.
In the PABX market segment, the individual requirements
of the typical user, the operational environment for the system such
as the place of installation, and the feature contents of the system
lead to architectural differences, as well as to packaging and in-
stallation constraints, in the design of a system which will have
universal application and acceptance. In such a universal system,
major design parameters necessarily must include a highly modular
expansion concept, cabinet s;zes which fit into elevators and through
~5 standard doors for ease of shipping and transportation, software
control for ease of maintenance and administration, and the provision
of optional redundant controls as well as remote diagnostic and pro-
gram administration. In addition, feature operation must be simple
for attendants as well as station users, so as not to require an
extraordinary skill in the operation of the equipment.
A further consideration in the design of present-day
telephone systems relates to the fact that failures, although less
frequent in stored program common control systems, more often
lead to complete systems' failure than they did in direct controlled
systems. ~n a time-divided system, not only is the common control
.~ ~
highly integrated, but also the transmission paths become an integral
part of the control circuitry. This sometimes leads to total redun-
dancy requirements, which may be unacceptable from the standpoint
of cost and size.
Conventionally, organized common control systems would
make the attainment of all of the above-mentioned requirements econo-
mically unfeasible, since it is very difficult From a cost point of
view to provide such a system in a significant range of sizes. In
particular, the capacity of the processor in the system has to be con-
sidered. General microprocessors today have almost mini-computer
capability and can economically be employed as main central processing
units. However, they also limit the ultimate size of the system or
subsystem, depending on through-put and memory capability. Commercial
general purpose processors also require special preprocessing inter-
faces to handle the real time demands of the system.
In addressing itself to these basic requirements and con-
cepts, the present invention provides a totally distributed control
system in which preprocess-ing may be decentralized from the com-
mon control by employing several small microprocessors as slaves
to the main CPU. Such decentralization improves the low end, cost
figures and in the case of programmable, front-end processing,
a710ws for improved flexibility in implementing features. This is
particularly valuable for PABX's with their ever-changing
environment.
The effectiveness of the distributed control and simplicity
of the system in accordance with the present invention is evidenced
by the fact that only three subsystems are necessary to configure a
working system. These subsystems are the CPU complex which
represents the col~non control and auxiliary functions, the port group
which directly services the system I/0 circuits (ports), and an attend-
ant complex which provides the system with attendant-interface,
conterence, and feature circuits.
The transmission network in the system in accordance with
the present invention is a time-divided digital network which pro-
vides for the switching of data from port to port. All paths through
~5~
the transmission network are established using cross-office time
slots on cross-office highways with the ports being connected to
the network via port group highways. Matrix switches handle the
time slot interchange under the control of the central processing
unit.
The system ports (line circuits, trunks, operator line
keys, etc.) are associated in groups with individual preprocessor
circuits capable of handling all of the real time processing of data
associated with each port group. In this way, failure in any
given port group or the associated preprocessor circuit has no effect
on the remaining port groups and will in no way effect the continued
operation of the remainder o~ the system. Such distributed control
reduces redundancy requirements and ultimately the overall cost of
the system.
The port circuits have little, if any, intelligence o~
their own. Only the circuitry necessary for interfacing the "outside
plant" of the office in the applicable mode (~/M trunk interface,
loop trunk interface, line circuit interface, etc.) is provided as
well as the circuitry necessary to interface the real-time pre~
processor in the port group. Initiation of line conditions (outgoing
supervision) and response to line conditions (incoming supervision)
of the port are made only under control of this preprocessor.
For example, ringing generator is applied to, and removed from,
a line under direct control of the preprocessori furthermore, the
cadence of the ringing cycle is con~rolled by the preprocessor and
can be different for different lines. Essentially the pre-
processor in each port group functions as a real-time-to-event
converter.
Off-loading the "intelligence" o~ the ports into a
centralized real-time preprocessor allows greater port density in a
given volume than would otherwise be possible, leading to a larger
number of ports for a given cabinet size. The real time pre-
processor in turn is distributed such that like independent proces-
sing cabinets will be associated with a small number of ports so as
to enhance the independence and reliability of such systems. A further
~3~
advantage is flexibility wherein the operating parameters of one
or more ports can be easily changed, if necessary, in the central
location, without directly modifying the port itself. Thus,
~ 5 modification to ports can be provided at minimum cost easily and
quickly; in the same manner, many new port features can be added.
Once the intelligence of the system port is centralized,
it is but a next-logical-step to add to this intelligence in an
effort to further lower the cost-per-port. For example, registers
for dialpulse analysis and digittracking, with associated senders
for digit outpulsing, can be made implicit within the processor
either on a per-port basis or on a "poll" basis. Traffic meter-
ing for the ports can also be provided by the preprocessor as can
some deferred features such as Message Registration.
The real-time preprocessor is situated between the PCM
port groups and the common control and consists of a number of
microport control (MPC) circuits in a distributed control fashion.
These MPC's are on a one-to-one correspondence with the PC~ port
groups in the I/0 ports section and operate independently of each
other. Each PCM port group in the system has been optimized in
accordance with a preferred embodiment to forty-eight distinct ports
by mechanieal constraints and other system considerations;
however, this should not be limiting to the application of smaller
or larger groups. Consequently, each MPC, in turn, has also been
optimized to work with forty-eight ports (although this is by no
means a limitation). Each MPC is comprised of a standard off-the-
shelf microprocessor9 port interface and control circuitry, and CPS
interface circuitry.
Physically, one MPC is mounted with its associated
forty-eight ports in a port group. From both electrical and mechanical
points of view9 this is the optimum configuration. Consequently,
MPC's are added to the system only as the associated forty-eight port
blocks are added, thereby supporting the cost~effectiveness of the
approach. Since the number of ports controlled is relatively small,
redundant MPC's are not provided. This adds to the cost-
eFfectiveness of the approach.
~8~ ~
To maintain eFficiency of operation, the MPC's cannot
communicate directly with one another, but do so only by way of
the central processing unit (CPU) residing in ~he common control.
It is kherefore the responsibility of the CPU to monitor and keep
track of MPC status. Indeed, the MPC is not allowed to make
transitions from one call state to another without the knowledge
and permission of the CPU. This assures that the CPU has complete
knowledge of all calls at all times as well as complete control.
For example, if the MPC detects a release (abandoned call) in the
midst of indialing on a particular port, it must so inform the CPU
and receive instructions before responsive action can be taken.
The system provides for both DID and DOD traffic;
while, signaling to and from the exchange may be by tone dial multi-
frequency, dial pulsing, or toll multi-frequency as required by the
connecting line equipment and associated network switching center.
Only standard station instructions are required for use with the
system to exercise features, assuring that the system will not in-
herently carry with it the limitation of operating only with specific-
ally designed station equipment. Special system features can be
activated under class-of-service control by dialed or keyed
digits, hook-flash, or both. Multi-feature instruments such as key
systems or electronic telephones can be connected as desired.
One of the advantageous features of the present in-
vention resides in the fact that attendant consoles connect to the
system by means of multiplexed data links thereby requiring a
minimum of cabling. As a result, the consoles can be located any
distance from the switching equipment and may derive their power
either from the system power or from sources at the location of the
attendant console. Only three pairs of wire, aside from power9 are
required to connect any given attendant console to the switching
equipment. One pair is used for attendant-voice transmission while
khe remaining two pairs are used for data to and from the console.
No special handling is required for routing the data lines to the
consoles. Remote location of a console is, therefore, limited only
by the po~er source, if carrier or similar kransmission aids are
employed.
~5~3~
The advantages of such remote location of the operator
complexes are numerous. For example, the offices of different
customers within an oFfice building may be serviced by a single
PABX system, with an operator complex being located in each
customer office. In this way, a separate switching system would
not be required for each customer9 and by providing a PABX system
of sufficient size within the building, the number of stations
allocated to each customer could be specifically tailored to the
needs of the customer. In addition, as a customer requires addition-
al stations, such stations can be simply provided from the centrallylocated system. Of course, this concept can be expanded to a complex
of buildings or to a given geographical area.
The electrical control portion of the operator
console is divided into two parts consisting of a send control system
and a receive control system. The send control system is provided
~or the multiplexing of data concerning key transitions for modula-
tion by a modem and transmission on the link between the console and
the switching system. The receive control system provides for
decoding of messages from the common control received on the link
to the operator console and demultiplexed by the modem. These
messages include control signals for key lamp and alphanumeric
display control as well.
In the send control system, each key function is scanned
once every two milliseconds to determine its current condition
(open or closed). Each time a key is addressed, its current condi-
tion is compared with a status readout of a random access memory
(RAM) whose address is the scanner position. This status consists
of three bits which combine with the current key condition to
generate a new status, which is then stored in the RAM before the
scanner advances. The algorithm which is used in the decoding of a
key status information requires four consecutive same key conditions
to be sensed after a change of state before the transition will be
recognized as valid. If no transition is detected, the scanner
advances to scan the next key.
If a transition is detected, the scanner stops and a
~$~7
message including the key transition data is formulated by a
message serializer, which accepts the scanner position (key address)
and an indication of the type of transition that has occurred (open
to closed or closed to open).
However, the operator console is not an intelligent
terminal insofar as the function of the keys thereof are concerned.
Each key has an address and a condition (opened or closed) only,
the function assigned to each key being known only to the common
control of the system. These assigned functions are stored in
memory in the common control, so that the function assigned to any
key is not permanent, but may be easily changed by merely
reversing the function data stored in memory in conjunction with
that key. This permits key assignment on the console to be an
option with the customer.
In providing a conference circuit within the system
which most efficiently utilizes the available conference lines in
providing a range of conference oF sizes between three and ten parties,
the available lines to the conference circuit are combined into
groups of reasonable size which may be expanded in accordance with
2~ another feature of the present invention by combining groups to
form conferences of larger or intermediate size. For example,
by providing conference circuits hav;ng four or eight party
capabilities~ various combinations of these circuits can be effected
to produce six and ten party conferences by merely joining groups
of conference circuits in the same conference connection by
simple time slot interchange within the system. In this way, smaller
size conference circuits which may be more practical from the
demands of the system are pro~ided while also making possible less
frequent conferences o~ larger size.
One of the further features of the present invention
resides in the logic circuitry ;ncluded in each port group or pre-
processor which automatically senses the port type upon connection
oF the port circuit card thereto and communica~es this information
to the central processing unit. In this ~lay, port type information
;s automatically provided to the common control thereby reducing
3~
otherwise necessary man/machine communications to provide this
information and also serving as a verification on the man/machine
;nputs.
It is a general object of the present invention to
provide a digital private automatic branch ~xchange which is based
upon distributed control concepts and modular design.
It is a Further object of the present invention to
provide a system of the type described having a highly modular ex-
pansion concept.
It is a further object of the present invention to
provide a system of the type described in which the preprocessing
is implemented on a distributed basis, thereby providing improved
flexibility in implementing features as well as accommodating, with-
out significant redesign, the use of different central processing
units.
It is still another object of the present invention
to provide a system of the type described in which attendant
consoles and port groups may bP located at any distance from the
common control and transmission switching equipment so as to make
the system available to use by multi-offices or in multi-building
complexes.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of
the present invention will become more apparent from the follo~ing
detailed description of various exemplary embodiments of the present
invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying draw-
ings, in which:
Figure 1 is a simpliFied block diagram of a digital
private àutomatic branch exchanye embodying the principles of the
present invention;
Figure 2 is a block diagram illustrating a distributed
centrali~ed control system;
Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating a distributed
decentralized control system;
Figure 4 is a schematic diagram oF the call data flow
illwstrating the interrelations between hardware and software in thesystem of Figure l;
.
~15B341 7
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating the
program control plan for the program controlling operation of the
microport control in the system of Figure l;
Figure 6 is a schematic block diagram of a digital
: 5 private automatic branch exchange ~orming a preferred embodiment
of the present invention;
:~ Figure 7 is a simplified block diagram of the audio
transmission path in the system of Figure ~;
: Figures 8 and 9 are schematic circuit diagrams of an
exemplary line:circuit embodying principles of the present invention;
Figure 10 is a timing diagram illustrating various
::: signals occurring in a typical line circuit during the originating and
terminating modes of operation;
Figure lla is a schematic block diagram of the micro-
port control,
: Figures llb and llc are schematic diagrams of the
~: memory layout of the ROM and RAM, respectively, in the microport
control;
: Figure 12 is a schematic block diagram of the memory
~: 20 portion of the:microport control;
Flgure 13 lS a schematic block diagram of the controlportion of:the~microport control;
Figure 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating the
: communication between the microport control and the respective : ~ ;
:
: ~ 25 ports connected thereto;
: ~ ~ Figure 15 ;s a schematic circuit diagram of the status ~:
and port reg:ister~control in the microport control,
:Figure 16 is a schematic circuit diagram of the port
i:nterface c:ircui~t in the microport c~ntrol;
: 30 Fi~gure 17a is a schematic circuit diagram of the micro ~ ::
processor unit and ACIA along with associated circuitry in the
microport control;
Figure 17b is a schematic diagram of the registers
: associated with:the ACIA: :
: 35 Figure 18 is a schematic diagram of the transmission
~ ~ '
,:~
i : :: :
.
: ~ . ,-. .. .
:~ ' ' .' ~ ' ' .
. . . . . .
. . ' , .
data forwarded to and from the microport control and th2 common
control;
Figure l9a is a schematic diagram of the reset and load
signals received in the microport control;
Figure 19b is a schematic diagram of the contents of
the message register forwarded to the common control;
Figure 20 is a schematic diagram of the message
register in the microport control;
Figure 21 is a schematic circuit diagram of the message
register in the microport control;
Figure 22 is a schematic circuit diagram of the reset
and sync control circuit in the microport control;
Figure 23 is a schematic d;agram illustrating the format
of the messages forwarded from the common control to the microport
control;
Figure 24 is a schematic diagram illustrating the format
of the messages forwarded from the microport control to the common
control;
Figure 25a is a schematic diagram oF the microport
control software organization;
Figure 25b is a schematic diagram of a typical operating
superfram~ of the microport control;
Fi~ure 26 is a schematic diagram illustrating the re-
lationship between the various microport controls and the microport
control interface;
Figure 27 is a schematic block diagram of the bus
buffer;
Figure 28 is a schematic block diagram of the microport
control interface;
Figures 29 through ~1 are schematic circuit diagrams
of various circuits forming the microport control interface;
Figure 42 is a schematic block diagram of the interrupt
encoder;
Figures 43 through 56 are schematic circuit diagrams
of the various circuits which make up the interrupt encoder;
3~
11
Figure 57 is a schematic block diagram of the system
TDM data transmission;
Figure 58 is a schematic block diagram of the digital
transmission network as embodied in the system of Figure 6;
Figure 59 is a schematic block diagram of the data
conditioner;
Figures 60 through 66 are schematic circuit diagrams
an~ waveForm diagrams relating to the various circuits which make
up the data conditioner;
Figure 67 is a schematic block diagram of the matrix
switch;
Figures 68 through 79 are schematic circuit diagrams,
waveform diagrams, and schematic diagrams relating to the detailed
circuits of the matrix switch~
Figure 80 is a schematic circuit diagram o~ the
differential transmission gates in the controller;
Figure 81A is a schematic circuit diagram of a portion
of the peripheral data bus buffer in the controller;
Figure 81 is a schematic circuit diagram of the CPU
command decoder in the controller;
Figure 82 is a waveform diagram of the timing and
control signals in the controller;
Figures 83a, 83b, 83c, and 83d are schema~ic diagrams
illustrating the format of the various messages transmitted between
the controller and the central processing unit;
Figure 84 is a schematic circuit diagram of the matrix
data store;
F;gure 85 is a schematic circuit diagram of the matrix
switch address and controller command store in the controller;
Figure 8~ is a schematic circuit dia~ram oF the matrix
data-out store;
Figure 87 is a table illustrating the YarioUS commands
From the controller which operate the matrix switch;
Figures 88 and 89 are flow diagrams illustrating the
operation of the controller;
3~
Figure 90 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the
operator complex and associated common control circuits;
Figure 91 is a schernatic block diagram of the attendant
I/0 circuit;
Figure 92 is a schematic diagram illustrating the
contents of the status register in the attendant I/0 circuit;
Figure 93 is a schematic diagram of the contents of
the register and format of the messages supplied to the data-to-
attendant register in the attendant I/0 circuit;
Figure 94 is a schematic diagram of the register
contents and data format of the message supplied to the data-from-
attendant register in the attendant I/0 circuit;
Figure 95 is a schematic diagram of the contents of the
control-to-attendant audio register in the attendant I/0 circuit;
Figures 96 through 106 are schematic cirouit diagrams
of the various circuits which make up the attendant I/0 circuit;
Figure 107 is a schematic block diagrarn of the control
system of the operator console;
Figure 108 is a schematic block diagram of the send
control system in the operator console;
Figures 109 and 110 are schematic circuit diagrams of
the send control system;
F;gure 111 is a table oF key memory states and transi-
tions;
Figures 112 and 113 are waveform diagrams of variQus
. signals appearing in the circuits of Figures 108 through 110;
Figure 114 is a schematic block diagram of the receive
control system of the operator console,
Figures 115, 116, and 117 are schematic circuit
diagrams of the receive control system;
Figures 118 and 119 are waveform diagrams of various
signals appear;ng in the circuits of Figures 114 through 117;
Figure 120 is a schematic block diagram of the control
portion of the attendant audio circuit;
Figure 121 ;s a schematic circuit diagram of the audio
, ~ ,.
3~
i3
portion of the attendant audio circuit;
Figure 122 is a simplified conference diagram of the
digital con~erence circuit;
Figure 123 is a schematic block diagram o~ the digital
conference circuit;
Figure 124 is a waveform diagram illustrating the
various signals in the digital conference circuit;
Figure 125 is a schematic circuit diagram of the input
data register, input data latch, expander and input RAM in the
digital con~erence circuit;
Figure 126 is a schematic circuit diagra~ o-f the sign
bit processor in the digital conference circuit;
Figure 127 is a logic truth table relating to the
operation of the sign bit processor;
Figure 128 is a table indicating the memory locations
for the storage of the conference channels in the input RAM of the
digital conference circuit;
Figure 129 is a schematic circuit diagrarn of the arithme-
tic logic unit, ALU RAM and ALU LATCH in the digital conference
circuit,
Figure 130 is a flow diagram describing the operation
o~ the arithmetic processing portion of the digital conference
circuit;
Figure 131 is a schematic circuit diagram of the gain
control register, compressors and parallel shift registers in the
. digital conference circuit;
Figure 132 is a schematic circuit diagram of the gain
control processor in the digital conference circuit;
: Figure 133 is a truth table explaining the operation of the gain control processor;
Figure 134 is a schematic circuit diagram of the data
control counter, multiplexer, and OUtpllt RAM ;n the digital con-
ference circuit; ancl
Figure 135 ; 5 a schematic diagram illustrating the
manner in which conference groups are combined in accordance with the
present invention.
3 ~ 7
14
INDEX
Title Page
A. General System Description 19
B. Exemplary Preferred Embodiment 30
lo The Port Circuits 40
2. The Microport Control 48
3. The MPC Software 76
C. The Common Control 80
1. The Bus Buffers 81
2. The Microport Control Interface 83
3. The Interrupt Encoder 98
10 D. The Digital Transnnission Network 116
1. The Data Conditioner 121
2. The Matrix Switch 127
3. The Controller 139
E. The Operator Complex 149
1. The Attendant I/O Circuits 153
2. The Attendant Console 169
3. The Attendant Audio Circuit 190
F~ The Digital Conference 193
83~1 7
A. GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The basic principles of the present invention are
illustrated in Figure 1, which is a simplified block diagram of a
digital private automatic branch exchange. As seen in this figure,
the system includes a plurality of PCM port groups 1 4, each port
group being formed by a plurality of ports, which may consist of
line circuits, trunk circuits, operator line keys, etc. With
each port group there is provided a pulse code modulation circuit
which serves to convert voice signals to an eight bit PCM signal
and also to multiplex signals received from the ports associated
therewith for transmission on a multiplex highway as serial data.
Multiplexed data in serial form received from the multiplex highway
is also converted from eight bi~ PCM to voice frequency, demulti-
plexed, and applied to the appropriate port by the pulse code modu-
lation circuit. Suitable filtering of signals to preserve qualityof transmission for both outgoing and incoming data signals is
also provided.
The system also includes one or more conference/attendant
audio circuits 5 and Ç which permit the establishment of conference
connections through the system and also provide an interface to the
system for the operator consotes 16 and 17. Thus, the conference
connections and attendant positions are provided as port appearances
so as to appear similarly and be controlled in the same manner by the
system as the l;ne circuits and trunk circuits.
Associated with the port groups 1 - 4 is a pre-
processor system comprising a plurailty of individual microport
controls 7 - 12 which handle all of the localized, real-time events
for the respective port groups 1 - 4 including line administration,
monitoring and control. Each microport control scans the ports of the
port group with which it is associated, detecting line conditions
and maintaining in rnemory an updated status of the condition of each
port in the port group.
Interconnection between the ports, conference circuits,
and attendant audio circuits are effected through a selected one of
the trans~ission time slot interchange networks 13 - 15 to which the
3~7
16
port groups 1 - 4 are connected by multiplex highways PGHl-PGH~ and
which provide for time division digital switching under control of
a call processing system 18, which may take the form of a conventional
general purpose computer. All transmission paths are established
by a time slot interchange using cross-office time slots on a cross-
office highway based on conventional digital switching techniques.
The call processing system 18 communicates with the transmission time
slot interchange networks 13 - 15 via a controller 21 connected
between the ~PU bus and a controller bus extending to the respective
transmission networks. On the other hand, communication between
the call processing system 18 and the respective microport controls
in the preprocessor system is effected by a preprocessing interface
circuit 20, which is connected to the call processing system 18 via
the CPU bus and with the microport controls 7 through 12 via a time
division control link. Also associated with the call processing
system 18 via the CPU bus is a bulk storage 19 forming the main
memory for the system 18 and a maintenance system 23, which performs
the maintenance functions with the system.
The system includes various input/output interface
circuits, such as the circuit 22, which provides for communication
between the call processing system 18 and the conference/attendant
audio c;rcuits 25 and 26 for controlling conference functions. In
addition, an attendant data input/output interFace circuit 24 provides
for communication between the call processing system 18 via the CPU
bus and the respective attendant consoles 16 and 17.
In describing the operation of the system of Figure 1,
; it will be assumed that subscriber A is seeking to communicate with
subscriber B, who is also within the same system; however, the same
procedure applies to connection of subscriber A to a trunk circuit
for calls going out of the system.
The microport control 7 scans the various ports associated
with port group 1 on a continuous basis looking for off-hook con-
ditions, monitoring dial pulses and line conditions and storing these
signals as well as the status of each port. Thus, the various ports
of the port group 1 may be inactive, in a dialing condition or in a
~ ~,
3 3~ ~
17
talking state at the time subscriber A goes off hook. When the off-
hook condition is detected, dial tone is returned to subscriber A
through the port group 1 and the subscriber may then commence dialing.
By monitoring the line conditions of the ports associated with port
group 1, the microport control 7 detects the dialing signals generated
by subscriber A, stores the accumulated sianals and converts them to
dialed digits identifying the destination of the call.
These dialed digits are to be forwarded to the call pro-
cessing system 18 over the time division control link and through the
pre^processing interface circuit 20 to the CPU bus. In this regard,
the microport control 7 may wait until all dialed digits have been
received, or it may forward digits to the CPU 18 as they are received
individually or in combinations. How this is done is determined by
the CPU based on its availability. The preprocessing interface circuit
continually scans the microport controls 7 - 12 and serves as a de~
multiplexer of the signals received on the time division control link
from these circuits as well as an interface ~or the control signals
and data forwarded from the CPU 1~ to the microport controls.
Based on the dialed digits received from the microport
control 7, the CPU 18 performs the necessary translation to determine
the equipment number of the port to which subscriber A is to be con
nected. That destination port may be a line circuit for an internal
call, a trunk circuit for an outgoing call, or an attendant via an
attendant audio circuit, however, in the present example, the port is
the line circuit of subscriber B. Ringing is applied to B's line by
the called microport control 7 at this point and ringback tone is
returned to party A. The CPU 18 assigns a cross-office time slot to
the call and ~orwards this assignment via the CPU bus and the con-
troller 21 to the time slot interchange networks 13 and 14, which then
interconnects port group 1 with port group 4 over the cross-office
highway at the assigned times within the recurring time frame according
to conventional digital switching techniques. In this regard, it
should be noted that the parties are not interconnected until all
supervisory tasks have been completed.
The port group 1 converts the voice signals ~rom subscriber
~583~7
18
to elght bit PCM and multiplexes this data on the port group highway
PGHl along with voice PCM data from other ports forming part of port
group 1. The data from subscriber A is then switched through the time
slot interchange networks 13 and 14 and applied on port group highway
PGH~ to port group 4 where the data is demultiplexed, converted to
voice frequency and applied to the subscriber B line.
The bulk storage 19 connected to the CPU 18 via the CPU bus,
in addition to providing the memory necessary to store program instruc-
tions and data for CPU operation, serves as a program backup where a
volatile memory is used, providing for memory loading and program
interchange.
As can be seen from Figure 1, the present invention provides
a stored program system which uses time division digital switching net-
works as the transmission medium with control being centered on a two-
level hierarchical networkofdigital processors. Common control functionsincluding control over transmission switching, all necessary translation
of data and regulation of general system features is effected by the call
processing system 18 which is provided in the form of a central pro-
cessing unit of the general purpose computer type. On the other hand,
satellite microprocessors provide for all preprocessing of localized,
real-time events For port and service circuits with a microport control
being associated on an individual basis with each port group and service
group. Such a division of control within the system provides the ad-
vantage of eliminating total system failure upon failure of the pre-
processing circuitry associated with any given port group, and therebyalso eliminates total redundancy requirements in the common control
portion of the system. A further advantage of this two-level hierarchal
approach to control functions is that the central processing system ~ay
be of a general purpose type while relatively inexpensive microproces-
sors are utilized for the m;croport controls. In addition, thisarrangement allows one microporcessor group to be programmed differently
frwn the other groups for special features providing increased flexi-
bility in the system.
The microport controls 7 through 12 operate cvmpletely
independently of one another, communicating only with the call
3 3~ 7
19
processing system 1~, the microport control acts as the slave and the
call processing system operates as the master. Thus, when access to
the central processing unit is desired, the microport control indicates
its status to the preprocessing inter~ace circuit 20 so that the call
processing system lg in its surveilence of 1he status o-f the microport
controls 7 - 12 can determine thatits services are required and selec-
tively authorize the transfer of data from the microport control to
the CPU bus. In this regard, the preprocessing interface circuit 20
continuously scans the microport controls 7 - 12 and stores the status
information received from each microport control for the inFormation
of the call processing system 18. The call processing system 18 may
then communciate with the microport control through the preprocessing
interface circuit 20 to obtain information therefrom concerning the
ports in the port group associated therewith and to initiate control
functions as necessary to effect time slot interconnection of selected
ports or service circuits through the transmission time slot interchange
networks 13 - 15. In this regard, the controller 21 controls and mon-
itors the digital transmission network in accordance with the call
processing system commands and provides feedback of network status to
the call processing system upon request.
The use of a preprocessing system For handling real-time
events ~or port and service circuits lends itself to the type of dis-
tributed control which can effectively provide at low cost relatively
small systems as well as large systems. The control system ~or
distributed control can be implemented in two ways, as seen in Figures
2 and 3. Figure 2 illustrates a distributed centralized control system
in which a data link interconnects the central processor complex of a
pairof subsystems permitting interchange ofthe control data, as well
as interconnection of the respeGtive transmission highways. On the
other hand, Figure 3 illustrates a distributed decentralized control
arrangement in which the respective subsystems are interconnected
through selected port groups by a digital data link. Both applications
employ the same basic concept and only differ in their interconnection
with each other. Therefore, greater modularity is obtained without
sacrificing the low-cost advantage of the system and the feature
3~7
capability.
Since each microport control has decision-making capability,
all minor decisions with respect to the ports are made by the microport
control. All decisions that have to do with the system network, as well
as translation and the data base~ are handled by the call processing
system ~CPU). The microport control works with the real-time data so
that the main central processing unit is thus relieved of the harsh real-
time demands it would normally face if it were to control a large switch-
ing system. Each microport control gets a real-time interrupt spaced
five milliseconds apart and uses this clock interrupt to schedule its
workload. The microport control software essentially requires programs
in sequence and includes an interrupt-handling program which decides
what type of work is due in the current five millisecond time frame.
AFter this decision is made, control is transFerred to a port-group
input/output program to update the port. Once the port group input/
output program is completed, the control is advanced to a scanning pro-
gram. The control thus keeps transferring to various programs as re-
quired by the state of the ports. With the next five millisecond
interrupt after the last program is executed, the control is returned
to the interrupt-handling program.
The software structure in a switching system is intimately
interwoven into the hardware design and it is the hardware which
recogni es the stimulus from the environment. A call originates when
a port circuit recognizes an off-hook or seizure condition. This fact
is immediately known by the hardware, directly connected to the port,
and relayed to the mechanism which has control of connecting stations
to stations. When a microport control finds a supervisory event re-
qu;ring action, the equipment number corresponding to the port and the
event code are entered into a hardware queue. Thus, off-hook is re-
corded in the microport control. Processing the call from this pointon requires the software contained within the call processing system 18.
The attendant has access to the call prooessing system 18
via a data link which is separate from the network. It is, in effect,
~ a direct link to the call processing system software, passing from an
; 35 attendant hardware interface to an internal software queue, using an
~5~34~
21
interrupt technique. From one of the two sources, station or attendant,
all call-related internal stimulii is made available to the software for
processing.
The call data flow in Figure 4 shows the interrelations be-
tween hardware and software in the system. All software is organi~edaround this processing structure. The software within the call pro-
cessing system is organized under an executive program controlling the
various functions under it in a set timed cycle. The function of the
executive program is to perform system loading~ system initialization,
file manage~ent, memory menagement, process interrupts, process input/
output functions and schedule paths.
When the system is initiali~ed, a boot strap routine loads
the executive program which in turn loads the rest of the system. Once
the system is loaded, an initialization module puts the system in a
known state after which call processing may commence. An interrupt
control and processing is handled by the executive program. A real-
time clock interrupts the system at periodic intervals to increment the
main schedule-loop timer. When the timer reaches the limit for the
main schedule loop, the executive program can reinitiate the task
scheduler.
The executive program gives control to the functions in the
~ollowing order. First, the attendant call process (ACP) is allowed to
process until it completes its work. Second, the port call process
(PCP) is given control and attempts to complete its work; however, if
time runs out, the control may pass back to the attendant call process
at an appropriate point. The last function scheduled by the executive
program is either on-line maintenance or data-base administration, if
there is any time remaining in the timed cycle. The on-line mainten
ance function is the function normally scheduled while data-base
administration is scheduled, on demand only. Regardless of the function
scheduled, it runs to completion but is suspended at the end of the
timed cycle and remains in a suspended state until all attendant call
process and port call process work has been completed, in the newly
initiated timed cycle.
To continue processing the call, the port call process
3~7
22
requ;res access to three basic elements of the system. These elements
are the microport control, where some transient information about the
call is stored, the network memories, where current network setup infor-
mation is stored, and the translation data base where semi-permanent
station information is stored. ~he procedures used to access these
elements are software "calls" to the ut;lities shown. The more complex,
but`common uses of these elements involve both an intermediate level,
which is shown in Figure 4 as a subtransition level, and the utilities
to decide which must be done for the call and to cause the required
act;on to be performed. The port call process always places the net-
work-microport control combination in a stable (although possibly tempor-
ary~ state ~e~ore it allows control to ,oass back to the executive pr~gram
Control is passed between the executive program and the port-call process
until the hardware queues are empty. Durin~ the course of completing
lS a call, the port call process will be called upon to move the call
from one stable state to another many different times.
In the course of processing a call, the port call process
may determine that an attendant is required for the completion of the
call. To provide this service, the port call process transitions the
call to a stable state and places the equipment number of the station
in the incoming attendant call queue for processing later by the
attendan~ call process. To properly schedule event action, a program
control plan, as seen in Figure S, is implemented. Processes are
incremented each time a real-time clock interrupts the system. Each
time the timer reaches a predetermined limit, scheduling reinit;ates
the highest priority job. The main schedule loop time is selected to
minimize the processor time required to scan for nonexistent events
wh;le not introducing an unaccep~able delay in the processing of an
event. The number of events processed during a loop through the main
schedule loop at peak hours can provide a measurement of system effi-
c~e~cy w~e e~cess~e ~er~adin~ c~uld indicate either a hardware
fault or indicate the need for selecti\le shutdown ~ equipment.
~ he highest priority job schedu1ed in the main schedule
loop is the attendant call process. This task performs all processing
of console or port initiated attendant related features. On complet;~n
~ ~5~3~7
23
of the attendant call process, the port call process is scheduled. The
port call process determines if port related events have occurred, and
if so, performs the appropriate translation routine to move the call
record to the next transition state. Any time remainin~ in the main
schedule loop is allocated to data base administration or on-line main-
tenance tasks.
The general system scheme of the present invention has been
described in connection with Figuresl - 5. ~lowever, for a more complete
understanding of the many detailed features of the present invention,
description will now be made o~ an exemplary embodiment which implements
this basic system scheme.
B. EXEMPLARY PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Figure 6 illustrates an exemplary preferred embodiment in
which the modular concept of the present invention is prominent. The
working system at its minimum configuration requires only three basic
elements. First~ a port group 100 which contains the system input/
output circuits des;gned to accommodate up to forty-eight universal
ports. Second, a common control cell 101 which contains the central
processing unit (CPU) and auxiliary common control circuits, peripheral
circuits, and interfaces. Third, a miscellaneous cell 102 which con-
tains service circuits and a maintenance controller.
In the system oF Fi~ure 6, there are provided twenty port
groups 100 each accommodating forty-eight universal ports 104 which
may be provided as line or trunk circuits in any combination, as re-
quired. The only restriction in accordance with one aspect of the
present invention being that they must be equipped in multiples of
common type, for reasons which will be described in greater detail
hereinafter in connection with description of the line and trunk
circuits. The port group lOO further provides two twenty-four channel
PCM carrier circuits 105 and 106, and a microport control llOo
The universal ports 104 accept a line or trunk circuit which
separates supervision data from the transmission path and isolates the
line or trunk by use of a hybrid which converts the two-wire transmission
path to a four-wire path. The PCM carrier circuits 105l 106 each
24
perform continuous duplex processing on the voice transmission paths of
a respective group of twenty-four associated ports in each port group
100. The port group highway PGH routes the duplex twenty-four channel
PCM carrier signals to and from the common control cell 101 at the
clock rate, for example, of 1.54 MHz.
The microport control lO0 may be provided with a conventional
microprocessor, such as the MC 6800 microprocessor manufactured by
Motorola, Inc., of Chicago, Illinois. The function of the microport
control 110 is to administrate supervision data for all forty-eight
ports which are accessed sequentially one pair at a time by twenty-four
strobe lines extending from the microport control 110 to the ports 104,
odd and even ports 104 having separate sense and command data busses to
the micropor~ control 100, which supervises all critical real-time
events and only communicates with the central processing unit (CPU)
when system level processing is involved.
