Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
1 ~ 6~0~
Field of Invention
This invention relates to improvements in hinges for door or
window sash construction especially storm doors and more particu-
larly to the manner of supporting same within a wall opening of a
building and the manner of sealing same one against the other and
against the surfaces of the wall opening so as to more securely
establish and better define a barrier against the escape of heat
from the building interior to the outside atmosphere and vice
versa.
Background to the Invention
It is common practice for door or window sashes and associ-
ated framing and especially storm doors to be supplied by a fabri-
cator to specification for ready installation within wall openings
of given dimensions.
The framing of the door or window sash structure when deli-
vered iB intended to closely match the outline of the wall opening
so that upon the application of selected sealing strips to the
frame or to the surrounding surfaces of the wall opening and with
appropriate screw-threaded fasteners or the like the frame is
securely attached within the wall opening so as to effectively
block the passage of air between frame and wall opening surfaces.
According to certain proposals, for example ~.S.P. 4,084,361
the frame can be provided with integral hinge elements which match
corresponding hinge elements presented by the closure structure
which together upon interconnection cooperate to support the door
or, window sash structure for swinging movement into and out of
registration with the surrounding frama.
Other alternatives, for example Canadian Patent No. 1,071,929
include separate hinge members securable by suitable fasteners to
the frame and supporting structures surrounding the wall opening,
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1 ~ 6~6~8
and likewise to the door or window sash structure itself so as to
provide the requisite swinging support.
In the case of storm doors especially, the outermost contour
or configuration of the framing members remote from the inner or
interior portion thereof on the one hand is intended to follow the
contour or configuration of the door jambs, lintel and threshold.
Inwardly the shape matches the contour or configuration of the
door structure itself, with clearance preferably kept to a minimum
and with the frame and door structure presenting cooperating
flanges or anchoring slots for securing sealing strips in place to
isolate or interrupt the spaces or narrow passages therebetween so
as to substantially block the entry of air from within or from
without when the door structure is in full registration within the
frame.
Thus the escape of heat from the building interior is minim-
ized in colder weather and alternatively penetration of the out-
side atmosphere into the building interior is minimized during the
warmer weather whereby more efficient control over interior condi-
tions is achieved.
_ jects of the Invention
The principal object of this invention is to provide a novel
hinge structure for a combination door or window sash structure
and associated frame therefor of improved strength and endurance
under normal wear and tear and which in the closed or fully regis-
tered position establishes a much improved barrier to heat 10BS or
transfer between sash and frame.
More particularly it is an object of this invention to pro-
vide a hinge structure for a combination door or window sash
structure and associated frame therefor wherein in the closed
position the separation between the sash structure and frame is
substantially reduced and the passages so defined by such
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separation extended as well as interrupted in a manner such that
greater sealing pressures can be exerted and hence the escape of
or passage of air therethrough greatly diminished.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a novel
hinge structure which in combination with the frame and sash
structure maximizes the available support for the swinging door or
window sash so as to ensure full registration and full sealing
engagement therebetween.
Features of the Invention
One important feature of the invention resides in providing a
novel hinge structure for a combination sash structure and frame
therefor wherein the frame includes me~bers with inwardly directed
principal wall portions having inner and outer margins defining
the central opening thereof and having flange formations extending
in a direction perimetrally outwardly beyond the outer margins
thereof and wherein the sash structure includes outer side wall
portions having a perimetral extent and configuration such that
whenever the sash structure is fully registered within the central
opening of the frame, the outer side wall portions are disposed in
close proximity to but separated from the inwardly directed wall
portions thereof, the sash structure including outer portions pro-
jecting perimetrally outwardly beyond the inwardly directed prin-
cipal wall portions of the frame to bridge the separation between
the frame and sash structure and overlap the outer flange forma-
tions thereof and with appropriate sealing components presented by
one of the frame and the sash structure to the other of the frame
and sash structure within the outer regions of overlap for estab-
lishing a perimetral outer barrier therebetween whenever the sash
structure is fully registered within the central opening of the
frame.
