Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
23
I~ ~
The present invention relates to a process and appa-
ratus fox the manufacture of texturized continuous filaments.
The paten-t literature on apparatus for the manuf-ac-
ture of texturized filaments by means of hot fluids o.r by the
air-blow method is very comprehensive. A large group of known
apparatus employs two-chamber nozzles: the yarn to be textur-
ized is conveyed into a first chamber by means of a Venturi-
like nozzle, whilst in the second chamber, which is generally .
cylindrical but may also be conically flared, the texturizing
takes place. For example, according to German Published Appli-
cation DAS 1,435,653 the second chamber of such a texturizing
apparatus consists of a crimping chamber which is tubular, has
a constant cross-section over its entire length and is con-
structed as a spiral spring.
similar embodiment of a texturizing apparatus, with
a second cylindrica]. chamber, is desc:ribed in Swiss Patent
545,359.
Other embodiments o~ prior art texturizing appara~.us
are to be found in German Laid-Open Applications DOS 1,435,366
and DOS 2,111,163. The chamber described in DOS ?,111,163
possesses orifices which are formed by lamellae.
_. ~
23
- 2 - OOZ. 0062/001024
German Published Application DAS 2,006,022 dis-
closes an apparatus for the manufacture of te~turized
filaments from synthetic linear high molecular weight
substances by means of a heated fluid medium, which
apparatus consists of a closed first treatment chamber
with a side-tube for the supply of a ~luid medium, a
filament inlet channel, which protrudes from one end
face into the first treatment chamber, a filament guide
channel which protrudes from the other end face into the
lo first treatment chamber and is rigidly connected thereto,
the ratio of the internal diameter of the filament guide
channel to the filament inle-t channel being from 1.1:1
to 4:1 and the two channels being located at a distance
of from 0.1 to 3 mm from one another, and a second
channel-like treatment chamber, with slits 9 attached to
the free end of the filament guide channel. In this
known apparatus, the orifices of the second treatment
chamber consist of slits which are arranged radially and
in the length~ise direction of the cylindrical nozzle.
Such a treatment chamber is therefore also referred to
as a slit nozzle. Slit nozzles in general have from
2 to 20 slits; the number can be increased according to
the denier of the filament and the circumference of the
nozzle. The slits are as a rule from 0 2 to 1 mm wide.
Swiss Patent 530,489 describes a second treatment chamber
which is slightly conically tapered, in the direction of
filament travel, over its entire effective length.
The second treatment chambers according to German
Published Application DAS 2,006,022 and Swiss Patent
_ 3 - o.z. 0062/001024
530,489 are relatively delicate in respect of di-
mensional accuracy. German Published
Application DAS 2,331,045 therefore described a modi~ied
second treatment chamber, corresponding to the apparatus
described in German Published Applica -
tion DAS 2~006,022, which in its lower part externally
widens conically or stepwise, whilst internally it has
an abrupt increasing cross-section to 2_10 times that of
the tubular channel~ the lengthwise slits also being
present in the zone which may be conically flared out-
ward, but being closed of*, at the end, by a continuous
ring.
Modifying the slit nozzle so that it serves as
a second treatment chamber, according to German Pub-
lished Application DAS 2,331,045, improves its mechanical
. stability, so that it becomes possible to achie~-e a more
uniform crimp, under simplified operating conditions.
The second treatment chamber described in German
Published Application DAS 2,006,022 and German Published
Application DAS 2,331,045, as well as other conventional
apparatus, at very high texturizing speeds, ie. greater
than 2,000 m/min, show a certain tendency to become
blocked as a result of the compressed yarn moving
dynamically in the cylindrical internal space. This
blockage is initiated by the increased friction of thè
compressed yarn against the inner walls of the second
treatment chamber at very high texturiz.ing speeds; it can lead
to yarn breaks and interrupt the texturizing process.
- - On the other hand, a second treatment chamber which
is slightly conically flared over its entire effective length,
for example as described in Swiss ~atent 530,489, often allows
the yarn plug to blow out at high working speeds and low yarn
deniers, ie. less than about 2,000 dtex, thereby also causing
interruption of the texturizing process.
We have found that texturized filaments of syn-thetic
linear high molecular weight materials can be produced by means
of a gaseous heated fluid medium at high speed and with great
reliability by the process and apparatus of the present inven-
tion.
