Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~ J 71263
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TITLE
Process and Apparatus for Making
Coherent Yarn
ESCRIPTIO~ -
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a process
and apparatus involving a fluid-jet device for -
intermingling filaments in a continuous filament yarn
or yarns, including combining a plurality of yarns to
10 produce a larger coherent yarn. More particularly,
the invention relates to an apparatus and method
involving a tubular guide for guiding yarn into a
fluid-jet filament intermingling device.
Background Art
Fluid-jet filament intermingling devices
have long been used to make twist-~ree coherent yarns
and also to combine a plurality of yarns into a
single coherent yarn having the filaments of the
various yarns intermi~gled with one another. See for
example U.S.P. 3,364,537 (Bunting and Nelson). The
filaments in such yarns can be intermingled to
varying degrees from slight to extensive depending
upon the nature of the component yarns, apparatus
design and the severity of the intermingling
conditions. Consequently, the processes Lend
theMselves to a variety of applications from
combining smaller yarns into a larger yarnS i.e.,
doubling, to combining differently colored or
differently colorable yarns to make various types of
mixed-color styling yarns such as marl and heather
yarns with either bulked or non-bulked yarns~
U.S.P. 4,069,565 (Negishi) concerns such an
apparatus and process ~or making a textur~d (bulked)
multifilament yarn provided with compact portions and
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open portions alternately distributed along i~s
length. The process comprises contacting a running
bundle of filaments with two curved members
longitudinally spaced apart from each other with the
thread line being bent at each point of contact, A
running passage of the filaments is formed under
tension in the entire space between the two members.
Then at least one stream of fluid is discharged
against the bundle in said passage from one side of
the bundle so that individual filaments of the bundle
are vibrated and randomly and intermittently crossed
in the direction of the discharged fluid flow. For
effective operation the threadline must be bent at
each point of contact both upstream and downstream of
the intermingling zone. Also the position of the
fluid flow between the points of contact is taught to
be critical, preferably at the midpoint between them.
U.S.P. 4,~59,873 discloses a process ~or
making a bulked continuous filament heather yarn by
subjecting a plurality of crimped continuous filament
yarns of different color and/or dye receptivity, in
which the filaments have been disentangled to
substantially remove yarn coherency, to an
intermingling zone from which the combined yarn is
25 drawn at a rate less than the feed rate into the
zone. The fluid flow not only intermingles the
filaments but also forwards the resultant yarn from
the intermingling zone. The yarn is shown being bent
substantially at right angles to the yarn passageway
30 upon both entering and leaving the intermingling zone.
Objects of the present invention include an
improved process (and apparatus) for making a
coherent yarn, particularly a bulked yarn, with a
-~ fluid jet device which does not require bending of
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The yarn path as it enters or leaves the
intermingling zone. Other objects include a more
energy efficient process for combining yarns,
particularly for making a bulked heather-dyeable
carpet yarn, and an economical process operable at
higher yarn speeds.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational view of an
apparatus of the invention having a tubular yarn
guide coa~ially positioned ups-tream and also
downstream of a fluid-jet filament intermingling
device.
FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational view of a
preferred apparatus of the invention having a tubular
yarn guide upstream only o~ the jet device and which
is preceded by a tensioning zone and snubbing pins
for removing filament entanglement from the supply
yarns.
Disclosure of the Invention
This invention provides an improved process
for intermingling filaments of a continuous
multifilament yarn or yarns to make a more coherent
yarn therefrom by forwarding yarn or yarns through a
fluid-jet filament intermingling zone which includes
an enclosed yarn passageway with a yarn entrance and
a yarn exit and preferably with a substantially cylin-
drical form in between them, and in said passageway
impinging at least one high velocity jet of compress-
ible fluid upon said yarn or yarns to vibrate and to
intermingle filaments thereof while preventing lateral
filament vibrations in the yarn or yarns upstream of
said zone, and then withdrawing the more coherent yarn
from said zone wherein the improvement comprises
forwarding and withdrawing said yarn or yarns to and
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from said zone along a path which is substantially
coaxial with said passageway and peripherally
constraining lateral filament vibrations in said yarn
or yarns immediately upstream of said zone by t~bular
confinement which exterids from the beginning of said
zone at a point proximate to said yarn entrance and
continues along said path coaxially for a distance of
at least three inches (7.62 cm.) upstream therefrom.