The common control lOl is dorninated by the central processing
unit 130 with its control programs and data base stored in random access
memory 132. The central processing unit 130, which may comprise the
PDP ll/40 or LSI-ll general purpose computers manufactured and sold by
Digital Equipmen~ Company of Maynard, Mass., or o~her general purpose
computers with applicable cross assembling techniques, communicates
with nearly every device in the common control by way of the CPU bus,
an interrupt encoder l25 and a peripheral bus PB. The CPU bus and
peripheral bus include parallel data/addresses, device control, and
interrupt lines. The interrupt encoder l25 implements the interrupt
organization of the peripheral bus and thereby minimizes the number of
devices directly connected on the CPU bus. In this way, the central
processing unit 130 may be replaced by any other general purpose com-
puter, without requiring major changes to the peripheral circuits by
which the central processing unit interfaces with the remainder of the
common control and with the microport controls 110 in the port groups
100.
The interrupt encoder 125 establishes the priorities for
access to the central processing unit 130 and generates vectors for
peripheral interrupts to the CPU. The interrupt encoder 125 also
3 ~ 7
provides the real-time clock and a short program For boot strap load-
ing of the software program, the boot strap program being stored in a
read only memory that will not be erased by a system outage. The main-
tenance interface 128 handles the input and output of data and controls
for maintenance control in the system. A TTY control 138 terminates the
CPU bus and converts data on the bus to TTY compatible signals and vice-
versa in the well-known manner.
The peripheral bus interconnects various devices to the
CPU bus by way o~ the interrupt encoder 125, One such device is the
data link 143 which handles the exchange of call data between redundant
common controls in a d;stributed centralized control arrangement of the
type described in conjunction with Figure 2. The MPC interface 120 is
also connected to the peripheral bus and handles communication between
each microprocessor in the microport controls 110 of the respective
port groups 100 and the central processing unit 130. Bus buffers 11
serve to buffer the communication between the common control 101 and
the port group 100 and miscellaneous cell 102.
A plurality of attendant data input/output circuits 145
are provided in the common control to handle the data transfer between
the CPU 130 and the attendant consoles. The input/output circuits 145
provide direct access from the attendant console to the common control
and the CP~J software. The common control also includes digital con-
ference circuits 140 which provide for conference connections in
association w;th the attendant data input/output circuits 145.
The digital transmission network 135 is a time divided,
digital switching network in which transmission paths are established
by time slot ;nterchange using cross office time slots on cross-office
highways to effect interconnection between the ports 104 and between
ports 104 and service circuits 103 ;n the miscellaneous cell 102. Data
;nterchange through the d;gital transmiss;on network 135 is effected
under the control of a controller 132 which controls the digital trans-
mission network 135 in accordance w;th the central process;ng unit 130
commands and provides feedback of network status to the OPU in response
to requests.
The miscellaneous cell 102 is similar to a port group 100,
~5~33~
26
but the PCM channels of the miscellaneous cell are dedicated to inter-
nal service functions of the system and the operator complex. The
microport control 111 in the miscellaneous cell 102 supervises the
service circuits 103. Such service circuits may be any required com~
bination of dial tone multi-frequency sender, dial tone multi-frequency
detector, multi-frequency sender, multi-frequency detector, etc. In
addition to the service circuits in the miscellaneous cell, a number
of ports associated with each PCM carrier circuit are designated as
attendant audio ports. Other ports are used by the tone plant 112
which provides necessary tones and a test port 113 for maintenance
control.
Also included in the miscellaneous cell 102 is the atten-
dant audio circuit 115 which provides an interface for the data and
audio input/output from the attendant console. The attendant audio
circuit 115 has a special four-way conference capability with source,
destination and line port appearances at the pulse code modulation
circuit 107, 108 in the miscellaneous cell 102.
i In operation of the system of Figure 6, the microport
controls 110 in each port group 100 scan the ports 104 in pairs by
applying strobes simultaneously to an even port and an odd port over
the strobe buses SBl and SB2, each comprising twenty-four l;nes. In
return, the states of the pair of ports being strobed is provided to
the microport control 110 on the sense/command buses SCBl and SCB2,
which states are stored and compared with the previous state of the
ports to detect off-hook, dialing, flash, release, and other line
conditions. In addition, various command, such as ring trip, etc.,
may be ~orwarded to the ports of the buses SCBl and SCB2 from the
microport control 110 under control of the CPU in the common control
101 .
As the microport control 110 detects line conditions or
accumulates dialing signals in connection with the ports associated
with its paritcular port group 100, as a result of its regular scanning
operation, which conditions and signals are to be forwarded to the
common control 101 to initiate action by the CPU, it indicates in one
of its registers that such data is available for transfer to the
1 ~8~7
common control. Each of the twenty microport controls 110 is scanned
in a repetitive sequence under control of the MPC interface 120 to
determine if a priority request has been generated within the microport
control 110 indicating that communciation with the CPU is desired for
some reason, such as the transfer of this data thereto. If such a
priority request has been detected by the MPC interface, it ternporarily
stops its scan and signals the microport control which generated the
request to transmit data over the control and data link to the bus buf-
Fers 118. This data may comprise, for example, a dialed subscriber num-
ber or an off-hook condit;on, which is received by the MPC interface,
converted from serial to parallel form, and stored in preparation for
forwarding to the CPU.
The CPU periodically scans the MPC interface apply;ng a
shift out and a strobe signal thereto to effect a parallel transfer of
the data stored therein through the interrupt encoder 125 onto the CPU
bus to central processing unit 130. Assuming the data is an off-hook
condition requiring connection of a service circuit 103 to the originat-
ing port, the CPU will forward to the controller 122 time slot assign-
ment for switching the port 104 through the digital transmission
network 135 to a service circuit 103 in the miscellaneous cell 102 for
Touchtone application, for example. Dial tone will then be forwarded
to the originating port 104 from the service circuit 103 and the sub-
scriber may commence dialing.
The dialing signals will be detected by the microport
control 110 and forwarded to the CPU via the control and data link,
bus buffer 118, MPCl interface 120, peripheral bus PB, interrupt encoder
125, and the CPU bus. The CPU will translate the received dialing
signals to an equipment member, which may identify a port, conference
circuit or attendant, for example, and assign a cross-office time slot
to effect connection of the originating port through the digital trans-
mission network to the proper destination under control of the controller
122.
The transmission channel for audio and supervisory infor-
mation can be extended from port-to-port, port-to-service, port-to-
attendant, or port-to-conference circuit, as seen in the simplified
~5~347
28
block diagram of the transmission path in Figure 7. In connection with
this figure, a port is understood to mean a line or trunk circuit.
Referring to Figure 7, the transmission channel operates
` in duplex mode in that simultaneous but separate sending and receiving
paths are established through the system for each two-way connecting.
Port circuits 104 are equipped with hybrid networks 107 to convert two-
wire talking paths (tip/ring) to the Four-wire paths (send/receive) re-
quired by the pulse code modulation converter 105, 106. The send and
receive paths of a transm;ssion channel are parallel but functionally
reciprocal. The send path of the calling party is connected to the
receive path of the called party and vice-versa.
As can be seen from Figure 7, a port-to-port transmission
channel is the time divided equivalent of ~he conventional talking path
through the system. The transmit portion of the path through the pulse
code modulator 105, 106 includes a low pass filter 105a which limits
the audio frequency signal to less than 3200 Hz, the effect;ve range of
the normal voice band. The twenty-four channels are then sampled
sequentially at 8000 times per second to generate a pulse-amplitude-
modulated multiplex signal in the multiPlexer 105b connected to the
output of a low pass filter 105a and the multiplexed signal is then
suppl;ed to an analog-to-digital converter 105c wherein each pulse of
the analog PAM signal is quantized to a serial eight-bit digital word.
A nonlinear digital code conforming to the standard U-22S logarithmic
companding law is used to optimize transmission quality. The digital
information is then placed on the transmit side of the port group high-
way PGH to the common control 101.
In the common control, the PCM information words are con-
verted from serial format to parallel format by a converter 121. The
digital switching network 135 then effects the necessary tirne slot
interchange by switching the information word through a time-divided
matrix. A duplex transmission path provides sixteen parallel bits
(send word plus received word) in two separate paths to be interchanged
per time slot. Parallel-to-serial conversion is then effected so that
the parallel format of the information word is converted back to the
original PCM serial format by a converter 123 and placed on the receive
3~
29
side of the associated pulse group highway PGH.
In the receive channel of the pulse code modulator 105,
106, the digital PCM information is restored to an analog pulse ampli-
tude modulated signal by a digital-to-analog converter 105f. This
converted signal is then applied to a demultiplexer 105e wherein the
individual PAM pulse is gated out on the receive side of the designated
transmission path. Low pass filtering by filter 105d at the output of
the demultiplexer provides a cutoff frequency of approximately 3600 Hz,
so that the sampling frequency and pulse frequencies of the system are
blocked. The original voice messages are thereby received by the port
circuit.
A port-to-service circuit transmission channel is also
extended temporarily during the establishment of a call as seen in
Figure 7. Service circuits la3 are connected when application of super-
visory tones is required. The transmit side of a channel can broadcastto any number of other ports in the system. This means that any number
of independent transmission paths from ports to transmitting services,
such as the tone plant can ex;st simultaneously.
A port-to-attendant transmission channel is a port-to-port
transmission channel extended by way of the attendant audio circuit llS
in the miscellaneous cell 102. The attendant audio circuit 115 is
basically a four-way conference network which provides access to source,
destination, and line ports from the attendant console 116. The con-
ference network is controlled by analog gates commanded by the associated
attendant data input/output circuit 145 in the common control.
A port-to-conFerence circuit transmission channel is shown
in Figure 7 as including the elements of the basic port-to-port trans-
mission channel, but each conference party is interfaced with the ap-
propriate channel of the digital conference circuit 140. The voice
information transmitted by the conference parties is added digitally,
and echos and oscillation are prevented by subtracting each party's
voice information from the conference information they receive. The
twenty-four channels of the digital conference circuit 140 are arranged
into four 4-party and one 8-party conference. As will be described in
greater de~ail in connection with the digital conference circuit 140,
~5~33~7
the conference circuits can be interoonnected for larger conferences.
The Port Circuits
The port circuits ser~e to terrninate a subscriber's line or
a central office line (trunk)' at the systern and provide the means of
connecting the telephone instrument or central office equipment w;th
common switching equipment, enabling a subscriber to either originate
or receive a call through the system~
Figure 8 illustrates a typical line circuit which forms the
interface between the subscriber's line and the digital branch exchange.
It includes all of the standard features which allow a subscriber to
either originate or receive calls through the system and operates under
the ~ontrol of the microport control by means of a logic interface, such
as illustrated ;n Figure 9.
Thus, as seen in Figure 8, the line circuit includes a
ringing relay R, a sleeve relay SLV, a ring trip relay RT, and a bridge
relay CB, which are part o-f every line circuit. In addition to pro-
viding a path for normal call data through the line circuit, the ringing
and sleeve relays, together, are used to apply and interrupt ringing
voltage to the line~ The sleeve relay SLV also has a contact which may
be used as a busy indication for traffic monitoring. The ring trip re-
lay RT is used to detect ring trip.
After being switched through the ringing relay R, the tip T
and ring R leads are terminated in the basic audio interface circuit
which allows signals on the ~idirectional tip T and ring R leads to be
transferred to unidirectional transmit and receive lines SD and RD to
and from the associated filter circuits in a time-division multiplex
circuit 105, 106 to which the line circuit is connected. As seen in
Figure 8, the basic audio interface comprises a typical two-to four-
wire hybrid circuit 132
The CB relay in the battery feed section of the line circuitperforms the standard loop sensing and dial pulse repeating functions in
the originating mode of operation which are characteristic functions of
the line circuit. Thus, talking battery TB is connecte~ through the CB
relay to the tip T and ring R leads to form a loop to the subscriber
equipment, so that with sufficient loop current as an indication of an
off-hook condition, the CB relay operates, applying ground through its
.:
3~
31
closed contacts to the CB lead which is otherwise at 5 volts positive
potential. As seen in Figure 10, operation of the CB relay produces
signal indications on the CB lead representing of-f-hoo~ conditions,
dialing and release.
The ring trip relay RT is connected between ground and the
ring lead R through contacts of the ring relay R. The RT relay provides
a pair of windings B-D and A-C which are connected differentially. In
addition, a capacitor is connected in series with the B-D winding so
that DC loop current will be allowed to flow only through the A-C wind-
ing of the RT relay.
The SLV relay is activated by a supervisory command from
the microport control 110 via the logic interface circuit (Figure 9),
and when operated, serves to transfer the input of the ring trip relay
RT from negative battery to ringing voltage on negative battery. The
basic function of the SLV relay is to interrupt ringing upon command
when the R relay is operated. In addition, operation of the SLV relay
serves to connect the E and M outputs together as a busy indicatlon
which may be used by the customer for traffic monitoring. In this re-
gard, during ringing of the line, the busy indication provided for the
customer will follow the interruption of ringing.
The R relay is also activated by a supervisory command
received from the micrsport control 110 via the logic interface circuit
(Fig. 9) and when operated, serves to transfer the incoming tip T and
ring R leads from the battery feed and basic audio interface sections
to a resistance ground on the tip lead T and to the output of the ring
trip relay on the r;ng lead R. This allows ringing to be applied to
the line, which is interrupted by the operation of the SLV relay.
As seen in Figure 8, with the line circuit in the idle
state, the input of the hybrid circuit is shorted to provide a loop-
around for maintenance testing of the matrix paths. This loop is con-
trolled by contacts of the SLV relay, which serve to remove the loop-
around short circuit across the primary side of the hybrid when the line
circuit is in the active state.
In accordance with one feature of the present invention,
four identical line circuits occupy a single line card and the line
32
circuits on adjacent line cards are scanned in pairs by strobe signals
generated in the microport control, which is connected to the odd num-
bered and even numbered ports by a separate four-bit sense bus and a
four-bit command bus. By this arrangement, scanning is speeded up by
strobing two ports at a time, and the resulting eight-bit sense and com-
mand words are handled more efficiently by the microprocessor with its
eight-bit data bus. Thus~ with each even and odd port pair having an
individual strobe line to the microport control, when one of the twenty-
four strobe lines is activated, the bus drivers on the associated port
pair sends the port state and circuit type on the associated sense buses.
At the same time, ~he data on the associated command buses is set in~o
control latches associated with the port pair.
These logic control features are disclosed more particularly
in connection with the logic interface circuit illustrated in Figure 9.
As seen in the figure, the CB lead from the line circuit is applied to
a hex bus driver 135 which produces a pair of outputs on lY and 2Y which
are connected to the leads SPIXl and SPIX8 forming a part of the four-
bit sense bus extending to the microport control 110. The hex bus driver
is enabled by the strobe pulse PSl received from the microport control
so as to enable the hex bus driver 135 and thereby apply on the sense
leads to the microport control 110 the information provided by the CB
lead.
The logic interface circuit associated with each line
circuit also includes a strobed latch 137, which is connected to the
command bus consisting of leads SPOXl - SPOX8 from the microport control
110 and is enabled by the strobe pulse PSl. Thus, the command signals
from the microport control 110 to the line circuit received on the com-
mand bus are strobed into the latch 137, whose outputs Ql and Q2 are
thereby enabled in accordance ~ith the commands received from the
microport control 110 to enable the leads SLVl and RRl which extend to
the line circuit to control the sleeve SLV and ring R relays therein.
In the originating mode of operation, an off-hook condition
at a subscriber line will effect operation of the CB relay in the
associated line with a result that ground will be applied through the
closed CB contacts to the CB output line in Figure 8 extending to the
~ ~5~
33
logic interface circuit in Figure 9. When the strobe pulse PSl assigned
to the first line circuit is received in the logic interface circuit, it
is applied to the associated hex bus driver 135 along with the CBl output
from the line circuit so as to produce at the output of the hex bus
driver the sense signals SPIXl and SPIX8 to the microport control 110.
In response thereto, after it is determined that a free register is
available in the MPC, the microport control 110 will apply a supervisory
command signal SPOX1 to the latch 137 in the logic inter-Face circuit to
place ground on the lead SLVl, thereby operating the sleeve relay SLV
in the line circuit. This opens the short circuit across the primary
side of the hybrid in the basic audio interface and completes a connec-
tion between the E and M output leads to provide busy indications for
customer traffic monitoring. The microport control 110 will then signal
the central processing unit CPU to effect connection of the line circuit
to a broadcast port 103 in the miscellaneous cell 102 through the trans-
mission networ~ 135 thereby providing dial tone to the subscriber. The
microport control 110 will then continue to monitor the condition of the
CB relay to detect the forthcoming dialing pulses.
In the terminating mode of operation, the microport control
will provide supervisory command signals SPOXl and SPOX2 to the strobed
latch 137 in the logic interface circuit along with the strobe pulse
PSl to place ground on the leads SLVl and RRl, thereby opPrating both
the ring relay R and the sleeve relay SLV in the line circuit. As al-
ready indicated, operation of the sleeve relay SLV serves to transfer
~5 the ring trip relay input from negative battery to ringing voltage on
negative battery, complete a connection between the E and M output leads
for busy indication, and open the short circuit across the primary side
in the basic audio interface. Operation of the ring relay R serves to
transfer the incoming tip T and ring R leads from the battery feed
and basic audio feed interface sections to a resistance ground on the
tip lead T and to the output of the ring section on the ring lead R.
Ringing will then be applied to the line from the ringing generator
connected to lead RNG, the ringing being interrupted by the intermittent
operation of the sleeve relay SLV under the control of the microport
control 110 as the command signal SPOXl is intermittently applied to
~83~1~
34
the logic interface circuit associated with the line circuit. The
sequence of operation of the ring lead R and sleeve relay SLV to effect
application of intermittent ringing to the subscriber line is indicated
in Figure lO.
When the subscriber goes off-hook in response to the ring-
ing of his telephone, the ring trip relay RT is operated in response
to the presence of a DC loop current. As already indicated, the de-
tection of the nc 1 OOp current by the RT relay is accomplished because
the two windings of the relay are connected differentially. Thus, dur-
ing the silent period of ringing, DC current will operate the RT relay
through the A-C winding thereof; while, during the ringing period, the
fields generated by the two windings will cancel if there is no DC
current. ~owever, extra current in the A-C winding of the relay provided
by an off-hook condition will operate the relay, which then provides the
ring trip indication by connecting ground to the CB lead extending to
the hex bus driver 135 in the log1c interface circuit. Thus, the sense
signal SPIYl will be generated upon receipt of the next strobe pulse
PSl. In this way, ring trip is indicated to the microport control,
which then s;gnals this condition to effect release of the ring relay R
and continuous operation of the SLV relay, while also instructing the
central processing unit CPU to control the transmission network to effect
interconnection of the parties by appropriate time slot interchange.
As already indicated, several line circuits are provided on
each line card along with the associated logic interface circuits. How-
ever, since ports typically consist of line circuits or trunk circuits,a card may typically consist of either all line circuits or all trunk
circuits. Thus, using the ~F~ leads from the hex bus drivers 1~5 in
the four logic interface circuits on each card, an indication can be
provided to the central processing unit 130 via the microport control
30 110 of the type of port associated with that particular card. As seen
in Figure 9, which illustrates the logic interface circuits associated
with a line card of four line circuits, it is noted that the ~F~ leads
from logic interface circuits l, 2, and 3 are interconnected, while the
SPIX8 lead to the logic interface circuit 4 is not connected to the
sense bus. Thus, as the four line circuits on the card are scanned by
3 ~ ~
the microport control llO upon generation of the successive strobe
pulses ~, PS2, PS3, and ~, the SPIX8 lead to the microport control
will provide the successive binary signal indications 1110, which
serves to identify the ports associated with that card as line circuits
rather than ~runk circuits.
On a card including trunk circuits, a different connection
of the SPIX8 leads from the respective hex bus drivers 135 in the
logic interface circuits can be effected to provide an indication that
the ports associated with the cards are trunk circuits. For example,
all of the SPIX8 leads may be connected to the sense bus for a card
;ncluding trunk circuits to provide the binary indication 1001 to the
microport control, thereby identifying to the central processing unit
that the card which has been plugged into the system provides trunk
circuits. The indications on the SPIX8 leads not only identify the
type of port associated with the card, but also indica~e to the system
the presence of the card, i.e., that a card has been plugged in at that
particular location.
Trunk circuits are controlled in the same manner as line
circuits, each being provided with a logic interface circuit to inter-
face the trunk circuit with the command and sense buses extending tothe microport control llO. Like the line circuits, four trunk circuits
are provided per card and are strobed in pairs by strobe pulses applied
from the microport control 110. Also, the SPIX8 leads are utilized for
trunk circuit identification and indication of presence of the trunk
circuits to the central processing unit 130 in the manner described in
connection with line circuits. However, different types of trunk
circuits may also be distinguished by this particular feature by merely
varying the binary code designation supplied on the SPIX~ leads in
accordance with the trunk type. In this way, not only line circuit
identification and trunk circuit identification is possible, but fur-
ther distinguishing of the various types of circuits can be accomplished
automatically by the central processing unit as soon as the line card
or trunk card is plugged in.
~L ~ 5 ~
36
2. The Microport Control
The microport control (MPC) 1l0 in each port group 100 con-
sists primarily of a microprocessor unit 205 associated with a random
access memory 200 and a read only memory 201~ as generally illustrated
in Figure lla. Various control and interface circuits and registers,
such as the port communication 210, asynchronous communication interface
adapter 212, reset and sync circuit 216, and message register 213, are
associated with the microprocessor unit 205 to control the timed trans-
fer of data and control signals to the ports or the central processing
unit 130 in the common control 101 under control of a clock 206, interrupt
circuit 207, and reset control circuit 208. The three basic functional
areas of the microport control are the control area, the port communi-
cation area, and the CPll commun;cation area.
The microport control 110 serves as a link between the ports
104 and the central processing unit 130 in the common control 101, pro-
viding not only the logic interface between the port groups 100 and the
common control 101, but also serving to relieve the central processing
unit 130 of some of its duties by executing all of the real time pro-
cessing in connection with the ports 104. In this regard, although
some decision-making capabilities are assigned to the microport control
110 giving it the ability to operate as an intelligent terminal, the
microport control 110 in each port group 100 is always secondary in its
command authority to the central processing unit 130, which is the prime
decision maker in the system.
The general functions performed by the microport control 110
include the scanning of each of the ports 104 at predetermined selected
rates to detect request for service, ring trip, disconnect supervision,
and impulse analysis, as well as to forward dialed digits to the common
control 101 for further processing in the establishment of a communi
cation connection through the transmission network 135 under control of
the central processing unit 130. These functions performed by the
microport control 110 are implemented by software stored in the read
only memory 201, a typical ROM memory layout being as shown in Figure
llb3 with the random access memory 200 forming the storage area for
port bits, supervisory data, priority control, and register storage in
3~7
addition to memory allocation for scratch pad use, as typically shown
in Figure llc.
Each microport control 110 receives a real time interrupt
every five milliseconds applied from circuit 207 to the microprocessor
unit 205 to schedule the above workload, including the scanning of up
to forty-eight ports by generation of twenty-Four strobe pulses in
addition to register updating, communication with the CPU, and main-
tenance functions all within the five millisecond CPU frame rate.
This sets the timing frame of reference so that the micro-
port control operation is characterized by a series oF five millisecondtiming frames of program execution. Two consecutive five millisecond
frames constitute a ten m-illisecond superframe which is repetiti\le.
The microprocessor gains access to the ports by means of
the port communication area thereof, which, under program control,
generates twenty-four port strobe signals, each o~ which is associated
with two ports. Information is passed between the ports and the
microport control by means of four-bit sense and command buses. By
addressing two ports simultaneously (odd and even ports as referenced
to the MPC scanning), the four-bit port buses are mapped onto the
eight-bit microprocessor data bus with the additional advantage that
the ports are scanned at twice the rate they would otherwise be if
addressed singly.
The watchdog timer 202 performs a monitor function. In
this regard, the timer 202 is excited by one of the port strobe signals
(of which thirty-two are generated, twenty-~our ~or port use), and, if
this strobe fails to occur within a given time period, the timer 202
will reset the microprocessor ancl force all forty-eight ports associ-
ated therewith to the idle state.
The CPU communication area of the microport control
performs three basic functions, namely, status control, incoming/
outgoing message control and reset/sync control. The status control
link is a high speed channel which extends status information con-
cerning the microport control to the CPU. It is by means of this link
that the CPU first is informed of the MPC's desire to communicate.
The incoming and outgoing message control data lines are two separate
~ ~5~3~
38
one-way links controlled by the asynchronous communication interface
adapter 212. The reset/sync control 216 provides a one-way link to
the microport control from the ~PU and serves a two-fold function.
Load pulses on this lead synchronize transmission of data from the
status register of the MPC. In addition, if a reset pulse (a pulse
of much longer duration than a load pulse) is received, the microproces-
sor is reset. Thus, the CPU does have absolute control over the micro-
port control.
Figure llb is a detailed map of the memory layout of the
ROM 201, which stores the programs for microport control operation
SQme of the details of which will be addressed in the following des-
cription oF microport control software.
Figure llc is a detailed map of the memory layout of the
RAM 200. There are eight bytes of RAM set aside for each port so that
four hundred bytes are required for fifty ports (in the described sys-
tem there are forty-eight actual ports and two duml~y memory areas for
maintenance-test functions). The command (SUPO) and sense data
storate (SUPl and SUP2) areas of the RAM 200 are spec~ally treated to
conform to the nature of the external command and sense buses. When,
for example, an eight bit command word is read out from a RAM SUPO
location, it is extended over both the odd and even command buses,
four bits to one port and four bits to the other. It is clear, there-
fore, that these particular RAM addresses (SUPO) represent data for
two ports and, as far as the RAM map is concerned, would be provided
four bits on the left and four bits on the right. The SUPl and SUP2
RAM areas are used for sense information from the ports. The SUPl
area represents data collected during one scan of the ports, while
SUP2 includes data collected during the next scan. The remaining
eight bytesper port are used for other data, such as port type ~line
circuit, E/M trunk, etc.), special class of serYice, event codes,
scratch areas~ and the like.
In order to preserve space in the RAM 200 and accommodate
the five millisecond frame time, a pool of eight registers is provided
in the RAM 200 instead of providing one register per port. These
registers function in the same manner as their hardware counterparts
3 ~ ~
39
in conventional systems. If a port is seized and requires a register
for dial pulse in dialing, a register in the RA~ 200 is allotted by the
microport control. A register is likewise allotted on outgoing calls
(trunks) which require outpulsing and detection of certain port timing
signals. Once a port has no further use for a register, it is relin-
quished and returned to the pool.
Figure 12 illustrates the basic arrangement of the memory
section of the microport control 110 including the random access memory
200 and the read only memory 201. Data to and from the random access
memory 200 is supplied via a data bus including leads DO - D7, which are
applied through a bus driver 202 to the memory 200. In a similar manner,
data from the random access memory 200 and read only ~emory 201 are
supplied to the data bus through the bus receivers 202.
The memories 200 and 201 are addressed via an address bus
carrying leads AO-A15 ~rom the microprocessor unit 205. Control over
the reading of data from the memories 200 and 201 as well as writing
data ;nto the memory 200 is performed by a memory control 203 in
response to read/write control signals R/W and R/W, a timing signal 02
and a synchronizing signal UMA supplied from the microprocessor unit
205. Group enable signals ~1, G7, and G8, which provide both timing
and synchronization, are also supplied to the memory control 203,
which operates to control the read and write operations of the memories
in accordance with the following combination oF control signals:
RAM 200 Gl R/W 02
read O
write O O
ROM 201 G7 or G8 R/W 02
read O
The leads Gl, G7, and G8 are part of the group enable leads Gl - G8
which serve to coordinate the accessing of various memory locations
within the system, and thereby coordinate and control the timing of the
operation of various elements associated ~ith the respective memory
areas. The lead VMA is derived from the microprocessor unit 205 and
indicates ~hat a valid message address is being received. This is
basically a timing signal which prevents the system from acting during
` ~5~3~ ~
an address change period when the address data would be incorrect or
unintelligible. Thus, the signal VMA will be generated by the micro-
processor unit 205 when a valid address which can be acted upon is being
transmitted from the microprocessor unit 205.
The addressing of the read only memory 201 by the micro-
processor unit 205 under control of the rnemory control 203 retrieves
from the memory the various programs necessary to implement the functions
to be performed by the microport control 110. These programs may in-
clude origination, dialing, sending, ringing, talking and release,
global subroutines, port communication, CPU communication, scan control,
phase and substrate transition, maintenance and interrupt handling, as
seen in Figure llb.
The register and control portion of the microport control
205 is generally illustrated in Figure 13. As seen in the Figure,
supervisory communication with the ports 104 is effected through the
port interface 210, which provides the strobe pulses and command sig-
nals to the ports 104 and receives the sense signals to be forwarded
to the microprocessor unit 205 through a bus drivers 215. The strobe
pulses are generated in the status and port register control circuit
211 in response to address signals received from the microprocessor un;t
205 via the bus drivers 215, which also supplies the control signals
- from the microprocessor unit 205 to the port interface 210 for forward-
ing to the ports 104, as described in conjunction with Figures 8 and 9.
The asynchronous communication interface adapter ~12
associated with the microprocessor unit 205 is a conventional circuit,
such as manufactured by Motorola, Inc., under the designation MC6850
and basically provides a parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel
conversion of data transmitted to and from the cornmon control 101.
The unit 212 also includes separate read only and write only registers
as well as control registers for storing the data received-from and
forwarded to the common control on the serial time division multiplex
highway. It handles the task of insertion and detection of start,
stop, and parity bits, in addition to indicating error conditions and
the status of the transmit and receive registers. The unit 202
operates at 514 KHz in response to the output of divider 217 which
~5~3~7
41
receives its synchroni~ing clock pulses from the system clock.
The message register 213 provides the means by which the
status of operation of the microport control 110 is supplied to the
central processing unit 130 in the common control 101 to indicate that
the CPU is needed to perform certain tasks, to indicate the status
of registers in the microport control 110, to control the communica-
tion of data between the microport control 110 and the central pro-
cessing unit 130, indica~e errors in the transmission of data, and
identify message time-outs and the end of si~nal communications.
Status information is supplied from the micropressor unit 205 through
the bus buffer 215 to the message register 213 which then forwards
this status information to the common control 101.
The reset and sync control 216 receives reset information
From the common control 101 under various conditions to effect a re-
setting of ~he operation of the microport control 110, such as duringpower-up, subsequent to disconnection between the various elements
within the system and other conditions which require the microprocessor
control 205 to initialize its operation. In addition to performing
resetting or initializing of the microport control 110, the control
20 circuit 216 also controls the loading of the message register 213.
Thus, the signals received on the channel RSTSYN from the common con-
trol may be of two types. Depending upon the duration of the signal,
it can indicate either a reset or initialization of the microport
control llO, or it may consist of selectively timed sequential load
pulses for control over transmission of status information from the
message register 213 to the common control 101.
Communication between the ports 104 and the microport
contrcl 110 is effected in response to the generation oF twenty-four
port strobes which are applied to two ports at the same time, in the
manner generally illustrated in Figure 14. The ports are strobed in
odd and even groups so that with each strobe si~nal the microport
control 110 is able to process the supervisory information relating to
two ports. The ports and the microport control 110 are interconnected
by way of separate four bit sense buses and four bit command buses.
Thus, when one of the twenty-four strobe lines is activated, the bus
.
;~5~3~ ~
42
drivers on the associated port pair send the status o~ events and cir-
cuit type on the associated sense buses to the microport control llO,
and at the same time, the data on the associated command buses is set
into the control latches on the Port pair, as described in connection
with Figures 7 through 9.
As seen in Figure 15, which illustrates the status and port
register control 211, address signals from the microprocessor unit 205
are applied to a port decoder 222 which decodes the address signals AO -
A4 to generate the port strobe signals PSl - PS24 to be applied to the
ports for scanning each of the ports in the process of sensing the line
conditions. The port decoder 222 in the course of its cycle also pro-
duces the scan signals S25, S2~, and S32. The signal S25 serves to
enable the status register~ the signal S26 senses the carrier loss
associated with the attendant audio circuit and the signal S32 enables
reading of the data bus, in the manner to be described more fully
hereinafter.
The address signals derived from the microprocessor unit
205 are also applied to a group decoder 220 which decodes the address
signals A13 - A15 to obtain the group enable signals Gl, G7, and G8 to
be supplied to the memory control 203 in Figure 12. The decoder 220 is
controlled by the valid memory address signal VMA, generated by the
microprocessor unit 205, and generates a group enable signal G5 which
is supplied to the ACIA for control thereof. A general group enable
signal GE is also generated by gate 223 in response to address signal
A12, group enable signal G6, and the timing signal T2. This signal is
applied to the port interface in Figure 16 to control transfer of data
to the ports.
As seen in Figure 16, the port interface 210 comprises a
plurality of input registers 225 - 228 which receive data on leads
SPIAl - SPIA8 from the ports 10~ and supply this data on lead DATA to
the microprocessor unit 205. The port interFace 210 also cnmprises a
plurality of output registers 230 - 233 which receive data on lead
DATA from the microprocessor unit 205 and supply this data on leads
SPOAl - SPOA8 to the ports 104. The registers 225 - 228 are controlled
by the output oF gate 23~ which is responsive to the signal R/W, the
~ :~5~3~
43
general group enable signal GE from Figure 15, and the timing signal
~2T. The output registers 230 - 233 are controlled by the timing sig-
nal 02T.
Re-ferring to Figure 17a, the microport control 205 may take
the form of any commercially available microprocessor unit, such as the
microprocessor manufactured and sold by Motorola9 Inc., under the de-
signation MC6800. The unit 205 is provided in the form of a monolithic
eight-bit microprocessor wlth a bidirectional data bus and sixteen bit
addressing. The internal structure and functioning of the microproces-
sor unit 205 will not be described in detail since they are inherentcharacteristics of the MC6~00 which are not necessary to an understand-
ing o~ the present invention. Thus, description will be provided only
of the inputs and outputs of the unit 205 and the functional effect of
these signals as applicable to the operation of the present invention.
Sixteen outputs provide address signals ~orming an address
bus A0 - A15 and eight outputs provide data forming a data bus D0 - D7.
The data bus is bidirectional and serves to transfer data to and from
the memory and peripheral devices. The read/write (~/~J) output of the
microprocessor unit 205 serves to signal the peripheral devices and
memory devices as to whether the unit 205 is in a read (high) or write
tlo~) state. In this way, the peripheral devices and memory devices
can determine when data will be trans~erred from the microprocessor unit
205 to them and when data may be transferred from them to the micro-
processor unit.
An enable signal generated by the trailing edge delay
circuit 240 is applied to an input DBE to the microprocessor unit 205
and serves as a clock signal 02 to enable the data bus drivers to output
data during the write cycle. During the read cycle, the bus drivers
are disabled.
An interrupt request IRQ is supplied to the microprocessor
unit 205 by the system clock to initiate an interrupt sequence every
five milliseconds. The microprocessor unit waits until it completes
the current instruction that is executed before it recognizes the re-
quest. At that time, if the interrupt mask bit in the condition code
register within the memory of the microprocessor unit 205 is not set,
~15~3~7
the machine begins an interrupt sequence. The index register, program
counters, accumulators, and condition code register are provided in the
microprocessor unit 205 as memory locations. The microprocessor unit
205 responds to the interrupt request by setting the interrupt mask bit
so that no further interrupts may occur. At the end of the cycle, a
sixteen bit address is loaded that points to a vectoring address which
is tocated in memory locations which causes the microprocessor unit 205
to branch to an interrupt routine in the memory.
