Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
1174~
DESCRIPTION
PROCESS OF PRODUCING HIGH TENACITY
HIGH MODULUS CRYSTALLINE THERMOPLASTIC
ARTICLE, AND NOVEL PRODUCT FIBERS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to crystalline ther-
moplastic articles such as fibers or films having high
tenacity, modulus and toughness values and a process for
their production which includes a gel intermediate.
The preparation of high strength, high modulus
polyethylene fibers by growth from dilute solution has
been described by U.S. Patent 4,137,394 to Meihuizen
et al. (1979) and U.S. Patent No. 4,356,138 to Kavesh
10 et al., issued October 26, 1982.
Alternative methods to the preparation of high
strength fibers have been described in various recent
publications of P. Smith, A. J. Pennings and their
coworkers. German Off. 3004699 to Smith et al.
15 (Aug. 21, 1980) describes a process in which poly-
ethylene is first dissolved in a volatile solvent, the
solution is spun and cooled to form a gel filament, and
finally the gel filament is simultaneously stretched and
dried to form the desired fiber.
UK Patent application GB 2,051,667 to P. Smith and
P. J. Lemstra (Jan. 21, 1981) discloses a process in
which a solution of the polymer is spun and the fila-
ments are drawn at a stretch ratio which is related to
the polymer molecular weight, at a drawing temperature
such that at the draw ratio used the modulus of the
filaments is at least 20 GPa. The application notes
,'`~;., .~
., .
~ ' :
~4~
--2--
that to obtain the high modulus values required, drawing
must be performed below the melting point of the poly-
ethylene. The drawing temperature is in general at most
135C.
Kalb and Pennings in Polymer Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.
879-80 (1979), J. Mat. Sci., vol. 15, 2584-90 (1980) and
Smook et al. in Polymer Bull,, vol. 2, pp. 775-83 (1980)
describe a process in which the polyethylene is dis-
solved in a nonvolatile solvent (paraffin oil) and the
solution is cooled to room temperature to form a gel.
The gel is cut into pieces, fed to an extruder and spun
into a gel filament. The gel filament is extracted with
hexane to remove the paraffin oil, vacuum dried and then
stretched to form the desired fiber.
In the process described by Smook et.al. and Kalb
and Pennings, the filaments were non-uniform, were of
high porosity and could not be stretched continuously to
prepare fibers of indefinite length.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention includes a process for pro-
ducing a shaped thermoplastic article of substantially
indefinite length (such as a fiber or film) which com-
prises the steps:
a) forming a solution of a thermoplastic crystal-
line polymer selected from the group consisting of poly-
ethylene, polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, polybutene-l,
poly(vinylidine fluoride) and poly-4-methyl-pentene-1 in
a first, nonvolatile solvent at a first concentration by
weight of polymer per unit weight of first solvent, said
thermoplastic polymer having a weight average molecular
length between 7 x 104 and 80 x 104 backbone atoms and
the solubility of said thermoplastic polymer in said
first solvent at a first temperature being at least said
first concentration;
b) extruding said solution through an aperture,
said solution being at a temperature no less than said
first temperature upstream of the aperture and being
substantially at the first concentration both upstream
~1'7~
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and downstream of the aperture,
c) cooling the solution adjacent to and downstream
of the aperture to a second temperature below the tem-
perature at which a rubbery gel is formed, forming a gel
containing first solvent of substantially indefinite
length,
d) extracting the gel containing first solvent
with a second, volatile solvent for a sufficient contact
time to form a gel containing second solvent which gel
is substantially free of first solvent and is of sub-
stantially indefinite length;
e) drying the gel containing second solvent to
form a xerogel of substantially indefinite length free
of first and second solvent; and
f) stretching at least one of:
~i) the gel containing the first solvent,
(ii) the gel containing the second solvent and,
(iii) the xerogel,
at a total stretch ratio:
(i) in the case of polyethylene which is
sufficient to achieve a tenacity of at least 20 g/denier
and a modulus of at least 600 g/denier, and
(ii) in the case of polypropylene which is
sufficient to achieve a tenacity of at least lO g/denier
and a modulus of at least 180 g/denier, and
(iii) in the case of polyoxymethylene, poly-
butene-1, poly(vinylidene fluoride) or poly (4-methyl-
pentene-l) of at least 10:1.
The present invention also includes a stretched
polyethylene fiber of substantially indefinite length
being of weight average molecular weight at least 500,000
and having a tenacity of at least 20 g/denier, a tensile
modulus at least 500 g/denier, a creep value no more than
5% (when measured at 10% of breaking load for 50 days at
23C), a porosity less than 10% and a main melting
temperature of at least 147C (measured at 10C/minute
heating rate by differential scanning calorimetry).
The present invention also includes a stretched
1~7~
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polyethylene fiber of substantially indefinite length
being of weight average molecular weight of at least
1,000,000 and having a tensile modulus of at least 1600
g/denier, a melting main point of at least 147C (meas-
ured at 10C/minute heating rate by differential scanningcalorimetry) and an elongation-to-break of not more than
5%.
The present invention also includes a stretched
polypropylene fiber of substantially indefinite length
being of weight average molecular weight of at least
750,000 and having a tenacity of at least 8 g/denier, a
tensile modulus of at least 160 g/denier and a main
melting temperature of at least 168C (measured at
10C/minute heating rate by differentiai scanning
calorimetry).
The present invention also includes a polyolefin gel
fiber of substantially indefinite length comprising
between 4 and 20 weight % solid polyethylene of weight
average molecular weight at least 500,000 or solid poly-
propylene of weight average molecular weight at least750,000, and between 80 and 96 weight % of a swelling
solvent miscible with high boiling hydrocarbon and having
an atmospheric boiling point less than 50C.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Figure 1 is a graphic view of the tenacities of
polyethylene fibers prepared according to Examples 3-99
of the present invention versus calculated valves there-
fore as indicated in the Examples. The numbers indicate
multiple points.
Figure 2 is a graphic view of the calculated tena-
cities of polyethylene fibers prepared according to the
present invention as a function of polymer concentration
and draw ratio at a constant temperature of 140C.
Figure 3 i5 a graphic view of the calculated tenaci-
ties of polyethylene fibers prepared according to the
present invention as a function of draw temperature and
draw (or stretch) ratio at a constant polymer concentra-
tion of 4%.
4~
-- -4a-
Figure 4 is a graphic view of tenacity plotted
1~7~
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against tensile modulus for polyethylene fibers prepared
in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 5 is a schematic view of a first pro-
cess embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 6 is a schematic view of a second pro-
cess embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 7 is a schematic view of a third pro-
cess embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
..
There are many applications which require a
load bearing element of high strength, modulus, tough-
ness, dimensional and hydrolytic stability and high
resistance to creep under sustained loads.
For example, marine ropes and cables, such as
the mooring lines used to secure supertankers to loading
stations and the cables used to secure deep sea drilling
platforms to underwater anchorage, are presently con-
structed of materials such as nylon, polyester, aramids
and steel which are subject to hydrolytic or corrosive
attack by sea water. In consequence such mooring lines
and cables are constructed with significant safety
factors and are replaced frequently. The greatly in-
creased weight and the need for frequent replacement
create substantial operational and economic burdens.
The fibers and films of this invention are of
high strength, extraordinarily high modulus and great
toughness. They are dimensionally and hydrolytically
stable and resistant to creep under sustained loads.
The fibers and films of the invention prepared
according to the present process possess these proper-
ties in a heretofore unattained combination, and are
therefore quite novel and useful materials.
Other applications for the fibers and films of
this invention include reinforcements in thermoplastics,
thermosetting resins, elastomers and concrete for uses
such as pressure vessels, hosesi power transmission
belts, sports and automotive equipment, and building
construction.
1~7~
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In comparison to the prior art fibers prepared by
Smith, Lemstra and Pennings described in Off 30 04 699,
GB 205,1667 and other cited references, the strongest
fibers of the present invention are of higher melting
5 point, higher tenacity and much higher modulus. Addi-
tionally, they are more uniform, and less porous than the
prior art fibers.
In comparison with Off 30 04 699 to Smith et al. the
process of the present invention has the advantage of
10 greater controllability and reliability in that the steps
of drying and stretching may be separate and each step
may be carried out under optimal conditions. To illus-
trate, Smith & Lemstra in Polymer Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.
733-36 ~1979) indicate that drawing temperature, below
143C, had no effect on the relationships between either
tenacity or modulus and stretch ratio. As will be seen,
the properties of the fibers of the present invention may
be controlled in part by varying stretch temperature with
other factors held constant.
In comparison with the procedures described by Smook
et al in Polymer Bulletin, vol. 2, pp. 775-83 (1980) and
in the above Kalb and Pennings articles, the process of
the present invention has the advantage that the inter-
mediate gel fibers which are spun are of uniform concen-
tration and this concentration is the same as the polymer
solution as prepared. The advantages of this unformity
are illustrated by the fact that the fibers of the
present invention may be stretched in a continuous opera-
tion to prepare packages of indefinite length. Addition-
ally, the intermediate xerogel fibers of the presentinvention preferably contain less than 10 volume % poros-
ity compared to 23-65% porosity in the dry gel fibers
described by Smook et al. and Kalb and Pennings.