According -to the present invention there is provided
a process for the manufacture of texturized filaments of
synthetic linear high molecular weight materials by a gaseous
heated fluid medium, said process comprising: subjecting the
ilaments, between a filament inlet zone and a filament guide
zone, in a first trea-tment zone to the action of a gaseous
tuxbulently flowing heated medium to thereby heat the filaments
to a temperature at which they become semi-plastic and trans-
port the ilaments by the turbulently flowing medium through
the first -treatment zone, exposing the filaments, in a second
treatment zone rom which a part of the medium can escape
radially, to the action of -the medium remaining in the second
treatment zone and to the ambient air which flows in, passing
the filaments and the fluid medium, in the second treatment
zone, first through a cylindrical zone from which the medium
can in part escape radially, and subsequen-tly through a
slightly conically flared zone from which the medlum can also
escape laterally, and selecting the speeds of the flu.id medium
and the filamen-ts so that the ra-tio of the res.idence time of
the filaments in the cylindrical zone to the residence time in
~b
the conicall~ flared æone is from 1:19 to 4~
Such ratio is preferably from 1:9 to 1:2.
The process is carried out with an apparatus as
follows:~ such apparatus for the manufacture of texturi7.ed
filaments of synthetic linear high molecular weight substances
by means of heated fluid media comprlses a filament inlet
channel, a first treatment chamber, a side-tube for supplying
the fluid medium, and a filament guide channel which connects
the first treatment chamber to a second tubular treatment
chamber which is provided wi-th slits through which ihe fluid
medium can escape laterally, the second treatmen-t chamber being
internally of cylindrical shape in a æone of from 1/20 to 4/5
of its length, calculated from the end of the filament guide
channel, and then being conically flared in the direction of
filament travel, the taper o. the conical flaring bein~ from
1:5 to 1:150.
The taper of the conical flaring is preferably from
1:20 to 1.70.
The second treatment chamber may be internally of
~ cylindrical shape in a zone of preferably from 1/10 to 1/3 of
its length calculated from the end of the filament guide
channel.
Maintaining the process parameter of the rat:io of
residence time ln the cylindrical zone to residence time in
the conically flared zone is essential Eor the texturizing to
proceed trouble-free at high speeds; for example, the yarn
breaks resulting from excessive friction are (then) less
frequent.
.
~ .
-
~. .
2~3
- 6 - O.Z. 0062/001024
The residence time essentially depends on the
length of the cylindrical part7 on the ratio of the
length of the cyllndrical part to the length o~ the
conically flared part, and also on the taper o~
the conically flared part. All three parameters
in fact influence the process para-
meters residence time and residence time ratio, through
affecting the friction of the filament in the apparatus.
Other parameters are the total denier and individual
denier of the filaments, differences in type of polymer,
differences in shape of cross-section of the filaments
and, lastly, the texturizing speed itself
Filaments, in the present context, means
continuous individual filaments or bundles of continuous
individual filaments, tapes, flat filaments, fibers pro-
duced from fibrillated films, and film strips. The
denier of the individual filaments can be, for example,
from 1 to 35 dtex but is prefçrably from 10 to 30 dtex.
The number of individual filaments in a bundle can be
from 2 to several thousand. Filament bundles compris-
ing from 50 to 250 individual continuous filaments are
preferred, The total texturizing denier of the fila-
ment bundle is prefera,bly from 500 to 5,000 dtex,
The filaments in the bundles or yarns which are
fed to the crimping treatment may have been drawn or
partially drawn. Furthermore, the cross-section of
the filaments used may be round or profiled, for example
trilobal.
Suitable synthetic linear or virtually linear
2 3
- 7 o.zO 0062/001024
filament-forming organic high molecular weight substances
for the manufacture of the filaments are, in particular,
conventional linear synthetic high molecular weight nylons
having recurring amide groups in the main chain, linear
synthetic high molecular weight polyesters having
recurring ester groups in the main chain, filament-
forming olefin polymers, filament-forming polyacrylo-
nitrile and filament-forming acrylonitrile copolymers
predominantly containing acrylonitrile units, as well as
lo cellulose derivatives, including cellulose esters.
Specific examples of suitable high molecular weight com
pounds are nylon 6, nylon 66, polyethylene terephthalate,
linear polyethylene and iso-tactic polypropylene.