The N~I input of the microprocessor unit represents a non-
maskable interrupt derived ~rom the ACIA 212 as provided from the centralprocessing unit 130 in the common control 101. For such functions, the
interrupt mask bit in the microprocessor unit 205 is ignored since the
interrupt is of high priority. The present position of the microprocessor
control in its sequence is stored in the random access memory 200 on the
stack and the interrupt is then performed immediately. The microprocessor
unit 205 can thereafter go back to its previous place in the program as
determined ~rom the data prev;ously stored before the interrupt. Thus,
if a non-maskable interrupt is received from the ACIA 212 under the con-
trol of the central processing unit 130, the processor will complete the
current instruction that is being executed, transFer control to a
speciFied interrupt handling program and eventually the interrupt mask
- bit in the condition code register of the memory will have no effect on
this non-maskable interrupt request.
The microprocessor unit 205 also includes a RESET input
which is used to reset and start the microprocessor unit 205 from a
power-down condition, resulting from a power failure or an initial start-
up of the processor. A signal detected at this input causes the micro-
processor unit 205 to begin the restart sequence comprising execution of
a routine to initialize the processor from its reset condition. During
the restart routine, the interrupt mask bit is set and must be reset
before the microprocessor unit 205 can be interrupted by an interrupt
request.
The microprocessor unit timing is controlled by a two-phase
non-overlapping clock 206 which generates the signals 01 and ~2. ~hese
timing signals are used to control the start of various functions
3 ~ ~
performed by the microprocessor unit 205 including the read and write
operations, as well as interrupt routines.
As already indicated, the asynchronous communication in-
terFace adapter 212 is basically a paral'lel-to-serial and serial-to-
parallel converter. Internally, the ACIA provides four registers, asseen in Figure 17b, consisting of two read only reqisters and two write
only registers. The read only registers are the status register SR and
receive data register RDR; while, the write only registers are the con-
trol register CR and transmit data register TDR. Access to these four
registers is determined by the status of the two control signals RS and
R/W from the microprocessor unit 205. Thus, data may be written into
the transmit data register of the ACIA 212 in response to the two signals
RS and R/W, while, data may be read from the receive data register in
response to the signals RS and R/W. Control data may be read into the
contro'l register of the ACIA 212 in response to the signals RS and R/W,
and the status register may be read in response to the signals RS and R/W.
Bidirectional data lines D0 - D7 allow For data transfer
between the ACIA 212 and the microprocessor unit 205. The transmit
clock input is used for the clocking of transmitted data; the transmitter
initiates data on the negative transition of the 514 KHz clock. The
receive clack input is used for synchronization of received data. The
clock and data must be'synchronized externally, and the receiver samples
the data on the positive transmission of the 514 KHz clock. The enable
input E is the input that enables the bus input/output data buffers and
clocks data to and from the ACIA 212. This signal is a derivative of
the 02 clock signal provided by the circuit 204.
' As already indicated, the read/write input R/W is used to
control the direction of data flow through the ACIA input/output data bus
interface. When the R/W input is high indicating a read cycle, the ACIA
output drivers are turned off and the microprocessor unit 205 writes
into a selected register. Therefore, the read/write signal is used to
select read only or write only registers within the ACIA. The CS0, CSl,
and CS2 input lines are used to address the ACIA, which is selected when
the CS0 and CSl leads are high and the CS2 is low. Transfers of data to
and from the ACIA are then performed under the control of the enable
3 '~ 7
46
signal E, the read/write R/W, and the register select signal RS.
The register select line RS is the least significant bit
of the address. A high level is used to select the transmit/receive
data registers and a low level the control/status registers, in the
manner already indicated above.
In transmitting data from the microprocessing unit to tne
CPU and in receiving data from the CPU in the microprocessing unit, the
various registers of the ACIA 212, as seen in Figure 17b, are used for
storage and control. Referring to Figure 17b, which schematically illus-
trates the four registers in the ASCIA, and Figure 18, which indicatesthe format of the transmit and receive data which passes back and forth
between the microport control 110 and the central processing unit 130
in the common control 101, a word may be written into the transmit data
register TDR of the ACIA by the microprocessor unit 205 if the status
read operation notes from bit Bl of the status register SR that the trans-
mit data register TDR is empty. The word written into the transmit data
register TDR by the microprocessor unit 205 is then transferred to a
shift register (not shown) in the ACIA where it is serialized and trans-
m;tted from the transmit data outpu~ preceded by a start bit and ~ollowed
by a stop bit~ as seen in Figure 18. Internal parity is added to the
word and occurs between the last data bit and the first stop bit.
After the first word is written into the transmit data
register TDR, the status register SR can be read again to check for a
transmit data register empty condition and current peri~heral status.
If the register TDR is empty, as indicated by bit Bl thereof, another
word can be loaded for transmission even though the first word is still
in the process of being transmitted from the shift register in the ACIA.
Once the first word has been completely transmitted, the second word
will be automatically transmitted into the shift register, and this
sequence continues until all words have been transmitted.
As data is received from the common control at the data
input to the ACIA 212, even parity is checked and the error indication
is available in the status register SR at bit B6, as seen in Figure 17b.
In addition, framing error is indicated by bits B~ and overrun error is
indicated at bit B5. The status of the receive data register RDR is
1~5~3~ ~
47
indicated by bit B0.
In a typical receiving sequence, the status register is
read by the microprocessing unit 205 to determine if a byte has been
received from the common control by checking bit B0 in the status
register SR. As soon as the rece;ve data register RDR is full, indi-
cating that a byte has already been loaded into the receive data
register RDR from the common controlg that word will be placed on the
eight bit ACIA data bus to the microprocessing unit 205 when a read
data command on the R/W lead is received from the microprocessing unit.
The status register ST in the ACIA can continue to be read again to
determine when another word is available in the receive data register
RDR. This register is also double buffered in the same manner as the
transmit data register TDR so that a word can be read from the data
register as another word is being received in the shift register. Byte
transfer from the CPU to the MPC are interleaved with send next byte
messages from the MPC to the MPCI on the status link. This
sequence continues until all words have been received.
The exchange of data between the microport control 110
and the central processing unit 130 in the common control 101 can be
effected under different circumstances; however~ the primary consider-
ation under all conditions is that the central processing unit 130 is
the master and the microprocessing unit 205 in the microport control
110 is the slave. Thus, when the microport control 110 reaches a point
in its operation where it needs the services of the central processing
unit 130, it places a request in the message register 213 which is
periodically scanned by the common control 101 indicating to the cen-
~ tral processing unit 130 that it requires its services. The central
; processing unit 130 scans the content o~ the message register 213 in
each microport control 110 in a sequential manner and will recognize
the request stored therein. This ultimately results in the-central
processing unit 130 sending a communication to the microport control
110 via the RX data lead to the ACIA 212 to initiate communication be-
tween the ~icroport control 110 and the central processing unit 130.
As indicated in Figure 13, the microport control 110 is
linked to the common control by way of four signal channels: STATUS,
3~
48
RSTSYN, RX data and TX data. The RX data and TX data leads carry the
serial data to and from the ACIA 212 in a manner to be described more
particularly in connection wit~ the transmit and receive data operations.
However, the RSTSYN lead is used by the central processing unit 130 both
to scan the message register 213 in the respective microport control llO
and also effect a resetting to initialize a microport control 110 under
certain conditions. As illustrated in Figure l9a, the signal on the
RSTSYN lead may comprise a twenty-four microsecond reset pulse which
serves to reset and initialize the microport control 110 or a series of
load pulses of .97 microsecond duration which serve to enable the message
register to transmit i-ts contents (Fig. lgb) to the central processing
unit 130 in the common control. The STATUS channel carries the data from
the message register 213 in eight bit bursts to the common control 101
at a repetition rate directly related to the basic clock frequency of
1.5~4 MHz already distributed to the port groups For digital transmission
purposes.
The status word extended From each MPC 110 to the MPCI 120
is eight bits long and is formatted such that bits 0, 1, and 2 are used
for scanning control and bits 3 through 7 are used for message control,
as seen in Figure 20. The rate of transmission on this link is the
same as that used for the PCM data transmission in the digital network
(1.544 MHz~. This allows the MPCI 120 to use the synchronization signals
of the digital network for the status link, thus making them serve
double duty. The MPC's are constantly scanned by the MPCI 120 at a 114
KHz rate for status information. During the 8~8 microsecond that an
MPC 110 is selected by the MPCI 120, the eight bits of status information
are received; the three scan bits are routed to a three-bit scan register
for that MPC; while, the remaining five bits are temporarily held in a
common message-handling control register in case they are required.
Transmission of MPC-to-CPU event messages is strictly
under control of the CPU 130 to assure orderly processing of call in-
formation. If an MPC 110 wishes to extend a message, it so informs the
CPU 130 via the status link using either the PRl (priority 1) or PR2
(priority 2) scan bit. The CPU processes all PR2 message requests before
PRl message requests since these are the ones associated with events
3 4 ~
49
requiring relatively fast response. The CPU extends a command to trans-
mit to the selected MPC 110. Then, as long as the CPU-to-MPC or MPC-to-
CPU transmission persists, the MPCI circuitry is devoted to that MPC and
no other MPC's are scanned. Selection o~ an MPC 110 by the CPU, ~or
whatever reason, causes the MPCI to immediately step to that MPC; the
message-handling-control register of the MPCI 120 then contains valid
message-handling-control information for that MPC 110 which is completely
updated every 8.8 microsecond.
The bit B2 in the message register 213 is a register-free
indication to the CPU that a free register is available in the micropro-
cessing unit 205 so that the CPU may terminate outgoing calls in an
orderly manner.
Since the ACIA 212 can work with 8-bit bytes only, and
since messages on the data links are always greater than 8 bits~ the
message-handling bits B3 - B7 are very important. The b;ts B3 and B4
are encoded message bits designated EMBl and EMB0 in Figure 20. These
encoded bits convey the following message:
00 idle
01 send next character
10 send next character
11 error
The 00 condition of the encoded message bits indicates that the micro-
port control is in a condition where the microprocessing unit 205 is
not ready to receive a message from thP CPU. The encoded message
combination 01 indicates to the central processing unit 130 to send the
next character as data is being transmitted from the common control to
the microport control. The encoded message combination 10 also refers
to sending a character of data from the common control to the micro-
processing unit. In this regard, the combinations 01 and 10 in the
encoded message bits EMBl and EMB0 will occur alternately as data is
transmitted from the common control to the microport control until the
full message is received. The encoded message bit combination 11 indi-
cates that a parity error has been detected in the transmission
indicating that the data should be retransmitted.
The bit B5 of the message register 213 represents message
time-out and indicates that there is so~lething wrong with the messa~e.
8 3 4 ~
For example, a complete message may not have beerl received in the
microprocessing unit 205 in that all of the words which the common con-
trol indicated would be sent had not been received. Under such
circumstances, the microprocessing unit 205 will ignore the message.
The bit B6 in the message register 213 indicates an end
of message. As far as the microprocessing unit 205 is concerned, a bit
in the position B5 indicates to the CPU that the microprocessing unit
205 is through sending the message.
Bit B7 in the message register represents a request denied,
indicating that the microprocessing unit 205 cannot serve the request
due to some undesirable characteristic of the transmission, such as a
glare condition.
As seen in Figure 21, the message register 213 consists of
flip-flops 250-257 which serve to store the eight bits representing the
status conditions oF the microport control 110 to be forwarded to the
common control 101. The status data provided in the message register
213 from the microprocessing unit 205 is updated at the end of each port
scan with the generation of scan signal 525, as seen in Figure 15, when
signal R/W is equal to 1 and upon receipt of the timing signal ~2T,
which serves to enable the gate 249 clocking the data from the micro-
processing unit 205 received on lead DATA into the flip-flops 250 - 257.
The status data as stored in these flip-flops 250 - 257 is
applied via leads ODO - OD7 to a parallel-in serial-out circuit 260
which serves to convert the status data into serial form and forward it
to the common control on the STATUS channel in response to receipt of
the LOAD pulse (Figure l9a) from the common control, which pulses are
received on leads RSTSYN by the RESET and SYNC control 216, as seen in
Figure 13, and forwarded to the message register 213. If the clock
inhibit lead CLK IN is not enabled from the RESET and SYNC control 216,
the LOAD signal will enable the circuit 260 to send out the serial status
data at the system clock rate.
The RESET and SYNC control 216 is illustrated in Fiaure 22
and serves not only to effect a reset to initialize the microport
control 110, but also controls the operation of the message register
213 in response to receipt of the load pulses from the common control,
~L~L5~3~7
51
which is applied to the clock control 270 via the gates 271 and 272
which is initally set at state 15.
When lead RSTSYN goes low, state 6 is loaded into the clock
control 270 and flip-flop 27~ is enabled by the output of OR gate 271
applied to the CL input of the flip-flop 274. Flip-flop 276 also sets
upon receipt of the next ~2T clock pulse to generate the signal LOAD
applied to the message register 213 to effect a loading of the parallel
data from t~e message register into the PISO shift register 260, as
seen in Figure 21.
The clock control 270 advances with receipt of each clock
pulse on lead CLOCK subsequent to RSTSYN going low. If RSTSYN stays
low for eight clock pulses, the QD output of the clock control 270 will
reset the flip-flop 27~ to generate a reset pulse through gate 280 and
also will generate a clock inhibit signal on lead CLK IN via gate 282,
which is applied to the PISO 260 in Figure 21 to inhibit transfer of
the data from the message register 213 to the common control. In other
words, if RSTSYN remains low for more than eight counts of the clock,
it is an indication that a reset signal has been received from the
common control rather than a load signal.
On the other hand, if the pulse on RSTSYN goes high prior
to eight counts of the clock, the inhibit lead CLK IN will be disabled
after eight clock counts and the load signal LOAD to the message reg-
ister 213 will enable the PISO 260 to shift the data serially from the
message register 213 to the common control at the clock rate. The
clock then continuPs to advance the counter 270 to the state 15 in
preparation to monitor the next pulse on RSTSYN.
In addition to receiving a reset pulse from the common
control, resetting for initialization of the microport control can be
effected by the RESET and SYNC control circuit 216 under two other
conditions. The microprocessing unit is reset at power-on by an RC
network 279~ as seen in Figure 22, connected to the system power, which
enables one of the inputs to the OR gate 280 via a Schmitt trigger
circuit 277 and an inverter 278. In this way, a reset signal is gen-
erated at the output of the gate 280 and applied to the microprocessing
3~ unit 205.
3~7
52
A second condition which results in generation of a reset
operation occurs when an interlock between the microport control 110
and the common control is opened to generate a signal on line INTO to
the flip-flop 275 in Figure 22. Upon receipt of the clock signal IMS
from the system clock~ the flip-flop 275 is reset, thereby enabling
the third input to the OR gate 280, generating a reset to the micro-
processing unit 205. The reset condition will be maintained until the
interlock is restored.
All transmissions, whether from CPU to MPC or from MPC to
CPU, have as their initial data block a sixteen bit word called a
"header" which is extended into two 8-bit bursts due to the restrictions
imposed on the message link by the ACIA 212 in the MPC 110. The header
contains the information necessary for intelligent communications as
~ollows:
a. Port equipment number (as referenced to the MPC);
b. Number of 16-b;t words to follow the header (up to 7
max.);
c. A directive code (CPU-to-MPC only) to command the MPC;
d. An event code (MPC-to-CPU only) to instruct the CPU; and
e. A message type code (MPC-to-CPU only) to ;nd;cate a
"true" message or a maintenance message.
Up to six additional sixteen bit words can follow the header depending
upon the particular communication, that is, a given transmission can
consist of a minimum of one 16-bit word (the header) or a maximum of
seven 16-bit words (including the header). Therefore, the message and
its content determine how long the MPCI 120 will remain devoted to a
given MPC 110. At the conclusion of the transmission, the MPCI 120
resumes its scanning of the MPC's message register 110. Hardware timing
;s provided to assure against a failed MPC 110 hogging the MPCI 120,
as will be described hereinafter. The CPU 13n remains associated with
the MPCI 120 for the duration of the transrnission since there is in-
sufficient time to see to other business.
Since the message link between the ~PC and the CPU operates
at approximately 500 BAUD, there are 2 microseconds per bit transmitted.
Each eight bit message burst also has associated a start bit, a parity
. ..
B 3 '1~
53
bit, and a stop bit, as seen in Figure 18 for eleven bits total or 22
microseconds per eight bit byte.
The typical format of the communications between the cen-
tral processing unit 130 in the common control 101 and the micropro-
cessor unit 205 in the microport control 110 is illustrated in Figures
23 and 24. As seen in Figure 23, the communication between the central
processing unit 130 and the microprocessor unit 205 consists at least
of a header HD and possibly also a message Ml for normal event response
and/or a message M2 for register request. The CPU is a word machine
and therefore operates on the basis of a sixteen bit word; whereas, the
MPU is a byte machine operating on the basis of eight bit bytes. Thus~
each word in a communication between the CPU and the MPU will consist
of a word comprising two bytes. The header HD which forms the first
word of any communication from t~le CPU to the MPU prov;des three bits
to indicate the number of words in the message to be forwarded to the
MPU~ four bits for a directive to the MP~ to perform a particular
function, and six bits to indicate the port equipment number to which
the message is directed. Word three in message Ml prov;des two bits
for maintenance, six bits to indicate the state oF the timer, and four
command ~its. Word four and subsequent words in the message Ml pro-
vides various four bit argument fields indicating the content of the
message. The message M2 for register request provides four bits to
indicate the count of the digit shift from the CPU to the MPU as well
as four bits for digit count. Various digits to be forwarded to the
MPU make up the remainder of the message M2.
Messages sent from the MPU to the CPU are of two general
types, i.e., maintenance messages and normal event codes Figure 24
indicates the format of the normal message which provides a first byte
including six bits to designate the port equipment number of the port
to which the message relates, and a second byte which includes four
bits designating the event code, one bit indicating the message type
(maintenance or normal event) and three bits indicating tne number
of words in the message. The first word represents the header and is
always sent with the message. The remaining words in the message will
designate the count of the digit shift CQDS and include the dialed
~5~3~
54
digits to be forwarded to the CPU. Any number of dialed digits u~ to
a maximum of sixteen digits can be sent per message. Thus, the MPU can
store dialed digits in its receivers and forward all to the CPU after
all dialed digits have been received, or the MPU can send one or less
than all of the dialed digits to the CPU as permitted by the CPU while
dialing still is underway.
The sequence of steps involved with an ~PC-to-CPU trans-
mission begin when the CPU detects the MPC's desire to transmit via the
PRl or PR2 scan bits of the messaae register 213, as seen in Figure 20.
In response to such detection, the CPU causes the MPCl 120 to stop its
scan at that MPC 110. The first eight bits forming the header of the
CPU message are then forwarded to the ACIA 212 and stored in the re-
ceive data reg;ster therein (Fig. 17b).
The MPC is interrupted by this transmission from the CPU
and responds by loading the first eight bits forming the header of a
response message in the transmit data register o-F the ACIA 212 (Fig.
17b), and this response message is forwarded to the MPCI 120. While
the transmission of the first eight bits is being accomplished, the
microport control begins shifting the next eight bits of the header
into the transmit data register of the ACIA 212.
Once a communication has been completed, the MPCI steps
off that microport control 110 and resumes its scanning. The CPU then
checks the PRl and PR2 scan bits of the message register for the next
MPC to be ser~iced.
3 The MPC Software
.
The organization of the MPC software is graphlcally shown
in Figure 25a. There are presently seven broad categories of programs
which have to do with port operation and control. Additional feature
programs which would operate in the port area are not shown and would
constitute an eighth category. The programs are configured around a
10 millisecond superframe made up of 5 millisecond frames (Fig. 25b).
Consequently, one pass through the programs of Figure 25a must be
done within 5 milliseconds in accordance with the configuration of
Fig. 25b. The IRQ ~interrupt request) signal marks the start of each
~5~
5 millisecond frame.
The purpose of the interrupt-handling programs is to pro-
cess interrupts in a logical manner. It is through these programs
that the IRQ interrupt is processed to start a 5 millisecond frame.
The CPU communication program is accessed via the nonmarkable interrupt
(NMI). This allows the MPC to "talk" properly with the CPU and to
decipher incoming codes. Power-up and reinitialization of the MPC is
accessed via the reset link, power being applied, or by watchdog
timer timeout. In this routine, not only are proper port parameters
loaded for the ports, but the MPC also interrogates the ports for
their identification (port type such as E/M trunk, line circuit, etc.).
The port-communications programs are structured using
straight-line programming for conversion of speed. All forty-eight
ports are accessed for I/0 in 0.6 microseconds of each 5 microsecond
frame. It is to be noted that these programs operate on the SUP0,
SUPl~ and SUP2 areas of the RAM (Fig llc) which are within the base
page of the memory. Each bit of the SUP0 is a relay (or circuit) in
the associated port so that setting the bit to a "1" activates the
associated circuit of the port. Thus, any other program oF the MPC
which wishes to control a port circuit can do so by simple memory
operations with full assurance that the mechanics of port control will
be handled by the port communications programs. The SUPl and SUP2
area store the sense information picked up from the ports in succes-
sive 5 millisecond frames for use by the registers which are func-
tional every 10 milliseconds. By these areas~ the MPC can "look" 5milliseconds into the past for a given port.
Access to the CPU communications programs is instituted
through the nonmarkable interrupt (NI) since the CPU, running asyn-
chronously to the MPC, can start communications at any time. In all
communication protocol, the CPU is the absolute master while the MPC
is the slave. Hence, as pointed out above, if the MPC wishes to
communicate with the CPU, it requests CPU service by marking the
appropriate bits in the MPC message register 213.
The scan control programs determine the sequence of oper-
ation in the MPC. Since these programs also decide which program is
56
to be executed, they form a very basic MPC system executive. Thereare three scan contro7 programs which are interrelated for processing
the port data stored in the RA~ SUPl and SUP2 areas and for control-
ling the port command bits stored in the SUP0 area. The programs are
as follows:
a. Slow-Scan Control. This is the slowest scan rate and
-
is used for seizure of ports identified as line circuits. In every 5
millisecond frame3 only one port is scanned in this mode. For forty-
eight ports (and two dummy ports for maintenance), the slow-scan frame
is 250 milliseconds.
b. _edium-Scan Control. The medium scan rate is 50 milli-
seconds. In each 10 millisecond superframe, ten ports are scanned;
thus, for five superframes (50 milliseconds) all ports are scanned.
There is no medium scan list, but a bit in the port-bit area of RAM
tells the program that a port is in medium scan. Normally, all trunks
are always in medium scan. This is so that there is a minimum delay-
to-service upon seizure. Under certain conditions, some lines may also
be medium scanned.
c. Fast-Scan Control. This program transfers control to
the fast-scan list. This is a l;st identifying ports associated with
a (RAM) register. Up to eight ports can be assigned to this list at
any given time. Thefast scan rateis 5 millisecond. This high rate is
required by the registers for effective indialing pulse analysis and
control and/or outpulsing control.
The phase transition programs are used to transfer control
to operational programs. For each ~PC state, there is a corresponding
program. The MPC status for a given port are determined by the port
type and its condition; as inputs to the port change, the MPC state
for that port also changes.
The substate operational programs are those which actually
do all the work on a port. Control is transferred to this set of
programs by the phase transition program. A jump table is used to
transfer control to these programs. Subroutine programs are not shown
in Figure ~5a but are used heavily in the MPC to save programming
effort. These perform routine functions such as equipment-number-to-
57
hardware address conversion, deletion of dialed digits from the reg~ister area, detection of wink start, enter event codes for tranSIniSSiOn
to the CPU and the like.
Maintenance programs perform a variety of operations. In-
cluded are such features as traffic-metering (wherein Deg counts and
the like are kept on the ports and registers for transmittal to the
CPU), port-type identity (to automatically identify a port card type
when it is plugged in), maintenance calls, etc. The maintenance pro-
grams have two dummy ports which can originate and terminate test calls
as though they were real ports. Their type, of course, can be changed
as required. These test calls communicate with the CPU in the normal
manner although they carry a "maintenance" designation. This guarantees
that if a failure occurs in the hardware links, or in the MPC, the CPU
will eventually find it.
C. THE COMMON CONTROL
The relationship of the MPC's 110 to each other and to the
CPU 130 is shown in Figure 26. The MPC Interface 120 (MPCI) functions
as a message center for communications to and from the CPU 130 and MPC
110. It appears as an I/O device to the CPU 130 and is treated as such.
The bus buffers 118a and 118b are simply hardware necessities to inter-
face the MPC buses, to provide MPC steering under MPCI control, and to
provide the necessary fanouts to the MPC's. The functions required to
be performed by the MPCI complex are as follows:
a. Provide temporary storage for data to/from the CPU 130
and each MPC 110. It provides the proper parallel bus inter-face to
the CPU 130 and a serial interface to the MPC 110.
b, Provides even-parity generation for data extended to
the MPC 110 and even-parity checking on data received from the MPC 110.
c. Storage, updating, and monitoring of the status signals
from the various MPC's 110.
d. MPC selection is provided. The MPC cannot communicate
with the CPU without the CPU's permission. By means of the status
link, the MPC 110 indicates its desire to transmit. The CPU responds
35 to this and causes the MPCI 120 to devote itself to the MPC 110. A
:~ ~5~3~'7
58
message is then sent to the MPC 110 to commence its transmittal. The
MPCI 120 remains devoted to the MPC 110 as long as required. The same
operation takes place if the CPU 130 wishes to send to the MPC 110.
e. MPC reset function is implemented. When commanded by
the CPU, the MPCI 120 can reset any (or all) MPC's 110 by extending a
signal over the "reset" link which is greater than eight MPC clock
pulses (greater than 8 microseconds).
f. Synchronization of transmission between the MPCI 120
and the MPC's 110 is performed. Synchronization pulses are extended
over the "reset" link to control the ACIA 212 in the MPC 110. These
signals have a repetition rate of 114 KHz and a duration of 0.977
microseconds. They are extended to an MPC 110 only when required.
1. The Bus Buffers
As seen in Figure 6, the bus buffers 118 form the basic
link between the respective microport controls 110 in each of the port
groups 100 and the microport control interface 12~ in the common control.
In addition to serving as a distribution center for all signals to and
from the microport control interface 720 and the various microport con-
trols 110~ the bus buffer 118 also performs a multiplexing and line
selection function for control purposes.
Figure 27 is a basic block diagram of the bus buffer 118,
which includes a plural;ty of driver-receiver circuits 300, each asso-
ciated with a respective microport control 110. The circuits 300 each
include a data-to-microport control driver 301, a reset-to-microport
control driver 302, a data-from-microport control receiver 303, and a
status from microport control receiver 304. ~Ihe driver and receiver
circuits 301 - 304 provide the interface with the control and data
links to the respective ports groups 100.
The data and reset lines from the microport control inter-
face 120 are connected to the data driver 301 and reset driver 302 ineach driver circuit 300 via buffer circuit 305; while~ the data and
status information from each microport control 110 is supplied to the
microport control interface 120 from t~e receivers 303 and 304 via
the buffer circuit 306. In order to control the receipt and trans-
mission of data and control signals bet~leen the common control 101
~ 15~3~
59
and the respective port nroups 100, the common control 101 scansthe respective port groups 100 by selectively enabling the associated
driver circuit 300 in the bus buffer 118 which connects to the particu-
lar microport control 110 in the selected port group 10~. In this
regard, the microport control interface 120 supp'lies to the bus buffer
a plurality of enabling signals EN0 - EN22 which are connected through
a buffer inverter 310 to ~he respective driver-receiver circuits 300.
Thus, each of the enable leads EN0 - EN22 represents one of the micro-
port control circuits 110 attached to the bus buffer 118. ~hen acti-
vated by tne microport control lnterface 120, a particular enable leadallows a two way means of communication to be established between the
microport control interFace 120 and the selected microport control 110.
The leads to and from tne microport control interface 120
are all single-ended and use a low level signal as the active state.
On the other hand, the leads between the bus buffer 118 and the various
microport controls 110 are all differentially driven. Thus, the dr;vers
301 and 302 serve to receive the single-ended information from the
microport control interface 120 and differentially drive it to the MPC.
In a like manner, the receivers 303 and 304 differentially receive in-
formation from the microport control 110 and send it sing'le-ended to the
microport control interface 120.
2. The Microport Control Interface
The microport control interface 120 performs various func-
tions as an interface circuit bet~een the port groups 100 and the
peripheral bus extending to the CPU 130 via the interrupt encoder 125.
The principal function consists of temporary storage for the data which
is transmitted to and from the central processing unit 130, as well as
storage and update for the microprocessor control status signals from
the MPC. However, the microport control interface 120 also performs the
microport control selection function by generating the enabling signals
EN0 - EN23 to the bus buffer 118, parity check for the data received
from the microport control 110 and the provision of even parity for the
data supplied to the microport controls 110. In addition, the microport
control interface 120 provides for the scanning of the status of the
3 '~ 7
various microport controls 110 relating to the oriority one and criority
two requests and the register-~ree status. Message length monitoring is
also performed by the microport control interface 120 to indicate to the
central processing unit 130 when a complete messaqe has been received.
The microport control interface 120, as seen in Figure 28,
provides sixteen bi-directional single-ended lines carrying data to and
from the interrupt encoder 125as well as six unidirectional lines from
the interrupt encoder 125 designated register select 1 and 2, write, read,
device enable and strobe. All data transferred between the microport
control interface 120 and the interrupt encoder 125 is in parallel form.
The microport control interface 120 receives data on lead DATAI and status
information on lead OSTTI from the bus buffer 118 in serial form and
supplies data to the bus buffer 118 in serial form on lead DATA0. The
microport control enable signals EN0 - EN23 are also supplied to the
bus buffer 118 from the microport control interface 120.
Data and control signals are received from the interrupt
encoder 125 at a bus transceiver 320. The data sianals ID0 - ID15 are
supplied to an output FIF0 322 which temporarily stores the data and
provides it on a first-in, first-out basis to a message PIS0 (parallel-
in serial-out~ 323 where the data is converted from parallel to serial
~orm and supplied to the bus buffer 118 on lead DATA0. The control 5i9-
nals WRITE, READ, DE, XR0 and XRl received by the bus transceiver 320
from the interrupt encoder 125 are provided in part to the control
register 325 to indicate a particular microport control 110 to which
the data is to be transmitted. The control register 325 in turn controls
a microport control code selector 327 which is driven by a microport
control counter 328. The selector circuit 327 in turn supplies its
output to the MPC decoder 330 which generates the enable sianals EN0 -
EN23.
During normal scanning of the microport controls 110, the
MPC counter 328 will drive the MPC code selector 327, whose outPut is
decoded by the MPC decoder 330 to sequentially generate the enable
signals EN0 - EN23 supplied to the bus buffers 118 ~or purposes of
scanning the respective microport controls 110 in the various port groups
100. In this way, as already described in connection with the microport
~ ~5~3~ ~
61
control, load pulses provide for the transFer of status information from
each microport control 110 to the microport control in~erface 120, where
it is received on lines OSTTI from the bus buffer 118 at status SIPO
(serial-in parallel-out) circuit 335. The serial status information
received from the bus buffer 118 is converted into parallel form by the
circuit 335 and the bits relating to priority 1 and priority 2 requests
and register-free status are stored in storage latches 336 where this
information may then be supplied via status buffers 337 and the bus
transeiver 320 to the central processing unit 130 via the interrupt en-
coder 125. Thus, the interrupt encoder 125 can periodically scan thestatus of each of the microport controls 110 as stored in the status
storage circuit 336 via the control register 325 and a status read de-
coder 340, whose output serves to control the status buffers 337 which
transfer the status information to the central processing unit 130 via
the bus transceiver 320.
When the CPU 130 detects a request for service from a
microport control 110 in one of the status bits relating to prlority 1
or priority 2 requests, a directive will be sent from the CPU, as des-
cribed in connection with Figure 23, and the CPU will at the same time
provide the microport control number to the control register 325 to lock
the microport control interface 120 to a single designated microport
control 110 by locking onto one of the enable signals ENO - EN23 asso-
ciated with the particular microport control 110. The microport control
110 may then forward data to the CPU which is received in serial form on
lead DATAI at the message SIPO (serial-in parallel-out) circuit 350.
The serial data is converted to parallel form by the circuit 350 and
forwarded to the input FIFO and parity circuit 352 whlch provides tem-
porary storage for the data and provides it on a first-in first out basis
through the message buffers 354 to the bus transceiver 320 for trans-
mission to the interrupt encoder 125. The message send control circuit
356 monitors the number of words sent to the microport control 110, and
when all words are sent and the CPU has read all messages sent to it by
the MPC (if any), this information is then forwarded to the interrupt
encoder 125 via the bus transceiver 320.
Any communication between the central processing unit 130
62
and a microport control 110 must be initiated by the central processingunit which is the master in all cases. Thus, before any message can be
forwarded from the microprocessor unit 205 to the CPU, the CPU must send
one word to the MPC to initiate the transmission of this message, as
already described. In this regard, the central processing unit 130 con-
tinuously scans the message register 213 in each microport control 110
and will detect a priority 1 or priority 2 request when it appears. The
central processing unit 130 then will contact the microport control 110
to indicate that it is prepared to receive a message.
Referring to Figure 29, which illustrates details of the
control register 325, the interrupt encoder 125 first obtains access to
the microport control interface 120 by pulsing the device enable lead DE
to the gate circuit 370. Depending upon whether a read or write opera-
tion is to be effected, either the WRITE lead or the READ lead will be
also enabled. The leads XRO and XRl designate the register select 1
and register select 2 control leads from the interrupt encoder 125. In
response to enabling oF the WRIlE lead and depending upon the condition
of the XRO and XRl leads, the gate circu;t 370 and its associated output
AND gates will produce the write command signals WCO, WRO9 and WC2. The
STROBE lead provides a strobe pulse from the interrupt encoder 125 a
short time after enabling of the DE lead and serves to ensure that the
data is accurately received within the microport control interface 120.
In a similar manner, upon enabling of the READ lead from the
interrupt encoder 125 to the gate circuit 370 and depending upon the
condition of the leads XRO and XRl, the read control signals RCO, RCl,
RC3 will be generated. Again, the strobe lead STROBE controls the timing
to ensure that the lead operation is effected at a time when proper data
can be read.
As already indicated, the central processing unit 130 oper-
ates on the basis of sixteen bit words while the microport control 110operates on eight bit bytes. Accordingly, the microport control inter-
face 120 serves as a means for converting between words and bytes in the
messages which are transmitted between the central processing unit 130
and the microport control 110. As seen in Fiaure 30, a sixteen bit
message from the interrupt encoder 125 is received on leads IDO - ID15
~ ~ 5~
63
and this data is stored in a register 375 upon receipt of the write con-
trol signal WC2 from Figure 29. The two bytes stored in register 375
are then provided on output lines MO - M15 to respective gates 377 and
378 in Figure 31~ from which they will be sequentially applied to the
output FIFO 322 under control oF the FIFO load control 3~0, illustrated
in Figure 32. The FIFO load control 380 generates three timing signals
in response to the write control signal WC2 and the clock signal MPCKl
(1.544 MHz) to control the gates 377 and 378 as well as the shifting of
data into the FIFO 322. Figure 32a is a timing diagra~ providing an
indication of the relative timing of the signals SIA~ ENMO, and ENMl. As
can be seen from the drawings, the first eight bits on lead MO - M7 first
pass through the gate 377 in response to the enable signal ENMO going
low, and the next leading edge of the timing signal SIA, the first byte
is shifted into the FIFO 322. The second byte which appears on leads
M8 - M15 passes through gate 378 when the enable signal ENMl goes low
and this byte is shifted into the FIFO at the leading edge of the next
timing pulse SIA. Thus, the sixteen bit word from the central processina
unit is converted into successive eight bit bytes in the FIFO 322.