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~ ore particularly according to the invention a novel hinge
structure for mounting the sash structure upon the frame for
swinging movement from a position wherein the sash structure is in
full registration within the central opening of the frame to a
fully opened position includes an upper and lower leaf formation,
each leaf formation including a central plate portion flanked by a
hinge barrel having a longitudinal axis and extending along one
edge thereof and by an apertured mounting plate portion extending
along the opposite edge thereof and in a direction at an angle to
the direction of the central plate portion and a pintle regis-
trable in sliding fit with the hinge barrel of the upper and lower
leaf formations when the hinge barrel of the upper leaf formation
surmounts and is arranged in alignment with the hinge barrel of
lower leaf formation.
More particularly, one of the jamb me~bers of the frame is
provided with appropriate apertures therethrough in the region of
the outer flange formations thereof beyond the region of outer
overlap for presentation by the central plate portion of the lower
leaf formation of its hinge barrel outwardly therethrough and its
associated mounting plate portion in abutting relation to the sur-
face of the inwardly directed principal wall portion thereof
remote from the surface defining the central opening, and that
portion of the stile of the sash structure projecting perimetrally
outwardly over and beyond the outer margin of the jamb member
aforementioned to overlap the flange formation thereof also having
appropriate apertures therethrough aligned with the outer side
wall portion of the stile, the mounting plate portion of the upper
leaf formation extending therethrough and into aoutment with the
surface of the latter mentioned outer side wall portion and with
the central plate portion overlying the outer surface of the lat-
ter mentioned perimetral projecting portion and presenting its
l 16s6a~ '
hinge barrel therebeyond to surmount the hinge barrel of the lower
leaf fc)rmation.
With this arrangement, the upper leaf formation is directly
secured to the sash structure by means of appropriate screw-
threaded fasteners extending through the apertures in the mounting
plate portion to penetrate the side wall portion of the stile,
with the screw-threaded fasteners for anchoring the lower leaf
formation being adapted to penetrate first the inwardly directed
principal wall portion of the jamb member of the frame and then
register within the apertures of the mounting plate portion there-
of whereby the loading attributable to the support of the sash
structure through the hinge barrels and pintle is transmitted to
and carried by both the inwardly directed principal wall portion
of t~e frame as well as by the structural elements defining the
wall opening itself, which arrangement tends to preserve the sec-
ure attachment of the lower leaf formation of hinge and hence pre-
serve the orientation of the movable sash structure to the frame
so as to achieve full registration and optimum sealing over an
extended period of time.
Particularly with such arrangement of upper and lower leaf
formations, minimal separation between sash structure and frame
can be achieved.
1 16~8
These and other objects and features are more particularly
set forth in the following description which is to be read in con-
junction with the sheets of drawing in which Figure 1 is a per-
spective view of a preferred embodiment of a combined sash struc-
ture in the form of a door sash structure and frame therefore
including a threshold member taken from a point to the left and
upwardly from the front elevation thereof;
Figure 2 is a perspective view of the combined sash struc-
ture, frame and threshold member illustrated in Figure 1 taken
from the point to the right and below the rear elevation thereof
as depicted in Figure l;
Figure 3 is an enlarged horizontal cross-sectional view of
one of the stiles of the sash structure and associated jamb member
of the frame of Figure 1 taken along the lines 3-3 of Figure l;
Figure 4 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the other of
the stiles of the sash ~tructure and associated jamb menber of the
frame of Figure 1 taken along the lines 4-4 of Figure 1;
E'igure 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the upper rail
of the sash structure and associated lintel member of the frame of
Figure 1 taken along the lines 5-5 of Figure l;
Figure 6 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the intermed-
iate and bottom rails and enclosed panels of the sash structure
and associated threshold member of Figure 1 taken along the lines
of 6-6 of Figure 1;
Figure 7 is a horizontal cross-sectional view taken through
the hinge structure joining the sash structure and frame taken
along the lines 7-7 of Figure l;
Figure 8 is a perspective view of a portion of a length of a
profiled metal extrusion used to construct the stiles and upper
and lower rails of the sash structure of Figure 1;
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E'igure 9 is an end view of the profiled metal extrusion of
Figure 8;
Figure 10 is a perspective view of a portion of a length of a
profiled metal extrusion used to construct the jamb memhers and
lintel member of the frame of Figure l;
E~igure 11 is an end view of the profiled metal extrusion of
Figure 10;
Figure 12 is perspective view of a portion of a length of a
profiled metal extrusion used to construct the intermediate rail
of the door sash structure of Figure l;
Figure 13 is an end view of the profiled metal extrusion of
Figure 12;
Figure 14 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment
of hinge structure used to support the door sash structure of Fig-
ure 1 from the frame;
Figure 15 is a perspective view of the hinge structure of
Figure 14 taken from a point to the rear and below the hinge as
depicted in Figure 14;
Figure 16 is an end view of the hinge structure of Figure 14
taken from above;
Figure 17 is a perspective view of the connection between
wall opening, hinge structure, frame and sash structure with the
surrounding components broken away.