The crystallizable polymer used in the present
invention may be a polyolefin such as polyethylene, poly-
propylene or poly(methylpentene-l) or may be another
117~
polymer such as poly(oxymethylene) or poly(vinylidene
fluoride). In the case of polyethylene, suitable poly-
mers have molecular weights (by intrinsic viscosity) in
the range of one to ten million. ThiS corres-
ponds to a weight average chain length of 3.6 x 104 to3.6 x 105 monomer units or 7 x 104 to 7.1 x 105 carbons.
Other polyolefins and poly(haloolefins) should have
similar backbone carbon chain lengths. For polymers
such as poly(oxymethylene) the total chain length should
preferably be in the same general range, i.e. 7 x 104 to
71 x 104 atoms, with some adjustment possible due to the
differences in bond angles between C-C-C and C-O-C.
m e weight average molecular weight of poly-
ethylene used is at least 500,000 (6 IV), preferably at
15 least 1,000,000 (10 IV), and more preferably between
2,000,000 (16 IV) and 8,000,000 (42 IV). The weight
average molecular weight of polypropylene used is at
least 750,000 (5 IV), preferably at least 1,000,000
(6 IV), more preferably at least 1,500,000 (9 IV) and
20 most preferably between 2,000,000 (11 IV) and 8,000,000
(33 IV). The IV numbers represent intrinsic viscosity
of the polymer in decalin at 135C.
me first solvent should be non-volatile under
the processing conditions. This is necessary in order
to maintain essentially constant the concentration of
solvent upstream and through the aperture (die) and to
prevent non-uniformity in liquid content of the gel
fiber or film containing first solvent. Preferably, the
vapor pressure of the first solvent should be no more
30 than 20 kPa (one-fifth of an atmosphere) at 175C, or at
the first temperature. Preferred first solvents for
hydrocarbon polymers are aliphatic and aromatic hydro-
carbons of the desired non-volatility and solubility for
the polymer. The polymer may be present in the first
solvent at a first concentration which is selected from
a relatively narrow range, e.g. 2 to 15 weight percent,
preferably 4 to 10 weight percent and more preferably 5
to 8 weight percent; however, once chosen, the concen-
:1~74~
.
tration should not vary adjacent the die or otherwise
prior to cooling to the second temperature. The con-
centration should also remain reasonably constant over
time (i.e. length of the fiber or film).
The first temperature is chosen to achieve
complete dissolution of the polymer in the first
solvent. The first temperature is the minimum tempera-
ture at any point between where the solution is formed
and the die face, and must be greater than the gelation
temperature for the polymer in the solvent at the first
concentration. For polyethylene in paraffin oil at 5-15
concentration, the gelation temperature is approxi-
mately 100-130C; therefore, a preferred first tempera-
ture can be between 180C and 250C, more preferably
15 200-240. While temperatures may vary above the flrst
temperature at various points upstream of the die face,
excessive temperatures causitive of polymer degradation
should be avoided. To assure complete solubility, a
first temperature is chosen whereat the solubility of
the polymer e~ceeds the first concentration, and is
typically at least 100% greater. The second temperature
is chosen whereas the solubility of the polymer is much
less than the first concentration. Preferably, the
solubility of the polymer in the first solvent at the
second temperature is no more than 1% of the first con-
centration. Cooling of the extruded polymer solution
from the first temperature to the second temperature
should be accomplished at a rate sufficiently rapid to
form a gel fiber which is of substantially the same
polymer concentration as existed in the polymer solu-
tion. Preferably the rate at which the extruded polymer
solution is cooled from the first temperature to the
second temperature should be at least 50C per minute.
Some stretching during cooling to the second
temperature is not excluded from the present invention,
but the total stretching during this stage should not
normal]y exceed 2:1, and preferably no more than
1.5:1. As a result of those factors the gel fiber
81~3
g
formed upon cooling to the second temperature consists
of a continuous polymeric network highly swollen with
solvent. The gel usually has regions of high and low
polymer density on a microscopic level but is generally
free of large (greater than 500 nm) regions void of
solid polymer.
If an aperture of circular cross section (or
other cross section without a major axis in the plane
perpendicular to the flow direction more than 8 times
the smallest axis in the same plane, such as oval, Y- or
X-shaped aperature) is used, then both gels will be gel
fibers, the xerogel will be an xerogel fiber and the
thermoplastic article will be a fiber. The diameter
of the aperture is not critical, with representative
aperatures being between 0.25 mm and 5 mm in
diameter (or other major axis). The length of the aper-
ture in the flow direction should normally be at least
10 times the diameter of the aperture (or other
similar major axis), perferably at least 15 times and
more preferably at least 20 times the diameter (or other
similar major axis).
If an aperture of rectangular cross section is
used, then both gels will be gel films, the xerogel will
be a xerogel film and the thermoplastic article will be
a film. The width and height of the aperture are not
critical, with representative apertures being between
2.5 mm and 2 m in width (corresponding to film width),
between 0.25 mm and 5 mm in height (corresponding to
film thickness). The depth of the aperture (in the flow
direction) should normally be at least 10 times the
height of the aperture, preferably at least 15 times the
height and more preferably at least 20 times the height.
m e extraction with second solvent is con-
ducted in a manner that replaces the first solvent in
,35 the gel with second solvent without significant changes
in gel structure. Some swelling or shrinkage of the gel
may occur, but preferably no substantial dissolution,
coagulation or precipitation of the polymer occurs.
~7481~
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When the first solvent is a hydrocarbon, suit-
able second solvents include hydrocarbons, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, chlorofluorinated hydrocarbons and others,
such as pentane, hexane, heptane, toluene, methylene
chloride, carbon tetrachloride, trichlorotrifluoroethane
(TCTFE), diethyl ether and dioxane.
The most preferred second solvents are
methylene chloride (B.P. 39.8C) and TCFE (B.P. 47.5C).
Preferred second solvents are the non-flammable volatile
solvents having an atmospheric boiling point below 80C,
more preferably below 70C and most preferably below
50C. Conditions of extraction should remove the first
solvent to less than 1% of the total solvent in the gel.
A preferred combination of conditions is a
first temperature between 150C and 250C, a second
temperature between -40C and 40C and a cooling rate
between the first temperature and the second tempera-
ture of at least 50C/minute. It is preferred that the
first solvent be a hydrocarbon, when the polymer is a
polyolefin such as ultrahigh molecular weight
polyethylene. The first solvent should be substantially
non-volatile, one measure of which is that its vapor
pressure at the first temperature should be less than
one-fifth atmosphere (20 kPa), and more preferably less
than 2 kPa.
In choosing the first and second solvents, the
primary desired difference relates to volatility as dis-
cussed above. It is also preferred that the polymers
be less soluble in the second solvent at 40C than in
the first solvent at 150C.
Once the gel containing second solvent is
formed, it is then dried under conditions where the
second solvent is removed leaving the solid network of
polymer substantially intact. By analogy to silica
gels, the resultant material is called herein a
"xerogel" meaning a solid matrix corresponding to the
solid matrix of a wet gel, with the liquid replaced by
gas (e.g. by an inert gas such as nitrogen or by air).
,
~7A8~8
--11--
The term "xerogel" is not intended to delineate any
particular type of surface area, porosity or pore size.
A comparison of the xerogels of the present
invention with corresponding dried gel fibers prepared
according to prior art indicates the following major
differences in structure: The dried xerogel fibers of
the present invention preferably contain less than ten
volume percent pores compared to approximately 55 volume
percent pores in the Kalb and Pennings dried gel fibers
and approximately 23-65 volume percent pores in the
Smook et al. dried gel fibers. The dried xerogel fibers
of the present invention show a surface area ~by the
B.E.T. technique) of less than 1 m /g as compared to
28.8 m /g in a fiber prepared by the prior art method
(see Comparative Example 1 and Example 2, below).
The xerogel fibers of the present invention
are also novel compared to dry, unstretched fibers of
GB 2,051,667 and Off. 3004699 and related articles by
Smith and Lemstra. This difference is evidenced by the
deleterious effect of stretching below 75C or above
135C upon the Smith and Lemstra unstretched fibers. In
comparison, stretching of the present xerogel fibers at
room temperature and above 135C has beneficial rather
than deleterious effects (see, for example, Examples
25 540-542, below). While the physical nature of these
differences are not clear because of lack of information
about Smith and Lemstra's unstretched fibers, it appears
that one or more of the following characteristics of the
present xerogel fibers must be lacking in Smith and
Lemstra's unstretched fibers: (1) a crystalline
orientation function less than 0.2, and preferably less
than 0.1 as measured by wide angle X-ray difEraction;
(2) microporosity less than 10% and preferrably less
than 3%; (3) a crystallinity index as measured by wide
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angle X-ray diffraction (see P. H. Hermans and A.