Suitable gaseous ~luid media are those conven-
tionally used in blow-texturizing processes, for example
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, steam and ~ especially for
economic reasons - air.
The requisite temperature of the fluid medium
~ may vary within wide limits; the range-from 100 to ~00C
has proved particularly advantageous. Specifically,
the most advantageous temperature conditions depend on
the melting point or softening point of the filament-
forming materials, -the length of time for which the gas
can act on the filaments, any pre heating employed, and,
finally, the filament denier. Of course, the tempera-
ture used must not cause the filaments to melt under the
conditions employed, though it can be above the
melting point or decomposition point of the filament-
forming materials used, provided -the filaments are passed
2~
- 8 - o.Z. 0062/001024
through the treatment zone at a sufficiently high speed,
ie. with a suf~iciently short residencetime. The
higher the texturizing speed, the more the temperature
of the texturizing medium can be above the melting point
or decomposition point of the filament-forming mat.erial
used. For example, the plasticizing temperature
ranges are from 80 to 90C for linear.polyethylene, from
80 to 120C for polypropylene, from 162 to 190C for
nylon 6, ~rom 210 to 240C for nylon 66, ~rom 190 to
230C for polyethyle.ne terephthalate and from 21~ to
245C ~or polyacrylonitrile.
The type of polymer has an effect inasmuch as
-the advantageous plasticizing temperatures differ and the
relationship between temperature of the fluid medium
and filament temperature varies accordingly:-
the higher the temperature of the fluid medium, the
higher is the filament speed used The cross-sectional
. shape of the individual filaments is significant in that
- it has an effect on the extent -to which the filament
becomes heated whilst travelling through the nozzle, and
hence becomes semi-plastic.-
The desired ratio of the residence times is
obtained by using an appropriate ratio of the lengths of
the cylindrical zone to the conically flared zone 7 but
also depends on the taper of the conically flared zone,
because this, together with the total and individual
denier of the filamen-ts, determines the friction
For example, ~or a texturizing speed of 2,000 mlmin or
above, and a drawn 67~ilament yarn of denier 1,200
.. - 9 - o.Z~ 0062/001024
dtexg a ratio of the residence times in the cylindrical
zone and in the conically flared zone of 2:5, and a
taper in the conically flared zone of 1/30, are advan-
- tageous for trouble-free texturizing, If the ratio
of the - lengths of the cylindrical
zone and the conically flared zone is smaller, the yarn
plug may be blown out of the second treatment chamber,
interrupting the texturizing process. Conversely, if
in the above example the ratio is greater than 2:5,
lo excessive yarn friction against the walls of` the chamber
can cause a blo~kage3which also interrupts the process.
The conical flaring in the end portion (viewed
in the direction of filament travel) of the noz~le
results in different flow conditions - due to wall fric-
tion of the.filament bundle - from those in the cylin-
clrical zone. These have the effect thatl depending
on -the yarn denier. and shape,
texturizing speed, temperature conditions and
taper of the conical flaring, the yarn plug is more or
less compact. In this process, a yarn plug is formed
within the second treatment zone, which has the effect
that a part of the exit orifices for the gaseous medium
are screened off, so that the pressure rises and the
yarn plug is lif-ted out of the second trea-tment zone
until the orifices for the lateral exit of the gaseous
medium have been exposed to the extent that the pressure
no longer suffices to convey the yarn plug through the
second -treatment zone. Under these cond.itions, part
of the medium always escapes laterally and another
23
- 10 - O.Z. 0062/001024
(smaller) part remains in the second -treatment zone, with
the yarn.plug. Accordingly, no special measures are
needed to define these propor-tions; rather, they result
automatically under given conditions. All parameters
which lead to greater yarn plug formation, such as a
h~ yarn denier, round yarn cross-section, high tex-
turizing speed, high temperature and low taper of the
conical zone have the effect that the texturizing medium
increasingly issues laterally between the lamellae of
lo the second texturizing chamber At the same time, the
axial component of the texturizing medium, ie. the com-
ponent which serves to convey the yarn, decreases.