When the data appears at the output o~ the FIFO 322 in Figure
31, one input of AND gate 390 will be enabled via inverter 392 and OR
gate 391. The other inputs to AND gate 390 are the SEND control lead
and the BUSY control lead. When all three inputs to the AND gate 390
are enabled, the output produces a START signal to initiate shifting the
data out of the FIFO 322. As seen in Figure 33, the START signal passes
through OR gate 393 and inverter 395 to the ACIA bit counter 400, which
is initialized by the START signal. At this time, the busy reclock
flip-flop 401 is reset so that the BUSY output is enabled via OR gate
402 and this signal forms one of the inputs to the AND gate 390 in
Figure 31. The counter 400 is then driven from the clock pulse A514,
and the counter provides an output via gate 403 to set the flip-flop
401, enabling the BUSY lead. The FIFO 322 in Figure 31 is tontrolled
by the BUSY output from the flip-flop 401 to shift out the byte appearing
at its output through a gate circuit 410 in Figure 33 to the input of
the message PISO 323, ~here the data will be shifted in in parallel and
shifted out in serial Form through gates 412 and 414 on lead DATAO to
~ ~5~347
64
the bus buffer at the clock rate oF 514 KHz.
The data which is applied through the gate circuit 410 in
Figure 33 on leads NBO - NB7 to the PISO 323 is also applied to a parity
circuit 415 which determines whether the parity of the byte is odd or
even. If the parity is odd, the output of the parity circuit 415 is
applied to a parity generator 418 which adds to the message the proper
parity bit to provide even parity of the data. When the shift counter
400 reaches the end ofits count indicating the presence of the stop bit
in the message, the busy reclock flip-flop 401 is reset once again pro-
viding an output on BUSY via gate 402 to the input of the gate 390 inFigure 31 thereby permitting another start signal to be generated as
soon as another byte of information appears at the output of the FIFO
322.
As seen in Figure 31, the transfer of data from the FIFO 322
to the PISO 323 and then to the bus buffers is controlled by the SEND
lead which controls the shifting of data out of the FIFO 322. Each time
the SEND lead is pulsed, data appearing at the output of the FIFO 322
is shifted out, converted from parallel to serial form in the PISO 323,
and transmitted to the bus buffer on lead DATAO. The SEND control sig-
nal is generated in the message send control illustrated in Figure 34.
As indicated in connection with Fiqure 23, the first word orheader of any message from the CPU to the microport control llO includes
the length of the message in terms of the number of words comprising
the message. This information forms bits 8, 9, and 10 of the message
data received from the interrupt encoder 125 on leads ID~, ID9, and IDlO
at the input of a message length counter 425, which is preset by the
count represented by bits 8, 9, and 10 of the message in conjunction
with the timing signal WRO from the control register in Figure 29. The
message length counter 425 is then incremented via gate 426 each time
the BUS~ lead is enabled from the output of the busy reclock flip-flop
401 in Figure 33 so that the counter 425 counts down with each word
shifted out from its present count until it reaches zero. This indi-
cation that all words of the message have been transmitted is indicated
by enabling of the gates 427 and 428 at the output of the counter 425
thereby providing an output SDONE from AND gate 429 to be forwarded to
the CPU.
The SEND lead which controls the transmission of data from
the interrupt encoder 125 through the microport control interface 120
to the bus buffer 118 is provided at the output of gate 431 in Figure
34 from the reset outputs of the handshake send control flip-flop ~90
or the initial byte control flip-Flop 430, which is cleared from the
output of gate 424 after the first byte is sent. When the signa7 SDONE
at the output of gate 429 goes high~ the SDONE reclock flip-flop 435
sets on the next clock pulse MPCKl. This causes the initial byte con-
trol flip-flop 430 to set and the output of gate 431 goes low. After
the first byte has been sent, the message bits EMBO and EMBl from the
message register 213 in the microport control 110 control generation of
the SEND output from gate 431 by switching the send next byte flip-flop
485 to produce an output from gate 486 which sets the handshake control
flip-flop 490 with each alternation of the bits EMBO and EMBl.
; 15 In addition to data, the message from the CPU to the micro-
port control includes the address of the MPC to be accessed. In this
regard, the first eight bits of the sixteen bit word relate to the
address of the microport control and the second eight bits relate to
data. Returning to Figure 29, it is seen that the address bits from
the interrupt encoder 125 appear on leads I~O - ID7 and are stored in
register 450. These address bits appear on leads RMCl - RMC5 and are
applied to the MPC code selector 327 (Fi~ure 28) and then to the MPC
decoder 330 where the proper enable signal is provided to the bus buffer
to effectconnection to the selected microport control lln.
The control register 325 also includes a register 455, as
seen in Figure 29, to which is applied the reset MPC bit 12, the main-
tenance bit 13, and the reset MPCI bit 14 of the message on leads ID12,
IDl39 and ID14 from the interrupt encoder 125. The outputs from the
register 455 therefore include a lead RMPC which instructs resetting
of the microport control 110, a lead RMPCI which instructs resetting
of the microport control interface 120, and a maintenance lead MAINT
which is enabled via the gate 451 in conjunction with the write control
signal WCO. The status read bit 15 of ~he message i5 also applied to
the register 455 on lead ID15 and produces the output STATR to the
status read decoder 340 for controlling the gating of status information
~:~5~33~
66
from the status storage 336 through the status buffers 337 to the in-
terrupt encoder, as seen in Figure 28.
The status read decoder is illustrated in Figure 35a, and
comprises a decoder 460 which receives the first thre~ bits of the
address received from the interrupt encoder on leads RMCl, RMC21 and
RMC3 and is enabled by the status register lead STATR to provide the
sense signals SENl - SEN6. These sense signals are the signals which
are forwarded to the status buffer 337 to enable these buffers permitting
the stored status information in the status storage 33~ to be forwarded
throughthe bus transceiver 320 to the interrupt encoder.
As already indicated~ the status storage 336, as seen in
Figure 2~, merely stores the three bits of the status from each microport
control relating to priority request 1, priority request 2, and register-
free, data which the central processing unit 130 continuously scans to
detect requests from each microport control 110 and indications of the
availability of a register therein. The remaining status data which is
message related is received in the message send control 356, as seen in
Figure 34, being applied on leads SRD, ~ SRF, SRG and SRH via gates
471 - 474 to the status register 475. The status register 475 is con-
trolled by the timing signals LDS and WCO and provides the message time-
out bit MTO~ the end signal bit ES and the request denied bit RD through
gates 477 upon receipt of the read control signal ~ from the control
register in Figure 29. These three bits are then applied on leads OD9,
OD10, and ODll to the interrupt encoder 125.
The message bits EMBl and EMBO which control the sending of
the characters from the central processing unit 130 to the microport
control 110 are received from the output of the status register 475 at
the input of AND gate 480. As already indicated, these bits from the
message register 213 in the MPC alternate zero and one in the sending of
successive characters; however, if both bits equal one, it is an indi-
cation of recoverable error, and this is provided by enabling of the
output of gate 4~0 through gate 481 and the gates 477 to provide an
indication to the interrupt encoder 125 on lead OD8.
The receipt of a message from a microport control llQ is
basically the opposite operation to the transmission of a messaae from
~L ~5~334~
67
the central processing unit 130 to the microport control 110. As seen
in Figure 36a, the data is received ~rom the bus buffer 118 in serial
form on lead DATAI and is clocked into the S[PO circuit 350 by the A514
clock signal applied through gates 507 and 5U8. The data is then con-
5 verted from serial to parallel form and provided on the leads SDO - SD7.
The data is also applied through gates 500 and SOl to a counter 502
which forms part of the parity checking arrangement. The counter 502
counts the bits which are received on the lead DATAI and its outputs
enable the AND gate 503 via the gates 504 and 505 at the time the parity bit
10 is received. The output of AND gate 503 clocks the parity bit flip-flop
506 to set the flip-flop or allow it to remain reset depending upon the
parity of that bit. The output of flip-flop 506 is applied along with
the data outputs SDO - SD7 to the parity generator 510 in Fiaure 36b
where the odd or even parity oF the data is determined.
Upon receipt of the parity check signal PARCK at the input
of gate 511 in Figure 36b, the parity of the data is supplied to the
parity error Flip-flop 515 which then determines whether a parity error
exists by either setting or remaining reset to provide the PE output.
The flip-flop 515 is reset by receipt of the write control signal WCO.
20 The parity check signal PARCK is generated in Figure 36a from the out-
put of AND gate 516, whose one input receives the clock signal A514 and
whose other input is enabled by another AND gate 517. The AND gate 517 is
enabled by the output of gate 504 upon receipt of the next clock pulse
signal on lead MPCKl.
Where a parity error exists, as indicated by enabling of
the output PE from parity error flip-flop 515 in Figure 36b, OR gate
481 in Figure 34 is enabled to provide an indication to the interrupt
encoder 125 on lead OD8 of the recoverable error. The central processing
unit 130 receiving this information can then indicate to the microport
30 control 110 that the data was insufficient and will be ignored, and that
the message should be sent once again.
Barring an error in the received data, the data stored in
the input SIPO 350 (Fig. 36a) is applied to the input FIFOs 520 and 522
in Figure 36 with the b;ts SDO - SD3 being applied to the FIFO 520 and
35 the bits SD4 - SD7 being applied to the FIFO 522 upon receipt of the
~L ~5~34~
68
parity check signal PARCK from Figure 36a. As already indicated, the
central processing unit 130 is capable of receiving sixteen bits, and
therefore, the eight bit bytes provided by the microport control 110
are to be combined into sixteen bit words under control of the input
FIFO circuits 52D and 522. Each byte of the message is shifted into the
FIFOs 520 and 522 in the manner indicated until data appears at the
output o~ these FIFOs. At this point, the OR gate 528 is enabled from
the output of gate 525 and/or gate 526 to set the output ready flip-flop
525, which is closed by the lead SO. Since the central processing unit
130 will not receive data until it is ready~ it is ~or the CPU to indi-
cate to the MPCI that it is ready to receive data by proper instruction.
In this regard, as seen in Figure 39, a read control signal RC3 is gen-
erated in the control register in response to instructions from the
interrupt encoder 125 and the strobe pulse STROBE also received from the
interrupt encoder 125 sets the POP FIFO flip-flop 530 via gate 529. W;th
the flip-flop 530 set, gate 531 is enabled from the output of gate 532
with receipt o~ the read control signal RC3, the output of AND gate 531
being applied through gates 533 and 534 to enable the SO lead extending
to the flip-flop 525 in Figure 37.
When the output ready flip-~lop 525 (Fig.37) is set, the FIFOs
520 and 522 are enabled to shift the data out to a pair of registers
540 and 541, as seen in Figure 38. The second byte of the message is
then allowed to propagate to the output of the FIFOs 520 and 522 so that
the full sixteen bits are available at the outputs of the registers 540
and 541 and FIFOs 520 and 522. With data ready to be transmitted to the
CPU, the FIFO store output control in Figure 39 provides a ready output
from the ready flip-flop 545 on lead RDY which is applied through the
gate circuit 550 in Figure 40 on lead OD14 to the interrupt encoder 125
indicating that data is ready to be read. The interrupt encoder 125
will then provide a read instruction via signal RC3 through the control
register when the ~PU is ready to enable the gate circuits 542 and 543
(Fig. 48) associated with the registers 540 and 541 to gate out the
~irst byte; while, the second byte appearing at the output of the FIFOs
520 and 522 is gated through gate circuit 544 to the interrupt encoder
125.
3 B ~
69
As seen in Figure 37, when no data appears at the output of
the FIFOs 520 and 522, the output ready ~lip-flop 525 will be in a reset
condition thereby enabling gate 548 to provide the signal FOE indicating
that the FIFO is empty. This signal is supplied to Figure 39 and serves
to clock the flip-flop 547 thereby generating the signal RECCK, which
clocks registers 540 - 541. In this way, each time the REGCK flip-flop
547 is set, an indication is forwarded to the central processing unit 130
from the ready flip-flop 545 indicating that data is ready to be trans-
mitted. The central process;ng unit then provides an instruction via the
control register to effect a reading of this data thereby settinq the
POP FIFO flip-flop 530 and the register clock flip-flop 547 in Figure 39
to generate the signals REGCK and SO to transfer data from the FIFO to
the registers for subsequent transfer upon receipt of the read control
signal RC3 to the interrupt encoder 125.
Figures 40 and 41 illustrate the DONE control circuit which
serves to indicate to the interrupt encoder 125 when a complete message
has been transmitted from the microport control 110. In Figure 40, gate
552 receives the FOE (FIFO empty) signal via gate 553 at one input thereof
and the SDONE signal from the output of gate 429 in Figure 34 via gate 554
at the other input thereof. Thus, gate 552 will be enabled when the FIFO
is indicated as empty and the message length counter 425 indicates that
all words have been received in accordance with the message length indi-
cated in the header of the message. Enabling of AND gate 552 via OR gates
555 and 556 result in a setting of the circuit DONE flip-flop 560 to
provide an output through gate circuit 550 on lead OD15 to the interrupt
encoder 125.
The gate 555 in Figure 40 can also be enabled directly from
the reset signal RS provided from the interrupt encoder 125 via gate 551.
As indicated in connection with Figure 29, the interrupt
encoder 125 may instruct both a resetting of the microport control 110
or a resetting of the microport control interface 120 via b,ts 12 and 14.
The resetting of the microport control is effected by generating the
signal RMPC which is forwarded to gate 564 in Figure 41, the output of
which is applied to the counter 565 to which the clock s;gnal A514 is
connected. When the output RSDONE is generated from the counter 565, it
;~5~33~7
also sets the flip-flop 566 to produce the signal RSTART. These two sig-
nals are applied to gate 570 in Figure 4n along with the RMPC control
signal to enable gate 555 and thereby provide an indication to the inter-
rupt encoder 125 that the operation has been completed.
In Figure 40, gate 575 will also effect a setting o~ the
circuit DONE flip-flop 560 under various conditons. On the one hand,
receipt of the reset microport control interface signal RMPCI ~rom the
control register ;n Figure 29 along with the reset signal RESET from the
reset flip-flops 381 and 382 in Figure 32 will enable gate 576 to enable
10 gate 575. A second condition results when gate 577 is enabled by receipt
of the status register signal STATR and the read control signal RCl v;a
the gate 578. A third condition exists when the gate 580 is enabled by
receipt of the end signal ES from the status register 475 in Figure 34
and the set output of the message on flip-flop 582 along with either the
FIFO empty signal FOE or the read control signal RCO via gate 583.
3. The Interrupt Encoder
-
As seen in Figure 6, the interrupt encoder 125 forms the
interface between the central processing unit 130 and various inputt
output devices (I/O), such as the MPC interface 120, the attendant data
I/O circuits 145, the digital conference circuits 140, the TTY control
138 and the data link 143.
The interrupt encoder 125 provides a plurality of functions,
one of which ;s to provide the interface between the peripheral I/O
devices and the CPU bus by selectively enabling a designated I/O circuit
under control of the CPU 130. For this purpose, the interrupt encoder
125 is connected to the respective I/O devices by way of separate enable
leads by which the I/O devices may be selectively enabled to connect to
the central processing unit 130 via the peripheral bus.
30 Certain I/O devices, such as the attendant data I/O circuits
145 gain access to the central processing unit 130 by generating inter-
rupt requests. For an attendant, who is key;ng data which must be acted
upon immediately, it is necessary to gain access to the central pro-
cessing unit 130 more quickly than the man or machine operated equipment
which may be requesting service and which can be made to wait for higher
8 3 4 '~
71
priority requests to be serv;ced. The interrupt encoder 125 receives the
various interrupt requests from the I/O devices, generates interrupt vec-
tors according to a predetermined priority, and initiates a single inter-
rupt request to the central processing unit 130.
The interrupt encoder 125 also includes a boot strap and read
only memory which is used during system initialization to load the system.
Thus, during a power-up operation the central processing unit 130 will
address the interrupt encoder 125 and request the contents of the boot
strap ROM to effect initialization of the system.
The final function of the interrupt encoder 125 is to provide
a 4 millisecond sync pulse to generate a real time clock interrupt to
the central processing unit 130 for incrementing date and tirne counters.
~igure 42 is a general block diagram of the interrupt encoder
125 showing the path of data to and from the central processing unit 130
and the I/O devices as well as the various control circuits which process
the interrupt requests and generate the device enable signals for enab-
ling the I/O devices.
Data and address information from the CPU ;s provided via
the CPU bus to the send/receive buffer 600. Data is then forwarded from
the bu~fer 600 through the data bus buffer 601 to the peripheral data
bus, which extends to all of the I/O devices so that ~he data applied to
the bus will be received by each I/O device. However, the address infor-
mation provided from the output of the buffer 600 is received and stored
in the address store 602, and includes selected bits which identify a
particular I/O device. These bits are forwarded to the decode device
enable circuit 603 which decodes the address bits and drives the send
device enable circuit 60~ to generate a device enable signal which will
enable the single selected one of ~he I/O devices identified by the
decoded address. Thus, only the enabled I/O device will receive the data
which has been applied to the peripheral data bus from the central pro-
cessing unit 13U.
The address which is stored in the address store 602 also
includes bits which may indicate that the central processing unit 130
desires to read the data stored in the ROM 606. These bits are for-
warded from the address store 602 to the ROM enable circuit 605 which
83~'~
72
enables the ROM 606 and the ROM buffer 607. The contents of the ROM 606are then forwarded through the buffer 607 to the send/receive buffer 600
from which the data is forwarded to the CPU on the CPU bus.
Since interrupt requests may be generated at the same tirne
from a plurality of I/O devices, some means is normally provided for
servicing the interrupt requests in some sequential order based on pri-
ority; however, such a "daisy - chain" type of selection provides inherent
disadvantages in that a disabled I/O device which may be permanently
providing an interrupt request could prevent service to the other I/O
devices following it in the sequence of service. Accordingly, means is
provided by which the central processing unit 130 may disable or mask an
interrupt request from an I/O device with the scanning or Priority selec-
tion of the interrupt request then being carried out only with respect to
those unmasked requests which remain.
As seen in Figure ~2, the interrupt request from the I/O
devices are received in a gating circuit 610 to which is applied selec-
tively one or more masking signals from a mask circuit 609 based on data
received from the central processing unit 130 via the send/receive buffer
600. In other words, the central processing unit 130 can selectively
disable the gates associated with the interrupt request lead of selected
I/O devices on the basis of data supplied to the read/write mask circuit
609. This is accomplished by the CPU including in the address informa-
tion stored in the address store 602 a bit which request the receipt of
masked data, which bit is forwarded to the mask enable circuit 608 which
enables the read/write mask circuit 609 to permit it to receive data in
the form of mask instruct;ons from the central processing unit 130.
The interrupt requests which are not masked by the mask
circuit 609 are forwarded to an interrupt request store 611 and are then
supplied to a priority encoder 612. The priority encoder 612 selects a
single interrupt request on the basis of a predetermined priQrity, and
uses this selected interrupt request to generate a vector which is for-
warded through the vector buffer 613 to the central processing unit
indicating the I/O device which is requesting service.
The various functinns which are performed by the interrupt
encoder 125 are performed under control provided by the central processing
73
unit 130 via the control circuit 614, which is controlled by the control
signals received on the CPU bus not only to perform its own internal
operation but also to supply via the control buffer 615 various control
signals required by the I/0 devices to perform register selection and to
shift data out or receive data in as required by the CPU.
In communicating with the interrupt encoder, the central
processing unit 130 will first forward sixteen bits including address
information and then follow it with sixteen bits providing data. Thus,
data forwarded to the interrupt encoder 125 from the CPU is always pre-
ceded by address information.
Referring to Figure 43, which illustrates the send/receivebuffer 600, a differential gate arrangement 620 provides the interface
between data goinq to and from the CPU on leads BAL0 - BAL15 and data on
leads RDAL0 - RDAL15 going to the various circuits within the interrupt
encoder as well as the data bus buffer 601 which interfaces with the
peripheral data bus and the I/0 devices. Data coming from the various
circuits within the interrupt encoder and from the I/0 devices via the
peripheral data bus are applied on leads DCT0 - ~T~.
Any communication between the central processing unit 130
and an I/0 device occurs under control of the central processing unit
130 which supplies address information to the interrupt encoder 125 on
leads KAL0 - BAL15, the data passing through the differential gate
arranyement 620 in Figure 43 onto leads RDAL0 - RDAL15, ~hich extend to
the address store 602 illustrated in Figure 44. At the time the address
information is forwarded, the CPU also will forward the control signals
BSYNC and BBS7 to a gate circuit 625 which provides an output through
gate 626 clocking the address information into the address store 602.
Bits 13, 14, and 15 of the address define the user area
of the memory, a characteristic feature of the PCP 11/40 or LSI/ll
multi-user computers, and receipt of these bits in the address store
602 in Figure 44 will be detected by gate 603 to provide an output on
lead BANK7. In addition, the gate circuit 625 will enable the SYNC lead
upon receipt of the BS~NC signal from the central processing unit 130.
This signal BANK7 and the synchronizing signals SYNC along with the
address bits ADD8, ADD9, ADD10, ADDll, and ADD12 will be detected to
3~
7~
indicate that the address received rela~es to an I/O device or an inter-
rupt mask at gate 630 in Figure 46. As a result, gate 630 will enable
lead ADDEV which serves to enable the decoder 635 in Figure 45 to decode
the address signals ADD3 - ADD7, representing the identity of the I/O
device being addressed by the CPU. The decoder 635 causes a device
enable to be forwarded on one of the lines DEBO - DEB22 to the I/O de-
vices to enable one selected I/O device to receive data from the CPU or
send data to the CPU via the peripheral bus and through the interrupt
encoder 125.
The CPU now sends either a command requesting data transfer
into the CPU by enabling lead BDI~ in Figure 43 or requests that data be
sent out to the I/O device by enabling lead BDOUT.
Where data is to be transferred to the I/O device from the
central processing unit 130, the BDOUT signal from the central processing
unit 130 enables the DTOUT lead at the output of the gate 621 which ex-
tends to the gate circuit 641 in Figure 47. With the ADDEV lead from
Figure 46 enabled, the DTOUT lead will provide ~he control signal DAOUT
to the I/O devices indicating that data is to be forwarded from the CPU.
In addition, the address bits ADDl and ADD2 will be forwarded from the
address store 60Z in Figure 44 to the gate circuit 640 in Figure 47 and
will generate register select signals on leads RSELl or RSEL2 in response
to receipt of the ADDEV control signal. Thus, the I/O device will be
notified that data is to be received and will be instructed as to which
register to select for such data.
Data is received from the CPU on leads BALO - BAL15 a-t the
differential gate arrangement in Figure 43 subsequent to receipt of the
address and will pass on output leads RDALO RDAL15 to the data bus buffer
601 illustrated in Figure 48. This data will be applied through a gate
arrangement 650 to the peripheral bus on leads DABO - DAB15 to the I/O
devices upon generation of the gating signal SDODB in Figure 46. This
gating signal is generated in conjunction with generation of the DDOUT
signal from the output of gate 621 in Figure 43 as well as the enabling
of gate 631 From the output of gate 630 in Figure 46. In other words,
the gate signal SDODB results from the fact that the address provided
from the CPU represents either an I/O device or an interrupt mask and
3~
the CPU has indicated a data out operation.
In the transfer of data on the peripheral bus to the I/O
devices, it is possible that not all of the blts will reach the I/O de-
vice at the same time due to propagation delays which might occur. Thus,
the I/O device is not finally enabled to receive the data applied to the
peripheral bus until a strobe pulse is sent out from the interrupt encoder
125. In Figure 46a the DTOUT signal will be aDplied throuah gate 632 to
enable the strobe delay circuit 635 which is driven from the master clock
and provides the strobe signal SSTB via gate 634.
When the I/O device has received all of the data forwarded
from the central processing unit 130, it will send a reply signal DDONE
which is received at gate circuit 642 in Figure 47 and is applied to the
AND gate 645. The gate 645 is enabled by the s;gnal ADDEV from gate 631
in Figure 46 and enables the lead DONE extending to the input of gate 619
in Figure 43. The output of gate 619 is applied through gate 622 to the
lead BRPLY directly to the CPU indicating that a reply has been received
from the I/O device and the sequence is completed.
The receipt of data from an I/O device via the CPU is
handled in a similar manner to the transfer of data to the I/O device.
This is ini-tiated by the CPU enabling the BDIN lead in Figure 43 which is
applied through gate 623 to enabled lead DTIN which extends to one input
of AND gate 636 in Figure 46a. The AND gate 636 is enabled by the output
of gate 631 indicating that the address received is that o~ an I/O device
or interrupt mask, thereby enabling lead DFDEV. As seen in Figure 48,
the peripheral data bus represented by leads DABO - DAB15 extends through
differential gate arrangement 650 and applies data from the I/O devices
onto leads RDCTO - RDCT15 to the read I/O data gates 655 in Figure 49.
Upon receipt of the gating signal DFDEV, the data gates 655 are enabled
to apply the data on lead DCTO - DCT15 to the differential gate arrange-
ment ~20 in Figure 43 where the data is transmitted out to the CPU onleads BALO - BAL15.
In transmitting data from the I/O device through the differ-
ential gate arrangement 620 in Figure 43, the gates are enabled by the
enabling signal ENBUF derived from Figure 46a from the DFDEV signal gen-
erated at the output of gate 636 in Figure 46a. Thus, the data from
76
device enable signal DFDEV provides the means for enabling the receivegates in the differential gate arrangement 620 to permit the CPU to
receive data from an I/O device.
As in the case of sending data out to an I/O device, data
cannot be received by the CPU from the I/O device until it is so in-
structed. Thus, the DTIN signal generated at the output of gate 623
in Figure 43 is applied through gate arrangement 641 (Fig.47) which is
enabled by the ADDEV gate signal from the output of gate 630 in Figure
46a to provide the control output signal DAIN to the I/O device in-
structing that data is to be forwarded to the CPU. In addition, theDTIN signal is applied to the other input of OR gate 632 in Figure 46a
to enable the strobe delay circuit 635 which forwards a strobe signal
to the I/O device frsm the output of gate 634 on lead SSTB to provide
the final enable for data transfer from the I/O device to the CPU.
Once the I/O device has transmitted all of the data which
it has for the CPU, it will send the signal DDONE in the same manner
already described to provide an output from gate 645 in Figure 47 on
lead DONE to gate 619 in Figure 43, which indicates to the CPU on lead
BRPLY at the output of gate 622 that the I/O device has completed
its transmission of data to the CPU.
As can be seen form the foregoing description, ~transfer of
data to and from the CPU through the interrupt encoder 125 is always
initiated by receipt of an address in the interrupt encoder 125 from the
CPU which designates either a particular I/O device to be addressed or
an interrupt to be processed. This is followed by command signals from
the CPU indicating either a data-in operation or a data-out operation
to designate whether data is to be forwarded from the CPU or is to be
received by the CPU either from the interrupt encoder 125 or from an
I/O device through the interrupt encoder 125.
3U In add;tion to data transmission to and from the CPU, the
interrupt encoder also controls the processing of interrupts from the
I/O devices. In this regard, the var;ous interrupt requests are
gathered in the interrupt encoder 125 and a determination is made as to
whether or not the CPU desires to mask any particular interrupt before
it is further processed. The interrupt encoder 125 then selects on a
3 ~ 7
77
prior;ty basis one of the received unmasked interrupt requests and
generates a vector to the central processing unit 130 designating the
I/0 device which has been selected so that the CPU may address that I/0
device as required.
The system is designed to handle up to twenty-four interrupt
requests from various I/0 devices, which interrupt requests will be
generated for the most part from the various operator positions in the
operator complex. Figure 51 shows a portion of the interrupt request
store 611 which receives interrup~ requests 1 through 7 on leads IFDl -
IFD7 to one input of the respective AND gates 657a - 657h. The other
input of the AND gates 657 are connected to respective mask interrupt
flip-flops 658a - 658h which store the mask information relating to
each of the I/0 devices capable of generating an interrupt request. If
the AND gate 657 is enabled by the mask interrupt flip~flop 658 con-
nected thereto, the received interrupt request on one of the leads
IFDl - ~FD7 will be permitted to pass to the associated one of a plural-
ity of interrupt request flip-flops 659a - 659h where the interrupt
request will generate a vector on the associated one of the lines
VECT0 - VECT7. Unmasked interrupt requests appear at the output of
the gates 657 on leads ~T~ - INTR7.
During system power-up, the central processing unit 130
will enable the lead BINIT in Figure 50 to provide an output from
gate circuit 660 through gate circuit 661 on lead DINIT to the I/0
devices, producing an initialization of the I/0 devices. At the same
time, the output of the gate circuit 5~0 will be applied through in-
verter 662 to enable lead CLRMR which serves to reset the mask interrupt
flip-flops 658 and interrupt request flip-flops 659 in Figure 51.
With all of the interrupt mask flip flops 658 reset, no interrupt
req~est can be recognized by the central processing unit 130 since the
AND gates 657 will all be disabled. Thus, during initialization of the
system, until the mask flip-flops 658 are set by the central processing
unit 130, no interrupt request can be recognized by the system.
In setting the mask bits in the interrupt encoder, the CPU
will forward address information to the interrupt encoder along with
the control signals BSYNC and BBS7 in Figure 44 to store the address
4~
78
in the address store 602 in -the manner already described. The stored
address will enable gate 630 in Figure 46 to enable leads ADDEV via
gate 631 and lead ADDEV, indicating that the address relates either to
an I/O device or to an interrupt mask. The lead ADDEV will enable the
decoder 635 in Figure ~5 to decode the address bits ADD3 - ADD7, which
in this case will designate an interrupt mask function and result in
the enabling of the lead ENMASK at the output of the decoder 635.
The CPU will now send the control signal BDOUT, which is
received in Figure 43 and applied through gate 621 to the lead DTOUTo
As seen in Figure 46a~ the lead DTOUT is applied to AND gates 670 and
671, which are enabled via gates 672 and 673 by the signal E~lMASK from
the decoder 635 in Figure 45 and the address bit ADDl received from the
address store 602 in Figure 44. The enabled AND gate 670 will generate
the control signal CMRl which serves to enable the mask interrupt flip-
flops 658 in Figure 51 to receive the mask bits From the central pro-
cessing unit 130. The enabled AND gate 671 will produce a second
control signal CMR2 which serves to control in a l;ke manner the mask
interrupt flip~flops (not shown) associated with interrupt requests
8 through 24. Simultaneously with enabling of either oF the gates
670 or 671, a reply will be generated via gate 674 and gate 675 in
Figure 46 on lead ~MRPLY to gate 619 in Figure 43. As indicated pre-
viously, enabling of gate 619 will produce an output via gate 622 on
lead ~Fr~ to the CPU indicating receipt of the instructions and data.
The mask bits are received from the CPU on leads BALO -
~ALlS in Figure 43 and pass through the differential gate arrangement
620 to leads RDALO - RDAL15. Referring to Figure 51, the leads
RDALO - RDAL7 provide the bits associated with interrupts 1 through 8
to selectively set the interrupt mask flip-flops 658. If the OPU
wishes to mask the interrupt request from any particular I/O device,
it merely provides no bit to the mask interrupt Flip-flop 658
associated with that I/O device so that that flip-flop will remain
reset. Thus, if an interrupt request is received from the particular
I/O device, the AND gate 657 to which that interrupt request will be
applied will remain disabled since it will not receive the necessary
mask bit from the associated mask flip-flops 658. As a result, the
347
79
system will not recognize that interrupt request. However, for all
interrupt requests which the system will accept, the CPU ~ et the
interrupt mask flip-flop 658 to enable the associated AND gate 657
upon receipt of that interrupt request.
The unmasked interrupt requests which appear at the out-
puts of the gates 657 in Figure 51 are applied to a combination of OR
gates 663 - 667 in Figure 50 to an interrupt request filter and delay
circuit 668, which provides an output through gate circuit 669 on lead
BIRQ to the central processing unit 130. When the lead BIRQ is enabled
it indicates to the central processing unit 130 that at least one un-
masked interrupt request has been received in the interrupt encoder and
requests that the central processing unit give attention to the handling
of this interrupt request. ~he central processing unit 130 replies
by sending the control signal BDIN, which is received in Figure 43 and
provides at the output of gate 623 the data-in control signal DTINo
The data-in control signal DTIN is applied to the interrupt request
store flip-flop 680 in Figure 53 to which ;s also applied the interrupt
request signal INTREQ ~rom the output of the interrupt request filter
and delay circuit 668 in Figure SO. These signals serve to set the
flip-flop 680 thereby enabling one input to AND gate 681~ The central
processing unit 13~ then forwards the signal ~R~ which is applied
through gate circuit 6~2 to the other input of the AND gate 681. The
enabling of the AND gate 681 produces the output enable siynal ENVECT
to the vector buffer gates 690, 6919 and 692 in Fig. 52.
The vectors which are generated at the output of the
interrupt request flip-flop 659 in Figure 51 are applied to the encoder
circuits 693, 694, and 695 in Figure 52, which circuits are intercon-
nected in such a way that priority is first given to the inputs to
encoder 696~ second priority is then given ~o the inputs to encoder
circuit 694, and the lowest priority is given to the input-s to encoder
circuit 693. The vector inputs to each of the encoder circuits 693 -
695 provides a decimal-to-binary encoding giving the highest priority
to the lowest order vector and the lowest priority to the highest
order vector in each group of inputs to each encoder circuit. The
outputs of each of the encoder circuits 693 - 695 are applied to
:~:15~3fl~ ~
respective OR gates 696, 697, and 698 through the vector buffer gate
circuit 690 onto data leads DCT3, DCT4, and DCT5, respectively.
If the vector which is selected is included in the first
group of vectors received on leads VECTO - VECT7 at the input of encoder
695, the bits provided on leads DCT3 - DCT5 will be sufficient to in-
dicate to the central processing unit 130 that the vector is included
in the h;ghest priority group. On the other hand, if the vector is
~`~ included in the second group provided at the output of encoder circuit
694, a bit w;ll also be ~rovided via gate 699 on lead DCT5 to indicate
to the central processing unit 130 that the vector is one o~ the second
group of vectors received on leads VECT8 - VECT15. In a similar manner,
if the selected vector is included in the lowest priority group in-
: cluding leads VECT16 through VECT23 at the input of encoder circuit 693,
a bit will be provided via gate 700 through the vector buffer gate
circuit 691 on lead DCT6 providing an indication that the vector desig-
nation is included in the lowest order ~roup.