Weidinger, Macromol. Chem. vol. 44, p. 24 (1961)) less
than 80% and preferably less than 75%; (4) no detectable
fraction of the triclinic crystalline form and (5) a
5 fraction variation of the spherulite size across a dia-
meter of the fiber less than 0.25.
Stretching may be performed upon the gel fiper after
cooling to the second temperature or during or after
extraction. Alternatively, stretching of the xerogel
10 fiber may be conducted, or a combination of gel stretch
and xerogel stretch may be performed. The stretching may
be conducted in a single stage or it may be conducted in
two or more stages. The first stage stretching may be
conducted at room temperatures or at an elevated tempera-
15 ture. Preferably the stretching is conducted in two ormore stages with the last of the stages performed at a
temperature between 120C and 160C. Most preferably the
stretching is conducted in at least two stages with the
last of the stages performed at a temperature between
20 135C and 150C. The Examples, and especially Examples
3-99 and 111-486, illustrate how the stretch ratios can
be related to obtaining particular fiber properties.
The product polyethylene fibers produced by the
present process represent novel articles in that they
25 include fibers with a unique combination of properties:
a modulus at least 500 g/denier (preferably at least 1000
g/denier, more preferably at least 1600 g/denier and most
preferably at least 2000 g/denier), a tenacity at least
20 g/denier (preferably at least 30 g/denier and more
30 preferably at least 40 g/denier), a main melting tempera-
ture of at least 147C (preferably at least 149C), a
porosity of no more than 10% (preferably no more than 6%)
and a creep value no more than 596 (preferably no more
than 396) when measured at 10% of breaking load for 50
35 days at 23C. Preferably the fiber has an elongation to
break at most 7%. In addition, the fibers have high
toughness and uniformity. Furthermore, as indicated in
Examples 3-99 and 111-489 below, trade-offs between vari-
1~74~
-13-
ous properties can be made in a controlled fashion with
the present process.
The novel polypropylene fibers of the present inven-
tion also include a unique combination of properties,
5 previously unachieved for polypropylene fibers: a tenac-
ity of at least 8 g/denier (preferably at least 11 g/
denier and more preferably at least 13 g/denier), a ten-
sile modulus at least 160 g/denier (preferably at least ~-
200 g/denier), a main melting temperature (measured at
10C/minute heating rate by differential scanning calori-
metry) at least 168C (preferably at least 170C) and a
porosity less than 10% (preferably no more than 5%).
Preferably, the polypropylene fibers also have an elonga-
tion to break less than 20~.
Additionally a novel class of fibers of the inven-
tion are polypropylene fibers possessing a modulus of at
least 200 g/denier, preferably at least 220 g/denier.
The gel fibers containing first solvent, gel fibers
containing second solvent and xerogel fibers of the pres-
ent invention also represent novel articles of manufac-
ture, distinguished from somewhat similar products
described by Smook et al. and by Kalb and Pennings in
having a volume porosities of 10% or less compared to
values of 23%-65% in the references.
In particular the second gel fibers differ from the
comparable prior art materials in having a solvent with
an atmospheric boiling point less than 50C. As indi-
cated by Examples 100-108, below, the uniformity and
cylindrical shape of the xerogel fibers improved pro-
gressively as the boiling point of the second solvent
declined. As also indicated in Examples 100-108 (see
Table III), substantially higher tenacity fibers were
produced under equivalent drying and stretching condi-
tions by using trichlorotrifluoroethane (boiling point
47.5C) as the second solvent compared to fibers produced
by using hexane (boiling point 68.7C)
-` 1~74~
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as second solvent. The improvement in final fiber is
then directly attributable to changes in the second
solvent in the second gel fiber. Preferred such second
sc,lvents are halogenated hydrocarbons of the proper
boiling point such as methylene chloride (dichlorometh-
ane) and trichlorotrifluoroethane, with the latter being
most preferred.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Figure 5 illustrates in schematic form a first
embodiment of the present invention, wherein the
stretching step F is conducted in two stages on the
xerogel fiber subsequent to drying step E. In Figure 5,
a first mixing vessel 10 is shown, which is fed with an
ultra high molecular weight polymer 11 such as poly-
ethylene of weight average molecular weight at least500,000 and preferably at least 1,000,000, and to which
is also fed a first, relatively non-volatile solvent 12
such as paraffin oil. First mixing vessel 10 is equipped
with an agitator 13. The residence time of polymer and
first solvent in first mixing vessel 10 is sufficient to
form a slurry containing some dissolved polymer and some
relatively finely divided polymer particles, which slurry
is removed in line 14 to an intensive mixing vessel 15.
Intensive mixing vessel 15 is equipped with helical
agitator blades 16. The residence time and agitator
speed in intensive mixing vessel 15 is sufficient to
convert the slurry into a solution. It will be appre-
ciated that the temperature in intensive mixing vessel
15, either because of external heating, heating of the
slurry 14, heat generated by the intensive mixing,
or a combination of the above is sufficiently high (e.g.
200C) to permit the polymer to be completely dissolved
in the solvent at the desired concentration (generally
between 6 and 10 percent polymer, by weight of solu-
tion). From the intensive mixing vessel 15, the solu-
tion is fed to an extrusion device 18, containing a
barrel 19 within which is a screw 20 operated by motor
22 to deliver polymer solution at reasonably high pres-
:~.7~
-15-
sure to a gear pump and housing 23 at a controlled flow
rate. A motor 24 is provided to drive gear pump 23 and
extrude the polymer solution, still hot, through a spin-
nerette 25 comprising a plurality of aperatures, which
may be circular, X-shaped, or, oval-shaped, or in any of
a variety of shapes having a relatively small major axis
in the plane of the spinnerette when it is desired to
form fibers, and having a rectangular or other shape
with an extended major axis in the plane of the spinner-
ette when it is desired to form films. The temperature
of the solution in the mixing vessel 15, in the extru-
sion device 18 and at the spinnerette 25 should all
equal or exceed a first temperature (e.g. 200C) chosen
to exceed the gellation temperature (approximately
100-130C for polyethylene in paraffin oil). The temp-
erature may vary (e.g. 220C, 210C and 200C) or may be
constant (e.g. 220C) from the mixing vessel 15 to extr-
usion device 18 to the spinnerette 25. At all points,
however, the concentration of polymer in the
solution should be substantially the same. The
number of aperatures, and thus the number of fibers
formed, is not critical, with convenient numbers of
apperatures being 16, 120, or 240.
From the spinnerette 25, the polymer solution
passes through an air gap 27, optionally enclosed and
filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen, and option-
ally provided with a flow of gas to facilitate cooling.
A plurality of gel fibers 28 containing first solvent
pass through the air gap 27 and into a quench bath 30,
so as to cool the fibers, both in the air gap 27 and in
the quench bath 30, to a second temperature at which the
solubility of the polymer in the first solvent is rela-
tively low, such that most of the polymer precipitates
as a gel material. While some stretching in the air gap
27 is permissible, it is preferably less than 2:1, and
is more preferably much lower. Substantial stretching
of the hot gel fibers in air gap 27 is-believed highly
detrimental to the properties of the ultimate fibers.
It is preferred that the quench liquid in
:~.7~18
-16-
quench bath 30 be water. While the second solvent may
be used as the quench fluid (and quench bath 30 may even
be integral with solvent extraction device 37 described
below), it has been found in limited testing that such a
modification impairs fiber properties.
Rollers 31 and 32 in the quench bath 30 oper-
rate to feed the fiber through the quench bath, and
preferably operate with little or no stretch. In the
event that some stretching does occur across rollers 31
and 32, some first solvent exudes out of the fibers and
can be collected as a top layer in quench bath 30.
From the quench bath 30, the cool first gel
fibers 33 pass to a solvent extraction device 37 where a
second solvent, being of relatively low boiling such as
trichlorotrifluoroethane, is fed in through line 38.
The solvent outflow in line 40 contains second solvent
and essentially all of the first solvent brought in with
the cool gel fibers 33, either dissolved or dispersed in
the second solvent. Thus the second gel fibers 41
2n conducted out of the solvent extraction device 37
contain substantially only second solvent, and
relatively little first solvent. The second gel fibers
41 may have shrunken somewhat compared to the first gel
fibers 33, but otherwise contain substantially the same
polymer morphology.
In a drying device 45, the second solvent is
evaporated from the second gel fibers 41 forming
essentially unstretched xerogel fibers 47 which are
taken up on spool 52.
From spool 52, or from a plurality of such
spools if it is desired to operate the stretching line
at a slower feed rate than the take up of spool 52
permits, the fibers are fed over driven feed roll 54 and
idler roll 55 into a first heated tube 56, which may be
rectangular, cylindrical or other convenient shape.
Sufficient heat is applied to the tube 56 to cause the
internal temperature to be between 120 and 140C.
The fibers are stretched at a relatively high draw ratio
~4818
-17-
(e.g. 10:1) so as to form partially stretched fibers 58
taken up by driven roll 61 and idler roll 62. From
rolls 61 and 62, the fibers are taken through a second
heated tube 63, heated so as to be at somewhat higher
temperature, e.g. 130-160C and are then taken up by
driven take-up roll 65 and idler roll 66, operating at a
speed suficient to impart a stretch ratio in heated tube
63 as desired, e.g. 2.5:1. The twice stretched
fibers 68 produced in this first embodiment are taken up
on take-up spool 72.