The preferred embodiment of combination sash structure 10 and
frame 12 therefor including supporting spaced hinges 14 illustrat-
ed in the drawings takes the form of a storm door installation.
The door sash structure 10 includes vertical stiles 16 and 18
respectively, horizontal top rail 20 intermediate rail 22 and bot-
tom rail 24 respectively and includes a lower kick panel formation
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26.
The vertical stiles 16, 18 and top and bottom rails 20 and 24
are derived from a length of hollow metal stock preferably in the
form of the preferred profiled member illustra~ed in Figures 8 and
g.
The frame 12 for the door sash structure 10 includes vertical
jamb members 28, 29, a lintel member 30, the frame in the case of
a door installation, as illustrated, preferably being completed by
a bottom threshold member 32. Otherwise the threshold member can
have the same configuration in cross-section as the ja~b and lin-
tel members.
The vertical jamb members 28, 29 and horizontal lintel member
30 of frame 12 are preferably derived from a length of hollow
metal stock, in the form of the preferred profiled member of the
type illustrated in Figures 10 and 11.
The hollow profiled members illustrated in Figures 8 to 11
inclusive are extruded through suitable dies and preferably are o
aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
The bottom threshold member 32 likewise is a profiled metal
member derived by extrusion through a suitable die preferably of
aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
The supporting hinges 14 for securing the sash structure 10
within the frame 12 are three in number according to the embodi-
ment illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, each hinge including a lower
leaf formation 34 and integral hinge barrel 36 and an upper leaf
formation 38 and integral hinge barrel 40, which are connected by
a pintel 42 provided with a head or stop 43 leaf formations 34, 38
preferably being separated by a washer or bearing 44 located bet-
ween hinge barrels 36 and 40.
The hollow extruded profiled member illustrated in Figures 8
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1 1 6g~
and 9 from which stiles 16 and 18 and *op and bottom rails 20 and
24 of sash structure 10 are derived includes four principal wall
portions, outer wall portior 48, outer side wall portions 50, in-
ner side wall portion S2 and inner wall portion 54.
Outer side wall portion 48 i8 provided with a perimetral
outer extension or projection 56 in one direction and terminates
in an inner bevelled nose formation 58 in the opposite direction.
Outer perimetral extension or projection 56 presents a longi-
tudinally extending slot or groove 60 angled to the general plane
of outer wall portion 48 of sash structure 10 and opening inwardly
thereof toward frame 12.
Outer side wall portion 50 extends inwardly at generally
right angles to the plane of the front wall portion 48 and in-
cludes innermost a perimetral reentrant portion or recessed 62
which presents a longitudinally extending surface 64 generally
parallel to the plane of the inner wall portion 54 and facing in-
wardly, and a longitudinally extending slot or groove formation 66
arranged at right angles to the plane of the aforementioned longi-
tudinally extending surface 64 and opening outwardly towards the
outer side wall portion 50.
Inner side wall portion 52 includes flanges 68, 70 which
define longitudinally extending guideways or channels for anchor-
ing frames or trackways 71 for locating glass panels for screening
or the like therewithin.
The extruded profiled member illustrated in Figures 10 and 11
from which vertical jamb members 28, 29 and lintel members 30 of
frame 12 are derived includes two wall portions, outer flange or
facing 72 and inwardly directed principal wall portion 74, outer
flange or facing 72 including at the outer extremity thereof a
longitudinally extending channel 76 opening inwardly thereof and a
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5~s
longitudinally extending channel 78 somewhat elongate in cross-
section and opening outwardly thereof with an intermediate out-
wardly angled portion 80 bounding the outer margin of inwardly
directed principal wall portion 74 and presenting a longitudinally
extending angled surface 81 therealong.