The invention is particularly effective and
economical when a single jet of compressible fluid
having a cross-sectional area less than that of the
yarn passageway is perpendicularly impinge~ in said
passageway on said yarn or yarns, and particularly at
yarn speeds above about 1500 ypm (1371 mpm).
The process is particularly effective and
useful for combining a plurality of non-coherent or
less coherent yarns into a single more coherent yarn
of greater denier, iOe., doubling. A preferred
application of such a process is for combining bulked
20 yarns which are differentially dyeable with respect
to one another ~or making mixed~colored yarns, such
as marl or heather yarns, of almost any degree
ranging from very bold to very fine. To make bulked
heather yarns having a high degree of int~rmingling,
it is preferred that the yarns entering the
intermingling zone have a Coherency Factor of less
than 6Ø Supply yarns with higher coherency result
in less intermingling and bolder mixed-color e~fects.
The process is satisfactorily operable and
30 advantageous using tubular confinement upstream of
the intermingling zone for a distance of three inches
(7.62 cm.) or more. More satisfactory results and
more uniform yarns can be obtained with a confinement
distance of at least five inches (12.7 cm.). Even
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better operability and yarn appearance have been
obtained when the tubular confinement is continued
upstream from the intermingling zone for a distance
of at least 10 inches (25.4 cm.).
To facilitate filament intermingling i-t is
preferred that the yarn be withdrawn from said zone
at a speed that is from 2 to 15% less than the speed
at which it is forwarded to said zone, preferably
from 5 to 15% when bulked yarns are fed directly from
a zone in which the filaments of the supply yarn or
yarns are disentangled by tensioning.
Under certain circumstances, operability and
yarn appearance can be improved by also peripherally
constraining lateral vibrations in the treated yarn,
as it is withdrawn from the intermingling zone (i.e.,
by tubular confinement downstream from said zone in a
manner comparable to the upstream tubular
confinement). This additional confinement is
applicable, for example, to supply yarns which have
been dyed and consequently contain less than about
0.3% by weight of a yarn finish.
This invention also provides an improved
apparatus for intermingling filaments of a continuous
multifilament yarn or yarns which includes a
fluid-jet filament intermingling body member, a
yarn passageway, which preferably is substantially
cylindrical in form, through said body member having a
yarn entrance end and a yarn exit end, at least one
fluid conduit leading into said passageway through said
body member having an axis which intersects the longitu-
dinal axis of said passageway, means for supplying
compressible fluid under high pressure to said conduit,
means for forwarding a yarn or yarns at a controlled
speed to the entrance end of said passageway, means for
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withdrawing intermingled yarn from said yarn exit
end, a yarn guide positioned between said means for
~orwarding yarn and said yarn entrance end which -
guide defines a straight yarn path between said guide
and said yarn entrance end which path is coaxial with
said passageway wherein the improvement comprises
said guide consisting essentially of a tube having a
longitudinal bore substantially coaxially aligned
with said passageway and positioned along a straight
line path between said means for ~orwarding yarn and
said passageway entrance end, said bore having a
diameter less than the diameter of said passageway
but large enough to allow free passage of said yarn
or yarns through said bore while peripherally
15 constraining lateral filament vibrations and lateral
yarn movement in said bore, said bore having an exit
end located proximate to said yarn passageway
entrance end and having a substantial length, i.e. at
least 3 inches (7.62 cm.).
The bore preferably has a length of at least
5 inches (12.7 cm.) and more preferably at least 10
inches (25.4 cm.) in accordance with ~he above
described process.
Normally the ratio of the diameter of said
25 passageway to said bore should be at least about
1.3:1.0, preferably no ~reater than about 4.0:1Ø
The apparatus is particularl~ effective when the exit
end of the upstream tube is spaced from the entrance
end of said passageway within the range o~ about
30 0.125 to O.S0 inches (0.32 to 1.27 cm.).