With reference to the six process steps of the
present invention, it can be seen that the solution
forming step A is conducted in mixers 13 and 15. The
extruding step B is conducted with device 18 and 23, and
especially through spinnerette 25. The cooling step C
i5 conducted in airgap 27 and quench bath 30. Extrac-
tion step D is conducted in solvent extraction device
37. The drying step E is conducted in drying device
45. The stretching step F is conducted in elements 52-
20 72, and especially in heated tubes 56 and 63. It will
be appreciated, however, that various other parts of the
system may also perform some stretching, even at
temperatures substantially below thase of heated tubes
56 and 63. Thus, for example, some stretching (e.g.
2:1) may occur within quench bath 30, within solvent
extraction device 37, within drying device 45 or between
solvent extrastion device 37 and drying device 45.
A second embodiment of the present invention
is illustrated in schematic form by Figure 6. The
solution forming and extruding steps A and B of the
second embodiment are substantially the same as those in
the first embodiment illustrated in Figure 5. ThuS,
polymer and first solvent are mixed in first mixing
vessel 10 and conducted as a slurry in line 14 to
intensive mixing device 15 operative to form a hot
solution of polymer in first solvent. Extrusion device
18 impells the solution under pressure through the gear
pump and housing 23 and then through a plurality of
- 1~74~
-18-
apperatures in spinnerette 27. The hot first gel fibers
28 pass through air gap 27 and quench bath 30 so as to
form cool first gel fibers 33.
The cool first ge] fibers 33 are conducted
over driven roll 54 and idler roll 55 through a heated
tube 57 which, in general, is longer than the first
heated tube 56 illustrated in Figure 5. The length of
heated tuhe 57 compensates, in general, for the higher
velocity of fibers 33 in the second embodiment of
Figure 6 compared to the velocity of xerogel fibers
(47) between take-up spool 52 and heated tube 56 in the
first embodiment of Figure 5. The fibers 33 are drawn
through heated tube 57 by driven take-up roll 59 and
idler roll 60, so as to cause a relatively high stretch
ratio (e.g. 10:1). The once-stretched first gel fibers
35 are conducted int~ extraction device 37.
In the extraction device 37, the first solvent
is extracted out of the gel fibers by second solvent and
the gel fibers 42 containing second solvent are con-
ducted to a drying device 45. There the second solventis evaporated from the gel fibers; and xerogel fibers
48, being once-stretched, are taken up on spool 52.
Fibers on spool 52 are then taken up by driven
feed roll 61 and idler 62 and passed through a heated
tube 63, operating at the relatively high temperature of
between 130 and 160C. The fibers are taken up by
driven take up roll 65 and idler roll 66 operating at a
speed sufficient to impart a stretch in heated tube 63
as desired, e.g. 2.5:1. The twice-stretched fibers
69 produced in the second embodiment are then taken up
on spool 72.
It will be appreciated that, by comparing the
embodiment of Figure 6 with the embodiment of Figure 5,
the stretching step F has been divided into two parts,
with the first part conducted in heated tube 57 per-
formed on the first gel fibers 33 prior to extraction
(D) and drying (E), and the second part conducted in
heated tube 63, being conducted on xerogel fibers 48
'
'
~7~
--19--
subsequent to drying (E).
The third embodiment of the present invention
is illustrated in Figure 7, with the solution forming
step A, extrusion step B, an~ cooling step C being sub-
stantially identical to the first embodiment of Figure
5 and the second embodiment of Figure 6. Thus, polymer
and first solvent are mixed in first mixing vessel 10
and conducted as a slurry in line 14 to intensive mixing
device 15 operative to form a hot solution of polymer in
first solvent. Extrusion device 18 impells the solution
under pressure through the gear pump and housing 23 and
then through a plurality of apperatures in spinnerette
27. The hot first gel fibers 28 pass through air gap 27
and quench bath 30 so as to form cool first gel fibers
33.
The cool first gel fibers 33 are conducted
over driven roll 54 and idler roll 55 through a heated
tube 57 which, in general, is longer than the first
heated tube 56 illustrated in Figure 5. The length of
heated tube 57 compensates, in general, for the higher
velocity of fibers 33 in the third embodiment of Figure
7 compared to the velocity of xerogel fibers (47)
between takeup spool 52 and heated tube 56 in the first
embodiment of Figure 5. The first gel fibers 33 are now
taken up by driven roll 61 and idler roll 62, operative
to cause the stretch ratio in heated tube 57 to be as
desired, e.g. 10:1.
From rolls 61 and 62, the once-drawn first gel
fibers 35 are conducted into modified heated tube 64 and
drawn by driven take up roll 65 and idler roll 66.
Driven roll 65 is operated sufficiently fast to draw the
fibers in heated tube 64 at the desired stretch ratio,
e.g. 2.5:1. Because of the relatively high line speed
in heated tube 64, required generally to match the speed
of once-drawn gel fibers 35 coming off of rolls 61 and
62, heated tube 64 in the third embodiment of figure 7
will, in general, be longer than heated tube 63 in
either the second embodiment of Figure 6 or the first
~74~1B
-20-
embodiment of Figure 5. While first solvent may exude
from the fiber during stretching in heated tubes 57 and
64 (and be collected at the exit of each tube), the first
solvent is sufficiently non-volatile so as not to evapo-
5 rate to an appreciable extent in either of these heatedtubes.
The twice-stretched first gel fiber 36 is then con-
ducted through solvent extraction device 37, where the
second, volatile solvent extracts the first solvent out
10 of the fibers. The second gel fibers, containing sub-
stantially only second solvent, is then dried in drying
device 45, and the twice-stretched fibers 70 are then
taken up on spool 72.
It will be appreciated that, by comparing the third
15 embodiment of Figure 7 to the first two embodiments of
Figures 5 and 6, the stretching step (F) is performed in
the third embodiment in two stages, both subsequent to
cooling step C and prior to solvent extracting step D.
The process of the invention will be further illus-
trated by the examples below. The first example illus-
trates the prior art techniques of Smook et al. and the
Kalb and Pennings articles.
Comparative Example 1
A glass vessel equipped with a PTFE paddle stirrer
25 was charged with 5.0 wt~ linear polyethylene (sold as
Hercules UHMW 1900, having 24 IV and approxiimately 4 x
106 M.W.), 94.5 wt% paraffin oil (J.T. Baker, 345-355
Saybolt viscosity) and 0.5 wt% antioxidant (sold under
the trademark Ionol). Hercules is also a trademark.
The vessel was sealed under nitrogen pressure and
heated with stirring to 150C. The vessel and its con-
tents were maintained under slow agitation for 48
hours. At the end of this period the solution was cooled
to room temperature. The cooled solution separated into
two phases - A "mushy" liquid phase consisting of 0.43
wt% polyethylene and a rubbery gel phase consisting of
8.7 wt% polyethylene. The gel phase was
` 1' ~
~7~
-21-
collected, cut into pieces and fed into a 2.5 cm (one
inch) Sterling extruder equipped with a 21/1 L/D
polyethylene-type screw. The extruder was operated at
10 RPM, 170C and was equipped with a conical single
hole spinning die of 1 cm inlet diameter, 1 mm exit
diameter and 6 cm length.
The deformation and compression of the gel by
the extruder screw caused exudation of paraffin oil from
the gel. This liquid backed up in the extruder barrel
and was mostly discharged from the hopper end of the
extruder. At the exit end of the extruder a gel fiber
of approximately 0.7 mm diameter was collected at the
rate of 1.6 m/min. The gel fiber consisted of 24-38 wt~
polyethylene. The solids content of the gel fiber
varied substantially with time.
The paraffin oil was extracted from the
extruded gel fiber using hexane and the fiber was dried
under vacuum at 50C. The dried gel fiber had a density
of 0.326 g/cm3. Therefore, based on a density of 0.960
for the polyethylene constituent, the gel fiber con-
sisted of 73.2 volume percent voids. Measurement of
pore volume using a mercury porosimeter showed a pore
volume of 2.58 cm /g. A B.E.T. measurement of surface
area gave a value of 28.8 m2/g.
The dried fiber was stretched in a nitrogen
atmosphere within a hot tube of 1.5 meters length.
Fiber feed speed was 2 cm/min. Tube temperature was
100C at the inlet increasing to 150C at the outlet.
It was found that, because of filament non-
uniformity, stretch ratios exceeding 30/1 were not sus-
tainable for periods exceeding 20 minutes without
filament breakage.