Under extreme conditions, it can happen that the axial
component of the texturizing medium no longer suffices
for continuously conveying the yarn plug, axial conveying
stops and accordingly the second chamber becomes blocked,
interrupting the tex-turizing process. On the other
hand, at low temperatures, low yarn denier, trilobal
cross-section of the filaments and high taper of the
conical flaring, the component of the texturizing medium
acting in the axial direction of the second chamber can
become so great that the wall friction of the yarn plug
no longer suffices to maintain the dynamic equilibrium.
Given this other ex~treme, the yarn plug is virtually
blown out of the second chamber and the texturizing is
again interrupted. Accordingly it is essential, for
the texturizing process according to the invention,
wherein, under the given marginal conditions, suitable
fric-tional conditions and flow conditions must be main-
,
2~,3
~ O~Z. 0062/001024
tained in the second treatment chamber, that the statedratio of the residence time of the ya~n in -the cylin-
- drical zone to thatinthe conicaIlytape~ zoneof thesecond
treatment chamber is chosen,
Suitable apparatus is shown diagrammatically in
Figures 1 to 4. Figure 1 is a lengthwise section
through a texturizing apparatus having a second treat-
ment chamber wi-th a cylindrical and conically flared
internal chamber.
, Figure 2'shows an enlarged view of a section A-A'
of the second treatment chamber shown in Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a sectional view of a texturizing
apparatus, with a modified shape of the second treatment
chamber.
Figure 4 shows, on an enlarged scale, a sec-tion
B-B' of the modified second treatment chamber shown
diagrammatically in Figure 3,
Figure 1 shows a complete texturizing apparatus
with the second treatment chamber 5 which,,according to
the invention, is an essential feature of the apparatus. A
first treatment chamber 2, with filament inlet channe]. 1
for the filament 7, and f.ilament guide channel 4, corres-
ponds to the construction disclosed in German Published
Applica-tion DAS 2,006,022. It consists of a cylin-
drical tube. The filament inlet channel 1 for Eeediny
the Eilament 7 into the first treatment chamber 2, and the
filamen-t guide channel 4, are screwed into, or otherwise
fixed in, this tube~ On the side confron-ting -the
~3
,3
~` - 12 - O~Z. 0062/00102g
filament inlet channel l, the filament guide channel has
a centering body 8, which is provided with stream-
lining air channels 9, and has a bush 10, bearing an
external thread, on the other side. The fluid medium,
for example air, is fed in through the side tube 3. A
se~ond treatm~nt chamber 5 is located at the free end of
the filament guide channel 4 which protrudes from the
treatment chamber 2. This chamber 5 consists of an
externally cylindrical slit nozzle, which slides coaxi-
ally~on the filament guide channel 4 and can be fixed
thereon by means of a fixing screw 11. The slit
nozzle is provided, at the end which protrudes beyond
the filament guide ch~nnel 4,wi-th slits 6 which pass
through the tube wall in a radial direction. The
distar,ce between the end of the filament guide channel 4
and the beginning of the sli-~ 6 in the internal space is
from 0~1 to 3 times, preferably from 0 8 to 1.4 times,
the external diameter of the filament guide channel 4.
The texturizing effect lncreases with the number of
slits; from 4 to 18 sli-ts have proved advantageous, and
in general from 10 to 16 are used. The width of the
slits is advantageously from 0.3 to 1 mm, preferably
from 0.4 to 0.6 mm.
In order to be able to vary the length of the
slits 6, a cylindrical metal element 12 can be slid over
the second treatmen-t chamber and fixed by means of a
screw 13. This slidable metal element 12 can also be
constructed so as to protect the tube orifice
The essential inventive feature of the second -treatment
- 13 - o.z~ 0062/OOlOZ4
chamber is that its internal space is of cylindrical
shape in the region Do to Do, and is conically flared in
the region from Do, to Dl. The ratio of the length
of the cylindrical par-t to -the length of the conically
flared part is from 1:19 to 4:1, preferably from 1:9 to
- 1:2 (in other words, the cylindrical part accounts for
from 1/20 to 4/5, preferably from 1/10 to 1/3, o~ the
length calculated from the end of the filament guide
channel).
Figure 2 shows, on an enlarged scale, t~e inter-
nal shape, essential to the invention9 of the second
treatment chamber. The reference numerals and letters
- correspond to those in Figure 1.