For bulked yarns of conventional carpet
deniers, i.e., 1,000 to 15,000 denier, effective bore
diameters Eor the tube are within the range of about
0.06 to 0.25 inch (1.52 to 6035 mm.).
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The apparatus can include a guide tube of
comparable dimensions and relative spacing positioned
between said yarn passageway exit end and said
withdrawing means coaxially along said yarn path.
Applying water to the yarn prior ~o
intermingling improves operability and the
intermingling effectiveness of the process. Water
application devices are known in the art for such
purposes. The water should be applied at a rate to
provide from about 5 to about 25 percent by weight of
the yarn, but the amount is not critical.
Regarding the Figures in greater detail,
FIG. 1 depicts an apparatus of the invention being
used to combine three bulked multifilament supply
yarns into a single coherent bulked heather-dyeable
yarn. The apparatus includes a machine face plate 10
on which are mounted a yarn guide 12 followed by a
water application device 14, change of direction roll
16, a means for forwarding yarn consisting of a pair
of driven rolls, roll 18 and its associated canted
roll 20. Then upstream tube guide 30 and optional
downstream tube guide 36 (bores thereof not shown)
are held in coaxial alignment, by brackets 32 and 38
respectively, with cylindrical yarn passageway 33 in
jet body member 34. Body member 34 is shown in
cross-section to reveal passageway 33 which is
perpendicularly intersected by smaller fluid conduit
35. Fluid conduit 35 is supplied with a compressible
fluid under pressure from a source (not shown). The
space between tube guides 30 and 36 determines the
; length of the intermingling zon~ produced by ~he
; action of the fluid jet device. Means for
- withdrawing the intermingled yarn from the
intermingling zone consists of take-away idler roll
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40. Roll 40 is followed by a coner roll (not shown)
or other suitable roll and windup arrangement. Roll
40 is held in position by bracket 42 so as to define
a straight yarn path from roll 18 to roll 40 which is
coaxial with tubes 30, 36 and with passageway 33.
As shown in FIG. l, dif~erentially-dyeable,
bulked, multifilament supply yarns 50, 52, 54 from
separate packages held on a creel (not shown) are
pulled by rolls, 18, 20 through guide 12 and water
application device 14s around roll 16, and then are
forwarded in a converged contiguous state into the
upstream end of ~ube 30, through body member 34 and
tube guide 36. They are withdrawn by take-away roll
40 as an intermingled heather-dyeable coherent bulked
yarn 58.
The apparatus depicted in FIG. 2 is the same
as that in FIG. l but modified by the deletion of
optional downstream tube guide 36 and by the addition
of driven tensioning roll 24 and its associated
canted roll 22 along with parallel snubbing pins 28
mounted in a base 26 for disentangling filaments of
the supply yarns prior to being intermingled.
The tubular guides stabilize the yarn
apparently thus allowing more efficient intermingling
by the jet in the intermingling zone. Also the
formation of single filament loops caused when
"out-of-position" filaments are locked in place by
the entangling action are minimized. If desired, the
entrance to the yarn passageway can be constricted
slightly, for example either by an eccentric yarn
gate of the type shown in Fig. 2 of U.S. patent
4,059,873 (Nelson) or by a concentric constriction
such as a smaller diameter hole in a metal plate
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placed against the entrance to the yarn passageway;
but such constriction tends to reduce the
effectiveness of the intermingling zone resulting in
less entanglement in the nodal regions. Where
entanglement is more than adequate, such a
constriction can be used to provide a slight jet
forwarding action to the yarn as it exits the ~
intermingling zone or to make a more uniform less
nodal structure along the yarn.
Supply yarns for use in this invention can
be compact or bulked. Bulked supply yarns are
preferably those which have been bulked by a hot
fluid jet-bulking process, for example of the type
described in U.S.P. 3,781,949 tBreen et al.). Such
15 yarns have superior bulk and normally have some
coherency due to intermingling of the filaments; but
this intermingling is usually only among a part of
the filaments at any location along the yarn and
seldomly among all filaments at a given location.