Upon generation of the enable vector signal ENVECT, which
enables the bu~fer vector gate circuits 690, 691, and 692 to transfer
the vector designation to the central processing unit 130, the enable
s;gnal also is applied to gate 626 in Figure 46h to generate the signal
ENBUS at the output of gate 627 which enables the differential gate
arrangement 620 to connect the leads DCTO - DCT15 to the central pro-
cessing unit 130 on leads BALO ~ . The enable vector si~nal ENVECT
is also applied to the gate 619 in Figure 43 to provide a reply to the
central processing unit 130 vi.a gate 622 on lead BRPLY. The central
processing unit 130 may then act on the received vector.
The mask bits stored in the interrupt encoder may be
periodically scanned by the central processing unit 130 and updated if
any changes may be necessary in the status of various I/O devices cap-
able of generating interrupt requests. In this regard, the centralprocessing unit 130 may review the mask bits which are stored in the
interrupt encoder by forwarding an address along with control signals
BSYNC and BBS7 in Figure 44. The address in~ormation is stored and the
signals SYNC and BANK7 along with selected address bits enable gate
630 in Figure 46 in the manner already described to produce the address
3~7
81
control signals ADDEV at the output of gate 631 and ADDEV. Thus, the
decoder 635 in Figure ~5 is enabled by the ADQEV signal to decode the
address bits ADD3 - ADD7 producing the output ENMASK.
The CPU then forwards the control signal BDIN which is re-
5 ceived in Figure 43 and results in enabling o~ the data-in lead DTIN at
the output of gate 623. With the generation of DTIN, and the enabling
of gates 672 and 673 in Figure 46 as a result of the ENMASK output from
the decoder 635 in Figure 45 and the address bit ADDl from the address
store 602 in Figure 44, AND gates 676 and ~77 will be enabled to produce
the enable mask signals ENMASKl an~ ENMASK2, which are applied to the
input of gate 619 in Figure 43 to generate an immediate reply to the
central processing unit 130 via gate 622 on lead BRPLY.
The mask bits which appear in the interrupt mask flip-flop
658 such as seen in Figure 51, are applied to a plurality oF gate cir-
cuits 710 - 715 in Figure 54. ~lith receipt of the enable mask signals
ENMASKl and l~ i ~ , the gate circuits 710 - 715 are enabled to pass
the mask bits to data leads DCTO - DCT15. In this regard~ it will be
noted fronl Figure 46 that by controlling the first address bit ADDl,
gate 676 can be enabled first from the output of gate 673 and then gate
677 will be enabled in a second operation directly from the output of
the address store 602. Thus, the twenty-four mask bits will be forwarded
to the central processing unit in two groups consisting of bits 0 through
11 in a first group and bits 12 through 23 in a second group. The
control over the differential gate arrangement 620 in Figure 43 is
effected by generation of the enable bus signal ENBUS in Figure ~6b at
the output of gate 627 when gate 626 is enabled by either of the enable
mask signals ENMASKl and ENMASK2 The successive group transfer of bits
in this case also applies to the earlier description in connection
with the reading of the mask bits from the central processing unit. If
the central processing unit desires to change any of the stored mask
bits in the interrupt encoder 125, it merely clears the mask bit flip-
flops in the manner already indicated, which ~emporarily prevents the
system from acting on any interrupt requests until new mask bit data
is forwarded to the interrupt encoder in the manner already indicated
previouslv.
5~3~
82
A Further function of the interrupt encoder is to provide
a boot strap program for the central processing unit during a power-up
operation. The contents of the boot strap program which are stored in
a read only memory can be accessed by request from the central proces-
sing unit 130. This is initiated as in other functions by for~ardingFrom the central processing unit 130 the control signals BSYNC and
BBS7 in Figure 44 along with address info~nation received at the address
store 602 on leads RDALO - RDAL15. The address bits ADD9, ADD10, ADDll,
and ADD12 along with the control signals SYNC and BANK7 are forwarded
to the internal enable gates 720 - 724 in Figure 53 where an enable
signal ADDRQM is generated at the output of gate 724 to address the read
only memory 606 in Figure 55. The ROM 606 receives the address on leads
ADDl - ADD8, and ~ and is enabled by the signal ADDROM.
The CPU then forwards a control signal BD~N to the interrupt
encoder where it is received at gate 623 in Figure 43 and enables the
data-in lead DTIN. Enabling of the data-in lead DTIN in conjunction
with enabling of the AND gate 724 in Figure 53 through OR gate 725 will
enable the AND gate 726 to generate the enable ROM signal ENROM. This
signal is forwarded to the ROM buffer gates 730, 731, and 732 in Figure
55 to gate ou~ the data in ~he ROM. With the generation of the enable
signal ENROM, gate 619 in Figure 43 is enabled providing a reply through
gate 622 on lead BRPLY. Also, gate 626 is enabled in Figure 46b to
provide an output from gate 627 on ENBUS to enable the differential`gate
arrangement 620 in Figure 43 to permit the data to be transmitted from
leads DCTO - DCT15 onto the bus leads EALO - BALl5 to the central pro-
cessing unit 130.
The final function performed by the interrupt encoder,
consists of periodically forwarding to the central processing unit 130
an event line interrupt occurriny every 4 milliseconds. As seen in
Figure 56, the 4 millisecond clock pulse providing a real ~ime clock
interrupt is applied through the Schmitt trigger circuit 740 and gate
circuit 742 to enable the BEVNT lead to the central processing unit
so that a clock pulse of 125 microsecond duration is forwarded to the
central processing unit 130 every 4 milliseconds- as a real time clock
interrupt for the purpose of incrementing date and time counters
3 '~ ~
~3
therein.
D. THE DIGITAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK
Figure 57 schematically illustrates the time-division multi-
plex data transmission path through the system in accordance with thepresent invention. The pulse code modulation c-ircuit 105 connected to
a sending telephone station S samples each of twenty-four input analog
terminations at a rate of 8,000 per second. The samples are converted
to eight-bit pulse code modulation words and are multiplexed to provide
a 1.544 MB serial digital output in a modified D3 channel bank format.
Each of the 8l000 samples results in a "frame" of data consisting of
one eight bit PCM word for each of the twenty-four input analog signals
(8 x 24 = 192) and a 193rd bit used for frame synchronization at the
receiving end. The data is supplied to a data conditioner DCO, which
converts the eight bit serial data of D3 format to an eight bit parallel
PCM word at the 1.5~4 MB rate, and supplies this data to a matrix switch
MSO.
The matrix switches MSO and MS5 along with the expander-
concentrator 800, as seen in Figure 57, form part of a typical data
switch arrangement in which data is transferred through the matrix
switches and the expander-concentrator by time slot interchange in
time slots of a repetitive time frame assigned and controlled by the
central processing unit 130. Each matrix switch MS includes a send
data memory and a receive data memory, and the system clock controls
the operation of these memories in such a way that data from the data
conditioner DC is applied to and stored in the send memory at the same
time that data stored previously in the receive memory is gated out to
the data conditioner DC. During the second half of the clock cycle,
the data which has been stored in the send memory undergoes time slot
interchange by transferring it from the send memory into the receive
memory. Thus, as seen in Figure 57, data from the data conditioner
DCO will be shifted into the send memory o~ the matrix MSO during
the first half of the clock cycle. During ~he second half of the
clock cycle, the data which has been stored in the send memory of matrix
MSO will be transferred through the expander-concentrator 800 to the
3~7
84
receive memory of the matrix MS5, and during the first half of the fol-
lowing clock cycle this data stored in the receive memory of the matrix
MS5 will be shifted out to the data conditioner DC5.
The eight bit parallel PCM word received from the matrix
MS5 ;n the data conditioner DC5 will be converted to serial format and
outputted to the pulse code modulation circuit 106 the circuit 106 will
convert the eight bit PCM word to voice frequency and apply it to the re-
ceive telephone station R. During the transmission of data from the
pulse code modulation circuit 105 ~106) the internal clock in the fourth
group is disabled and bit synchroni2ation is obtained by driving the
transmit section with a 1.544 MHz clock supplied the system master clock.
The internal transmit frame generator also is disabled and the transmit
section of the port group is "~orce" framed by a master frame pulse
supplied by the master clock. This assures that all the transmitters
of the respective port groups are bit and frame synchronized with
respect to each other and with respect to the other transmission hard-
ware within the system. In the reception of data, the pulse code
modulation circuits establish bit synchronization by deriving clock from
the received data signal and establish frame synchronization by de-
coding the frame pattern contained in the 193rd bit position of thedata signal.
Figure 58 illustrates a typical example of the digital
transmission network in accordance with the present invention for a
960 port system, such as previously described in connection with Figure
6. Such a system provides six matrix switches MS0 - MS5 in the co~mon
control lO1, with each matrix switch being capable of handling data
derived from four port groups or three port groups and a miscellaneous
cell and another lead from a digital conference circuit. The two pulse
code modulation circuits 105 and 106 in each port group provide a line
on the port group highway to the digital transmission network. Thus,
each of the data conditioners DC0 - DC5 has eight incoming lines each
carry;ng serial data associated with twenty-four ports, and converts
the serial data to eight bit parallel words and transfers the eight
bit parallel words to the associated matrix switch MS0 - MS5.
Time slot interchange in the system is effected by the
~ ~5~3~
central processing unit 130 through the interrupt encoder 125 and the
controller 122, the latter directly controlling the respective matrix
switches MS0 - MS5 in accordance with instructions received from the
central processing unit 130. Each matrix switch operates on an essen-
tially standard time-division multiplex concept for time slot inter-
change. A set of eight memories are used on the send side to receive
the eight bit words from the data conditioner and a set of eight
memories are used on the receive side to store the data required for
output to the data conditioner. The memories are time shared with the
first half of the clock cycle being used for input/output to the line
side interface (data conditioner) and ~he second halF of the clock
cycle for time slot interchange.
Since there are 192 unique inputs applied to the matrix,
only 192 memory locations are utili~ed for input/output data. However,
due to the fYame data bit incorporated in the serial data stream, there
are in reality 193 time slots available for time slot interchange.
During the first half of the clock cycle, memory addressing is under
control o~ a sequential counter which steps through the 192 memory
addresses. Data for the equivalent line address is clorked into the
send memory and ~rom the receive memory at this time. During the
second half of the clock cycle, memory addressing is under control of
the call store memories which transfer data from the send memory to the
receive memory in accordance with the preprogrammed data received from
the central processing unit 130 via the controller 122 and stored in
the store memories. The expander-concentrator 800 enables time slot
interchange between any of six matrix send memories to any one of the
six matrix receive memorie~. To guarantee the integrity of the idle
line condition to the port group, and to prevent transmission of ran-
dom characters to idle receive ports, a write after read memory cycle
is incorporated in the receive data memories to restore them to the
idle line condition after data is transferred out.
The call store memories in each matrix switch are programmed
by the controller 122 which in turn receives its direction from the
central processing unit 130. The call store memory consists of twenty-
three individual memories. Ei~ht memories store the send port number
:~ ~5~3~7
~6
with a ninth memory used to designate whether the time slot is activeor inactive, i.e., reserve. Eight memories store the receive port
number with a ninth memory being used to designate the active-inactive
status. Five memories are then provided to store the cross-office
highway number through the expander-concentrator 800.
The controller 122, under control of the central processing
unit 130, has the capability to write data into any given time slot in
the call store memories, read data previously stored in any given time
slot, or search the receive store memory to determine the time slot a
given receive port number has been stored in. The send active-inactive
and receive active-inactive memories provide the ability to store call
data in the matrix and reserve time slots while data transfer is in-
hibited. Programming inactive call data does not interfere with data
transfer on active time slo~s, and further permits reserving a time
slot for a given port while at the same time actively transferring data
with the same port on a di~ferent time slot without interference.
The expander-concentrator 800 is a space-divided network
which permits up to six matrices to be interconnected, and consists
basically of combinational log;c which steers the data by the cross-
office highway address information supplied from the matrix cross-office
memory stores.
1. The Data Conditioner
The data conditioner, the details of which are illustrated in
Figure 59, basically forms a serial-to-parallel and a parallel-to-ser;al
multiplexer/demultiplexer. In this regard, the data conditioner accepts
input digital data from eight input sources and multiplexes this data
by converting the serial data to eight bit parallel words which are
then transferred sequentially to a matrix switch. Conversely, the data
conditioner receives eight bit parallel words from the matrix switch
and demultiplexes this data by converting these words into serial data
which is then outputted on respective output lines.
Referring to Figure 59, serial data on eight input lines
from port cells, a miscellaneous cell, and/or a digital conference cir-
cuit are received at a serial-in parallel-out (SIPO) circuit 801, which
3'1~
87
consists of eight shift registers. Since the data received is bit and
frame synchronized by the master clock, the data on each of the eight
input signal lines is positionally conincident. Thus~ one eight bit
PCM word from each of the input signal lines is shiFted into a respec-
tive one of the eight shift registers which make up the SIP0 circuit801. Upon loading the eighth bit, the contents o~ the eight registers
are broadside loaded into a parallel-in serial-out (PIS0) circuit 802,
which also consists of eight shift registers, which provide the eight
words in such a form that they are now bit parallel and word serial.
During the next eight clock cycles, the eight words in thP shift reg-
isters of the PIS0 circuit 802 are clocked out to the matrix switch
while the next set of eight words are shifted into the input register
formed by the SIPO 801. The shifting process is synchronized by the
master frame pulse derived from the master clock which also injects an
additional shift pulse at the appropriate time to compensate for the
frame data bit, under control of the data flow control circuit 803.
Data output from the data conditioner is the reverse pro-
cedure with the bit parallel word serial data from the matrix switch
being received at a serial-in parallel-out ~SIP0) circuit 804, which
broadside loads the data into a parallel-in serial-out (PIS0) circuit
805. Eight channels of serial data are then supplied through a timing
control circuit 806 in which a frame pattern generator under control
of the data flow control circuit 803 inserts the appropriate Frame bit
in the 193rd bit position of each frame.
Figure 60 is a circuit diagram of the data flow control
circuit 803 and Figure 61 is a timing diagram illustrating the various
clock signals which are generated from the master clock and control
operation of the data conditioner. The master clock provides the basic
clock signals at the 1.544 MHz rate which control the sending and re-
ceiving of data through the data conditioner on leads 1544A and 1544B
to the Schmitt trigger circuits 808 and 809, respectively~ The out-
puts of the gate circuits 808 and 809 respectively control an A counter
810 which controls the sending of data through the data condit;oner to
the matr;x sw;tches and a B counter 811 which controls t.he transfer of
data from the matrix sw;tches through the data conditioner. The master
3d~
8~
clock also generates the timing signals DF4, DF13, and DF195, each being
pulses of 680 nanoseconds duration. The signal DF4 occurs 2.59Z micro-
seconds after the beginning of the FRAME pulse, the signal DF13 uccurs
7.424 microseconds after the beginning of the FRAME pulse, and ~he
signal DF195 occurs 12.636 microseconds after the beginning of the FRAME
pulse. These pulses are used to select the proper time synchronization
of broadside loading of the registers in the data conditioner with re-
spect to the position of the bits in the data bit stream to be converted
and forwarded to the matrix switches.
The signal DF4 is provided from the master clock through the
Schmitt trigger circuit 812 and gate 813 when the FRAME bit has just
been shifted into the SIPO circuit 801 so as to ensure that the A counter
810 will be preset at this time to a count of eight. The counter 810
increments each time a data bit is shifted in, so that it is at the
count o~ fifteen when the last bit (8) is shifted in indicating that a
broadside loading may occur when the t;ming signal WCK2 from the master
clock is provided via Schmitt trigger circuit 814 to ~he load gates
815 818. The timing of data from the matrix switch is eFfected in a
similar manner under control of the B counter 811, which is preset
upon receipt of the timing signal DF13 via Schmitt trigger 82~ and
gate circuit 821 to a count of eight. Receipt of the signal DF13 in-
dicates that the positioning of the FRAME bit has ~een shifted in and
that channel A is the next bit to be shifted in. The actual framing
pattern is generated and ;nserted on the data bit stream upon receipt
of the timing signal DF195, which indicates that the last serial bit
data has been shifted out and that the FRAME bit is to be next sent.
Timing signal DF195 is received ~rom the master clock via Schmitt
trigger circuit 822 and is applied to the frame select counter 825
which is clocked from the output of Schmitt trigger circuit 814 upon
- 30 receipt of the timing signal WCK2. The frame select signal FRMSEL
is generated from the output of the counter 825 and ~his output is also
applied through the framing pattern counter 826 to generate the framing
pattern signal FRMPAT at the output of gate 287. The register loading
signal BLA and the data shift signal SOA are generated from the outputs
of gates 815 and 816 via a gate circuit 829 for controlling the transfer
89
of data through the data condit;oner to the matrix switches, and the
loading signal BLB and the shift data signal SOB are provided at the
outputs of gates 817 and 818~ respectively, to the gate circuit 829.
Figure 62 illustrates the SIPO circuit 801 which basically
consists oF a plurality of eight bit shift registers 830 - 837. The
receive pairs associated with eight data channels -Fro~ port cells,
miscellaneous cells, and/or a digital conference circuit are provided
on leads DOA, ~ through DOH, DOH which connect to respective data
re~eivers 839 - 842 where the receive pairs are converted to uni-
directional lines XO - X7. The serial data provided on each of the
receive channels XO - ~7 is applied to a respective one of the shift
registers 830 - 837 where the serial data is shifted in in time with
the clock signal 1.544A received from the data flow control circuit 803.
Each channel is shifted into its respective SIPO shift register at the
same time at the clock rate, and after all eight serial bits have been
shifted in, data is available at the output of the respective shift
registers in parallel form.
Referring also to Figure 63, the data which has been shifted
into the registers 830 - 837 in Figure 62 is broadside loaded into a
plurality of shift registers 846 - 853 which make up the PISO circuit
832. All sixty-four bits are loaded into the shift registers a~ the
same time except the eight words are now provided in the registers 846 -
853 in bit parallel word serial form. The data conditioner therefore
has performed a multiplexing operation in taking the serial data From
eight respective input channels and providing this data as one word from
each channel provided successively in parallel Form at the outputs of
the registers 845 - 853 to the matrix switch. Loading of data into
the registers 846 - 853 occurs upon receipt oF the broadside load sig-
nal BLA from Figure 60 and the shifting out of the data to the matrix
switches occurs upon receipt of the shift-out signal SOA.
Figure 64 illustrates the SIPO circuit 804 which receives
data as eight bit parallel words from the matrix switch on leads BO -
67 which data is shifted into a plurality of shiFt registers 855 - 862
via respective Schmitt trigger circuits 863 - 870 in time with the
35 clock signal ~ provided by the data control flow circuit 803 in
~ ~5~33~ 7
Figure 60. When eight channels of data have been shiFted into the reg-
isters 855 - 862, they are broadside loaded into shift registers 871 -
878 in Figures 65a and 65b, which registers comprise the PISO circuit
805. The shifting of the data from the registers 855 - 862 into the
registers 871 - 874 is effected upon receipt of the load signal DLB
from the data flow control circuit 803 in F-igure 60. When the data has
been loaded into the registers ~71 - 878, and upon receipt of the shift-
out signal SOB from Figure 60, data is shifted out in serial form to
circuits 879 and 880 which serve to insert the FRAME bit in the signal
under control of the timing signals FRMPAT and FRMSEL from the data
flow control circuit 803.
Eight channels of serial data are provided by the circuits
879 and 880 to driver circuits 881 - 884 which serve to convert the
unidirectional lines to the receive data pairs which extend to the port
cells, miscellaneous cells and/or digital conference circuits at the
frame rate of 1.544 MHz under control of the timing signal 1.544C from
the data flow control circuit 803. The driver circuits also serve to
"return to ~ero" the data bit stream which is sent back to the port
group. ~his means that the second half cycle of every data bit and
frame bit is brought to zero. This is done to ensure bit synchroniza-
tion in the port group and is accomplished in the data conditioner by
gating the serial data bits with the 1.544 MHz clock.
The Matrix Switch
Figure 67 is a general block diagram of the matrix switch,
- the principal components of which are the send data memory 890, the
receive data memory 891, and the store memory 894. The matrix switch
is a time division multiplex switch which interchanges ei~ht bit
parallel time slots from the input to the output, the matrix having a
single eight-bit wide cross-office highway output and a dual eight-bit
wide cross-office highway input. Interconnection o~ a plurality of
matrices can be accomplished by use of the space-divided expander/
concentrator 800.
The operating speed of the matrix switch is 1.544 MHz,
the combined effect of the 8,000 sample per second rate and lg3rd
91
framing bit with the D3 format resulting in 192 input-output time slots
and 193 switching time slots, wh;ch are generated within the clock and
memory can~rol 892 along with other control signals necessary to the
functioning of the matrix sw;tch. Functionally, the matrix switch per-
forms continuous synchronous time slot interchange between the senddata memory 890 and the receive data memory 891 through the expandor/
concentrator 800 under control of the address data contained in the
store memory 894. The matrix is transparent with respect to time slot
data, the data out being equivalent to the data in with no restrictions
on time slot contents or format. The time slot interchange and store
memory programming functions are sufficiently independent ~hat the tWQ
operations can be reviewed separately.
The store control logic 893 is responsive to the clock and
control signals from the clock and memory control 892 as well as con-
trol and address signals from the controller 122, which is responsiveto commands From the central processing unit 1300 The store control
logic 893 is basically responsible for the comparison of address in-
formation received from the controller with stored information in the
memory store 894 and serves to control the three basic functions of the
matrix switch, i.e., read, write, and search3 once a match has been
detected between the received and stored address information. The con-
trol data output circuit 895 is responsive to the store control logic
893 for forwarding to the controller 122 information stored in the
store memory 894 upon request from the controller 122. Thus, the ma-
trix switch provides not only time slot interchange of data under controlof the controller 122, but also provides ~o the controller 122 upon re-
quest data which is stored in the store memory 8940
The clock and memory control circuit 892 is illustrated in
greater detail in Figures 68 and 69, and the operation of this circuit
can be determined from the timing diagram illustrated in F;gure 70.
The clock and memory control circuit accepts clock signals from the
master clock (Fig.66) and regenerates the internal clock and memory
control signals required for time slot interchange and store memory
programming. All internal timing is synchronized to these input clock
signals.
~15~3~
92
The time slot and send data memory address counter 900 and
the receive memory address counter 901 are each eight stage counters
which provide up to 256 distinct addresses for memory control (25~`time
slots). The counter9ooisincremented by the positive golng transition
of timing signal WCK4 from the master clock applied through Schmitt
trigger circuit 902 and gate 903; while, the counter 901 is incremented
in a similar manner from the output of Schmitt trigger circuit 902 via
gate 904 on lead CCLK. Both of the counters900 and 901 are synchronized
to the zero condition in coincidence with the external load signal
supplied by the master clock on lead DF12 supplied to counter 900 via
Schmitt trigger circuit 905 and gate 906 on the one hand, and supplied
to counter 901 v;a Schmitt trigger circuit 907 and gate 908 on the other
hand. The counter 900 supplies the address data for the send data
memory 890 during the input portion of the send memory cycle and con-
tinuous address data for the store memory 894 The receive data memoryaddress counter 901 supplies the address for the receive data memory
891 during the output portion of the receive memory cycle.
The send and receive data memories 890 and 891 are time
sha.ed for the input-output function and real time data transfer (time
slot interchange). In this regard, the control signals RMC and SMC
generated by the receive data memory control 910 and send data memory
control 912, respectively, in Figure 68 are the control signals which
designate the operating mode for the memories 890 and 891, logic 1
indicating input and output, while logic O indicates data transfer.
The receive data memory control 910 consists of a
crossed NOR latch 909 and a D flip-flop 911. A low-go;ng pulse on lead
WCK4 from the master clock via Schmitt trigger circuit 902 sets the
flip-flop 911 via gate 917 to place a logic 1 on the lead RMC; while,
a low-going pulse on lead WCK8 from the system clock rests the latch
9Q9 and provides a logic O to the D input of flip-flop 911. The posi-
tive going edge of WCK8 resets the flip-flop and provides a logic O on
lead RMC.
The send data memory control 912 operates in a manner
similar to the control 910 in that the flip-flop 914 is set on receipt
of a low-going pulse on lead WCK4 produced at the output of Schmitt
93
trigger circuit 902 via gate 921 and the output oF latch 913 to produce
a logic 1 on lead SMC. However, the transfer function for the send
data memory control 912 is initiated earlier by the positive going
transition of lead WCK7 from the master clock, which resets the latch
913 and the flip-Flop 914 to place a logic 0 on the lead SMC. The
send transfer cycle is initiated earlier to partially compensate for
the memory access time and propagation delay through the cross-office
expander/concentrator circuit ~00.
All other clock signals are directly regenerated from the
10 clock signals received from the master clock with the exception of the
receive data memory clock RMWE, which is a double clock pulse produced
at the output of gate 917 by both WCK4 and WCK8. The WCK8 component of
signal of RMWE is used to erase the receive memory after data output
and the WCK4 component of the signal RMWE is used to write in the trans-
15 ~erred data during the transfer portion of the receive memory cycle.
The send memory write pulse-D~R7 is generated at the out-
put of gate 919 from the output of Schmitt trigger circuit 916 in
response to the timing signal WCK7~ The control data outclock DWCK2 is
generated from the output of Schmitt trigger circuit 918 in response
20 to the timing signal WCK2 from the master clock; while, the write gen-
erator strobe signal DWCK2 is generated at the output of gate 920 from
the output of Schmitt trigger circuit 918. The clock enable flip-flop
signal DWCK4 is merely the regeneration of the clock signal WCK4
provided from the output of Schmitt trigger circuit 902. Ihe latch
25 receive data memory data-out signal D0 LATCH is generated from the
output of Schmitt trigger circuit 915 and is the regeneration of the
timing signal WCK8.
As seen in Figure 69, the time slot signals T0 - T7 provided
from the counter 900 are supplied through buFfer circuit 924 on leads
30 A0 - A7 to the store memory 894. The store memory 894, wh;ch is illus-
trated in more detail in Figures 71 and 72 contains the address data
which controls the time slot interchange during the transfer portion of
the send and receive data memory cycles. For this purpose, the store
memory 894 comprises twenty-three registers 925 - 947 each of which
35 provides 256 memory locations responsive to an eight bit address.
3~7
9~
Registers 925 - 933 comprise the send store memory and provide for the
storage oF eight address bits and an acti~e/active bit. The eight
address bits permit any one of the 256 memory locations in the send data
memories to be addressed during the data transfer portion of the send
data memory cycle. The active/activ~e bit inhibits data transfer when
set to the active condition (logic 1). The data level condition in
the matrix is logic level 1, with data inhibit being indicated by logic
0 or idle condition.
The receive store memory comprises registers 934 - 942 for
storing eight address bits and an active/active bit, and its ~unction
is similar to that of the send store memory except that the active/active
bit deselects the receive data memories when set to the active con-
dition (logic 1~ which prevents destruction of the data stored in the
receive data memories.
The cross-office highway store memory comprises registers
943 - 947 and is capable of storing five address bits. Bit 4 selects
one of the two e;ght-bit cross-office highways from the expandor/
concentrator 800, while bits 0 3 are connected on leads X0 - X3
through drivers 948 - 951 to leads MX0 - MX3 providing the steering
address data required by the expanderjconcentrator 800.
Data in the store memory 894 is sequentially addressed
under control of the time slot and send data memory address counters
in the clock and memory control 892. The data remains stable except
during execution of the store memory wri~e commands issued by the con-
troller 122 and received on leads MSD0 - MSD7 in Figure 7l. Time slot
interchange is not affected during execution of store memory commands
except for the obvious case of the specific time slots involved in a
store memory write command.
The matrix switch executes eleven distinct commands which
basically can be grouped into three fundamental type operations:
read, write, and search. These commands are executed under control
of the controller 122 and will be described in greater detail in
connection with that circuit. Control of the store memory 894 is pro-
vided by the control signals ~ WE, and XWE provided by the store
control logic circuit 893. In the absence of any command from the
1 ~5~33d~
controller 122, the store control logic 893 will be in the idle condition
and time slot interchange in the matrix switch will proceed in accordance
with the prlor programmed data stored in the send, receive, and cross-
office store memories indef;nitely in response to the successively re-
ceived time slot signals on leads A0 - A7 from the clock and memory
control circuit 892.
The store control logic circuit 893 is illustrated in greater
detail in Figure 73. Command execution from the controller 122 is
initiated when the MSELlead goes low to set the enable flip-flop 960
via Schmitt trigger circuit 961 to provide an enable signal on the lead
EN to the control data output circuit 895. The da~a received from the
controller 122 on the control bus ~b~ - CCD3 indicates the type of
operations to be performed, such as search, write - send, read - send,
write - receive, read - receive, write - XOH, and read - XOH, the con-
ditions for these functions being generally indicated in Figure 74. Thecontrol signals on leads CCD0 - IR~D7 are applied through gates 964 - 966
to the decoder 963 which decodes these signals and produces one of the
outputs SWE, RWE, and ~W~, representing the send write enable signal~
and read write enable signal, and the cross-office write enable signal
for controlling the store memory 894.
The bus comprising leads MCD0 - MCD7 from the controller
122 provides one of the data inputs to the comparator circuit 896 via
Schmitt trigger circuits 975 - 982. A data selector 985 supplies to
the comparator 986 either the address read from the store memory 894
on leads R0 - R7 or the time slot signals provided ~rom the clock and
memory control circuit 892 on leads T0 - T7 in accordance with the out-
put of gate 970 as determined by the information provided on leads
CCDl and CCD2 through the Schmitt trigger circu;ts 965 and 966.
The negative-going trans;tion of DWCK4 appl;ed to enable
30 flip-flop 960 transfers the M SEL status signal through the enable
flip-flop 960. When the lead M SEL goes low, the flip-flop 960 is set
so as to enable the comparator 986. When the signal on DWCK4 is again
inverted, ~he posi~ive going trans;tion of the inverted clock pulse
~R~ increments the time slot and send data melnory address counter 900,
the outputs of which are distributed on the address bus ~o the store
3~
96
memory ~94 via leads AO - A7, as seen in Figure 71. Thus, the store
memory addresses are changed sequentially in synchronism with the signal
on lead WCK4. As noted previously, there are three basic commands:
read, write, and search. Successful execut-ion oF each command requires
that the MCDO - MCD7 data applied ~hrough Schmi~t trigger circuits 975 -
982 from the controller 122 to the comparator 986 in Figure 73 agrees
with the internal data supplied by the matrix store memory 894. '~Ihen
the data compares, a match signal ~s generated at the output of AND
gate 974. Under normal conditions~ assuming a comparison can be ob-
tained, the maximum time required to find the match in the store is onecomplete counter and memory cycle. On the average~ it ~ould be expected
that the cycle time would be one-half a counter cycle.
For read and write commands~ the data on leads M~ - MCD7
from the controller is compared against the counter output on leads
TO - T7 (the store memory address). The match gate is enabled by the
read + write + active compare logic signal produced at the output of
gate 972 to enable the gate 974. For search commands, the receive
store active/active bit on lead RA from the store memory 894 ~Fig. 72)
is applied to gates 968 and 969 along with the active/active bit from
the controller provided on lead CCD3 through Schmitt trigger 967. The
bits must compare to enable the match gate 974.
The details of the control data output circuit 895 are
illustrated in Figures 75 and 76. The basic function of this circuit
is to store the data received from the store memory 894 in response to
a request from the controller 122 prior to transmission of the data to
the eontroller 122. For this purpose, the circuit 895 includes data
selectors 987 - 991, as seen in Figure 75. The send data is received
from the store memory 894 on leads SO - S7 and SA; the receive data
is provided on leads RO - R7 and RA, the cross-office highway data is
applied on leads XO - X4, and the time slot signals TO - T7 are re-
ceived from the clock and memory control 892. The data selectors 987 -
991 each receive two bits from each field of data which is selected by
the select gate inputs CBl and CB2 derived from the outputs of gates
g65 and 966 in Figure 73. The data selected by the data selectors
987 - 99I is provided on leads DBO - DB7 and DBA to an output latch
~5~3~
97
circuit 992 comprising a plurality of D type flip-flops into which the
data bits are inserted for storage in response to the load output signal
LDO. The data stored in the latch 992 then can be gated through the
gate circuit 993 in response to the enable signal EN on leads MDOO through
MD07~ MDOA and M FIN.
The load signal LDO is generated in Figure 76 in response
to receipt of the MATCH signal from ~he store logic control 893 at the
output of flip-flop 974 in Figure 73 along with the timing signal DWCK2
from the clock and memory control circuit 892. A finish flip-flop 995
is responsive to a clock signal DWCK4, the enable signal EN from the
store control logic circuit 893 at the output of the enable flip-flop
960 in Figure 73 and the MATCH signal at the output of gate 974 in Figure
73 to produce an output on lead M FIN from the gate circuit 993 in F;gure
75 to the controller 122 indicating that the operation has been completed.
The send data memory 890 is illustrated in more detail in
Figure 77, and includes a pair of data selector circuits 1001 and 1002
receiving a first field of data cnmprising the time slot signals TO -
T7 generated from the clock and memory control 892 and a second field
of data comprising the send address information SO - S7 received from
the store memory 894. Depending upon the state of the control lead FMC
to each of these selector circuits, either the first or the second field
of data will be applied by the selector circuits to the output leads
FMO - FM7 to each of a plural;ty of send data registers 101l - 1018, to
each of which registers there is also provided one of the data bits
received from the data conditioner on leads OBO - OB7 through Schmitt
trigger circuits 1003 - 1010. The outputs SBO - SB7 from the send data
registers 1001 - 1010 are provided through gates 1020 - 1027 to the
expander/concentrator 800 on leads OMO - OM7 provided the gates have
not been disabled via the active/active lead SA from the store memory
894.
As indicated in the description of the clock and memory
control circuit 892 in Figure 68, the positive going transition of
W~R~ initiates the input cycle for the send memory 890 and the output
cycle for the receive memory 891 by generating the control signals ~MC
and SMC at the output of the flip-flops 911 and 91~, respectively.
98
A logic 1 on the control lead SMC to the data selectors 1001 and 1002
in Figure 77 will gate the time slot signal re~resented by the condition
on leads TO - T7 to each of the send data registers 1011 - 1018 on
leads SMO - SM7 at the same time ~hat a word is rece;ved from the data
conditioner on leads OBO - OB7 via Schmitt trigger circuits 1003 -
1010. The received word is therefore written into the send data reg-
isters 1011 - 1018 upon receipt of the timing signal DWCK7 at the
address designated by the time slot signals TO - T7.
During the transfer cycle when the control leads SMC goes
to logic 0, the data selector circuits 1001 and 1002 will apply the send
address information on leads SO - S7 to ~he leads SMO - SM7 which extend
to each of the send data registers 1011 - 1018. Thus, the data stored
in these registers at the particular address designated by the leads
SO - S7 will be gated out through gates 1020 - 1027 to the expander/
concentrator 800, provided these gates are not ;nhibited by the con-
dition of lead SA.
The receive data memory 891 is similar to the send data
memory 890, as indicated in Figure 78. The receive data memory 891
includes data selector circuits 1028 and 1029 which select either the
receive time slot address generated by the clock and memory control 892
from the receive data memory address counter 901 in Figure 69 appearing
on leads RTO - RT7 or the receive address data received from the store
memory 894 on leads RO - R7. The selector circuits 1028 and 1029 are
controlled by the control signal RMC generated from the output of flip-
flop 911 in Figure 68 upon rece-ipt of the timiny signal WCK4 at the
Schmitt trigger circuit gG2, as already described.