The properties of the fiber prepared at 30/1
stretch ratio were as follows:
denier - 99
tenacity - 23 g/d
modulus - 980 g/d
elongation at break - 3%
-22-
work-to-break - 6570 in lbs./in3
(45 MJ/m3)
The following example is illustrative of the present
invention:
_~ample 2
An oil jacketed double helical (Helicone~) mixer
constructed by Atlantic Research Corporation was charged
with 5.0 wt% linear polyethylene (Hercules UHMW 1900 hav-
ing a 17 IV and approximately 2.5 x 106 M.W.) and 94.5
wt% paraffin oil (J.T. Baker, 345-355 Saybolt viscos-
ity). The charge was heated with agitation at 20 rpm to
200C under nitrogen pressure over a period of two
hours. After reaching 200C, agitation was maintained
for an additional two hours.
The bottom discharge opening of the Helicone mixer
was fitted with a single hole capillary spinning die of 2
mm diameter and 9.5 mm length. The temperature of the
spinning die was maintained at 200C.
Nitrogen pressure applied to the mixer and rotation
of the blades of the mixer were used to extrude the
charge through the spinning die. The extruded uniform
solution filament was quenched to a gel state by passage
through a water bath located at a distance of 33 cm (13
inches) below the spinning die. The gel filament was
wound up continuously on a 15.2 cm (6 inch) diameter
bobbin at the rate of 4.5 meters/min.
The bobbins of gel fiber were immersed in trichloro-
trifloroethane (fluorocarbon 113 or "TCTFE") to exchange
this solvent for paraffin oil as the liquid constituent
of the gel. The gel fiber was unwound from a bobbin, and
the fluorocarbon solvent evaporated at 22-50C.
The dried fiber was of 970 ~ 100 denier. The dens-
ity of the fiber was determined to be 950 kg/m3 by the
density gradient method. Therefore, based on a density
of 960 kg/m3 for the polyethylene constituent, the dried
fiber contained one volume percent voids. A B.E.T. meas-
urement of the surface area gave a value less than 1
m2/9 .
4~
-23-
The dried gel fiber was fed at 2 cm/min into a hot
tube blanketed with nitrogen and maintained at 100C at
its inlet and 140C at its outlet. The fiber was
stretched continously 45/1 within the hot tube for a
5 period of three hours without experiencing fiber break-
aye,. The properties of the stretched fiber were:
denier - 22.5
tenacity - 37.6 g/d
modulus - 1460 g/d
elongation - 4.1%
work-to-break - 12,900 in-lbs/in
(89 MJ/m3)
Examples 3-99
A series of fiber samples was prepared following the
15 procedures described in Example 2, but with variations
introduced in the following material and process para-
meters:
a. polyethylene IV (molecular weight)
b. polymer gel concentration
c. stretch temperature
d. fiber denier
e. stretch ratio
The results of these experiments upon the final fiber
properties obtained are presented in Table I. The Poly-
25 mer intrinsic viscosity values were 24 in Examples 3-49
and 17 in Examples 50-99. The gel concentration was 2%
in Examples 26-41, 4% in Examples 3-17, 5% in Examples
42-99 and 696 in Examples 18-25.
-24-
TABLE I
Stretch
Temp., Stretch Tenacity Modulus Elong
Ex. C Ratio Denier g/d g/d %
3 142 15,6 2.8 17.8 455. 6.7
5 4 145 15.5 2.8 18.6 480. 6.7
145 19,6 2.2 19.8 610. 5.2
6 145 13,0 3.4 13.7 350. 6.2
7 145 16,6 2.7 15.2 430. 5.7
8 144 23,9 1,8 23,2 730. 4.9
109 150 16,0 2,7 14,6 420, 5.0
150 27,3 1.6 21.6 840. 4.0
11 149 23,8 1.8 21.8 680. 4.6
12 150 27,8 1.6 22.6 730. 4.3
13 140 14,2 3.1 16.5 440. 5.3
1514 140 22,0 2.0 21.7 640. 4.7
140 25,7 1.7 26,1 810. 4.7
16 140 3,4 5.6 11.2 224. 18.0
17 140 14.9 2.9 20.8 600. 5.6
18 145 19.5 11.7 16.4 480. 6.3
2019 145 11.7 19.4 16.3 430. 6.1
145 22.3 10,2 24,1 660. 5.7
21 145 47.4 4.8 35.2 1230. 4.3
22 150 15.1 15.0 14.0 397. 6.5
23 150 56.4 4.0 28.2 830. 4.4
2524 150 52.8 4.3 36.3 1090. 4.5
150 12.8 17.8 19.1 440. 7.2
26 143 10.3 21.4 8.7 178. 7.0
27 146 1.8 120.0 2.1 22. 59.7
28 146 3.2 69.5 2.7 37. 40.5
3029 145 28.0 7.9 16.0 542. 4.9
145 50.2 4.4 21.6 725. 4.0
31 145 30.7 7.2 22.7 812. 4.2
32 145 10.2 21.8 16.2 577. 5.6
33 145 22.3 9.9 15.3 763. 2.8
3534 150 28.7 7.7 10.5 230. 8.4
150 12.1 18.3 12.6 332. 5.2
36 150 8.7 25.5 10.9 308. 5.9
4~318
-25-
I'ABLE I (continued)
Stretch
Temp., Stretch Tenacity Modulus Elong
Ex. C Ratio ~enier g/d g/d %
37 150 17.4 12.7 14.1471. 4.6
538 140 12.0 18.5 12.7357. 7.3
39 140 21.5 10.3 16.1619. 4.2
140 36.8 6.0 23.8875. 4.1
41 140 59.7 3.7 26,21031. 3.6
42 145 13.4 25.0 12.9344. 8.3
1043 145 24.4 13.7 22.3669 5.9
44 145 25.2 13.3 23.2792. 4.9
145 33.5 10.0 29.51005. 4.9
46 150 17.2 19.5 14.2396. 5.6
47 150 16.0 21.0 15.7417. 7.2
1548 140 11.2 30.0 13.1316. 8.3
49 140 21.0 16.0 23.0608. 6.0
130 15.8 64.9 14.2366. 6.0
51 130 44.5 23.1 30.81122. 4.4
52 130 24.3 42.4 26.8880. 4.7
2053 130 26.5 38.8 23.6811. 4.2
54 140 11.0 93.3 14.5303. 8.4
140 28.3 36.3 24.7695. 4.8
56 140 43.4 23.7 30.3905. 4.8
57 140 18.4 55.9 19.7422. 6.6
2558 150 15.7 65.5 12.8337. 8.6
59 150 43.4 23.7 30.91210. 4.5
150 33.6 30.6 28.9913. 4.8
61 150 54.4 18.9 30.21134. 3.7
62 150 13.6 71.1 10.4272. 12.2
3063 150 62.9 15.4 30.51008. 4.0
64 150 26.6 36.4 20.4638. 7.0
150 36.1 26.8 32.01081. 5.3
66 150 52.0 18.6 34.01172. 4.1
67 150 73.3 13.2 35.31314. 3.8
3568 140 14.6 66.1 13.9257. 14.9
69 140 30.1 32.1 28.5933. 4.5
140 45.6 21.2 35.91440. 3.9
117~
-26-
TABLE I (continued)
Stretch
Temp., Stretch Tenacity Modulus Elong
Ex. C Ratio Denier ~/d g/d %
71 140 43.0 22.5 37.6 1460. 4.1
572 140 32.2 30.1 33.1 1170. 4.3
73 140 57.3 16.9 39.6 1547. 3.8
74 130 16.3 59.4 21.6 556. 5.5
130 20.6 47.0 25.6 752. 5.3
76 130 36.3 26.7 33.0 1144. 4.1
1077 130 49.4 19.6 30.4 1284. 3.8
78 130 24.5 44.6 26.4 990. 4.5
79 130 28.6 38.2 27.1 975. 4,5
130 42.2 25.9 34.7 1200. 4.4
81 140 40.3 27.1 33.2 1260. 4.0
1582 140 58.7 18.6 35.5 1400. 4.0
83 145 47.9 22.8 32.1 1460. 4.0
84 145 52.3 20.9 37.0 1500. 4.0
130 13.6 80.4 12.8 275. 8.0
86 130 30.0 36.4 24.8 768. 5.0
2087 130 29.7 36.8 28.6 1005. 4.5
88 140 52.0 21.0 36.0 1436. 3.5
89 140 11.8 92.3 10.1 151. 18.5
140 35.3 31.0 29.8 1004. 4.5
91 140 23.4 46.8 26.6 730. 5.5
2592 150 14.6 74.9 11.5 236. 11.0
93 150 35.7 30.6 27.4 876. 4.5
94 150 31.4 34.8 27.0 815. 5.0
150 37.8 28.9 29.8 950. 4.5
96 150 15.9 68.7 9.8 210. 10.0
3097 150 30.2 36.2 24.6 799. 5.0
98 150 36.1 30.3 28.2 959. 4.5
99 150 64.7 16.9 32.1 1453. 3.5
~74~
-27-
In order to determine the relationships of
the fiber properties to the process and material para-
meters, the data of Table I were subjected to statis-
tical analysis by multiple lnear regression. The
regression equation obtained for fiber tenacity was as
follows:
Tenacity, g/d = -8.47 + 2.00 * SR + 0.491 * IV + 0.0605 * C * SR
0.00623 *T*SR- 0.0156*~SR - 0.00919 * SR * SR
Where SR is stretch ratio
IV is polymer intrinsic viscosity
in decalin at 135C, dl/g
C is polymer concentration in the gel, wt%
T is stretch temp. C
me statistics of the regression were:
F ratio (6,95) = 118
significance level = 99.9+%
standard error of estimate = 3.0 g/d
A comparison between the observed tenacities
and tenacities calculated from the regression equation
is shown in Figure 1.