In Figure 3, the reference numerals and letters
in the upper part of the modified texturizing apparatus
have the same meaning as in Figure 1, ie. filament 7,
filament inlet channel 1, treatment chamber 2, filament
guide channel 4, centering body 8, air channels 9, ~eed
side-tube 3, bush 10, screw 11 and slits 6. The
second treatment chamber widens outward conically or
in steps. The length of the inner cylindrical part,
before the conical flaring is reached, accounts for from
about 1/20 to 4/5 of the to-tal length, in particular from
1/10 to 1/3. The total length is in general from about
80 to 150 mm, so that the leng-th of the cylindrical part
is at most about 120 mm (for 150 mm total length), but
preferably about 50 mm (for 150 mm total length)
The slits also lead radially outward in -the
part o~ the second treatment chamber which externally
~&~Z~3
- 14 - 0~. 0062/00102
is widened conically or in steps~ Internally, the
cross-section of the channel which passes through the
second treatment chamber can suddenly widen from 2-fold
to lO-fold, preferably from 2-fold to 5-fold, at a point
where it has reached the full external diameter. The
slits continue outward radially through the widened
part of the cylinder and parallel to the lengthwise axis
of the cylinder, over a length which roughly corresponds
to the wider internal diameter of this section. The
lo cylindrical part with the larger diameter can terminate
.in a massive ring 14. In order to be able to vary the
length of the slits it is advantageous to slide over the
second treatment chamber a cylindrical metal element 12
which can be fixed by suitable means, for example the
screw 13.
Figure 4 shows, on a larger scale, the internal
shape, essential to the i~1vention, of the modified
second treatment chamber of Figure 3.
In all the embodiments, as shown in Figures 1,
2, 3 and 4, the internal space of the second treatment
chamber is of cylindrical shape in the region from Do to
Dol~ Do indicates the position in the second treat-
ment chamber at which the filament guide channel 4
terminates. The length of the cylindrical part of
the second treatment chamber, namely Do to Do " can be
from l/20 to 4/5, preferably from 1/10 to 1/3, of the
length of the second treatment chamber~ taken from the
end of -the filament guide channel
Accordingly, for a second treatment chamber
- 15 - o~Z. 0~62/001024
having atotal lengthof, for example, 100 mm, into which the
filamènt guide channel protrudes 30 mm (ie. a chamber
with an e~fective length of 70 mm) the length of the
cylindrical part can be ~rom 3.5 to 56 ~n. For tex-
turizing speeds of 2JOOO m/minute or more, and for high
total ~rawn yarn deniers, for example of from
1~200 to 3,500 dtex, increased friction of the yarn plug
can, if the internal bore is completely cylindrical,
cause blockages in the slit nozzle, and hence filament
breaks By reducing the length of the cylindrical
i~ner part of the second treatmen-t chamber to from 1/20
to 4/5, preferably from 1/10 to 1/3, of the effective
length of the second treatment chamber, and employing a
subsequent ~nicallyflaredportion,. this problem is over-
come. The higher the denier, -: -
the shorter the cylindrical inner part of the second
treatment zone should be; for example, a total length
of the second treatment chamber of 100 mm, with a cylin-
drical part 3.5 mm long, is useful for a dra~n yarn
denier of about 3,000 dtex or more, when employing a
texturizing speed of 2,000 m/min. On the other hand,
for a drawn yarn denier of 800 dtex, the length of the
cylindrical part of the second treatment chamber is
advantageously about 23 mm, corresponding -to about 1/3
of the effective length of the second treatment chamber,
namely 70 mm. Under otherwise identical process con-
ditions, the length of the cylindrical par-t of the
second treatment chamber depends, within certain limits,
on the taper of the adjoining conically flared por-tion.
- 16 ~ O.Z. 0062/001~24
In this context, the taper ofthe conically flared portion
means the ratio d2 ~ dl/h, where d2 = maximum diameter
of the truncated cone, dl = minimum diameter of the
truncated cone and h = height of the truncated cone.
For example, for a taper of l/50 and a height of the
truncated cone of 50 mm, d2 ~ dl = 1 mm. Applying
this example to Figures 1 to 4, it follows that if the
internal diameter of the cylindrical part (region Do -
Dol) of the second treatment chamber is, for example, 3 mm,
and the taper is 1/50, l~he diameter at the end of the
cQnically flared portion is 3.8 mm if this flared portion
~ie the region Dol - Dl) is 40 mm long.