Wall portion 74 terminates inwardly along the inner margin
thereof in a centrally directed section 82 at right angles thereto
presenting a longitudinally extending slot or channel formation 84
opening outwardly and an opposed longitudinally extending channel
formaticn 86 opening inwardly.
The extruded profiled member illustrated in Figures 12 and 13
from which intermediate rail member 22 of the sash structure 10 is
derived has a T-shaped perimeter and is hollow in cross-section
and includes an outer wall portion 88, side wall portions 90, 92
and inner wall portion 94, the inner wall portion 94 including
flanges 96a, 96b at each extremity which together with flanges
98a, 98b upstanding from the side walls 90, 92 serve as guideways
or trackways for locating or anchoring panels including kick
panel formation 26 and the trackways for panels of glass or
screening.
Hinge structure 14 illustrated particularly in Figures 14
through 16 is characterized by the lower leaf formation 34 having
a generally planar mounting plate portion 100 suitably apertured
as at lOla, lOlb, lOlc joined by a central corrugated bridging
portion 102 thereof to hinge barrel 36. The contour of central
corrugated bridging section 102 is dictated by the position of the
hinge barrel 36 in relation to the mounting plate portion 100 and
is achieved by extruding same through a suitable die or in any
other acceptable manner so as to not only provide the required
spatial relationship but to achieve sub~tantial strength in that
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1 1 696~8
region.
Upper leaf formation 38 includes integral right-angled por-
tions 104, 106 the mounting plate portion 106 being suitably aper-
tured as at 108a, 108b and with supporting or right-angled central
bridging section 104 of a dimension dictated by the required spat-
ial relation between integral hinge barrel 40 thereof and inwardly
extending side wall portion 50 of sash structure 10 to which
mounting plate portion 106 is secured.
Vertical stiles 16 and 18 respectively and horizontal top and
bottom rails 20, 24 respectively are appropriately mitred at each
end to abut and establish the requisite mitred joints indicated at
110, 112, 114 and 116 in Figures 1 and 2 to achieve the requisite
rectilinear configuration, the stiles and rails being rigidly con-
nected in a conventional manner at their abutting ends by inter-
iorally located suitably angled members or channels bridging the
joints therebetween and being secured to the respective adjacent
stiles and rails by suitable screw-threaded fasteners, all of
which has been omitted from the drawings for purposes of clarity.
Intermediate rail 22 is suitably trimmed at each end to meet
each side rail 16, 18 along a continuous abutting line of contact
as indicated at 118, 120 in Figure 1, with rail 22 suitably an-
chored in place by internally located apertured plugs and associ-
ated screw-threaded fasteners or by an equivalent clamping ar-
rangement, all in a conventional manner, also omitted from the
drawings for purposes of clarity.
The kick plate formation 26 occupying the lower portion of
the sash structure is defined by a pair of spaced opposed metal
plates 122, 124 extending between intermediate rail 22 and lower
rail 24 and between the inner lower extremities of the stiles 16
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1 1 6~60 ~
and 18, the metal plates 122, 124 preferably being separated by
suitable, substantially rigid, foamed plastic material 126.
In describing the interrelationship of sash structure 10 to
frame 12, reference will be made to the structure of stiles 16 and
18 and rails 20 and 24 in terms of the general description and
numbers applicable to the profiled member of Figures 8 and 9 in
that each stile and rail are derived from a length of such profil-
ed member.
Likewise, reference will be made in describing such inter-
relationship to the structure of jamb members 28, 29 and lintelmember 30 in terms of the description and numbers applicable to
the profiled member of Figures 10 and 11 in that the jambs and
lintel are derived from lengths of such member.
It will be observed from Figures 1 and 2 and especially from
Figures 3 through 7 inclusive that with sash structure 10 in the
fully closed position, that is fully regi~tered within the central
opening of surrounding frame 12 consisting of jamb members 28, 29,
lintel member 30 and threshold member 32, that a substantial bar-
rier to the passage or escape of air between the sash 10 and frame
12 and threshold memher 32 is established as will now be des-
cribed.