Figures 2 and 3 present response surface con-
tours for tenacity calculated from the regression equa-
tion on two important planes.
In the experiments of Examples 3-99, a correl-
tion of modulus with spinning parameters was generallyparallel to that of tenacity. A plot of fiber modulus
versus tenacity is shown in Figure 4.
It will be seen from the data, the regression
equations and the plots of the calculated and observed
results that the method of the invention enables sub-
stantial control to obtain desired fiber properties and
that greater controlability and flexibility is obtained
than by prior art methods.
Further, it should be noted that many of the
fibers of these examples showed higher teancities and/or
modulus values than had been obtained by prior art
methods. In the prior art methods of Off. 30 04 699 and
GB 2051667, all fibers prepared had tenacities less than
~'748~8
-28-
3.0 GPa (35 g/d) and moduli less than 100 GPa (1181 g/d).
In the present instance, fiber examples Nos. 21, 67, 70,
73, 82, 84 and 88 exceeded both of these levels and other
fiber examples surpassed on one or the other property.
In the prior art publications of Pennings and
coworkers, all fibers (prepared discontinuously) had
moduli less than 121 GPa (1372 g/d). In the present
instance continuous fiber examples No. 70, 71, 73, 82,
83, 84, 88 and 99 surpassed this level.
The fiber of example 71 was further tested for
resistance to creep at 23C under a sustained load of 10%
of the breaking load. Creep is defined as follows:
~ Creep = 100 x (A(s,t)-B(s))/B(s)
where B(s) is the length of the test section
immediately after application of load
A(s,t) is the length of the test section at time
t after application of load, s
A and B are both functions of the loads, while A
is also a function of time t.
For comparison, a commercial nylon tire cord (6 denier,
9.6 g/d tenacity) and a polyethylene fiber prepared in
accordance with U.S. Patent 4,356,138, by surface growth
and subsequent hot stretching (10 denier, 41.S g/d
tenacity) were similarly tested for creep.
The results of these tests are presented in Table
II.
:. .
481B
--29--
TABLE II
CREEP RESISTANCE AT 23C
Load: 10~ of Breaking Load
% Creep
Time After Surface Grc~wn &
Application of Fiber of Comparative Stretched Poly-
_Load, DaysExaTnple 71 ~lon Tire Cord ethylene
0.1 4.4 1.0
2 0.1 4.6 1.2
6 - 4.8 1.7
7 0.4
9 0.4
12 - 4.8 2.1
0.6 4.8 2.5
19 - 4.8 2.9
21 0.8
22 - 4.8 3.1
0.8
26 - 4.8 3~6
28 0.9 -- -
32 0.9
33 - 4.8 4.0
1.0
39 1.4
- 4.9 4.7
43 1.4
47 1.4
- 4.9 5.5
51 1.4
57 - 4.9 6.1
59 1.45
It will be seen that the fiber of example 71
showed 1.4% creep in 50 days at 23C under the sustained
load equal to 10% of the breaking load. By way of
comparison, both the commercial nylon 6 tire cord and
35 the surface grown polyethylene fiber showed 5% creep
under similar test conditions.
The melting temperatures and the porosities
of the fibers of examples 64, 70 and 71 were determined.
- ' '
-30-
Melting temperatures were measured using a DuPont 990
differential scanning calorimeter (Dupont being a trade-
mark). Samples were heated in an argon atmosphere at the
rate of 10C/min. Additionally, the melting temperature
was determined for the starting polyethylene powder from
which the fibers of examples 64, 70 and 71 were prepared.
Porosities of the fibers were determined by measure-
ments of their densities using the density gradient tech-
nique and comparison with the density of a compression
molded plaque prepared from the same initial polyethylene
powder. (The density of the compression molded plaque
was 960 kg/m3).
Porosity was calculated as follows:
~, Porosity = 960-fiber density, kg/m3
960
Results were as follows:
Melting Fiber Density,
Sample Temp. C Kg/m3 Porosit~, %
Polyethylene powder 138 -- --
Fiber of Example 64 149 982 0
20 Fiber of Example 70 149 976 0
Fiber of Example 71 150 951
The particular level and combination of properties
exhibited by the fiber of examples 64, 70 and 71, i.e.,
tenacity at least 30 g/d, modulus in excess of 1000 g/d,
and creep (at 23C and 10% of breaking load) less than 3
in 50 days, melting temperature of at least 147C and
porosity less than 10% appears not to have been attained
heretofore.
The following examples illustrate the effect of the
second solvent upon fiber properties.
Examples 100-108
Fiber samples were prepared as described in Example
2, but with the following variations. The bottom dis-
charge opening of the Helicone mixer was adapted to feed
the polymer solution first to a gear pump and thence to a
single hole conical spinning die. The cross-section of
the spinning die tapered uniformly at a 7.5 angle from
an entrance diameter of 10 mm to an exit
..~
74818
-31-
diameter of 1 mm. The gear pump speed was set to
deliver 5.84 cm /min of polymer solution to the die.
The extruded solution filament was quenched to a gel
state by passage through a water bath located at a dis-
tance of 20 cm below the spinning die. The gel filamentwas wound up continuously on bobbins at the rate of 7.3
meters/min.
The bobbins of gel fiber were immersed in
several different solvents at room temperature to
exchange with the paraffin oil as the liquid consti-
tuent of the gel. The solvents and their boiling points
were:
Solvent Boiling Point, C
diethyl ether 34.5
n-pentane 36.1
methylene chloride 39.8
trichlorotrifluoroethane 47.5
n-hexane 68.7
carbon tetrachloride76.8
n-heptane g8.4
dioxane 101.4
toluene 110.6
The solvent exchanged gel fibers were air
dried at room temperature. Drying of the gel fibers was
accompanied in each case by substantial shrinkage of
transverse dimensions. Surprisingly, it was observed
that the shape and surface texture of the xerogel fibers
departed progressively from a smooth cylindrical form in
approximate proportion to the boiling point of the
second solvent. Thus, the fiber from which diethyl
ether had been dried was substantially cylindrical
whereas the fiber from which toluene had been dried was
"C" shaped in cross-section.
The xerogel fibers prepared using TCTFE and
n-hexane as second solvents were further compared by
stretching each at 130Ct incrementally increasing
stretch ratio until fiber breakage occurred. The ten-
sile properties of the resulting fibers were determined
:
1~'7~
-32-
as shown in Table III.
It will be seen that the xerogel fiber prepared
using TCTFE as the second solvent could be stretched
continuously to a stretch ratio of 49/1, whereas the
xerogel fiber prepared using n-hexane could be stretched
continuously only to a stretch ratio of 33/1. At maximum
stretch ratio, the stretched fiber prepared using TCTFE
second solvent was of 39.8 g/d tenacity, 1580 g/d
modulus. This compares to 32.0 g/d tenacity, 1140 g/d0 modulus obtained using n-hexane as the second solvent.
TABLE III
Properties of Xerogel Fibers Stretched at 130C
Feed Speed: 2.0 cm/min.
Second Stretch Tenacity Modulus Elong
Example Solvent Ratio g/d g/d %
15 100 TCTE'E 16.0 23.3 740 5.0
101 TCTFE 21.8 29.4 850 4.5
102 TCTFE 32.1 35.9 1240 4.5
103 TCTFE 40.2 37.4 1540 3.9
104 TCTFE 49.3 39.8 1580 4.0
20 105 n-hexane 24.3 28.4 1080 4.8
106 n-hexane 26.5 29.9 920 5.0
107 n-hexane 32.0 31.9 1130 4.5
108 n-hexane 33.7 32.0 1140 4.5
Example 110
Following the procedures of Examples 3-99, an 8 wt%
solution of isotactic polypropylene of 12.8 intrinsic
viscosity (in decalin at 135C), approximately 2.1 x
106M.W. was prepared in paraffin oil at 200C. A gel
fiber was spun at 6.1 meters/min. The paraffin oil was
solvent exchanged with TCTFE and the gel fiber dried at
room temperature. The dried fiber was stretched 25/1 at
a feed roll speed of 2 cm/min. Stretching was conducted
in a continuous manner for one hour at 160C.