When the signal RMC is equal to logic 1, the time slot
signals appearing on leads RTO - RT7 are applied by the data selector
circuits 1028 and 1029 to the leads RMO - RM7 which extend to each of
a plurality of receive data registers 1030 - 1037. Upon generation of
the timing signal RMWE from the output of gate 917 in Figure 68 as a
result of either the clock signal W~ or the clock signal WCK8, data
received from the expander/concentrator 800 on leads ~g~ will
be stored in the registers 1030 - 1037 as storage locations designated
by the receive time slot signals RTO - RT7. During the subsequent input
3 ~ ~
99
cycle, when the control lead RMC is equal to logic 1, the selector
circuits 1028 and 1029 will apply the receive address signals R0 - R7
from the store memory 894 to the leads RM0 - RM7 which extend to each
of the receive data registers 1030 - 1037.
At this time, on the negative-going transition of ~
from the clock and memory control 892 the data stored in the receive
data registers 1030 - 1037 at the address indicated by the receive
address leads R0 - R7 will be transferred out on leads RB0 - RB7 to
the data out latches in Figure 79, where the data is stored in response
to receipt of the D0 LATCH signal generated from the clock and memory
control 892. This data stored in the data out latches 1040 and 1041
are provided on leads IB0 IB7 to the data conditioner 800.
3. The Controller
The controller serves as an interface between the central
processing unit 130, which provides control signals and data via the
interrupt encoder 125, and the matrix switches in the digital trans-
mission network 135. The controller stores command bits for the matrix
switches3 filters replies and data from the matrix switches, and sends
appropriate data to the central processing unit 130.
The controller programs the matrix switch in the time-
division multiplex transmission network 135 to properly interchange time
slots on the TDM cross-office h;ghways. The basic traffic decisions
affecting time slot interchange are accomplished by software in the
central processing unit 130 and then relayed to the controller 122 via
the interrupt encoder 125 in the form of send and receive addresses by
which the calling and called subscribers are linked in the time slot
interchange process performed by the transmission network 135. In
addition, the central processing unit 130 can initiate instructions
which cause the controller to search or read selected portions of the
matrix call storage memories without affecting time slot interchange
and then transfer the selected data back to the central processing unit
130. The details of the con~roller circuit 122 are illustrated in
Figures 80 - ~7.
In Figure 80, the differential transmission gate arrangement
115~3~7
100
1100 connects the bus lines BINO - BINll to the controller circuitry
on leads DABO - DABll. Also, the controller circuitry is connected
by the differential gate arrangement 1100 to the interrupt encoder bus
Yia leads BOUTO - BOUT7.
The controller 122 is one of the I/O circuits connected to
the central processing unit 130 Yia the peripheral bus, and therefore,
as in the case of all I/O circuits, communication with the central pro-
cessing unit 130 is always initiated by the OPU forwarding to the I/O
circuit the bus enable signal, the register select signals, the data
flow signals, and the strobe signal. As seen in Figure 81, the regis-
ter select signals RSELl and RSEL2 as well as the data flow signals
DAOUT and DAII~ are applied to driver circuit 1101. The bus enablP
signal DEB is applîed to the input of Schmitt trigger circuit 1102, and
the strobe signals STBl and STBl are applied to the driver circuit 1107.
Each of the command signals received from the interrupt encoder 125
are applied to a command decoder 1105 which produces a plurality of
timing enable signals~ which are illustrated in the timing diagram of
Figure 82.
The data-out command signal DAOU-r is supplied through the
driver circuit 1101 to one input of an AN~ gate 1108 in the decoder
1105 through gate 1109, and the other input of gate 110~ receives the
strobe pulse ~rom the output of driver circuit 1107. Gate 1108 enables
a respect;ve input of each of ~he AND gates 1110 and 1114. A second
input of gate 1110 is connected to the output of gate 1111 whose input
is connec~ed to the output of driver circuit 1101 carrying the register
select signal RSELl~ and the second input o~ gate 1110 is connected to
the output of gate 1115 whose input is connected to the output of
driver circuit 1101 carrying the register select signal RSEL2. Gate
1114 has a second input connected to the output of gate 1111 and a
third input connected to the output of gate 1116, whose input is con-
nected to the output of gate 1115. Gates 1110 and ltl4 are sequentially
enabled during the data-out operation to produce the timing signals
SELOOU at the output of gate 1113 and SEL20U at the output of gate 1119.
The bus enable signal DEB is applied through Schmitt trigger
circuit 1102 and gate 1103 to one input of AND gate 1104 in the decoder
~ ~583~ 7
101
circuit 1105; the other input of gate 1104 is provided from the DAIN
output of the dr;ver circuit 1101 through gate 1106. The output of
gate 1104 is supplied to each of the AND gates 1117 and 1118. A second
input of gate 1117 is connected to the output of gate 1112 and a third
input of that gate is connected to the output of gate 1115. A second
input of gate 1118 is connected ~o the output of gate 1112 and a third
input thereof is connected to the output of gate 1116. Gates 1117 and
1118 are enabled sequentially during the data-in operation in response
to the command signal DAIN and serve to provide the timing signals
SEL4IN at the output of gate 1120 and SEL6IN at the ou~put of gate 1121.
Either of the outputs of gates 1117 or 111~ during the data-
in operation will enable the gate 1125 in Figure 81 to produce the shift
enable signal SE46IN, which is applied to the differential gates 1110 in
Figure 80 for the shifting of data through the gates to the interrupt
encoder 125. In addition, decoding of the command signal from the in-
terrupt encoder 125 results in a reply being generated at the output of
gate 1126 on lead REPLY with the enabling of either of the AND gates
1110 or 1114 in the deocder 1105. This signal is supplied to the
input lead REPLY to driver circuit 1127 in Figure 84 which generates an
20 output on lead bDONE to the interrupt encoder 125. 6ate 1126 in Figure
81 is also enabled during the data-in operation from the output of
gates 1123 or 1124 with the enabling of the respective gates 1117 or
1118 in the decoder llOS in coincidence with the strobe signal applied
from the output of driver circuit 1107 through a delay circuit 1102.
The amount of data required for a basic command from the
.central processing unit 130 to the controller 122 and vice versa re-
quires the use ot two 16 bit words for such communicationO Figures 83a -
83d indicate the format of the various sixteen bit messages which are
transmitted between the CPU and the controller 122. In Figure 83a,
the first data-out message from the CPU will include the matrix store
data signals MSD0 - MSD7 in bits 0 - 7, which data represents the send
port number, receive port number, or cross-office highway number, as
described more particularly in connection with the digital transmission
network 135. Bits 8 - 15 of this message include the matrix compare
data signals MCD0 - MCD7, defining the time slot number or receive
3 ~ '~
102
port number. The second sixteen bit message from the CPU~ as seen in
Figure 83b, provides various control signals, such as the matrix switch
enable signal MSE in bit 0, the controller command data bits CCDO -
CCD3 in bits 1 - 4, and the matrix switch address signals MSl, MS3, and
5 MS4 in bits 8 - 10.
Figure 83c illustrates the first message forwarded from the
controller 122 to the CPU, which basically provides status data con-
cerning the operation of the controller 122. In this regard, only t~o
bits of the sixteen bit message are utilized, with bit 7 providing the
lû finish or time-out indication DO~E and bit 15 providing the time-out
error signal Tû. The second sixteen bit message forwarded from the
controller 122 to the CPU is illustrated in Figure 83b. This message
includes the matrix switch data signals MDOO - MD07 in bits O - 7 and
the ACTIVEIINACTIVE signal MDOA in bit 15.
The data store for storing the first sixteen bit message
from the CPU (Figure 83a) is illustrated in Figure 84. This data store
comprises a pair of registers 1130 and 1131 to which the six~een bi~
me~sage is supplied on leads BINO - BIN15. The second data may then
be gated out to the matrix switches on leads MSDO - MSD7 and MCDO -
20 MCD7 from the registers 1130 and 1131 through respective driver circuits
1132 and 1133. The second sixteen bit message (Figure 83b) from the
CPU to the controller 122 is received in the circuitry illustrated in
Figure 85. In this regard, the matrix switch enable signal MSE and
the matrix switch address signals MSl, MS2~ and MS4 are received in
25 leads BINO, BIN8, BIN9 and BIN10, respectively, and are clocked into
the register 1140 by the timing signal SEL20U, the register 1140 having
been previously cleared to the timing signal SELOOU appliecl through
gates 1141 and 1142. Clearing of the register 40 may also occur in
response to the initialization signal applied at the output of the
30 driver circuit 1127 in Figure 84 via gates 1128 and 1129 on lead I~IIT
in response to the signal DINIT from the interrupt encoder 125.
The matrix switch enable signal MSE forming bit O of the
message as stored in the register 1140 is applied to a matrix switch
enable delay circuit 1143 consisting o~ flip-flops 1144 and 1145. De-
35 pending on the value of the signal MSE, the CPU can enable a selected
103
matrix switch in the digital transmission network 135.
The controller command data signals CCDO - CCD3 forming
bits 1 - 4 of the message (Fig. 83b) are supplied on leads BINl-~IN~ t5
the input of a register 1146 in Figure 859 from which the stored data
may be supplied through a driver circuit 1147 onto leads CCDO - CCD3 to
the rnatrix switches. Matrix switch selection is effected by applying
the matrix switch address stored in the register 1140 to a decoder 11~8
which decodes the address to enable one of the matrix select lines
MOSEL - M7SEL via the driver circuit 1149.
As indicated in connection with the operation of the digital
transmission network 135, when the ~ransfer of data to a matrix switch
from the CPU has been completed, the switch will forward a message finish
signal to the controller. Thus, one of the leads MOFIN - M7FIN will be
enabled through a respective gate 1150 - 1157 to a mul~iplexer 1158 at
such time. The multiplexer 1158 also receives the address of the
selected switch as stored in the register 11~0, so tha~ when a message
finish signal is received on one of the leads MOFI~-M7FIN, the multi-
plexer will determine whether that signal has been received from the
selected matrix switch designated by the address received from the
register 1140. I~ so, the output of multiplexer 1158 will be applied
to one input of AND gate 1162, the other input of which is received
from a ~inish filter circuit 1159. The finish filter circuit 1159,
which comprises flip-flops 1160 and 1161, is driven from the clock
signal 1.544m through gate 1164 and is cleared from the output of the
AND gate 1162 through gate 1163. The filter circuit 1159 provides the
outputs FINISH and FINISH which provide the indication of whether a
message finish signal has been received from the selected matrix switch.
A time out counter 1165 in Figure 86 is enabled by the out-
put o~ the matrix switch enable delay circuit 1143 in Figure 85 and is
driven by the clock signal 125SYN via gates 1166 and 1167. When the
counter 1165 reaches its maximum count, gate 1166 at the output thereof
will be enabled to set the flip-flop 1167 enabling the lead TIMOUT
which is applied to the decoder 1148 in Figure 85 to removP the matrix
select signal applied through the driver circuit 1149. In addition,
the flip-flop 1167 will enable gates 1169 via gate 1168 and gate 1170
~ 15~3~
104
to place the time out signals through gates 1171 and 1172 on leads BOllT7
and BOUT15, respectively, to the central processing unit 130 in bits 7
and 15 of the ~irst sixteen bit message, as seen in Figure 83c. On the
other hand, if the ~lip-flop 1167 is cleared by the output of the finish
S filter circuit 1159 in Figure 85~ the gate 1169 will be enabled from the
output gate 1168 received on lead FINISH to apply the completion signal
through gate 1171 to lead BOUT7 to the CPU. Gate 1170 will not be
enabled under these circumstances and therefore no time out signal will
be provided to the CPU.
The second sixteen bit message from the controller 122 to
the CPU, as seen in Figure 83d, consis~ing of the matrlx data signals
MDOO - MD07 and the ACTIVE/INACTIVE bit MDOA are applied through re-
spective gates 1180 - 1188 in Figure 86 to register 1189. The first
four bit byte of the message is applied onto leads BOUTO - BOUT3 to the
interrupt encoder 125 and the second four bit byte of the matrix data
along with the ACTIVE/INACTIVE bit is applied through 0ates llg2 through
1196 onto leads BOUT4 - BOUT7 and BOUT15 to the interrupt encoder 125
in coincidence with the timing signal SEL6I~.
As seen in Figure 88, the operation of the controller 122
begins with detection of the bus enable signal DEB and receipt o~ the
register select signals, data ~low signals and the strobe signals applied
to the decoder 1105 in Figure 81. The decoder 1105 will thereby produce
one of the four timing signals SELOOU, SEL20U, SEL4IN, or SEL6IN to
control the respectiYe steps of the data-out and data-in operations.
While the timing signal SELOOU is generated during the
.first step of the data-out operation, matrix store data and matrix
compare data are clocked into the registers 1130 and 1131 in Figure 84
from which they are forwarded to the matrix switches through dr;ver
circuits 1132 and 1133. The timing signal SELOOU is also supplied
through gates 1141 and 1142 in Figure 85 to clear the matrix switch
address register 1140. A reply is then sent to the central processing
unit 130 on leads b~ from the output of driver circuit 1127 in
Figure 84 in response to enabling of the lead REPLY at the output of
gate 1126 in Figure 81.
The next step of the data-out operation relates to the
3 ~ ~
105
transfer of the controller command data to a selected matrix switch.
This operation is initiated with generation of the timing signal SEL20U
in Figure 81, which enables the address bits 8, 9, and 10 (Fig. 83b)
to be clocked into the matrix s~itch address register 1140 in Figure 85.
3it O represents the matrix switch enable signal MSE which is immediately
applied to the delay circuit 1143. The address stored in the matrix
address register 1140 is decoded by the decoder 1148 to select the
desired matrix by enabling one of the matrix select leads MOSEL - M7SEL.
However, the decoder 11~8 is gated with the matrix enable command bit
received through the delay circuit 1143 to provide a short delay period
permitting the data buses to settle down before the actual matrix
select signal is transmitted to the appropriate matrix.
The command code provided by bits 8, 9, and 10 of the mes-
sage are stored in the controller command register 1146 in Figure 85
with generation of the timing signal SEL20U and this command code is
forwarded through the driver circuit 1147 to the matrix switches on
leads CCDO - CCD3. The switch enable signal from the output of the
delay circuit 1143 is also applied on lead ENABLE to Figure 86 where it
enables the time-out counter 1165 at this time. The controller 122
then waits ~or the selected matrix to s;gnal that it has finished re-
ceiving the transmitted data, and in the interim, the central processing
unit 130 monitors the leads BOUT7 and BOUT15 in Figure 86 representing
the status flags providing information concerning finish or time out.
When the matrix has completed receiving the data trans-
mitted to it, it will energize its message finish lead, thereby enabling
one of the leads MOFIN - M7FIN through a respective gate 1150 - 1157
to the multiplexer 1158. If the execution completed signal is received
from the selected matrix as determined by the address applied to the
multiplexer 1158 from the register 1140, the multiplexer will enable
the finish filter counter 1159 which not only resets flip-flop 1167 in
Figure 86 to inhibit the time-out counter 1165, but also clocks data
from the matrix switches on leads MDOO - ~b~ and MDOA into the matrix
data register 1189 through switches 1180 - 1188. Gate 1171 is also
enabled from the output of gate 1169 to provide the finish completion
signal in bit 7 to the central processing unit 130 indicating that the
3 ~ ~
106
operation has been completed and tha~ is provided on leads BOUTO - BOUT7
and BOUT15.
As seen in Figure 899 if a finish signal had not been re-
ceived at the multiplexer 158 in Figure 85 from the selected matrix, the
time-out counter 1165 would have set the flip-~lop 1167, thereby per-
mitting enabling of the gate 1170 to place the time-out signal TO at the
output of gate 1172 onto lead BOUT15 to the central processing unit 130.
At the same time, the signal TIMOUT at the output of flip-flop 1167
WQUl d be applied to the decoder 11~8 to inhibit an output therefrom and
thereby remove the matrix select signal at the output of drive~ circuit
1149.
E. THE OPERATOR COMPLEX
_. _
The operator console in a PABX generally includes the stan-
dard twelve-key operator key pad as well as a plurality o~ control keys
for initiating various connections and operations within the system.
In addition, the operator may be provided with a plurality of direct
service keys which enable direct access to each of the stations within
the PABX. As the number of serv1ces and functions a~ailable within a
system increase, it is genera~ly necessary to provide a greater number
of control keys at the operator console to initiate and control such
services and functions. This increases the number of keys on the op-
erator console which further complicates an already difficult cabling
problem in systems where it is necessary to provide a wire per key
coming out of the console to the PABX system.
In order to solve the cabling problems associated w1th
operator complexes in which a separate control line relating to a part-
icular function is associated with each key on the operator console,
the present invention utilizes a multiplex approach wherein the oper-
ating conditions of the various keys on the console are multiplexedon a four-wire b;directional highway between the console and the
central processing unit 130. This not only relieves the lim1ts pre-
v10usly existing concerning the number of keys which may be provided
on the console; but also eliminates the need to hardwire each control
key to a particular function. Rather, the function associated with
3.1'7
107
each key on the operator console is merely designated in an assigned
storage location in the CPU memory so that only the CPU recognizes the
particular function requested upon operation of a selected key on the
console. In this way, the function associated with a particular key
5 may be changed simply by changing the function stored in memory, elim-
inating the need for physical changes in the system.
The highly modular construction of the system as evident
from Figure 6 also makes possible application of the system to a multi-
user function. In this regard, it should be clear that there are no
10 constraints upon the distance which may be provided between each port
group 100, miscellaneous cell 102, or operator complex and the common
control 101. Thus, the common control 101 may be provided in a central
location with one or more port groups being assigned to respectively
different customers, each of which is also provided with one or more
15 operator consoles, the links to the common control from the respective
areas being by way oF the various multiplex highways extending between
the basic components of the system.
The use of a multiplex link between the operator console
and the common control also makes poss;ble suitable control over the
20 lamps and other display indicators on the operator console from the
central processing unit 130 in a more simplified manner. As in the
monitoring of the control keys on the operator console, the use of such
a multiplex technique in the controlling of lamp displays also lists
the constraints previously applied to the number of display devices
25 which may be included in the operator console.
The basic elements of the operator complex are illustrated
in Figure 90 in con~unction with various common control circuits. The
attendant console 1210 has a keyboard arrangemen~ of control keys 1210a
with associated display lamps, as well as the standard twelve button
key pad 1210b. In addition, an alphanumeric display 1210c is provided
at each attendant console 1210 to provide a visual display of data to
the operator. A plurality of direct service keys 1210b may also be
provided; or station selection may be provided through the key pad
121Ob if desired.
In order to supply key status information to the common
3 3 ~l
lo~
control 130, the console 1210 includes a send control system which con-
tinuously scans the control keys and keys of the operator key pad to
detect transitions indication operation or release of a key, and based
on this in~ormation, formulates messages consisting of key identifica-
tion, transition information~ parity, and a synchronizing character fortransmission to the central processing unit 130. The console 1210 also
includes a receive control system which receives from the central pro-
cessing unit 130 a message consisting of a key lamp identification and
Flash code, or an alphanumeric display identification and display code,
preceded by a synchronizing character, and generates display control
signals based on this information.
In order to eliminate expensive cabling normally required
to carry key status information from the console 1210 to the common con-
trol 130 and display control si~nals from the common control 130 to the
console 1210, and to facilitate remote console operation, the send
control system includes a key data multiple~er and the receive control
system includes an illuminator data demultiplexer to enable the multi-
plexing of this data on a four-wire highway 1212 between the attendant
console 1210 and the common control 130. In addition, a modem is pro-
vided for modulating the digital message from the send control systeminto the voice-band using standard frequency shift keying (FSK) and for
transmitting the converted message on the highway 1212 at approximately
600 BAUD. In the same manner, the modem serves to decode the FSK data
representing key lamp and alphanumeric display messages received from
the common control 130 into digital messages for decoding by the receive
control system. The audio is handled ;n the attendant console 1210 in
the conventional manner and is transmitted on a two-wire highway 1213
from the console 1210 to the attendant audio circuit 1211.
The attendant audio circuit 1211 includes a modem similar
to that provided in the attendant console 1210 for converting the data
passing therethrough between FSK and digital form. It also serves as
a means for converting the audio between 2 and 4-wire transmission lines,
the audio being received from the attendant console 1210 on a two-wire
highway 1213 and being transmitted to the miscellaneous cell 102 on a
~our-wire highway 1214, and vice versa.
~ ~83L3~7
lo9
As already indicated, the miscellaneous cell 102 multiplexes
the audio signals from the respective operator complexes onto a multi-
plex highway extending to the digital switching network 135 under con-
trol of the central processing unit 130. The central processing unit
130 comrnunicates with various peripheral units connected to the periph-
eral bus via the interrupt encoder 125, one of the peripheral units
being the controller 22, which receives time slot assignments and control
signals necessary to control the operation of the digital switching
network 135. Another unit connected to the peripheral bus is the
attendant I/0 circuit 145 which serves as an interface between the
operator complex and the central processing unit 130.
1. The Attendant I/0 Circuits
The attendant I/0 circuit interfaGes the operator complex
15 and the central process;ng unit 130 via the interrupt encoder 125 and
the CPU bus circui~. The ma;n functions of the attendant I/0 circuit
is to send and receive console data, interface it with the central
processing unit 130, and allow the CPU to control the attendant audio
connections.
As seen in F;gure gl, the attendant I/0 circuit includes
four addressable registers R0, Rl, R2, and R3. Register R0 is a write/
read register which stores status information concerning the status o~
operation of the attendant I/0 circuit. In the master-slave relation-
ship between the central processing unit 130 and the peripheral circuits,
the peripheral circuit cannot acquire the central Processing unit 130,
but must generate a reques~ and wait for the central processing unit
130 to respond. This is done by the generation of interrupts which are
stored in the register R0.
The register Rl is a write only register which receives
data from the central processing unit 130 for forwarding to the attendant.
Register R2 is a read only memory which receives data from the attendant
for forwarding to the central processing unit 130. Register R3 is a
write only memory which receives various cor~mand signals from the
central processing un;t 130 which are ultimately forwarded to the
attendant audio circuit ~or control of the operation thereof.
,
58347
110
Data to and from the interrupt encoder 125 is provided on
the peripheral bus which is connected to the differential receivers
and drivers 1230, connected by way of bidirectional lines to the re-
spective registers R0 - R3. The transfer of data between the registers
and the receiver/driver circuit 1230 is effected under control o-f the
register clock in control 1231 and the register data read out control
and data bus switching circuit 1232.
Data transmitted from the attendant console through the
attendant audio circuit is received at the serial-in parallel-out (SIP0)
circuit which converts the data from serial to parallel form. The
detector circuit 1237 connected to the SIP0 1235 checks to determine
the length of the message, which may be two or three bits in length and
determines whether the message has proper parity. The parallel data is
then transferred to the register R2 for subsequent transmission through
the circuit 1230 to the interrupt encoder 125.
Data from the interrupt encoder 125 which is destined for
the attendant is supplied on the peripheral bus through the circuit
1230 to the register Rl. Since the attendant audio circuit receives
data in serial form, a parallel-in serial-out (PIS0) circuit 123~ con-
verts the data in the register Rl to serial form, and a sync and paritygenerator 1236 provides a first sync character and adds a proper parity
bit to the message prior to its being forwarded to the attendant audio
circuit 115.
The command signals for the attendant audio circuit 115
are supplied from the interrupt encoder 125 on the peripheral bus
through the driver circuit 1230 to the register R3, where these control
signals are then supplied directly ts the attendant audio circuit 115
under control of the function control logic circuit 1233. The circuit
1733 also is responsive to the data stored in the status register R0
to effect the generation of interrupts from the ;nterrupt generator
1238 indicating to the interrupt encoder 125 the need for the services
of the central processing system 130. Commands from the interrupt
encoder 125 to the interrupt generator 1238 also provide for indications
of response to the interrupt request.
Figure 92 illustrates schematically the contents of the zero
~;~5~3~
111
register R0 which serves as the status register for the attendant I/0
circuit. As seen in the drawing, only bits 1, 6, and 12 - 15 are
utilized in the register R0, bits 1 and 6 being written into the reg-
ister by the central processor unit 130 and the bits 12 - 15 being
read by the central processing unit 130 to determine the status of the
attendant I/0 circuit.
When a new message has been received from the attendant in
the attendant I/0 circuit9 bit 12 in the register R0 will be set to
generate an interrupt to the central processing unit 130 indicating
that data is present ~or transmission to the CPU. At this time. bit
14 may also be set if a parity error has been detected in the message
received from the attendant. When ~he CPU connects to the attendant
I/0 circuit and the message stored in Register R2 has been transmitted
to the interrupt encoder 125~ the CPU will enable bit 1 of register
R0 which will be detected within the attendant I/0 circuit and result
in a clearing of bit 12.
For transmission from the central processing unit 130 to
the attendant, data will be written into the register Rl via the inter-
rupt encoder 125 and the attendant I/0 circuit will insert the e~en
parity in the message and forward it to the attendant audio circuit.
During this time, bit 15 of register R0 is set indicating to the CPU
that the attendant I/0 circuit is busy sending data to the attendant.
When transmission of the data in the register Rl is completed, bit 15
in register R0 is cleared and bit 13 is enabled to generate an inter-
rupt to the CPU indicating that it is finished sending out the messageto the attendant. This indicates to the CPU that a new message can be
sent to the attendant I/0 circuit if another message is to be sent.
The CPU enables bit 1 of register R0 to clear bit 13 and forward another
message to the register Rl for transmission to the attendant. Loading
of register Rl causes the new data to be sent and sets the busy bit 15
in the register R0. This process continues until all data to be sent
from the CPU to the attendant has been transmitted by the attendant I/0
circuit.
Figure 93 indicates the format of the data from the central
processing unit 130 to be stored in the register Rl prior to transmission
~83~
1~2
to the attendant. Messages transmitted to and from the attendant con-
sole are always preceded by a standard eight bit sync character 0110l001,
which serves not only to indicate to the receiving circuit that the
data being rece;ved is a valid message but also to indicate to the
receiving circuit when a comple-te message has been received. The
message to be forwarded to the attendant may have one of three different
formats, depending upon the content of the messa~e. As seen in Figure
93 for data related to attendant key lamp control, the second byte of
message will include seven bits representing the key lamp code or ad-
dress and a parity bit, while the third byte of the message includes athree bit flash code. A second type of message, which serves to control
the attendant alphanumeric display, includes a second byte having seven
bits identifying the address of the alpha display and a third byte
comprising eight bits defining the particular ASC II character.
~ ~ ~ 8 3~ ~
113
As will be described in greater detail in connection with
the attendant console 1210, the link between the attendant console 1210
and the attendant audio circuit 115 is shared by the control keys and
the direct station service keys. Thus, a third type of message, which
may be forwarded to the attendant for controlling the DSS lamp display,
includes a second byte indicating a DSS select code and a third byte
providing the address of the DSS lamp. Thus, it can be seen that the
second byte of the message to the attendant determines whether the
message is for attendant key lamp control, attendant alphanumeric
display control, or DSS lamp display control. Further details as to
the manner in which these messages are decoded will be described
hereinafter in connection with the description of the attendant console
1210.
Figure 94 illustrates the format of the message received
from the attendant in register R2 for forwarding to the central pro-
cessing unit 130. Since the attendant console includes two types of
keys, i.e., an attendant key and a DSS key, the messages received
from the attendant rnay have one of two different formats. In either
case, a message from the attendant will always include a first byte
comprising the standard sync character 01101001 for reasons already
indicated.
For messages relating to attendant key data, the second
byte of the message will include six bits designating the key identity
or address, a status bit indicating the state of the key and a parity bit.
The third byte of the message will be all O's and therefore can be
ignored. For a message relating to a DSS key, the second byte of the
message will include six bits which are all l's indicating that the mes-
sage relates to a DSS key, a status bit and a parity bit. The third
byte of the message identifies the DSS key identity or address.
Figure 95 ;ndicates the format of the data stored in the
register R3. As will be described in more detail hereinafter, the
attendant audio circuit 115 is basically a four-way conference circuit
including the attendant, line, source, and destination. Under control
of the central processing unit 130, the attendant audio 115 can exclude
either the source or the destination. In addition, the CPU can control
5~3~
114
the attendant audio circuit to inject ring-back tone into the various
ports connected thereto. For the purpose of these control functions,
the bit 1 o~ register R3 controls the injection of ring-back tone, bit 2
controls the exclusion of source and bit 3 controls the exclusion of
destination in the attendant audio circuit 115.
The details of the attendant I/O circuit are illustrated in
Figures 96 through 106. Referring first to Figure 96, which illus-
trates the details o~ the receiver/driver circuit 1230, data to and
from the interrupt encoder 125 is provided on leads XDABO - XDAB15
to the respective bidirectional data bus circuits 1240 - 1243. Data
from the interrupt encoder 125 to the attendant I/O circuit is provided
from the circuits 1240 - 1243 on leads XDO - XD15; while, data from
the attendant I/O circuit to be forwarded to the interrupt encoder 125 is
applied on leads ODAO -ODA15 to the circuits 1240 - 1243.
As with all peripheral devices, control is initiated by the
central processing unit 130 by forwarding to the peripheral device the
bus enable signal, the register select signals, the data flow control
signals and the strobe signals. As seen in Figure 97, the bus enable
signal DEB from the interrupt encoder 125 enables gates 1244 providing
an output on lead ATO. The register select signals XRSELl and
XRSEL2 are applied through driver circuit 1245 to provide the register
select signals XRO and XRl; while, the data flow control signals
XDAOUT and XDAIN are applied through the circuit 1245 to provide the
signals W~ITE and READ. The strobe signal from the interrupt
encoder 125 on lead XSTBl and XSTBl is supplied through driver circuit
1246 to generate the strobe signal STROBE.
The control signals at the outputs of circuits 1245 and 1246
in Figure 47 are applied to the control logic circuits in Figure 98 to
produce various timing and control signals on which the operation of
the attendant I/O circuit ;s based. These signals not only control the
timing of operations within the circuit but also control the loading of
the various registers and the control of data to and from the attendant
and the CPU, as will be seen from the following description.
The data from the attendant console 1210 is forwarded from
the attendant audio circuit 11~ on leads DAO and DAO to the one-way
~ ~ 5 ~
115
bus receiver 1250 in Figure 99, where the serial data is applied on
lead DATAO to the registers 1251, 1252, and 1253 in Figure 100. The
registers 1251 - 1253 perform a deserializing of the data, taking the
serial data in and providing the respective bytes of the message in
parallel at the outputs of the three registers.
The data received on lead DATAO is also applied to the
input of load enable flip-flop 125~ in Figure 100 which serves as an
edge detector tor detecting the leading edge of the incoming data.
Incoming data will set the load enable flip-flop 1254 upon receipt of
the next clock pulse on lead 4.63KHz providing an output through
gate 1256, which is enabled by the reset output oF gate 1255 to pre-
set the strobe counter 1257. The counter 1257 is then driven from
the clock lead ~.63 KHz for a predetermined number of clock pulses
until an output OSTRB is provided at the output thereof to each of the
registers 1251, 1252, and 1253 to clock data therein. On the next
clock pulse, the flip-flop 1255 is set disabling the gate 1256. As a
result of the edge detection provided by the flip-flops 1254 and 1255
in control of the counter 1257, the strobe signal OSTRB from the
output of counter 1257 is generated at the center of the received data
to ensure that data is available for shifting into the shift registers
1251 - 1253 before the registers are clocked. Thus, the clock which
controls the shift registers aligns itself with the receipt of each set
of serial data from the attendant audio circuit 115.
The register 1253 will receive the standard sync character
which forms the first byte in each message, and the bits thereof will
be decoded by the gates 1258 - 1262. When the full correct sync
character has been received, an output will be provided from gate 1258
to set the first message ready flip-flop 1265. By detecting the standard
sync character, this circuit clearly establishes that the data received
is a message from the attendant and that the full message should have
been received.
In order to determine at this point whether the message
relates to the status of an attendant key or a DSS key, it is necessary
to examine the second byte of the message which is stored in the
register 1252. If the second byte of the message is equal to 63,
3~
116
gate 1266 will be enabled providing an output through one input of
AND gate 1267, the other input of which is enabled from the output
of the flip-flop 1265. The enabling of gate 1267 will set the DSS
service latch 1268 providing an output on lead ODSS to indicate that
5 the data in register 1252 applied to the bus OBUSSl - 2 and the data
in register 1251 applied to bus OBUSS3 relates to a DSS key.
On the other hand 3 i f the gate 1266 i n Figure 100 is not
enabled indicating that the message relates to attendant key status,
the la~ch 1268 will remain reset. In any event, with the next clock
pulse the second message ready flip-flop 1278 will be set, and gate
1269 will be enabled providing an output to one input of AND gate 1270,
the other input of which will be enabled on the receipt of the next clock
pulse on lead 4.63 KHz. The output of gate 1270 is provided on lead
O~R2. At the same time, gate 1271 will be enabled providing an output
through gate 1272 and gate 1273 to reset the DSS service latch 1268.
The gates 1274, 1275, and 1276 in Figure 100 provide for
a clearing of the data in the tilree registers 1251, 1252, and 1253.
When the message ready flip-flop 1278 is set and the DSS service latch
1268 is reset, both gates 1275 and 1276 will be enabled to clear all three
of the registers 1251, 1252, and 1253. On the other hand, if the message
relates to DSS service, only the gate 1275 will be enabled to clear the
first and second bytes of the message in registers 1252 and 1253, the
registers 1251 not being cleared at this time to avoid the possibility
of erasiny data which may be following the received message.
As seen in Figure 101, the data from the register 1251 and
1252 in Figure 100 are received on the buses OBUSSl - 2 and
OBUSS3 at register R2, which comprises storage registers 1280,
1281, and 1282. This data is clocked into register R2 by the read
enable signal O~R2 and is also applied to a pair of parity control
circuits 1283 and 1284 which determine the parity of the data. In this
regard, as noted from Figure 94, if the message relates to an atten-
dant key, only the first byte of the message will contain valid data
and therefore a determination of parity will be made only with respect
to the data applied to circuit 1283. On the other hand, if the data
relates to a DSS key, both the second and third bytes of the message
3 '~ ~
117
will be valid and therefore the parity of both bytes must be determined
by the respective circuits 1283 and 1284, which are connected together
under these circumstances by gate 1284, which is enabled by the signal
ODSS from Figure 100. If odd parity is detected, an output will be pro-
vided from circuit 1283 to the parity Flip-flop 1286 which generates on
lead OPAR.
The data is clocked into the storage registers 1280 - 1282
of the register R2 by the write enable signal OWR2 fron Figure 100.
The data stored in the register R2 is then provided on leads OOR2 -
014R2 to the data steering circuits 1288 - 1291 in Figure 102 from
which this data is then applied on leads ODAO - ODA15 onto the bidirec-
tional data bus through circuits 1240 - 1243 in Figure 96 to the interrupt
encoder 125.
Figure 103 illustrates the status register RO. As indicated
in Figure 92, when a new message ;s received in the register R2, the
status bit 12 in register RO is set and when parity error has been
detected in connection with that received message status bit 14 in
register RO is set. Thus, the lead 012RO from the flip-flop 1287 in
Figure 101, which is set by the write enable signal OWR2, is applied
to the register RO in Figure 103 which enables the lead ODA12 con-
nected through bidirectional circuit 1243 in Figure 96 onto lead
- XDAB12 to the interrupt encoder 125. In a similar manner, the
detection of parity error by the parity flip-flop 1286 in Figure 101
serves to enable lead OPAR to the input of the register RO in Figure
103 providing an output on lead ODA14 to the bidirectional circuit 1243
in Figure 96 thereby enabling the lead XDAB14 to the interrupt
encoder 125.