Therefore when two or more of these yarns are
combined by this invention without first removing
this intermingling, the filament bundles open to a
limited extent so that the filaments of different
yarns can intermingle to some degree; but if the
25 resulting yarn is then cross-dyed, the yarn will
appear mostly as a bold mixture of the individual
yarn colors with little blending of colors. When
this coherency is removed by tensioning and snubbing
the supply yarns before being intermingled together,
30 the filaments of the yarns are then able to open and
intermingle more freely and frequently, producing
more zones of blended colors.
The term l'bulked'l as used herein refers to
yarns of permanently crimped filaments, that is the
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filaments retain their crimp upon removal from the
yarn.
The term "differentially dyeable" refers to
yarns which can be cro~ss-dyed in a common dye bath to
different colors or shades of color. The term aiso
includes differentially colored yarns since such
yarns upon dyeing, even with a common dye/ will
inherently remain differentially "dyed", i.e.,
differently coloreclO
The Coherency Factor test of filament
intermingling in a yarn used herein is determined in
the known way by clamping a sample of yarn in a
vertical position under the tension provided by a
weigh~ in grams which is 0.20 times the yarn denier
but not greater than 100 grams. A weighted hook,
having a total weight in grams numerically equal to
the average denier per filament of the yarn but
weighing no more than 10 grams, is inserted through
the yarn bundle and lowered at a rate of 1 to
2 cm.Jsec. until the weight of the hook is supported
by the yarn. The distance which the hook has
travelled along the yarn until the weight is
supported characterizes the extent of filament
intermingling in the yarn. The result is expressed
25 as a "Coherency Factor" which is defined as 100
divided by the above travelled distance in
centimeters. Since filament intermingling is random,
a suf~iciently large number of samples are tested to
define a representative average value for the test
30 yarn.
For more highly intermingled heavy denier
yarns, such as carpet yarns produced by this
invention, the Lateral Pull-apart Test provides a
more discriminating measure of yarn coherency. For
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this known test, two hooks are placed at a randomly
selected point in about the center of the sample yarn
bundle to separate it into two groups of filaments.
The hooks are pulled apart at a rate of 5 inches per
minute (12.7 cm. per minute) at a 90 angle to the
yarn axis by a tensile testing machine which measures
the resistance to separation of the hooks, such as an
"Instron"* machine. The yarn is pulled by the hooks
until a l-lb (454 gm.) force is exerted, at which
point the machine is stopped and the distance between
the two hooks is measured and recorded. Ten
determinations are made for each yarn and the average
taken as the pull-apart value. The test yarn sample
length should be at least 4-6 inches (10-15 cm.) long
and selected randomly from throughout the yarn
package to be tested.
_ample 1
This example demonstrates the significance
of tube guides in the apparatus and process of the
invention using bulked supply yarns already having a
moderate amount of filament intermingling (yarn
coherency) as commonly provided in bulked continuous
filament nylon yarns intended for commercial use as
direct-tufting carpet yarns. Such yarns commonly
have a Coherency Factor in the range of from about 25
to about 50.
The apparatus and process correspond to
those described in FIG. 1.
The jet device body member has a yarn
passageway 1.000 + 0.001 inch (2.540 cm.) long with a
constant diameter of 0.228 ~ 0.001 inch (0.58 cm.)
which is perpendicularly intersected at its mid-point
by a cylindrical fluid conduit with a diameter of
0.125 + 0.001 inch (0.32 cm.). The center line of
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the conduit intersects within 0.001 inch
(0.00254 cm.) of the center line of the passageway.
The edges of the yarn entrance and exit ends of the
passageway are smoothed by rounding to a 0.03 i~ch
(0.76 mm.) radius.