The outer extremities 56 of stiles 16 and 18 and upper and
lower rails 20, 24 overlap with the flanges or facings 72 of ver-
tical jamb members 28, 29 and lintel member section 30 and outer
wall portion or flange 32a of threshold member 32 which extends
outwardly from the outer margin thereof defining the lower extent
of the central openings. The longitudinal slots 60 presented by
outer perimetral extensions or projections 56 are fitted with
appropriate compressible sealing strips 125 of a configuration and
extent such that they firmly engage and seal against surfaces 81
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1 1 69~08
presented by angled portions 80 of jamb members 2~, 29 and lintel
member 30 and also against the upper curvate surface of the flange
formation 32a of threshold member 32 respectively.
~ le longitudinal channels or slots 66 of reentrant or recess-
ed portions 62 innermost of outer side walls 50 of stiles 16, 18
and upper rail 20, are likewise fitted with suitable, compressible
sealing strips 126, which have a configuration and extent such
that they firmly engage and seal against the surface 128 presented
by inner flange formations 82 of jamb members 28, 29 and lintel
member 30 with the longitudinal slot 66 of lower rail 24 being
fitted in the embodiment illustrated with a modified sealing strip
130 of a configuration and extent so as to firmly engage and seal
against the upper surface contour of inner wall formation or
flange 32b of threshold member 32 which extends inwardly from the
inner margin of the threshold member 32 defining the central open-
ing.
Thus, with sealing strips 125, 126 and 130 fitted to the
anchoring structure or slots of sash structure 10, a substantial
inner ana outer barrier to the escape or penetration of heated
atmosphere is established whenever the sash structure 10 is fully
registered within the central opening of the frame 12.
Also it is noted that by providing the sash structure 10 with
a perimetral outer overlap to frame 12 in the form of an outer
extension 56, the separation between the sash and frame is shield-
ed or bridged, which arrangement not only extends the length of
the intervening passages but diverts them and as well such ar-
rangement serves to protect the sealing strips 125 from exposure
to the weather and from tampering whenever the sash 10 is fully
registered with the frame 12. Moreover, the principal sealing
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t 3 696~8
strips 125 are placed under direct compression within the outer
regions of overlap and with significant abrasion.
It will also be observed that the perimetral reentrant or
recessed portions 62 of the outer side walls 50 include perimet-
rally extending surfaces 64 facing inwardly to the overlapping
inner flange formations 82 of jamb members 28, 29 and lintel mem-
ber 30 of frame 12.
The longitudinally extending slots or channels 84 presented
by inner flange formations 82 of jambs 28, 29 and lintel 30 are
fitted with sealing strips 132 having a configuration and extent
to firmly engage and seal against perimetrally extending surfaces
64.
Thus a third intervening barrier is established between the
sealing strips 125 and 126 of stiles 16 and 18 and upper rail 20
and jambs 28, 29 and lintel 30, which third barrier serves to en-
sure that any flow of air between the sash 10 and the frame 12 is
blocked or trapped and to act as a safeguard should sealing strips
125, 126 be torn, punctured or deformed.
It will be understood that in the case of door sash structure
10, frame 12 includes threshold member 32 in place of a length of
profiled member of Figures 10 and 11 which otherwise would com-
plete the frame and provide three sealing barriers in like manner
as explained above.
By this substitution, the preferred option of establishing a
third sealing engagement in the threshold region is not available
as may be observed from Figure 6 of the drawings and that only two
barriers are presented.
The function of the longitudinally extending channel forma-
tion 78 of profiled member of Figures 8 and 9 is to provide a
recessed portion through which requisite suitable screw-threaded
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1 ~ 69608
fasteners, not illustrated can be driven to secure the respective
jamb members 28 and 29 and lintel member 30 to the perimeter of
the wall opening. The edges of channel 78 are appropriately con-
toure~, as best seen in Figure 11 as at 134 and 136 to receive and
interlockingly secure spaced legs of a bevelled molding or trim
strip 138 which conceals the fastener heads located at the bottom
of the recess from view, molding strip 138 including an inward
extension or lip 140 which lies adjacent the edge of extension 56
of the stiles 16 and 18 and upper rail 20 to give the appearance
of a solid facing or surround.
The vertically extending longitudinal channel 76 presented
outermost by the profiled member illustrated in Figures 10 and 11
and vertically extending channel 86 opening inwardly and presented
by the inner flange formations 82 of the profiled member of Fig-
ùres 10 and 11 are adapted to hold or secure appropriate compress-
ible sealing strip~ 142, 144 respectively as illustrated in Fig-
ures 3, 4, 5 and 7 respectively. Such sealing engagements addi-
tionally block any flow of air between the wall opening and jamb
members 28, 29 and lintel member 30.