Fiber properties were as follows:
denier - 105
tenacity - 9.6 g/d
modulus - 164 g/d
~74~
-33-
elongation - 11.5~
work-to-break - 9280 in lbs/in3
(64 MJ/m3)
xamples 111-486
A series of xerogel fiber samples was prepared as in
Example 2 but using a gear pump to control melt flow
rate. Variations were introduced in the following
material and process parameters:
a. polyethylene IV (molecular weight)
b. polymer gel concentration
c. die exit diameter
d. die included angle (conical orifice)
e. spinning temperature
f. melt flow rate
g. distance to quench
h. gel fiber take-up velocity
i. xerogel fiber denier
Each of the xerogel fiber samples prepared was
stretched in a hot tube of 1.5 meter length blanketed
with nitrogen and maintained at 100C at the fiber inlet
and 140C at the fiber outlet. Fiber feed speed into the
hot tube was 4 cm/min. (Under these conditions the
actual fiber temperature was within 1C of the tube
temperature at distances beyond 15 cm from the inlet).
Each sample was stretched continuously at a series of
increasing stretch ratios. The independent variables for
these experiments are summarized below:
Polymer Intrinsic Viscosity (dL/g)
11.5 - Examples 172-189, 237-241, 251-300, 339-371
30 15.5 - Examples 111-126, 138-140, 167-171, 204-236,
242-243, 372-449, 457-459
17.7 - Examples 127-137, 141-166, 190-203, 244-250,
301-338
20.9 - Examples 450-456, 467-486
:
:':
818
-34-
Gel Concentration
5~ - Examples 127-137, 141-149, 167-171, 190-203,
244-260, 274-276, 291-306, 339-371
6~ - Examples 111-126, 138-140, 204-236, 242-243,
372-418, 431-486
7~ - Examples 150-166, 172-189, 237-241, 261-273,
277-290, 307-338
Die Diameter
Inches Millimeters
100.04 1 Examples 167-171, 237-241,
244-260, 274-276, 282-290,
301-306, 317-338, 366-371
and 460-466
0.08 2 Examples 111-166, 172-236,
242, 243, 261-273, 277-281,
291-300, 307-316, 339-36S,
372-459 and 467-486.
Die Angle (Degrees)
0 - Examples 127-137, 141-149, 261-281, 307-316,
339-365, 419-430
7.5 - Examples 111-126, 138-140, 167-171, 204-243,
251-260, 301-306, 317-338, 372-418, 431-486
15 - Examples 150-166, 172-203, 244-250, 282-300,
366-371
Spinning Temperature
180C - Examples 172-203, 237-241, 301-322, 339-371
200C - Examples 111-126, 138-140, 167-171, 204-236,
242-243, 372-486
220C - Examples 127-137, 141-166, 244-300, 232-338
Solution Flow Rate (cm /min)
2.92 + 0.02 - Examples 116-122, 135-145, 150-152,
162-166, 172-173, 196-201, 214-222, 237,
240, 242-245, 251-255, 260-265, 277-284,
28~-293, 301, 304-306, 310-312, 318-320,
347-360, 368-370, 372, 395-397, 401-407,
412-414, 419-424, 450-459, 467-481
4.37 + 0.02 - Examples 204-208, 230-236, 377-379,
408-411
-` ~174811~
-35-
Solution Flow Rate (cm3/min) (continued)
.
5.85 + 0.05 - Examples 111-115, 123-134, 146-149,
153-161, 167-171, 180-195, 202-203,
209-213, 223-229, 238-23g, 241, 256-259,
266-276, 285-287, 294-300, 302-303t
307-309, 315-317, 321-326, 335-338
361-367, 371, 373-376, 392-394, 398-400,
415-418, 431-433, 482-486
6.07 - Examples 339-346
10 8.76 - Examples 380-391
8.88 - Examples 246-250
11.71 + 0.03 - Examples 434-437, 445-449
17.29 - Examples 438-440
Distance To Quench
-
15 Inches Millimeters ExampleS
. . . _
5.5 140 116-126
6.0 152 127-137, 158-166, 172-173,
183-198, 222-229, 240-243,
246-259, 282-286, 293-296,
301, 302, 323-330,
366-368, 398-407, 419-430
6.5 165 268-273, 277-281
7.7 196 167-171
13.0 330 450-453
25 14.5 368 377-391
15.0 381 230-236, 408-411, 431-449,
454-456, 467-486
22.5 572 307-312, 339-349
23.6 600 111-115, 138-140
30 24.0 610 141-157, 174-182, 199-203,
209-221, 244-245, 287-292,
297-300, 303-306, 319-322,
331-338, 372, 392-394,
412-418, 460-466
Under all of the varied conditions, the take-
up velocity varied from 90-1621 cm/min, the xerogel
fiber denier from 98-1613, the stretch r-atio from
5-174, the tenacity from 9-45 g/denier, the tensile
- . '. ' ,~ :,,
.
,
.
-- ~3~674~1~
modulus from 218-1700 g/denier and the elongation from
2.5-29.4%.
The results of each Example producing a fiber of at
least 30 g/denier (2.5 GPa) tenacity or at least 1000
g/denier (85 GPa) modulus are displayed in Table IV.
.
'
1174~3~l8
-37-
TABLE IV
Xerogel Stretched Fiber Properties
Fiber Stretch Tenacity Modulus
Example enier Ratio g/den g/den Elong
113 1599. 50. 31.1092. 4.0
114 1599. 57. 34.1356. 3.6
115 1599. 72. 37.1490. 3.5
119 1837. 63. 35.1257. 4.2
122 1289. 37. 32.988. 4.5
126 440. 41. 31.1051. 4.5
128 12600 28. 31.816. 5.5
130 1260. 33. 33.981. 4.5
131 1260. 43. 35.1179. 4.0
132 1260. 40. 37.1261. 4.5
133 1260. 39. 30.983. 4.0
134 1260. 53. 36.1313. 4.0
135 282. 26. 29.1~62. 3.5
136 282. 26. 30.1034. 3.5
137 282. 37. 30.1261. 3.5
140 168. 23. 26.1041. 3.5
145 568. 40. 30.1157. 4.0
146 231, 21. 32,763. 4.0
147 231. 23. 36.1175. 4.2
148 231. 22. 33.1131. 4.0
149 231. 19. 31.1090. 4.0
151 273. 31. 28.1117. 3.5
157 1444. 64. 29.1182. 3.0
160 408. 35. 30.1124. 4.0
164 1385. 36. 32.1210. 4.0
166 1385. 39. 33.1168. 4.0
168 344. 26. 30.721. 5.0
169 344. 40. 32.1188. 4.0
170 344. 26. 30.1060. 4.0
171 344. 29. 31.1172. 4.0
179 1017. 68. 29.1179. 4.0
182 352. 65. 33.1146. 3.7
189 1958. 44. 27.1050. 3.5
,
,
481~
-38-
TABLE IV (cont'd)
Xerogel Stretched Fiber Properties
Fiber Stretch Tenacity Modulus %
E ~ Cenier Ratio g/den g/den Elong
195 885. 59. 31.1150. 4.0
201 496. 33. 29.1082. 4.0
206 846. 37. 31,955. 4.5
208 846. 63. 35.1259. 3.5
212 368. 55. 39.1428, 4.5
213 368. 49. 35.1311. 4.0
220 1200. 81. 34.1069. 4.0
221 1200. 60. 30.1001. 4.0
227 1607. 42. 30.1050. 4.0
228 1607. 47. 30.1114. 3.5
229 1607. 53. 35.1216. 4.0
233 1060. 34. 30.914. 4.5
235 1060. 50. 37.1279. 4.1
236 1060. 74. 45.1541. 4.0
245 183. 23. 26.1014. 4.0
247 247. 16. 30.1005. 4.5
248 247. 10. 30.1100. 4.0
249 247. 11. 31.1132. 4.0
250 247. 19, 37,1465, 3,8
251 165. 34. 31.1032. 4.5
252 165. 33. 31.998. 4.5
254 165. 41. 31.1116, 4.0
255 165. 40. 29.1115. 4.0
272 1200. 41. 24.1122. 3.0
273 1200. 64. 27.1261. 2.5
274 154. 27. 30.854. 4.5
275 154. 44. 32.1063. 4.5
276 154. 38. 30.1054. 4.0
280 291. 39. 30.978. 4.0
281 291. 43. 29.1072. 4.0
284 254. 30. 32.1099. 4.5
308 985. 27, 30.900. 4.3
309 985. 34. 35.1210. 3.8
311 306. 30. 31.990. 4.4
. . . ~
,:
.