For data received from the central processing unit 130 for
transfer to the attendant, this data is applied from the bidirectional
data bus onto leads OXO - XD14 in Figure 96, which leads arP connected
to register Rl in Figure 104, comprising storage registers 1292, 1293,
and 1294. This data is loaded into the storage registers 1292 - 1294 in
response to the timing signal ATOWl and is clocked out in ser;al form
on lead ODATAO in response to the clock signal OPCKO. The circuits
1295 and 1296 detect the parity of the data and insert the proper parity
3 ~ ~
118
bit into storage register 1293.
The serial data on lead ODATAO from Figure 104 is
applied to gate 1297 in Figure 105 which is enabled from the output
of flip-flop 1298. The flip-flops 1298 and 1299 are driven from the
timing signal 577.8HZ and provide the clock signal OP~KO via gate
1300 which clock the registers 1292 and 1294 in Figure 104. The
output of gate 1300 also drives flip-flop 1301 whose output clocks
the PISO counter 1302. Thus, the counter 1302 is driven with the
clock signals which clock data out of the reigsters 1292 - 1294 in
Figure 104 and thereby count the bits of data shifted through the gate
1297. When the count of the counter 1302 indicates that all bits have
been shifted out, gate 1303 is enabled providing an output through
gate 1304 to set flip-flop 1305. Flip-flop 1305 then enables lead 013RO
causing the bit 13 of the register RO in Figure 103 to be applied on
lead ODA13 through bidirectional bus circuit 1243 onto lead XDAB13
to the interrupt encoder 125. This indicates to the central processing
unit 130 that the message has been shifted out and a second message
may be received.
The data shifted out through gate 1297 in Figure 105 travels
on lead OFSKD to the driver circuit 1306 in Figure 99 where the data is
applied on the data pair ADO and ADO to the attendant audio circuit 115.
The details of register R3 are illustrated in Figure 106. As
seen in Figure 95, only the bits 1, 2, and 3 of this register are perti-
nent, and therefore, command signals may be recei~ed from the interrupt
encoder at the output of the bidirectional bus in Figure g6 on leads XDl,
XD2, or XD3. Lead XDl is applied to gate 1307 along with the timing
signal ATOW3, the gate 1307 enabling the driver circuit 1308 to provide
an output on lead ORBTO. The data lead XD2 is applied to a flip-flop
1309 which is set from the timing signal ATOW3 and provides an output
on lead U~ . The data lead XD3 is applied to flip-flop 1.310 which is
set by the timing signal ATOW3 and provides an output on lead OEXDO.
As seen in Figure 99, the leads ORBTO, OEXSO, and OEXD are applied
through the respective gates 1311, 1312, and 1313 to enable leads RBTO,
EXSO, and EXDO extending to the attendant audio circuit.
In the operation of the attendant I/O circuit, with trans-
ll9
mission of data from the attendant to the central processing unit 130,
data is received from the attendant audio circuit 115 at the input of the
one-way bus receiver 1250 in Figure 99, and is applied on lead DATAO
to the registers 1251, 1252, and 1253 in Figure 100. As data is
received on lead DATAO, the edge of the data will set the load enable
flip-flop 1254 enabling gate 1256 to reset the strobe counter 1257. On
receipt of the next clock pulse, the load cut flip-flop 1255 is set
disabling the AND gate 1256 and the clock pulses drive the strobe counter
12~7 until the output OSTRB is enabled strobing the data into the
registers 1251 - 1253.
When the data has been completely received in the registers
1251 - 1253, thP standard sync character in the register 1253 will be
detected by enabling of the gate 1258 to set the first message ready flip-
flop 1265. If the message relates to a DSS key, the data in register
12~2 will enable the gate 1266 which will set the DSS servicelatch 1268
via gate 1267. If the data in the message relates to an operator key, the
DSS service latch 1268 will remain reset. Of the next clock pulse~
the first message ready flip-flop 1265 will be reset and the second
message ready flip-flop 1278 will be set thereby enabling gate 1269
to generate the write enable signal OWR2 at the output of gate 1270.
As seen in Figure 101, the write enable signal on lead
OWR2 will clock data from the SIPO registers 1251 - 1253 in Figure
100 into the register R2 consisting of storage registers 1280 - 1282.
At the same time, parity of the received message will be checked by
the parity circuits 1283 and/or 1284 depending upon the state of the
gate 1285~ which is controlled by the signal ODSS at the output of the
service latch 1286 in Figure 100. Thus, for an operator key message
only the second byte of the message will be checked for parity; while,
for a DSS key message both the second and third bytes of the message
will be checked. If a parity error has been detected, the ~lip-flop
1286 will be set enabling the lead OPAR, and with generation of the
write enable signal OWR2 the new message interrupt flip-flop 1287
will be set enabling the lead 012RO. The signals OPAR and 012RO
are forwarded to the register RO in Figure 103 providing the interrupt
signals in bits 12 and 14 of the register.
..
3~
120
In its scan of the register RO, the CPU 130 will note that
bit 12 is set indicating a new message is waiting for transmission in
the attendant I/O circuit. The CPU will then forward via the interrupt
encoder 125 the register two select and read signals on leads XRSEL2
and XDAIN to the bus receiver 12~5 in Figure 97 which generates the
signals XRl and READ. As seen in Figure 98, the signals XRl and
READ are applied to the multiplexer 1247 and will produce via gate
1248 the receive control signal RVC, which enables the data bus cir-
cuits 1240 - 1243 in Figure 96 to transfer the data from register R2
to the interrupt encoder 125. Once the data has been received by the
CPU, it will signal the attendant I/O circuit causing generation of the
signal COB12 in Figure 98 which is applied in Figure 101 to clear
the Flip-flop 1287 thereby clearing the interrupt designated by bit 12
of register RO.
For transmission of data from the CPU to the attendant,
the data is received from the bidirectional data bus on leads XDO -
XD14 in Figure 96 and applied to register Rl comprising storage
registers 1292, 1293, and 1294 in Figure 104. At the same time the
parity circuits 1295 and 1296 determine proper parity and insert the
parity bit in the proper location in the data stored in storage
register 1293. The serial data from the register 1292 - 1294 is
applied onto line ODATAO to the gate 1297 in Figure 105 which is
enabled by the flip-flop 1298. The -flip-flops 1298 and 1299 are driven
from the system clock and provide via gate 1300 the output clock sig-
nal OPCKO which is applied in Figure 104 to clock data out of theregister Rl. As the data is shifted out through gate 1297 in Figure 105,
the counter 1302 counts the bits of the message and will provide an
output through gates 1303 and 1304 to set flip-flop 1305 when all bits
have been shifted out. This results in enabling of the lead 013RO to
register RO in Figure 103 setting the interrupt bit 13 in the register
to indicate to the CPU that the message has been completely shifted
out to the attendant and that a new message may be received. The CPU
will then enable lead XDl in Figure 98 to generate the signal COB13
which serves to reset the flip-flop 1305 in Fiyure 105 clearing the
interrupt bit 13 in register RO.
3 4 7
121
2. The Attendant Console
Figure 107 is a basic block diagram of the attendant console
data control including both the send control system and receive control
system and illustrating the various control lines which extend between
5 the respective circuits. In some cases, these control lines consist of
plural wires or paths; therefore, the number of wires or paths in each
line is designated by a slash mark through the line and a number adja-
cent thereto.
The key/lamp field 1330 includes a plurality of control keys
10 and key pad keys, which may total sixty-two keys, for example, along
with a plurality of key display lamps for visually indicating the opera-
ting condition associated with the control key or the line designated
thereby. Each of the keys in the field 1330 is connected via a KEY BUS
to the send key scanner and multiplexer 1335, which provides for
15 repetitive scanning of all keys to detect on/off key transitions. The
circuit 1335 includes a binary coder driven by the scan clock pulses
SCNCLK provided by the send control and serializer 1345. Thus, for
each key being scanned, the circuit 1335 provides the key address
Sl - S32 and the key transition data KEY to the send message
20 generator 1340.
The send message generator 1340 receives and stores the
key transition data with receipt of the clock memory signal CLKMEM
compares it with the previous status of that key as stored in memory,
and determines whether a valid change in key state is to be recognized
25 on the basis of four consecutive similar transitions. Thus, if the pre-
vious key status indicates that the key was "off," four consecutive "on"
key transitions will be required ~o recognize a valid change in the state
of the key. When a change in state is recognized, either an open signal
OP or a closed signal CL0, as the case may be, will be forwarded to
30 the send control and serializer 1345, which will return a timing signal
WRITE to the message generator 1340 to effect storage of the new status
of that key. The stored key state received from circuit 1335 is then
erased with receipt of RLEASE from circuit 1345.
The send control and serializer 1345 serves to format a
35 message consisting of a key identification, a transition bit indicating
.
~ il5~A~
122
the change in status of the key, a parity bit, and a synchronizing
character. This message is then forwarded on line TXDATA to the
~odem 1350 which modulates the digital message into the voice fre-
quency band using standard frequency shift keying and it transmits it
to the attendant audio circuit 115 on the data highway 1212 via leads
TS and RS.
The control data for controlling operation of the key lamp
display and alphanumeric displays is receivecl on highway 1212 ~rom
the attendant audio circuit 115 via leads TR and RR at the modem 1350
in FSK data form and the modem 1350 demodulates it to digital form.
The digital data is then forwarded from the modem 1350 on lead
RXDATA to the receive deserializer 1355 and on lead RXDSS to the
direct station selection and busy station number display circuits.
In effect, the highway 1212 between the attendant console
and the attendant audio circuit is shared with the direct station selec-
tion circuit (not shown) in that messages to and from the DSS circuit
pass through the MODEM 1350 and the send control and serializer
1345, which are shared with the DSS circuit and the key/lamp field
1330. The manner in which messages are formatted indicates whether
the message relates to a control key or a DSS key.
If the message is directed toservice key lamps or the
alphanumeric display, the receive deserializer 1355 will decode the
message consisting of the key lamp identification (address) and lamp
flash code, or an alphanumeric display identification (address~ and
character code, preceded by a sync character. Upon detection of
the synchronizing character in the message, a message ready signal
on lead MSGRDY is forwarded to the receive timing and control cir-
cuit 1360 along with the parity bit on lead PARITY, the data bits on
leads DO - D7 and the address bits on leads Al - A6~.
The receive timing and control circuit 1360 first determines
whether the message has proper parity. If incorrect parity is detected,
the circuit 1360 will generate a signal on lead P~E~F to the send
message/generator 1340 to initiate the formulation of a message to the
central processing unit 130 indicating that the message was not correctly
received and should be repeated. The generator 40 also returns a
~5~33'~ 7
`~ 123
parity acknowledge signal PERACK. If proper parity is detected,
address signals Al - A64 and the data signals DO - D2 forward from
the receive deserializer 1355 will be accepted by the receive flash code
generator 1365. The receive timing and control circuit 1360 will also
generate a signal on line WS to permit writing of the data DO - D2 into
a memory at the proper address location, as indicated by the address
bits Al - A64 in the receive flash code generator 1365. However, if
the message relates to the alphanumeric display, the receive flash
code generator 136S will generate a signal on line ALPHA to the
receive timing and control 1360 to inhibit acceptance of this address
and data information, which is to be provided for operation of the
receive display driver 1370, as will be described hereinafter.
The receive flash code generator 1365 is addressecl by two
sets of addresses in an alternate manner under control of the signal
applied from the receive timing and control circuit 1360 on lead SELWA.
On the one hand, the memory in the generator 65 is continuously
scanned from a binary counter to read out the flash codes associated
with each of the keys as stored thereby to a flash code selector, which
selectively gates out to the outputline MFC a signal of selected fre-
quency based upon the flash code. On the other hand, inbetween eachgeneral scanning step of the memory, a new flash code may be read
into the memory at the selected address included in the message
received from the deserializer 1355. The signals on leads MFC and
~ 120 IPM from the receive flash code generator 1365 are applied to a
-~ 25 receive lamp demultiplexer 1375 which selectively applies the signal
to the appropriate lamp in the field 1330.
If the message received in the deserializer 1355 is
directed to the alphanumeric display 1370, the address bits BAl - BA8
and the data bits BDO - BD5 from the message are forwarded from
the deserializer 1355 to the receive display driver 1370 along with
appropriate timing signals on leads PHASE 2, BWS, and ALFSTB,
to suitably drive the alphanumeric display.
If a DSS key is operated, a request will be generated on
line DSSREQ to the send control and serializer 1345 requesting use
of that circuit. If the circuit 1345 is busy it will so indicate on
~. ~
~5~3~7
124
line BUSY, but if available, the circuit 1345 will receive the DSS
key transition message on line DSSDAT and pass the message to the
PABX system.
The send control system portion of the console comprises
5 the send key scanner and multiplexer 1335, the send message
generator 1340, and the send control and serializer 1345. The
receive control system portion of the console comprises receive
deserializer 1355, receive timing and control circuit 1360, and
receive flash code generator 13~5. Each of the circuits in the console
is controlled by clock signals derived from the console master clock
1380.
The send control system will now be described in greater
detail in connection with Figures 108 - 113 . The multiplexer 1336
sequentially scans the key inputs Kl ~ K62 in response to the addresses
15 generated by the counter 1337, which is driven by the scan clock
signals SCNCLK provided From the timing and control circuit 1346.
The key state signals are forwarded from the multiplexer 1336 to a set
of latches 1342, which also receive a three bit binary signal repre-
senting the old state of the key, as derived from key state ram 1341 in
response to receipt of the address generated by the counter 1337.
The latches 1342 thus store the present key state and the old status
of the key being scanned by the multiple~er 1336. This data is
clocked into the latches 1342 by a clock signal derived from the
timing and control circuits 1346.
A key state decoder and generator 1343 then analyzes
the data stored in the latches 1342 to determine whether a valid key
transition (on to off or off to on) is to be recognized. In this regard,
the old status of the key includes a count of an on or off transition
detected up to four consecutive transitions so that the key state
- 30 decoder and generator 1343 will recognize a valid key transition or
change the status only after four such transitions are ~etected
consecutively. In other words, if a key has been "ofF" and the
systern suddenly detects an "on" key condition, the system will not
recognize this as a valid transition oF that key from "off" to "on"
until the "on" condition has been detected for four consecutive scans
3 ~1 ~
125
of the kPy. This is to avoid the recognition of a transition in connec-
tion with an invalid key indication, such as may be caused by contact
bounce. From the key state information supplied by the multiplexer
1336 and the old status of the key supplied From the key state ram
1341, the key state decoder and generator 1343 will generate signals
representing the new status of the key, which are forwarded to the
key state ram 1341 and stored therein upon receipt of the write strobe
signal from the timing and controlcircuit 1346.
Details ofthe key state ram 1341, latches 13~2, and key
state decoder generator 1343 can be seen from Figure 109, which will
be described in coniunction with the key state table illustrated in
Figure 111 and the timing diagram of Figure 112. The address of the
key being scanned is derived on leads S1 - S3~ from the counter 1337
and is applied to the key state ram 41, which reads out the three b-ils
representing the old state of the key from the address storage location
in the ram. These three bits are applied to inputs Dl, D2, and D3 of
the latches 1342, which receive at input D0 the key state of the
addressed key onlead KEY . The four bits of data are clocked into the
latches 42 in response to the clock signal received on lead CLKMEM
from the timing and control circuits 1346 in Figure 110.
-~ The data stored in the latches 1342 is available on outputs
Q0 - Q3 to the key state decoder 1343, which receives these bits at
inputs Dl - D4. This decoder 1343 in conjunction with its output gates
Gl, G2~ and G3 determine the new status of the key on the basis of the
old status and the key state information obtained fromthe present scan
: of the key. The fifteen possible combinations of key status are illus-
trated in the table in Figure 111, which shows the old key status, the
present key state, and the new key status, respectively. Depending
upon the key status received from the multiplexer 1336, one of the
fifteen key memory states will be determined by the decoder 1343.
In Figure 111 an open or non-operated key is represented by a "0"
and a closed or operated key is represented by a "1". In sequence
number 0, the key is idle open and so both the old key status and the
new key status ~ill be 000. When the first closedkey transition is
detected, the key state decoder 1343 will move the key status to
3 ~L ~
126
sequence number 1 so that the outputs of gates Gl, G2, and G3
representing the new key status will be 001, since the old key status
was 000 and the present key status is 1.
The next time the key is scanned, i~ the present key state
5 indicates that the key is now open, the decoder 1343 will move to
sequence number 2 with the new key status at the output of the
decoder gates Gl - G3 being 000. Thus, if the next scan of the key
indicates that the key is open, the decoder 1343 will move back to
sequence 0. On the other hand, after sequence number 1, if the
10 next key scan indicates that the key again is closed, the decoder 1343
will move from sequence number 1 to sequence number 3 in which
the new status is 010, indicating that two closed key transitions have
been detected. If the next scan again indicates a closed condition,
the decoder will move to sequence number 5 with a new key status
15 of 011, and if the closed key condition persists, the decoder will then
move to sequence number 7 with a new key status of 100. Once
sequence number 7 has been reached, the system may recognize a
valid key transition from open to closed, since four consecutive
closed key transitions have been detected. The system will therefore
20 send a closure indication to the ~PU.
It will be noted that in between each of the sequences 1,
3, 5, and 7, a sequence is provided for the case where an open key
indication may be received subsequent to a closed key indication. If
an open key condition is detected after a closedkeycondition, the
25 decoder 1343 will revert back to sequence number 0. For example,
if the key status is in sequence number 1 and an open condition is
received, the status will move the sequence number û. If ~he next
key state is a closed key condition, the status will move back to
sequence number 1. If another open key condition is then received,
30 the status will again move back to sequence number 0. This ensures
that only after four consecutive similar transitions will a valid
transition be recognized.
Sequence number 9 in the key status represents an idle
closed condition which will remain unchanged until an open key tran-
35 sition is detected. The sequence from idle closed to idle open is
3~7
127
affected in the same manner already described in connection with
the detection of idle closed, with four consecutive open transitions
being required before a valid recognition of the transition will be
made by the system.
When the key state decoder 1343 has completed its
analysis of the four bits of key status information, the outputs of
gates Gl - G3 are applied to the key state ram 1341 at input DIl,
DI2~ and DI3, and the data is stored in the ram 1341 on receipt of
the appropriate level on lead WRITE, as indicated in Figure 112.
10 Also, when a valid idle closed condition has been detected at sequence
number 7, as seen in Figure 111, key state decoder 1343 provides an
output to gate G12, which is applied through gate G13 onto lead CLO
indicating the closed gate condition to the timing and control circuit
1346 in Figure 110. Similarly, when the key state decoder 1343
-~ 15 reaches sequence number 14, recognizing a valid open k~y condition,
the ~lecoder 1343 provides an output through gate G6 onto lead OPE
indicating the open condition to the timing and control circuit 1343 in
Figure 110.
;~ Looking once again to Figure 108, if a valid open or closed
20 key transition is detected, the send control system will generate a
message conveying the new key status information to the central pro-
cessing unit. This message consists of two bytes of eight bits each,
the first byte consisting of an eight bit sync character and the second
byte including a six bit address, one bit representing the new key
25 state and a parity bit. The message is formulated in a shift register
SRl, which receives the eight bit sync character, and a shift
register SR2, which receives the six bit key address from the
counter 1337, the key state from the timing and control circuit 1346,
and the appropriate parity bit from the parity generator 1347. When
30 the message has been completely formulated, it is shifted out through
gate G26 to the modem 1350, as seen in Figure 107, for transmission
to the attendant audio circuit 115.
While both open and closed key transitions must be
detected in connection with the various control keys in the operator
35 console, it is clear that those keys included in the operator key pad
. .
3 '1 7
128
do not require detection of an open or released transition. In other
words, release of the keys in the key pad has no general meaning
within the system and therefore need not be recognized. Thus, to
inhibit the sending of transition data in connection with key pad releases,
the gate G6 in Figure 109 is inhibited from the output of gate G5 for
those addresses of the keys of the operator l~ey pad received through
gate G4. Thus, while an open transition may be detected by the key state
decoder 1343, the gate G6 will be inhibited preventing enabling of the
lead OPE for the keys of the operator key pad.
ln The details of the timing and control circuit 1346, parity
generator 1347, and shift registers SRl, SR2 are illustrated in Figure
110. A 111 KH~ signal fromthe clock generator 1380 is applied through
gates G21 and G22 to the send control timing flip-flops 1332 and 1333,
which provide at the outputs of gates G279 G28, and G29 the respective
timing signals WRITE, SCNCKL, and CLKMEM. The signal SCNCLK
drives the counter 1337 and the other signals are applied to Figure 109
in control of the latches 1342 and the key state ram 1341, as already
described. When a valid key transition is detected and one of the leads
CLO or OPE is enabled through gate G16, a send request signal will be
generated at the output of gate G17 at the end of the WRITE pulse, as
seen in Figure 112, which signal will inhibit the gate G22 to prevent
further clock pulses from being applied to the flip-flops 1332 and 1333.
Thus, no output will be provided on lead SCNCLK, thereby stopping
the counter 1337 which scans the key inputs to the multiplexer 1336.
This is done to permit the previous message, if any, to be shifted out
of the shift registers SRl and SR2 before the new message is supplied
thereto.
The shifting of data from the registers SRl and SR2
through gate G26 onto lead ~ ~T~ to the modem is controlled by
a binary counter 1348, which is in turn controlled by a send mes-
sage flip-flop 1349 driven from the clock generator 1380 by gate G20.
When all the data has been shifted out of the shift registers SRl and
SR2, a signal will be provided from the CO output of binary counter
1348 to one input of AND gate Gl9. The send request signal at the
output of gate G17 is supplied through gate G18 to a second input of
~ ~5~347
129
AND gate Gl9, which will be enabled if no DSS request is received
at that time on lead DSSREQ. Enabling of AND gate G19 will set the
send message flip-flop 1349 causing LOAD to go long and the address
from counter 1337 will be shifted in parallel into the shift register SR2
along with the parity bit from parity generator 1347 and the key state
derived from the key state decoder 1343. The synchronizing
character is automatically loaded into the shift register SRl. At this
time, the CO output of counter 1348 is also applied through gate G23
to enable gate G24 to generate an output on lead RLEASE to the latches
1342 in Figure 109, thereby resetting the latches, and gate G25 is
enabled to inform the DSS circuit on lead BUSY of the busy condition.
With this, any outputs on leads OPE or CLO to gate G16 in Figure 110
disappear, causing the send request signal at the output of gate G17
to disappear and thereby opening up the gate G22 to permit the scanner
to drive the fl1p-flops 1332 and 1333 once again. Thus, scanning of
the keys by the multiplexer 1336 resumes.
At the next clock signal applied through gate G20, the send
message flip-flop 1349 is reset causing the LOAD signal to go high.
This results in the message being shifted out of the registers SRl and
SR2 serially through gate G26 to the modem on lead TXDATA as the
binary counter 1348 is reset and cycles with the applied clock pulses.
Also, the release scanner flip-flop 1331 sets causing RLEASE to go
high. When the counter 1348 reaches its maximum count, all data has
been shifted out of registers SRl and SR2, and the next message can
be ~ormulated.
~ f a DSS request comes into gate Gl9, flip-flop 1349 is
inhibited, the BUSY lead is not enabled, and data from the DSS circuit
may be applied through gates G30 and G26 to lead TXDATA.
The receive control system will now be described in more
detail in conjunction with Figures 11~ - 119. The message received
from the CPU 130 consists of three bytes of eight bits each. The first
byte is a standard eight bit synchronizing character which is used to
indicate that the message is a proper message and that it has been
completely received. The second byte consists of a parity bit and
seven da~a bits indicating the illuminator or alphanumeric display
3 ~ ~
130
address. The third byte includes a three bit flash code if the second
byte identifies illuminator codes, a six bit alphanumeric character
code if the second byte designates an alphanumeric display, or an
eight bit DSS illuminator identity if the second byte indicates that the
message relates to DSS (direct station selection) service.
As seen in Figure 114, the three bytes of the message are
received serially from the modem in the three shiFt reg;sters SR3,
SR4, and SR5. When the sync detector G32 detects the synchronizing
character in the shift register SR3, it signals the timing and control
1~ circuit 1361 that a complete message has been received and is ready
for decoding. As indicated, the second byte of the message will indi-
cate whether the message relates to illuminator control, alphanumeric
display control, or the DSS service. Thus, the timing and control
circuit 1361 will first determine whether the second and third bytes
of the message have the proper parity and then decode the second byte
of the message to determine what type of message has been received.
The details of the shift registers SR3, SR4, and SR5 and
the control circuitry for shifting data into three registers is illustrated
in Figure 115. The timing diagram in Figure 118 also indicates the
timing of the receipt of the serial data from the modem 1350 and how
the clock within the receive control system is aligned with the receipt
of the incoming data.
The serial data is received on lead RXDATA and applied
through gate G31 on the one hand to the data input of the shift register
SR5, which is connected in series with the shiFt registers SR4 and SR3.
The serial data at the output of gate G31 is also applied to an edge
detector comprising flip-flops 1356 and 1357. The flip-flop 1357 detects
the leading edge of the incoming data to enable gate G37, which gen-
erates the signal PRSET to preset the counter 1354. On the next clock
pulse, the flip-flop 1356 is set disabling the gate G37. The clock pulses
from the master clock 1380 are also applied through gate G38 to drive
the counter 1354, which counts down from the preset count and in due
course provides an output CLOCK IN to enable each of the shift
registers SR3, SR4, and SR5 to shift data.
As seen in Figure 118, the signal CLOCK IN is generated
8 3 ~L 7
131
at the center of the received data to ensure that the data is avail-
able for shifting into the shift registers SR3 - SR5. Thus, the edge
detector formed by flip-flops 1356 and 1357 and the counter 13~4
serve to align the clock for the shift registers SR3, SR4, and SR5
with the center of the received data. In this way, the clock which
controls the shift registers aligns itself with the receipt of each bit
of serial data from the modem 1350.
When the entire message has been received, the synchro-
niz;ng character in the shift register SR3 will be detected by the sync
detector consisting of gate G32 and inverting gates G33 - G36. The
output of gate G32 is applied to flip-flop 58 which enables gate G39 to
generate the message ready signal MSGRDY, which is forwardecl to
the timing and control circuit 1361 in Figure 116. On the next clock
pulse, the flip-flop 1359 will set disabling the gate G39 and generating
a CLEAR MESSAGE signal to clear the data in each of the shift
registers SR3, SR4, and SR5.
The seven data bits in the second byte of the message may
have the following identities:
O - 63 - illuminator identity for sixty-four lamps
64 - 79 = alphanumeric display identity
80 - 118 = spare
119 - RUL request (third byte ignored)
120 - 127 = reserved for DSS
Referring to Figure 114, if the second byte of the message
falls within O - 63, the message will relate to an illuminator identity.
Thus, the six significant bits are forwarded to an address selector 1363
to address a storage location in the display and flash code store 1364,
which stores selected flash codes for each of the key lamps in the
console. The particular flash code to be stored at that address in the
store 1364 is designated by the first three bits of the third byte of the
message, which are applied to the store 1364 from the shift register
SR5 and stored therein upon receipt of the write strobe signal applied
from the timing and control circuit 1361 through gate G68.
The address selector 1363 is a multiplexer which alter-
nately applies to the display and flash code store 1364 the address
~ ~5~3~7
132
from the received message and a scanning address received from aseven bit counter 1362. The address from the message is applied to
the store 1364 from the address selector 1363 to designate the storage
location into which the data is to be written from the message; while,
the address applied from the counter 1362 through the address selector
1363 to the display and flash code store 1364 designates the address
from which data is to be read out to a flash code selector 1367. Thus,
the storing of flash codes in the store 1364 is effected in an inter~
digitated manner with the scanning of the store 1364 to reacl out the
stored flash codes to the flash code selector 1367.
The details of the timing and control circuit 1361 are illus-
trated in Figure 116, and the timing diagram of Figure 119 indicates
the various signals involved in the operation of this circuit. When the
message ready signal MSGRDY is generated at the output of gate G39
; 15 in Figure 115, the signal is applied through gate G40 to one input of
AND gate G41 in Figure 116. The eight bits of the second byte and the
eight bits of the third byte of the received message are applied from
the shift registers SR4 and SR5 to respective parity checking circuits
1368 and 1369 on leads Al - A64, PARITY, and D0 - D7, thereby
checking the parity of the two bytes together. If even parity is detected,
the checking circuit 1369 will provide an output to enable the AND gate
G41 providing at the output thereof a MESSAGE VALID signal to a pair
of flip-flops 1373 and 1374 which serve to generate a synchronize update
pulse from the output of gate G42 via gate G43.
A pair of flip-flops 1376 and 1377 are driven from the master
clock to provide respective timing signals PHASE 1 and PHASE 2, as
seen in Figure 119. The PHASE2 signal clocks the binary counter 1362
which generates the scanning address signals for scanning the storage
locations in the display and flash code store 1364. The least significant
bit of the output of the counter 1362 provided on line SEL~IA is utilized
to control the address selector 1363 to shift between the address from
the received message and the address provided by the counter 1362.
Upon generation of the synchronize update pulse at the output
of gate G43 after valid parity has been detected and a message valid
signal has been generated, gate G44 will be enabled to generate the
15~3
l33
write strobe signal WS which serves to write the first three bits of the
data in register SR5 int~ the display and flash code store 1364. On the
other hand, if the received message relates to the alphanumeric dis-
play, the gate G45 will be enabled by enabling of the lead ALPHA along
with the synchronize update pulse at the output of gate G43 and the
output of enabled gate G51. Gate G45 will generate the alphanumeric
strobe signal ALFSTB.
If the parity checking circuits 1368 and 1369 detect odd
parity in the received message, the parity error flip-flop 1376 will be
set from the output of gate G56 to generate a parity error response on
lead PERESP. This signal is to be formulated in~o a message by the
send control system to inform the CPU 130 that the message has been
improperly received and should be resent. Referring to Figure 109,
the signal PERESP is applied through gate G10 to one input of AND
gate Gll, the other inputs of which are applied from the counter 1337
through gates G7, G8, G9 and G14. The logic gate combination serves
to enable the AND gate Gll when the address for key 15 has been
generated by the counter 1337 and a PERESP signal is received from
the receive control system. The enabled gate Gll will set the flip-
flop 1344 to provide an output through gate G12 and gate G13 on leadCLO indicating a closed key condition, which is inserted into the mes-
sage in the shift register SR2 in Figure 110. Thus, the CPU 130 will
receive a message indicating that a closed key condition is detected in
connection with key 15; however, key 15 in this system is a ficticious
control key, which is recognized by the CPU 130 as an indication that
a parity error has been detected in the console. Based on this infor-
mation, the CPU 130 then initiates a retransmission of the message.
Also, at the time Flip-flop 1344 is set, a parity acknowledge signal
PERACK is forwarded through gate G50 in Figure 116 to reset the
parity error flip-Flop 1376.
Referring once again to Figure 114, the flash codes wh;ch
are sequentially read out of the display and flash code store 1364 are
applied to a flash code selector 1367 which selects one of the flash
signals from a flash timing generator 1366 on the basis of the received
code. The signal is applied from the flash code selector to a key lamp
.
:~ ~583~7
134
display demultiplexer 1375 which is clocked by the signal SHIFT pro-
duced from gates G46 and G47 in Figure 116 with the timing indicated
in Figure 119. These flash signals are applied to the key lamps LDl -
LDn through the display latches 1331 which are strobed by the timing
signal DA32 generated from the binary counter 1362 in Figure 116.
Figure 117 illustrates the details of the address selector
1363, display and flash code store 1364, flash timing generator 1366
and flash code selector 1367. The address selector 1363 comprises
three multiplexers 13~1, 1382, and 1383. The multiplexer 1381 is con-
1~ nected to receive the first three bits of the third byte of the message
along with the seventh bit A64 of the second byte. Upon receipt of the
strobe signal STST from the modem 1350, the three bits on leads D0 -
D3 will be applied to -the multiplexer 1381 along with the bit A64. The
six address bits from the second byte of the message are provided on
15 leads Al - A8 to the multiplexer 1382 and leads A16 and A32 to the
multiplexer 1382 and on leads DA16 and DA32 to the multiplexer 1383.
As already indicated, the least significant bit of the output
of the counter 1362 on lead SELWA controls whether the address
signals DAl - DA32 or Al - A32 are stored in the multiplexers 1382
20 and 13~3. In this way, as seen in Figure 119, a message address
will be gated, then a scanning address will be gated, alternately
applying one address and then the next address to the display and flash
code store 1364, as controlled by the A and B inputs to the respective
multiplexers 1382 and 1383 applied on lead SELWA and through gate G57.
: 25 When a message address is received in the multiplexers
1382 and 1383, the store 1364 will be addressed to receive the three
bits of data from the third byte of the message supplied to the multi-
plexer 1381 on leads D0 - D3 provided the message is related to key
lamp display control. As already indicated, if the second byte of the
message indicates an illuminator identity of 64 - 79, it will be deter-
mined that the message relates to alphanumeric display identity rather
than illuminator identity. This is simply determined by examining the
A64 bit to determine whether or not the message is of one type or the
other. If the A64 lead is enabled at the output of the multiplexer 1381,
the input FE of the store 1364 will be enabled to inhibit a reading of
~ 1583~
135
the data into the store. This is illustrated in Figure 11~ by the gate
G68 being inhibited to prevent the write strobe signal to be applied to
the store 1364. In effect,the function is accomplished without the pro-
vision of a gate, as seen in Figure 117.
When a scanning address is applied to the store 1364, the
flash code stored at that location in memory is read out to the flash
code selector 1367 to which is connected a flash timing generator 1366.
The flash timing generator 1366 produces a plurality of different flash
signals which may be selectively gated through the selector 1367 on
10 lead MPC to the key lamp display demultiplexer 1375.
As seen in Figure 114, where the message relates to
control over the alphanumeric display, the second byte of the message
will provide the display address to the alphanumeric display demulti-
plexer 1372 while the third byte of the message will provide the
15 identification of the character which is decoded by the decoder 1371.
In this way, a selected element ADl - ADn of the addressed alpha-
numeric display will be selectively energized as required.
A further feature of the present invention relates to the
provision of means in the operator console to permit the CPU 130 to
20 determine that the console is properly operating and scan the various
key states which are stored in the key state ram 1341 oF the send
control system. The CPU 130 accomplishes this by sending a message
to the console in which the second byte is set at a value 119. Re-
ferring to Figure 116, the gates G52, G53 and G54 detect the code 119 in
25 the third byte of the received message and provide an DUtput through gate
G55 to set flip-flop 1378 upon receipt of the message read signal
MSGRDY via gate G40. The flip-flop 1378 generates an "are you well"
signal on lead RUL which is applied to flip-flop 1334 in Fig. 1~9. The
flip-flop 1334 is set by the clock signal on lead S32 and remains set for
30 a full cycle of the scanning addresses. The output of flip-flop 1334
enables gate G15 to pass a signal from the key state decoder 1343
representing the sequence number 9 for each key state being scanned.