According to the invention, the hinge structure 14 is adapted
to be secured to frame 12 and to sash 10 in spaced-apart relation
in the manner illustrated in Figure 1, and detailed in Figures 3,
7 and 17 the apertured mounting plate portion 100 of lower leaf
formatin 34 being adapted to abut the inner surface of inwardly
directed principal wall portion of the jamb member 28.
Apertured mounting plate portion 100 is adapted to be sup-
ported within a locating recess 146 formed in upright principal
member 148 of the wall opening in the usual manner, with the cen-
tral corrugated plate portion 102 being disposed behind angled
portion 80 of ja~b 28, the outermost extend of the central portion
1 1 696~8
102 projecting through an appropriate aperture 150 in the flange
or facing 72 so as to present hinge barrel 36 in a position beyond
the region of outer overlap to receive and cooperate with pintel
42, washer or bearing 44 and overlying hinge barrel 40.
It is also necessary to provide appropriate recesses 152
within the length of the lip 140 of trim strip 138 to accommodate
the extent and circumference of aligned hinge barrels 36, 40 as
seen best in Figure 1.
Suitable screw-threaded fasteners 154 are employed to fasten
apertured mounting plate 100 to the member 148 with the shanks of
such fasteners 154 extending through the inwardly directed princi-
pal wall portion 74 so as to register with apertures lOOa, lOOb
and lOOc, with the heads 156 of the fasteners 154 abutting the
outer surface of such wall portion 74.
By so mounting the lower leaf formation 34 in this manner,
support for the sash structure 10 taken by hinge barrel 36 and
pintel 42 is transmitted to apertured plate portion 100 by central
plate portion which rigidly anchored by the respective fasteners
154 between the door jamb member 28 and principal wall opening
member 148 effectively distributes the vertical load between jamb
28 and member 148. Thus does the strength and rigidity of the
frame 12 contribute to the support and orientation of sash struc-
ture 10 as it is swung on its hinges.
Upper leaf formation 38 is supported upon intermediately pos-
itioned washer 44 through its hinge barrel 40 located in overlying
relation thereto and held in alignment by pintel 42, the central
plate portion 104 extending outwardly from hinge barrel 40 to
overlie outer wall portion 48 of stile 16 as best seen in Figure
1 with the apertured mounting plate portion 106 penetrating the
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~ 1 696~8
outer perimetral extension 56 thereof through an appropriate aper-
ture 158 to abut the outer surface of the outer side wall portion
50 thereof and suitably secured thereto by screw-threaded fasten-
ers 1~0.
All parts of hinge 14 are appropriately dimensioned so as to
match the profiled member of Figure 8 and 9 and 10 and 11 so as to
maintain the spatial relationships illustrated in Figures 3 to 7
inclusive with the extent of central plate portion of upper leaf
formation exceeding the corresponding extent of central plate por-
tion in the circumstances.
It is also obvious that in the case of an embodiment of the
invention in the form of a storm door and frame, the vertical
stiles 18 and jamb member 29 will be provided with suitable latch
mechanisms to releasably secure the sash structure 10 to the frame
12 upon each closing.
Also it will be obvious that a door closing member tensioned
so as to urge the sash structure 10 into full registration with
frame 12 will be employed which ensures that requisite clamping
forces are established between sash structure and frame and thres-
hold member.
The central opening within sash structure 10 bounded by upper
rail 20 and intermediate rail 22 and the upper portions of stiles
16 and 18 is adapted to be appropriately fitted with glass panels
or with screening and may include movable frames or fixed frames
as may be desirable.
Having regard to Figures 3 and 4, it will be seen that the
profiled members 71 present channels centrally so that frames for
glass panels or screening can be mounted therewithin for vertical
displacement.
While the embodiments of the invention illustrated and des-
cribed takes the form of a storm door and frame in~tallation, it
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1 1 69~
will be obvious to persons skilled in -the art that the invention
may take the form of any closure for any opening and wherein the
sash structure may be hinged or clamped to the frame as may be
expedient in the circumstances.
Further, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that
variations or modifications may be undertaken to the structures
that embody the invention as illustrated and described without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in
the appending claims.