The jet device is manufactured from a
Type 916 stainless steel block which is 1.500 inches
wide (3.81 cm.) by 1.000 inch high (2.540 cm.) by
1.125 inch deep (2.86 cm.). The passageway runs
through the block perpendicularly from top to bottom
and is centered between each end thereof. Its center
line is positioned 0.500 inch (1.27 cm.) from the
front of the block and the conduit enters from the
rear of the block. The body member is adapted to be
bolted to a manifold for supplying the conduit with
air under pressure.
The conduit is supplied with air at 150 psig
(10.5 kg/cm.2) which flows through it at a rate of
36 scfm (1.02 cu. meters/min) at ambient tempera~ure.
Forwarding rolls 18, 20 operate to supply
the yarns at 1,000 ypm (914 meter/m.). The yarns
make at least eight yarn wraps around the rolls to
assure a consistent feed rate. Water is applied by
the water application device 14 to the yarns at
1.0 gal./hr. (3.79 liter/hr.). ~he speed of a
take-up coner roll is adjusted to provide a 3% yarn
overfeed to it from the forwarding rolls.
A piece of commercial seamless stainless
steel tubing with a bore diameter of 0.084 inch
(2.13 mm.) and 11.0 inch (27.9 cm.) long, for
peripherally constraining lateral vibrations in the
yarn upstream of the jet, is coaxially aligned with
the yarn passageway and positioned with a 1/4 inch
~0.64 cm.~ clearance between its exit end and the
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entrance to the yarn passageway. The entrance end of
the tube is about 5.5 inches (13.97 cm.) from where
the supply yarns leave the surface of the forwarding
roll on their way to the jet device.
Runs are made using this apparatus with
three supply yarns for each of the following items:
(A) The supply yarns are each 1225 denier.
They are commercial (Du Pont*) nylon bulked continuous
filament yarns prepared by a hot fluid jet
screen-bulking process. The yarns are differentially
dyeable - one being cationically dyeable (Type 854),
one light-acid dyeable (Type 855), and one being deep
acid dyeable (Type 857). The yarns contain a
conventional producer spin finish within the
standards of 0.7% mean finish on yarn and package
limits within the range of 0.4 to 1.35% finish on
yarn.
The three yarns are made into a single
coherent yarn under the above conditions. Visual
examination of cross-dyed skeins shows a periodic
nodal interlace structure with a sizable amount of
filament intermingling (in spite of the intermingling
already present in each of the supply yarns). The
yarn gives a pull-apart value of about 1.25 in.
(3.18 cm.).
Another yarn is prepared from the same three
supply yarns under the same conditions but with the
addition of a tube guide of the same dimensions as
above coaxially aligned downstream of the jet yarn
passa~eway with a 1/4 in. (0.64 cm.) clearance
between the passageway exit and the entrance to the
downstream guide tube. Visual examination of
cross-dyed skeins of the resulting yarn as well as
pull-apart coherency values show that the yarn is
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substantially the same as when made witho~t the
downstream tube.
(B) Using the same process conditions as in
(A) three ends of space-dyed 1820T-497 bulked ~ ~ ~
continuous filament nylon yarn are entangled to make --
a single coherent yarn. The yarns have been randomly
space-dyed which provides a mottled belge/brown
appearance on the wound supply packages. Because of
the dyeing, producer spin finish on the yarn has been
reduced to about 0.25% by weight. Yarn made using
both upstream and downstream tube guides as above
shows a desirable periodic interlace structure
regularly along the yarn resulting in a pull-apart
value of 1.6 in. (4.06 cm.). Under the same
conditions except with no water applied to the yarn
only a low level of intermingling is realized which
is not subject to meaningful pull-apart testing. A
third test is made using the upstream tube guide
only, with water application. The resulting yarn
shows a less desirable nodal interlace structure
randomly spaced along the yarn with an average
pull-apart value of 2.3 in. (5.84 cm.). From this it
is concluded that for entangling supply yarns having
low yarn finish levels, such as 0.3~, best results
25 are obtained with water applied and using tube guides
both upstream and downstream of the jet device.