If the taper increases, for example from 1/50 to
l/40, the cylindrical part can, within certain limits, be
lengthened, or vice versa. In general, a taper of the
conically flaredportion of from l/5 to l/l~0, preferably
from l/20 to 1j70, has proved suitable For lower
yarn deniers, for example l,000 dtex, it is advantageous
to employ a taper of from l/70 to l/lO0 or less.
Conversely, higher deniers, of more than 2,000 dtex, can
more advantageously be processed by employing a greater
taper, of from l/40 to l/30 or more. It is advantage~
ous also -to select -the length of the cylindrical part of
the slit nozzle, on the basis of simple experiments, to
suit the yarn denier, the speed and the other texturizing
conditions.
By balancing the length of the cylindrical part
of the second treatment chamber with the length of the
downstream conically flaredportion,which is of variable
- 17 - o.z. 0062/001024
length (and variable taper), an exceptionally broad
range of use can be created for the texturizing apparatus.
Thus, a wide range of drawn yarn deniers, pre~erably
a range of ~rom 450 to 4,500 dtex or more, can be pro-
cessed, without problems, at high speeds, namely 2,000
m/min or more. Furthermore, the texturizing apparatus
can, on the basis of simple preliminary experiments, be
- adjus-ted to suit the cross-sectional shape of the
individual filaments of the yarn, the number o~ fila-
lo ments and other ya~n parameters Finally, if the
cylindrical and conically flared parts are appropriately
chosen, the texturizing apparatus can also be employed
for partially in-line3 or fully in-line, texturizing
processes, for example draw-texturizing or spin-draw-
texturi~ing, ie. processes which~ because of the differ-
ent ways in which they are carried out, entail greatly
differing surface properties and plasticities of the
yarn as it enters the texturizing apparatus
To characterize the effect of texturizing a yarn
or the like, the crimp rigidity is determined. This
value9 ex~ressed in %, is measured as follows: the yarn9
which has been developed in boiling water and is still
moist, is subjected to a load of 0.05 cN/dtex and its
length Ll is determined. Thereafter, the same piece
of yarn is subjected to a load of 0 001 cN/dtex and the
length L2 is measured. The crimp rigidity is calcula-
ted from the equation:
Ll L2
crimp rigidity (%) = - x 100
~ ~ ~ ~ ~3
- 18 - O~Z~ 0062/00102
EXAMELE 1
A 4,100-67 undrawn nylon-6 roving is drawn off a
supply package and is fed to the drawing appara~us of a
draw-texturizing machine, the draw ratio being set to
1:3.45. The feed godet in the drawing zone is at
100C cm d the take-up godet at 150C. The preheated
and drawn roving, which after drawing has a denier of
1,200 dtex, is fed, at a rate of 2,000 m/min, to a
crimping apparatus as shown in Figure 1~ Air at
300C and under a pressure of 5.3 bar is introduced
through the side-tube 3, the amount of air being set to
6.5 Nm3/h by adjusting the filament inlet channel 1
relative to the filament guide channel 4.
The filament inlet channel has an internal
diameter of 1.1 mm; the filament guide channel 4 has an
internal diameter of 2.4 mm, an external diameter of
3.0 mm and a total length of 127 mm. The filament
guide channel 4 protrudes 30 mm into the treatment
chamber 5, an externally cylindrical slit nozzle, up to
the position marked Do~ The -totc~l length of the
treatment chamber 5 is 100 mm, resulting in an effective
length of 70 mm. Over this effective length, the
treatment chamber 5 possesses 12 slits, each 0~5 mm wide,
running radially in the lengthwise direction. The
cylindrical inner part of the treatment chamber 5, ie.
the zone Do - Dol in Figures 1-4, is 20 mm long, ie. 2/7
of the 70 ~n effective length of the treatment chamber 5.
The conical~ fl3red portion Dol - Dl which adjoins the
cylindrical inner part has a length of 50 mm and a taper
12~3
- 19 - O.Z~ 0062/001024
of 1/50.
The crimp rigidity of the yarn thus produced is
11.2%.
EXAMPLES 2-7
The Table which follows shows the conditions for
implementing the invention for various drawn yarn
deniers, All the other texturizing parameters, except
for the internal diameter of the filament inlet channel
in Example 7, which is 1.3 mm instead of 1,1 ~mj are as
in Example 1.
- 20 - O~Zo 0062/001024
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