In this way, as each of the keys are scanned in the multiplexer 1336,
each key which is in the idle closed condition will cause gate G15 to
35 be enabled generating a signal on lead RULRSP to the input of gate
3 ~L 7
136
G16 in Figure 110. As already described, the enabling of gate G16
results in generation of a send request at the output of gate G17 so
that a closed key condition will be forwarded to the central processing
unit 130 even though that indication may have previously been forwarded.
At the same time the flip-flop 1334 in Figure 109 is set, an
output is applied on lead RULACK to Figure 116 acknowledging the "are
you well" request and resetting the flip-flop 1378. In this way, the
operator console will supply to the central processing unit during one
complete scan of all the keys the present state of these keys so that the
system may obtain this in~ormation, which may be needed for example
a~ter a loss of power in the system in which this information has been
lost by the central processing unit 13~.
3. The Attendant Audio Circuit
Figure 120 illustrates the details of the data or control
section of the attendant audio circuit 115, the basic function of which
is to convert signals received from the attendant console in FSK form
to digital form and to convert the digital data received from the
attendant F~/0 circuit into FSK form. This is accomplished by a con-
ventional model 139~.
The FSK signal received from the attendant console under-
goes some conditioning be~ore it drives the modem 1390. First of all,
the signal is filtered by a bandpass ~ilter 1385 which may consist of a
combination of passive and active bandpass filters. The purpose of
this filtering is to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce
accordingly~ the probability of error detection. The output oF the
filter 1385 is applied through amplifier 1386 on the one hand to a
limiter 1387 and on the other hand to a threshold detector 1388. The
limiter 1387 serves to detect zero crossovers and basically provides
a squarewave output which is applied to the modem 1390 when the
input carrier signal is below a predetermined level, for example,
approximately 55 millivolts. During this condition, the CT output of
the modem 1390 goes high providing an alarm signal to indicate
carrier loss to the system.
The data from the attendant I/0 circuit is received by a
: 35 line receiver 1392 on leads 1381 and 1382 and is applied to the modem
3a~7
137
1390 for conversion to FSK form. The output from the model 1390 is
applied through amplifier 1393 and transformer TR4 onto leads T2
and R2 to the attendant console.
Figure 121 i 11 ustrates the voice section of the attendant
audio circuit. Basically, this circuit is a four-way conference active
network which combines the audio voice signals of the source, desig-
nation, line, and attendant. The interface of this circuit with the
attendant console is via the two-wire path Tl and Rl, while, the audio
interface with the PCM coded in,the miscellaneous cell 102, as seen
in Figures 7 and 90, is via four-~ire paths.
The audio signals from the operator via the operator con-
sole are provided through transformer TRl to the source interface
1400, destination interface 1401, and line interface 1402 via the
respective amplifiers Al, A2, and A3. The four-wire interfaces 1400,
1401, and 1402 can each be divided into two basic sections. The first
section interfaces with the conference circuit matrix in the PABX
system9 while, the second section comprises those lines which inter-
face with the filtersin the main matrix of the PABX system. Thus, as
seen in the source interface 1400, depending upon the state of switches
SW3 and SW5, the output of amplifier Al will either be applied through
amplifier A6 to the line SS, or the output of amplifier Al will be applied
throuyh amplifier A7 and a transformer TR2 to the pair of lines SSl
and SS2. In a similar manner, depending upon the state of switches
SW4 and SW6, either the receive audio signal on lead SR will be applied
25 to the input of amplifier A4, or the receive audio signal on the trans-
mission pair SRl and SR2 will be applied through transformer TR3 via
A4 .
As seen in Figure 121, the network is arranged in such a
way that side tone is eliminated by reinjecting to each port its own
signal in opposition of phase. Thus, the audio signal from the operator
is not only applied to the input of amplifier Al, but is a~so reinserted
through amplifiers A4 and A5 back to the operator. The received audio
signal in each of the interface circuits 1400, 1401, and 1402 also are
not only applied through amplifiers A4 and A5 to the operator, but are
also reinjected through amplifiers Al, A2, and A3, respectively.
3 ~ 7
138
A capacitor Cl is provided at the attendant two-wire port
in line Rl to block any D.C. current through the secondary of the hybrid
transformer TRl. This hybrid transformer TRl is also loaded with a
series of varistors RVl - RV6 to provide for secondary lightning
protection.
The basic outputs of the network as seen in Figure 121 can
be switched between the conference matrix and the main matrix by
means of the analog gates G70 - G73, as seen for example in connection
with the source interface circuit 1400, wherein the gates G70 and G71
control the operation of the switches S~J3, SW4, SW5, and SW6. These
analog gates are also used to implement the exclude source or exclude
destination operations by merely opening those paths as commanded by
control signals received from the attendant I/O circuit on leads EXS
and EXD, respectively.
Dial tone can be selectively injected into the circuit from
the tone source on leads DTl and DT2 through transformer TR~ under
control of the switch SWl, which is responsive to the control signal
from the attendant R/O on lead IDT. Similarly, intrusion tone can be
injected into the circuit on leads ITl and IT2 through transformer TR9
depending upnn the condition of switch SW2, which is controlled from
the attendant I/O on lead m.
F. THE DIGITAL CONFERENCE
-
Figure 122 is a basic block diagram of the digital conference
circuit of the type which may be used with the system of the present
invention. The basic function of this circuit is to provide for the
simul~aneous operation of four 4-party and one 8-party conferences by
operating on eight bit compressed PCM words received from the matrix
switch in such a manner that signals are expanded, combined linearly
by arithmetic operations, recompressed, and redistributed back to
the conferees via the matrix switch. The arithmetic combining opera-
tion provides for the deleting of the component of each speaker's voice
signal from the data being sent back to that speaker's receiver. In
addition, the digital conference is capable of providing for expansion
of the basic conference sizes by combining any of the conference
~ 15~3~ 7
139
groups C0 - C4 either in pairs or in larger numbers. In such expan-
sion of the conference size, one port of each basic conference group
is required for linking it to another conference group. Hence9 the
linking of two 4-party conference groups results in a 6-party conference
group, and the linking of a 4-party group and an 8-party group results
in a 10-party conference. The manner in which this is accomplished
will be described in greater detail hereinafter.
Referring to Figure 1239 each of the twenty-four 8-bit
words allocated to the digital conference is received sequentially on the
line 1.544 MB/S data bus from the digital switching network at an eight
bit input data register 1408. The eight bits of each word are received
in serial form and shifted into the register 1408 in time with clock
s;gnals generated from the master counter 1409, which is synchronized
to the system timing by the receive preframe signal RPF. As each
word is received in the regis~er 1408, it is transferred in parallel into
an eight batch latch 1410 to permit processing while the next word is
received serially and stored in the register 1408. Thus, each pro-
cessor cycle of the digital conference comprises a clock cycle of
bits 0 - 7 which are synchronized with the system clock and occur in
time with each successive bit being received in serial form into the
data register 1408. Thus, once a word has been received and stored
in the latch 1410, the digital conference system has eight cycles of
processing time until the next word will have been completely received
in the data register 1408 and be ready for shifting into the latch 1410.
The twenty-four words or channels allocated to the digital conference
therefore come in in sequence and each word is processed as the next
word is being received in the data register 1408.
The master counter 1409 is driven from the system clock
so as to be synchronous therewith, and is reset by the received pre-
frame signal RPF so that it is in synchronism with the data receivedfrom the system insofar as the sequential order and timing of the
channels is concerned. Thus, the received preframe signal RPF
which comes in from the common control tells the digital conference
that the input switch 1408 is about to receive the first bit of the first
word of the twenty-four word sequence. The received preframe signal
~5~34~
140
PRF comes into the d-igital conference one and one-half bit times before
the frame pulse and serves as a preliminary indication that a new frame
is about to occur.
Before each word can be arithmetically processed, it must
first be expanded into a thirteen bit linear form. In this regard, each
eight bit word is made up of seven bits representing magnitude and an
eighth bit representing the sign of the word. Since the sign bit will
not be affected in the expanding operation, the first seven bits of the
word are applied from the latch 1410 through a decompanding logic
circuit 1420 where it is expanded to twelve bits. The sign bit is
forwarded from thelatch 1410 through a sign bit processor 14805
which formulates the arithmetic functions to be performed in con-
nection with the word on the basis of the value of this bit. The sign
bit is also forwarded from the sign bit processor 1480 with the
twelve bit expanded word to an input RAM 1430 for storage. The
arithmetic functions to be performed on the word are effected by an
arithmetic and logic unit 1440~ having a pair of inputs A and ~, the
B input being connected to the fifteen outputs of the RAM 1430. The
purpose of the RAM 1430, which has a capacity of eight words, is to
store the e;ght bits of each channel as it is received and retain these
bits during processing by the ALU 14409 so that when a total is pro-
vided by the ALU 1440, the individual words of each conferee may
be subtracted from the total prior to outputting. Thus~ as each word
comes into the RAM 1430, it is processed by the ALU in accordance
with the sign bit designated by the processor 1480 to produce a partial
total until all of the words of a particular conference group have been
received.
The processor 1480 also provides the manipulation of the
sign bit which effectively results in inversion of every other (alternate)
channels coming into the digital conference. In this regard, the input
data latch 1410, which stores the incoming sign bit of each channel
provides to the processor 1480 not only the stored sign bit but also
an inverted sign bit. Thus, the processor 1480 merely selects the
stored sign bit for one channel, and then selects the inverted sign bjt
rather than ~he stored sign bit for the next channel. This effective
.
83~7
141
inversion of alternate sign bits provides the same result insofar as
the digital conference is concerned as if an inverting amplifier has
been placed in the analog section of the port assoc;ated with that
channel.
The partial and total sums of the signals which constitute
the different conference groups are stored in an ALU RAM 1450,
which also provides a work area for storing data which is in the pro-
cess of being converted from two's complement to sign magnitude.
The partial and the total sums stored in the RAM 1450 are supplied
through a sixteen bit latch 1450 back to the A input of the ALU 1440
for processing.
When the total sum of signals which constitute a given
conference group has been provided by the ALU, the channels asso-
ciated with that conference group which are stored inthe RAM 1430
are then successively subtracted fromthe total, with the result being
provided to a gain control register 1490. In the register 1490, gain
control over the signals is provided by a gain control processor 1520,
the gain being controlled by selectively shifting the word one bit to
the right to attenuate the gain for those conference groups of larger
size, such as the 8-party conference and the expanded conference
groups. Each word is then once again compressed in the compander
1500 and shifted into a parallel-in serial-out shift register 1510 under
control of the clock derived from the master counter 1409. The
register 1510 receives the compressed seven bits From the compander
1500 and the sign bit from the sign bit processor 1480 and shifts the
word into an output RAM 1520.
A RAM write address is provided from the master counter
and timing generator 1409 through a multiplexing circuit 1530 which
also receives the RAM read address from a data control counter 1540.
The multiplexing circuit 1530 provides the RAM write address to the
RAM 1520 during the first half of a clock cycle and provides the RAM
read address from the data control counter 15~0, which is synchronized
to a transmit preframe signal XPF from the system. Thus, the data
from the shift register 1510 is shifted into the RAM 1520 in synchro-
nism with the timing of the digital conference and is then shifted out
1 ~583~7
142
into the system in serial form onto the 1.544 MB/S data bus in syn-
chronism with the data processed by the digital switching network.
Although the synchronizing receive preframe signal RPF
and transmit preframe signal XPF have a known fixed time relation-
ship to one another in the preferred embodiment and are synchronouswith the clock signal, it is also possible in accordance with the present
invention that the two synchronizing signals not have a fixed time
relationship to one another. By providing the separate data control
1540 and multiplexing circuit 1530, such flexibility is permitted, so
long as both synchronizing signals are synchronous with the incoming
clock signal.
The timing of the various operations within the digital con-
ference circu;t in addition to the relative timing of the various system
ti~ing pulses produced by the master counter 1409 are illustrated in
Figure 124. A11 timing signals are derived by selectively gating signals
from an eight bit synchronous binary counter which is driven by the
basic system clock RCLK and the receive preframe pulse RPF.
From the basic system clock signals RCLK are derived the digital con-
ference timing clock s;gnals CLK and CLK for distr;bution and control
over the var;ous circu;ts within the digital conference.
The details of the digital conference will now be explained
in connection with Figures 123 through 135. Referring first to Figure
125, serial data on the 1.544 MB/S data bus is received in serial form
on input CDATAI at the input data register 1408 and ;s clocked into the
reg;ster in t;me with the input register clock signal IREGCK. When
the register 1408, which is a serial-in/parallel-out register, has
received all eight bits of the incoming word~ the contents are sh;fted
into the input data latch 1410 which comprises a plurality of flip-
flops 1411 through 1418. The shifting of data from the register 1408
to the latch 1410 occurs upon receipt of the timing slgnal Cl.
The first seven bits of the word representing the magnitude
of the data are appl;ed to the expander 1420; wh;le, the eighth bit, which
forms the sign bit designating whether the data is pos;tive or negative
and which is stored in the flip-Flop 1418, provides both the sign bit and
inverted sign bit on lines ISB and ISB to the sign bit processor illus-
..
1~5~3~7
143
trated in Figure 126. The sign bit processor stores in a multiplexer14~1 three basic pieces of sign information for generation of appro-
priate ALU instructions. First of all, it stores the sign of each input
data word provided by the signal ISB and the inverted sign provided
by signal ISB. Secondly, it stores the conditioned sign bit of each
input data word in the form of a signal CSB. In this regardg since
the sign bit of every other conference channel has been inverted, the
CSB signal includes both sign bits and inverted sign bits to enhance
conference stability, as already described. The third bit of stored
information is the sign of the conference data to be transmitted bac
to each speaker in the form of a signal AL15. The ISB, ISB, CSB,
and AL15 bits are multiplexed onto a multiplexed sign bit line MXSB
via a latch 1482 to determine the appropriate instruction to be given
to the ALU 1440 and to provide the required sign bit during the various
clock cycles of each processor cycle.
The multiplexer 1481 is driven by the clock signals B, C,
and D to apply its contents sequentially to the MXSB latch 182. As
already indicated, each processor cycle comprises eight clock cycles;
however, the multiplexer 1481 is stepped once for each two clock
cycles, so that for one channel being processed, the inputs D0 - D3
thereof may be scanned, while for the next channel, the inputs D4 - D7
will be scanned. From this, the manner in which the sign bit for every
other channel is inverted can be readily seen, the normal sign bit being
selected from ;nput D3 of multiplexer 1481 during one processor cycle
and the inverted sign bit being selected from input D7 during the next
processor cycle.
There are only five ALU operations re~uired b~y the digital
conference:
1. A + B
2. A (transfer contents of A to the output)
3. A - B
4. A
5. A +l
For this purpose only five control signals are required to control the
operation of the ALU 1440, which signals are ALUS12, ALUS03, ALUM
~ ~583~
144
and ALUCN. Figure 127 is a loaic truth table which indicates how the
various control signals for the ALU are formed from the various
timing control input signals Cl, Bl, and the signal on MXSB for the
various cross cycles of operation. The logic indicated in the truth
table of Figure 127 is performed by the gates 1483 - 1487 in Figure 126
and the timing involved with such operations are clearly indicated in
the timing diagram of Figure 124.
Returning to Figure 125, the twelve bit expanded word
derived from the expander 1420 is applied to the input RAM 1430 con-
sisting of respective chips 1431 - 1434, which store the twelve bits
along with the sign bit provicled on the multiplex line MXSB from
Figure 126. Each word is written into memory 1430 by the input RAM
write enable pulse IRWE, and the write and read address lines are
controlled by the timing signals Dg E, and F which provide a 0 - 7
15 address sequence which repeats three times per frame. Thus, the
input RAM 1430 is capable of storing eight words of data at a time and
these words are allocated in the memory on the basis of the applied
timing signals in the manner indicated in the table illustrated in
Figure 128. Thus, it will be seen From the description of the opera-
20 tion of this system to be provided hereinafter that when the totalsignal value for the eight conference groups including words 16 - 23
has been determined, for example, word 16 from the input RAM 1430
will be read out to the ALU 1440 to be subtracted from this total at
the heginning of the same cycle that word 0 is shifted into the latch
25 1410. Thus, as the storage area in RAM 1430 for ~ord 16 is no longer
needed, the first word of the next conference group is ready to be
shifted into the vacated storage location. During the next operating
cycle, channel seventeen is transferred out of RAM 1430 and channel
two is transferred into that vacated memory location. Processing
30 continues sequentially in that manner.
As seen in Figure 129, the ALU 1440 has A inputs AL0 -
AL15 derived from the sixteen flip-flops 1461 - 1476 of the latch 1460.
The B inputs ID0 - ID15 are derived from the input RAM 1430 (Fig. 125).
The instructions which the ALU must perform at each step ;n the
35 machine cycle is deterr!lined by the sign bit processor 1480, which
3~7
145
provides the control signals ALUCN, ALUS12, ALUS03, and ALUM.
All input data to the ALU 1440 is in sign-magnitude Form as received
from the decompanding logic circuit 1420. Since the ALU 1440
operates in a two's complement and arithmetic mode, the signs of the
input sign magnitude data determines whether the ALU must perform
an ADD or SUBTRACT function. After the ALU performs the various
operations for determining the basic information to be sent back to each
conference participant, this information is available in two's comple-
ment form and must be converted back into sign magnitude form before
being applied to the compander circuit 1500. Hence, the sign bit of
each result provided by the signal AL15 is tested to determine one of
two courses of action. If the sign bit is positive, the data is outputted
to the gain control register 1490 without modification. On the other
hand, if the sign bit is negative, a one's complement plus 1 operation
is performed to convert to a positive number.
With the limited set of instructions to be performed by
the ALU 1440, the SO and S3 control inputs are always identical as are
the Sl and S2 inputs to the ALU 1440. Hence, the control signal
ALUS03 is connmon to both SO and S3 and the signal ALUS12 is common
to Sl and S2. Various arithmeticS data transfer and clear operations
take place within the ALU on each clock cycle, a group of eight clock
cycles constituting a complete processor cycle. As already indicated,
one processor cycle consists of processing the last input word and
also outputting a data word to the gain control register 1490.
The ALU output RAM 1450 is capable of storing five words
of fifteen bits and is addressed by the timing signals on control leads
ARAA, ARAB, and A~AC which are applied to the A, B, and C
address inputs of the RAM. The storage assignments are formulated
so that memory location 4 is used as a work area during clock cycles
1, 2, 3, and 4 for storing data which is in the process of being con-
verted from two's complement to sign magnitude Form, prior to being
loaded into the gain control register 1490. Memory locations 0, 1, 2,
and 3 are time shared over the course oF the twenty-four channel
frame to store partial running sums of a given conference group and
to also hold the total sum of the previously processed conference groups.
3~17
146
The ALU latch 1460 simply provides a temporary storage
register to hold the information accessed from the RAM 1450 so that
it can be inputted to the A input of the ALU 1440 for subsequent
processing. Data is transferred to the latch 1460 by the transfer
pulse ALTFR which operates in synchronism with the address pre-
sented to the RAM 1450, as shown in the timiny diagram of Figure 124.
In order to minimize the amount of hardware required in the system,
the control signal on line ALCLR which is to perform a CLEAR
function, actually drives all the Q outputs to the ALU to their high
states and thus present a data value of minus 1 instead of 0 to the
ALU input whenever the latch 1460 is cleared. Thus, the data being
summed up for each conference group is always low by one count.
The only effect of this is to cause the conference data being returned
to each channel to have a DC offset of one unit. The effect will, of
course, have no affect on overall system performance.
The structure and operations which take place at each of
the clock cycles contained in a basic data processing cycle are illus-
trated in the flow chart shown in Figure 130. This chart gives the
sequence of steps for the particular processor cycle where channel 0
data is being shifted to the latch 1410 from register 1408 and processed
data is being outputted to channel 16.
During clock cycle 0, the seven magnitude bits of word 16
and the conditioned sign bit are read from the input RAM 1430 and
applied on leads ID0 - ID15 from location 0 in the input RAM 1430 to
input B of the ALU 1440. As seen from Figure 128, the input RAM 1~30
at this time stores words 16 - 23 in memory locations 0 - 7 thereof.
Next, the total sum of the eight words of conference group member 4
are read from location 3 in the ALU RAM 1450 into the latch 1460 in
response to the transfer signal ALTFR and this total sum value is
transferred to the A input of the ALU 1440 on leads AL0 - AL15.
In clock cycle 1, the condition sign bit CSB is tested to
determine whether it is positive or negative. The sign bit CSB has
been stored in the register 1481 (Figure 126) which scans its contents
in time with the signals B, C, and D connected to the logic circuitry
which determines on the basis of the logic truth depicted in Figure 127
147
which instructions are to be performed by the ALU 1440. If the sign
bit CSB for word 16 is positive, the ALU 1440 will execute an A - B
operation. If the sign bit CSB-16 is found to be negative, the ALU 1440
will execute an A ~ B operation. The result, which is a two's comple-
ment of the conference data for channel 16, is then stored in location 4of the ALU RAM 1450.
During clock cycle 2, location 4 of the ALU RAM 1450 is
read and the contents transferred through the latch 160 to input A of
the ALU 1440. The sign bit AL15 derived from flip-flop 1476 from the
latch 1460 is also stored in the sign bit processor 1480 (Fig. 126) at
this time.
During clock cycle 3, the sign bit AL15 is tested in the
sign bit processor 1480 to determine whether it is positive or negative.
If the sign bit AL15 is positive, the data at input A of the ALU 1440 is
transferred to the output thereof without modification and is stored in
location 4 of the ALU RAM 1450. If the sign bit AL15 is negative, a
one's complement of the word at input A of the ALU 1440 is per-
formed and the result is then stored in location 4 of the ALU RAM 1450.
During clock cycle 4, location 4 of the ALU RAM 1450 is
read and transferred to the A input of the ALU 1440 through the latch
1460. During clock cycle 5, the data at input A of the ALU is trans-
ferred directly out to the gain control register 1490 without modifica-
tion if the sign bit AL 16 was positive; however, if the sign bit was
negative, the ALU 1440 performs an A ~ 1 operation of the data prior
to transfer to the gain control register 1490.
At this point, word 16 has been transferred out of loca-
tion zero in the RAM 1430 to make room for the incoming data from
the next conference group. Thus, during clock cycle 6, the input
sign bit ISB of incoming word zero is forwarded to the sign bit pro-
cessor 1480 and the seven magnitucle bits of word zero are stored inlocation 4 of the input RAM 1430 along with the sign bit on lead MXSB.
During the same cycle, the partial sum of word 0 from location 4 of
the ALU RAM 1450 is transferred through the la~ch 1460 to the A input
of the ALU 1440. In this case, since we are working with the first word
of the conference group, there is no partial sum in the RAM 1450, but
~ 15~3~7
14~
for subsequent words, a partial sum will be forwarded to the A input of
the ALU 1440 and then arithmetically processed with the next word.
During clock cycle 7, word O is read from the input RAM
1430 to become input B to the ALU 1440. Also, the sign b;t ISB is
5 tested to determine whether it is positive or negative. IF the sign bit
is positive, the sign bit processor 1480 will control the ALU to
execute an A ~ B operation. On the other hand, if the sign bit ISB is
negative, the AL.U 1440 will be controlled to e~ecute an A - B
operation. The result of this arithmetic operation is then stored in
10 location O of the ALU RAM 1450 and becomes the partial sum of the
con~erence group 0.
The same functions are repeated for the following processor
cycle in which channel 17 is outputted and channel 1 is inputted. The
cycle continues in this manner outputting one channel and inputting the
15 next channel.
Each channel outputted from the ALU 1440 is applied to the
gain control register 1490 where it may be operated or under control
of the gain control processor 1520. Since the digital conference is
capable of combining conference groups to form an expanded conference
20 facility, the gain of each channel must be controlled in accordance with
the size of the conference facility. If a ~imple 4-party conference
utilizing one of~ the available conference groups is selected, the
channels of data supplied to the register 1490 may be merely stored
without modifying the gain thereof; however~ for expanded conference
25 facilities including the 8-party conference group, the gain must be
appropriately adjusted in the register 1490 under control of the gain
control processor 1520.
Referring to Figure 131, after the compu~ations have been
completed in the arithmetic logic unit 1440, the fifteen magnitude bits
30 are parallel loaded from the ALU into the gain control register 1490,
which comprises individual registers 1491 - 1494. The loadin~ of data
into the gain control register 1490 is effected in response to the
gain control register clock signal GREGCK and the funct~on performed
by the gain control register is determined by the control signal GREGCK
35 which is applied to the SI inputs of each of the registers 1491 - 1494.
The GREGSI control signals determine whether the GREGCK clock
~ 15f~3~17
! 1 49
signals load data or shift data in the registers 1491 - 1494. This is
clearly indicated in the timing diagram in Figure 124.
Assuming that there are no conferences which are expanded
~linked to other conferences to increase their si~e) none of the data
being transmitted to the conferees in the four 4-party conFerences will
be attenuated. Therefore, the binary data corresponding to words 0
through 15 will not be shifted after they are individually loaded into
the gain control register 1490. Hence, for those words under the con-
ditions of no conference expansion, the gain control register 1~90 acts
simply as a temporary storage register. For words 16 through 23,
which are associated with the 8-party conference, the gain control
register 1490 will first be loaded upon receipt of a gain control clock
signal GREGOK at the time the signal GREGSI is high. Then, the
data in the registers 1~91 - 1494 will be shifted one bit to the right by
ha~ing a GREGCK clock signal present when the GREGSI control is low.
The shifting of the words in the gain control register 1490 one bit to
the right provides for adjustment of the gain of the signal.
The resultant data words represent the linear fifteen bit
binary weighted words to be transmitted back to the individual conferees,
after they are compressed. Compression is performed in the compander
1500 connected to the output of the registers 1491 - 1494.
As already indicated, the loading of the registers 1491 - 1494
and any shifting of data in the registers is controlled on the basis of the
values of the gain control clock signals GREGCK and the shift signals
GREGSI. The shift signal GREGSI is derived from the timing signal Cl
generated by the system clock3 and merely provides for loading of data
into the gain control register 1490 during the first four bit times and
the possible shifting of data in the register during the last four bit times
of a processor cycle. The gain clock signals GREGCK are generated in
dependence upon various conditions, as determined by the gain control
processor 1520, as illustrated in detail in Figure 132~
As seen in Figure 124, when GREGSI is high, the presence
of GREGCK simply loads new data into the gain control register 1490.
During the second half of each word cycle, the GREGSI control lead is
low, and a GREGCK clock signal appears only if the contents of the gain
~ ~5~34~
150
control register belong to the 8-party conference~ or to a 4-party con-
ference which is interconnected to some other conference. Conference
expansion is controlled by the central processing unit 130 which indi-
cates to the gain control processor 1520 on leads COEX - C4EX, which
are connected to the input of a multiplexer 1521. A control circuit 1525
is responsive to the clock timing signals F, G, and H for scanning the
inputs COEX - C4EX of the multiplexer 1521 providing an output through
gate 1522 to a multiplexer 1523 indicating whether the conference groups
associated with the respective inputs are to be interconnected to some
other conference group in an expanded conference facility. The control
circuit 1524 also provides an output via gate 1525 to the multiplexer
1523 indicating whether the conference group being scanned forms part
of a 4-party group or relates to the eight party conference group. A
third input to the multiplexer 1523 is provided from gain control line
GCTRL, which is left open will control the gain of the gain control
register 1490 to provide a high gain, or may be wired to ground in
order to provide a low gain for the gain control register 1~90. In the
high gain mode, all 4-party conference circuits contain zero db loss;
whereas9 the 8-party conference contains 6 db of loss. These values
become 6 db and 12 db, respectively, for the selection of the low gain
mode.
The scanning of the three inputc A, B, and C of the multi-
plexer 1523 are controlled by the timing signals from the system clock
applied via gates 1526 and 1527. Thus, at each step of the word bit
times a gain control pulse may be proYided on the lead GCPUL to the
gate 1529 depending upon the values provided at the inputs A, B, and C
of the multiplexer 1523. The shift signal PREGSI is generated at the
output of gate 1528 from the timing signals A, B, and C.
One additional factor must be considered in evaluating the
presence or absence of a condition requiring a shift pulse on the
GREGCK lead is that whenever two conferences are interconnected,
the channel or word slot which serves as the connecting link is always
the highest channel number of a particular conference group. This
means that only channel numbers 3, 7, 11, 159 and 23 are valid inter-
connecting links. Whenever two conferences are connected via these
3 4 7
151
links, the logic ensure that no shift pulses (gain reduction) takesplace in these time slots. Hence, for example, if conference groups 0
and 1 are linked together (using word time slots 3 and 7 as intercon-
necting links), words 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 which are being sent back to
their corresponding conferees would undergo a 6 db attentuation caused
by the gain control shift pulses on lead GREGCKg but words 3 and 7
would merely serve to send composite data from one conference group
to the other would not get attenuated. This is effected by application of
an inhibit signal on lead BLG to the input of gate 1522, which inhibits
the gate and prevents the generation of an output from the multiplexer
1523 through gate 1529 on the lead GREGCK.
Figure 133 provides a table indicating the various signals
provided on the lead GCTRL, the expansion control leads CO~X - C4EX
and lead BLG, and the resultant number of gain control pulses provided
from the output of multiplexer 1523 for 4-party and 8-party groups,
respectively. The operation of the gain control processor 1520 can be
easily determined from the values provided in Figure 133 and the ~ave-
forrns indicated in Figure 124. It will be noted that a load pulse is
generated on lead DLTFR in Figure 132 to the input of gate 1529 from
the master clock 1~09 to provide for loading oF each word from the
ALU 1440 into the gain control register 1490. Whether or not an
additional clock pulse will be generated on GREGCK then is determined
on the basis of the output from the multiplexer 1523 on lead GCPUL to
the gate 1529. Thus, if a channel forms part of an expanded group,
the multiplexer 1523 will provide an output to produce a gain shift.
The output of gate 1525 for the 8-party group also automatically pro-
duces a gain shift from the output of the multiplexer 1523, and
depending upon the state of the gain control line GCTRL, the multi-
plexer 1523 may also provide an output pulse to determine the gain
control mode.
Referring once again to Figure 131, after the loading and
possible shifting operations in the gain control register 14~0 are
completed for each word, the twelve most significant bits stored in
the registers 1491 - 1494 are applied to the compressor 1500 which
operates on twelve parallel lines to produce a compressed seven bit
3~7
152
word. The compressed word, along with the proper sign bit are
parallel loaded into the parallel load shift register 1510 by the clock
pulse CLK which occurs when the PREGSI control line is high. This
occurs once every eight positive transitions of the clock pulse CLK.
The other seven positive transitions of the clock signals which occur
when the PREGSI control line is low cause the resulting data in the
register 1510 to be shifted out to the RAM 1520. Once each frame, at
the time of the RPF preframe signal, the register 1510 is inhibited
from shifting by applying this preframe signal to the SO control line of
the registers 1511 and 1512, which make up the shift register 1510.
This is necessary to properly synchronize the reigster 1510 to the
master counter which is stalled once per frame time at the time of
arrival of the received preframe signal. The register 1510 is a
parallel-in/serial out register which shifts the data on output lead
PREGDO to the RAM 1520.
The serial data on the PREGDO output of the shift register
1510 contains twenty-four channels of eight bit companded words,
clocked out at a 1.544 MB/S rate, which must eventually be routed
back to the receivers of each conferee via the digital switching network.
The purpose of the KAM 1520, data control counter 1540 and multi-
plexer 1530 as seen in Figure 123, is to synchronize this data with
the transmit preframe pulse XPF which defines the frame time of all
data which is to be injected into the digital switching network. The
actual transmit preframe time XPF is fixed relative to the received
preframe time RPF; however, as already indicated, this is not a
requirement of the present invention and the two preframe time
signals could be received at various different times to properly con-
trol operation of the digi~al conFerence.
Referring to Figure 134, the outputting of data from the
digital conference ;s accomplished by writing the data on lead PREGDO
into the RAM 1520 via the PREG output flip-flop 1544 in time with the
system clock signal CLK. Each serial bit is for convenience written
into the RAM location determined by the state of the master counter
1409, which applies timing signals on leads A - H through multiplexer
1530 comprising stages 1531 - 1538, to the RAM 1520 during the first
~L ~583~17
153
half of each bit time by means of the narrow 80 ns write pulse CK3
which is supplied by the master clock. During the second half of the
bit time, the RAM 1520 is addressed by the data control counter 1540,
comprising counter stages 1541 and 1542~ This allows data in the
RAM 1520 to be read out to the output flip-flop 1521 to generate the
serial data stream on lead CDATA0 to the digital switching network.
The addresses provided by the data control counter 1540
for this read operation are synchronized to the transmit preframe
pulse ~PF. Whenever the transmit preframe pulse ~PF is inputted
to the digital conference, it causes the data control counter 1540 to be
loaded to the count designating the first address in the RAM 1520.
This thus ensures that the first bit of data which is accessed is bit 1
of channel 0, providing the desired synchronization of the data sent to
the digital switching network.
As already indicated, in producing an expanded conference
facility by combining conference groups, one channel of each con-
ference group is used as a link between the conference groups, and
therefore is lost as a possible conferee channel. Thus, if two 4-party
conference groups are combined to form an expanded conference
facility, six conferees may be accommodated with one channel in each
4-party conference being allocated to the link between the groups.
The reason why this is necessary and the manner in which such expan-
sion operates may be seen more particularly in connection with
Figure 135.
Assume that the two 4-party groups comprising channels
0-3 and 4-7 are to be combined in an expanded conference facility to
provide a conference between parties A through F. The central
processing unit 130 in setting up such a conference will assign the
parties A, B, and C to channels 0, 1, and 2, respectively; while,
leaving channel 3 blank. Channels 4~ 5, and 6 will then be assigned
to parties D, E, and F, respectively, and channel 7 will be left blank.
Under these circumstances, the digital conference will
produce as an output from the channel 3 the surn of the contributions
of channels 0 - 3 less the contribution of channel 3 itself. Thus, the
output from channel 3 will represent a sample of the data from
~ ~5~3d~
154
parties A + B + C. The central processing unit 130 will then supply
the output from channel 3 directly to channel 7 through the digital
switching network 135. Thus, channel 4 will provide an output cor-
responding to the sum of channels 4 - 6 less the contribution of
channel 4; namely, E + F from channels 5 and ~ and A + B + C from
channel 7. Party D thus receives the contribution from the other five
conferees.
On the other hand, the output from channel 7 w~ll corres-
pond to the sum of channels 4 - 7 less the contribution of channel 7;
namely, D ~ E + F. The central processing unit 130 directly con-
nects the output from channel 7 through the digital switching network
to the input of channel 3. Thus, channel O will provide an output cor-
responding to the sum of channels O - 3 less its own contribution;
namely, B + C from channels 1 and 2 and D + E t F from channel 3.
In this way, with the interlinking of the two 4-party conference groups
using channels 3 and 7, each of the six parties in the conference will
receive the contribution from the other five parties, and in effect, the
two 4-party conference groups have been cross-connected to form a
six party conference.
While we have shown and described several embodiments
in accordance with the present invention, it is understood that the
same is not limited thereto but is susceptible of numerous changes
and modifications as known to a person skilled in the art, and we
therefore do not wish to be limited to the details shown and des-
cribed herein but intend to cover all such changes and modifications
as are obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art.