Example 2
This example shows the effectiveness of tube
guides with the same supply yarns and conditions as
in Example lA except that the moderate coherency in
the supply yarns (C.F. 25-50) is first removed from
each yarn to provide a Coherency Factor of less than
6Ø This is achieved by disentangling the filaments
under tension with the aid of a series of parallel
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snubbing pins using apparatus as represented in
FIG. 2. Four steel snubbing pins 0.25 in. (6.35 mm.)
in diameter are used. They are spaced with their --
centers about 0.5 in. (1.~7 cm.) apart. The speed of - -
the tension rolls (24, 22) is adjusted to provide a
tension on the yarns between them and the forwarding
rolls of about 1.2 gpd. Use of these low cohesion
supply yarns allows the overfeed to be increased to
10% between the forwarding rolls and the take-away
roll. Cross-dyed skeins of yarn produced in this
manner show a desirable regular periodic interlace
node structure separated by sections of highly
blended filaments. A pull-apart ~est gives the value
of 0.9 in. (2.29 cm.).
This process is repeated under the same
conditions except that no water is applied to the
yarn with the water applicator. The product again is
a highly blended, highly entangled yarn with a
pull-apart of 1.0 in. (2.54 cm.), but the periodic
highly entangled regions are less dense than before.
Therefore, under these conditions water application
is not required to obtain a good product.
; The process (using water) is repeated except
that the speed of the supply yarn is increased to
2,000 ypm (1,828 mpm) and the overfeed is increased
to 12%. Cross-dyed skeins of yarn prepared in this
manner show a marked difference in entanglement
structure as compared to that produced at the lower
speed. The periodic nodal interlace structure of the
lower speed yarn is replaced by a randomly blended
filament bundle character of more uniform density
along the yarn. The level of filament blending is
very good considering the high yarn speed and
relatively low flow of air in the jet (36 scfm,
35 1.02 cu.meters/min.).
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From these tests it is concluded that
standard commercial bulked continuous filament supply
yarns containing normal amounts of spin finish ti-e.,
at least about 0.75%) require only an upstream guide
tube for effective operation.
Similar results are obtained in a test
series using guide tube bore diameters of 0.060 1n.
(1.52 mm.), 0.120 in. (3.05 mm.) and 0.152 in.
(3.86 mm.) in lengths of 6 in. (15.24 cm.) and 11 in.
(27.94 cm.). Little difference in color blending and
entanglement level is found throughout the series. A
1/4 in. (6.35 mm.) clearance between the guide tube
end and the entrance to the yarn passageway is
maintained for each tube size. Conditions were5 otherwise held substantially constant.
Example 3
This example substantially repeats the first
run of Example 2 under the following conditions. The
supply yarns are the same and the apparatus is again
as represented in FIG. 2. The forwarding roll speed
is 1119 ypm (1023 mpm). The supply yarns are
disentangled to a Coherency Factor of less than 6.0
undPr a tension of 1.14 gpd. A single guide tube is
used upstream of the jet having a length of 11 inO
(27.94 cm.) with a bore diameter of 0.152 in.
(3.~6 mm.). Its downstream end is spaced 1/4 in.
(6.35 mm.) from the yarn passageway entrance. The
jet is of the same design as in Example 2 except that
the diameter of the fluid conduit is 0.156 in.
(3.96 mm.). The fluid conduit is supplied with air
at a pressure of 75 psig at 25C which provides a
flow rate of 23 scfm (0.64 m3/min.). A 3-slot
water applicator is used at a flow rate of 1.0
gal/per (3.79 liters/hr.). A coner roll controls the
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take-away speed at 1,007 ypm (920 mpm) giving an
overfeed of 11%. The coherent yarn product is wound
into a package under a winding tension of 225 grams.
These conditions provide a product throughput of 56 - -
5 lbs/position/hr. (25.4 kilograms). - :
In spite of the lower air pressure used in
this process versus Example 2, dyed knit fabric of
the yarn shows the yarn to be more highly blended
than a control yarn prepared under similar conditions
but at a much higher air pressure and flow using the
process and apparatus of U.S.P. 4,059,873.
Example 4
This example demonstrates the effects of
guide tube length on the operating performance and
yarn appearance under the process conditions of
Example 3.
Identical runs are made except that tube~
are tested having lengths of 1 inch (2~54 cm.)~ 3
inches (7.62 cm.), 5 inches (12.7 cm.)~ and 11 inches
(27.94 cm.) as well as a textile yarn guide 1/4 inch
(0.64 cm.) long and no guide at all between the
forwarding rolls and the yarn passageway.
operating performance is best for the 11
inch (27.94 cm.) tube. Yarns entering the shorter
25 tubes show an unstable vibratory action which is
particularly noticeable with the 3 inch (7.62 cm.)
and 5 inch (12.7 cm.) tubes.
Cross-dyed skeins of the yarns are evaluated
for appearance. A tube length of at least 3 inches
(7.62 cm.) is seen required to produce a uniform,
well-intermingled yarn. Shorter tubes as well as no
tube produce yarns with less intermingling and a less
uniform distribution of nodes.
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Based on both operating performance and yarn
appearance, the preferred tube length is concluded to
be at least 5 inches (12.7 cm.).
Example 5
5This example demonstrates the use of the -
invention to make a very high denier heather yarn for
carpets.
The apparatus is as shown in FIG. 2 using
the snub pins to disentangle the supply yarns to a
Coherency Factor of less than 6Ø Three types of
commercial hot fluid jet bulked continuous ~ilament
66-nylon yarns are combined into a single yarn using
two ends of each yarn type (six yarns in all). The
types are a cationic 1225 denier (Type 494) mid-dull
15 yarn, a 1225 denier light acid dyeable (Type 495)
mid-dull yarn and a 2470 denier deep acid dyeable
(Type 497A) mid-dull yarn. The jet body construction
is as in the preceding examples except the diameter
of the passageway is 0.312 inch (0.79 cm.) and the
20 air conduit has a diameter of 0.213 inch (0.54 cm.).
The conduit is supplied with air at 100 psig
(7 kg./cm2) at a flow rate of 40 scfm
(1.12 m.3/min.). The forwarding speed is 455 ypm
(416 mpm) and water is applied at a flow rate of
25 2.0 gal./hr. (7.57 liters/hr.). The single upstream
guide tube is 11 inches (27.94 cm.) long with a bore
0.152 in. (0.39 cm.) in diameter. Its exit end is
spaced 1/4 in. (0.64 cm.) from the passageway
entrance. The yarn withdrawal speed is controlled by
30 a coner roll at 412 ypm (377 mpm) to give an overfeed
of 10~. The resulting yarn has a total denier of
10400 and a periodic nodal interlace structure with a
sizable amount of filament intermingling among the
component yarns. A cross-dyed carpet of the yarn has
- 18 -
.
~ ~ 7~2~3
-- 19 --
a nondirectional heather appearance with the
deep-dyed component yarn predominating.
Example 6
This example demonstrates use of the - -
invention for doubling compact (non-bulked) yarns to --
make a coherent compact yarn of heavier denier.
The supply yarns consist of three ends of a
drawn 1,000 denier 68 filament zero-twist flat
66-nylon yarn which has not been interlaced and is
substantially free of filament entanglement. The
yarn contains 0.8% of a conventional yarn finish.
The apparatus is the same as in Example 3
except that the tensioning rolls and snub pins are
not used since the supply yarns are already
substantially free of filament entanglement.
The compressible fluid is air at 100 psig
(7 kg./cm.2) and the flow rate is 30 scfm
(0.84 m. /min.). A winding tension of 200 grams is
used and the resulting yarns have a denier of about
3100.
Runs are made at two different overfeeds,
`each with and withou~ the single tube guide preceding
the intermingling zone. The process conditions are
otherwise the same as in Example 3. The results are
25 as f ollowS:
With Tube Without Tube
% Overfeed 2.1 7.6 2.1 7.2
Pull Apart, In. 1.40 1.23 2.33 2.82
(cm.) (3.56) (3.12) (5.92) t7.16)
It is apparent from these results that the tube guide
significantly improves the filament entangling
effectiveness of the intermingling zone.
-- 19 --