1~74~
-39-
TABLE IV (cont'd)
Xerc~el Stretched Fiber Properties
Fiber Stretch Tenacity Modulus
Ex ~ enier Ratio g/den g/den Elong
312306. 30. 32. 1045. 4.0
3141234. 45. 37. 1320. 4.0
315344. 25. 30. 970. 4.0
3'L7254. 29. 32. 1270. 3.5
320190. 29. 30. 1060. 4.0
322307. 25. 29. 1030. 4.0
323340. 25. 34. 1~93. 4.1
324340. 23. 33. 996. 4.4
325340. 30. 37. 1241. 4.1
326340. 35. 39. 1480. 3.7
327373. 24. 30. 920. 4.5
328373. 27. 34. 1080. 4.5
329373. 30. 36. 1349. 4.0
330373. 35. 37. 1377. 3.9
332218. 34. 35. 1320. 3.9
333218. 30. 37. 1364. 4.0
334218. 30. 31. 1172. 3.9
335326. 26. 37. 1260. 4.5
336326. 30. 39. 1387. 4.2
337326. 42. 42. 1454. 4.0
338326. 42. 37. 1440. 3.9
339349. 55. 29. 1330. 3.3
345349. 31. 29. 1007. 4.5
346349. 51. 34. 1165. 4.3
357772. 45. 31. 990. 4.4
358772. 51. 27. 1356. 3.0
359772. 58. 32. 1240. 3.7
360772. 59. 33. 1223. 3.8
364293. 47. 38. 1407. 4.5
3751613. 50. 30. 960. 4.1
379791. 46. 32. 1110. 3.9
3821056. 68. 34. 1280. 3.7
383921. 51. 31. 1090. 4.0
3861057. 89. 34. 1250. 3.8
813~3
- 40 -
TABLE IV (cont'd)
Xerogel Stretched Fiber Properties
Fiber Stretch Tenacity Modulus
Example Denier Ratio g/deng/den Elong
387 984. 59. 33.1010. 4.3
394 230. 29. 31.982. 4.3
400 427. 32. 30.970. 4.1
405 1585. 39. 33.1124. 3.6
407 1585. 174. 32.1040. 4.0
418 1370. 51. 33.1160. 3.7
419 344. 23. 30.1170. 3.8
421 1193. 30. 31.880. 4.6
422 1193. 39. 35.1220. 3.9
423 1193. 51. 34.1310. 3.4
424 1193. 50. 36.1390. 3.6
426 1315. 32. 30.860. 4.4
427 1315. 42. 33.1160. 3.9
428 1315. 46. 34.1170. 3.8
429 395. 19. 35.840. 4.5
430 395. 25. 31.1100. 3.9
435 1455. 36. 31.920. 4.3
436 1455. 43. 31.1120. 3.6
437 1455. 51. 33.1060. 3.3
440 1316. 37. 32.1130. 4.0
441 453. 31. 32.990. 4.7
442 453. 49. 39.1320. 4.4
443 453. 34. 33.1060. 4.4
444 453. 55. 36.1410. 3.6
446 402. 28. 30.1107. 4.0
447 402. 22. 30.870. 5.0
448 402. 34. 36.1175. 4.3
449 4n2. 38. 37.1256. 4.3
451 461. 33. 33.1070. 4.4
452 461. 38. 35.1130. 4.1
453 461. 40. 35.1220. 3.7
454 64. 14. 34.1080. 4.7
455 64. 17. 35.1263. 3.4
456 64. 26. 40.1453. 3.8
~74~
-41-
TABLE IV (cont'd)
Xerogel Stretched Fiber Properties
Fiber Stretch Tenacity Modulus
Example Denier Ratio g/den g/den
460 268. 32. 35.1220. 4.3
462 268. 29. 34.1100. 4.2
463 268. 32. 34.1110. 4.1
464 268. 4~. 40.1390. 3.9
465 420. 53. 41.1550. 3.7
466 420. 27. 31.1010. 4.0
467 371. 24. 31.960. 4.4
468 371. 63. 45.1560. 3.9
470 1254. 40. 35.1100. 4.1
471 1254. 43. 37.1190. 4.0
472 1254. 45. 38.1320. 4.0
473 1254. 66. 39.1600. 3.5
474 210. 44. 43.1700. 3.5
475 210. 21. 34.1170. 4.0
476 210. 27. 38.1420. 3.6
479 1227. 50. 34.1180. 4.1
480 1227. 48. 33.1140. 4.1
481 1227. 44. 35.1230. 4.1
483 1294. 29. 31.1000. 4.3
484 1294. 42. 36.1350. 3.7
485 340. 26. 32.1160. 3.8
486 340. 18. 27.1020. 4.1
In order to determine the relationships of the fiber
properties to the process and material parameters, all of
the data from Example 111-486, including those Examples
listed in Table IV, were subjected to statistical analy-
sis by multiple linear regression. The regression equa-
tion obtained for fiber tenacity was as follows:
Tenacity, g/d = 11.88 + 2.221IV' + 1.147C' + 1.948TM'
+0.822Q' -1.167L' -2.438DO' +0.532SR -0.726IV'DA'
+1.399IV'TM' +0.534IV'L' +0.046IV'SR -0.754C'DA'
-0.391C'Q' -0.419C'DO' -1.327D'TM' +0.366D'L'
-0.577DA'TM'
!i;; `~.~
,.
' '
1~74~
,
-42-
-0.790 DA'Q' -0.034 DA'SR -0.049 TM'SR
+0.809 Q'L' -0.313 Q'DO' - 0.33~ (IV')
+0.115 (L~)2 +0.564 (DO')2 -0.00237 (SR)2
where:
IV' = (polymer IV, dL/g-14.4)/3.1
C' = Gel concentration, % - 6
TM' = (spinning temp.C - 200)/20
Q' = (spin flow rate, cc/min - 4.38)/1.46
L' = (distance to quench, in - 15)/9
DO' = 1.4427 log (xerogel fiber denier/500)
SR = stretch ratio
~xerogel fiber denier/stretched fiber denier)
DA' = (die angle, - 7.5)/7.5
D' = (die exit diameter, inches - 0.06)/0.02
The statistics of the reggression were;
F ratio (26, 346) = 69
Significance Level = 99.9 +%
Standard error of estimate = 2.6 g/denier
In the vicinity of the center of the experi-
mental space these effects may be summarized by consid-
ering the magnitude of change in the factor which is
required to increase tenacity of 1 g/d. This is given
below.
Factor Change
Required to
Increase Tenacity
Factor By 1 g/denier
IV +l dL/g
Conc. +l wt~
Spin Temp. +10 C
Spin Rate +(saddle) cc/min
30 Die Diam. -0.010 inches
Die Angle -2 degrees
Dist. to Quench -4 inches
Xerogel Fiber Denier -25
Stretch Ratio +2/1
High fiber tenacity was favored by increasing
polymer IV, increasing gel concentration, increasing
spinning temperature, decreasing die diameter, decreas-
ing distance to quench, decreasing xerogel fiber dia-
.,J
' '
1~7fl~3il3
-43-
meter, increasing stretch ratio and 0 die angle
(straight capillary).
It will be seen that the method of the inven-
tion enables substantial control to obtain desired fiber
properties and that greater controlability and flexabil-
ity is obtained than by prior art methods.
In these experiements, the effects of process
parameters upon fiber modulus generally paralled the
effects of these variables upon tenacity. Fiber modulus
was correlated with tenacity as follows
modulus, g/d = 42(tenacity, g/d) -258
Significance of the correlation between modu-
lus and tenacity was 99.99 +%. Standard error of the
estimate of modulus was 107 g/d.
It should be noted that many of the fibers of
these examples show higher tenacities and/or higher mod-
ulus than had seen obtained by prior art methods.
me densities and porosities of several of the
xerogel and stretched fibers were determined.
Xeroqel fiber Stretched fiber
~ensl~y % Densi~y, %
Example kg/m Porosity kg/m Porosity
115 934 2.7 -- --
122 958 0.2 0.965 0
126 958 0.2 -- --
25 182 906 5.6 940 2.1
The porosities of these samples were substan-
tially lower than in the prior art methods cited earlier.
EXAMPLES 487-583
In the following examples of multi-filament
spinning and stretching, polymer solutions were prepared
as in Example 2. The solutions were spun through a
16 hole spinning die using a gear pump to control solu-
tion flow rate. The aperatures of the spinning die were
straight capillaries of length-to-diameter ratio of
25/1. Each capillary was preceded by a conical entry
region of 60 included angle.
The multi-filament solution yàrns were
quenched to a gel state by passing through a water bath
8~8
.
-44-
located at a short distance below the spinning die.
The gel yarns were wound up on perforated dye tubes.
ExAMPLES 487-495
ONE STAGE "DRY STRETCHING" OF MULTI-FILAMENT YARN
The wound tubes of gel yarn were extracted
with TCTFE in a large Sohxlet apparatus to exchange
this solvent for paraffin oil as the liquid constituent
of the gel. The gel fiber was unwound from the tubes
and the TCTFE solvent was evaporated at room tempera-
ture.
The dried xerogel yarns were stretched by
passing the yarn over a slow speed feed godet and idler
roll through a hot tube blanketed with nitrogen, onto a
second godet and idler roll driven at a higher speed.
The stretched yarn was collected on a winder.
It was noted that some stretching of the yarn
(approximately 2/1) occurred as it departed the feed
godet and before it entered the hot tube. The overall
stretch ratio, i.e., the ratio of the surface speeds of
the godets, is given below.
In examples 487-495, the diameter of each hole
of the 16 filament spinning die was 0.040 inch (one
millimeter) the spinning temperature was 220C, the
stretch temperature (in the hot tube) was 140C and the
feed roll speed during stretching was 4 cm/min. In
examples 487-490 the polymer IV was 17.5 and the gel
concentration was 7 weight %. In examples 491-495 the
polymer IV was 22.6. The gel concentration was 9 weight
% in example 491, 8 weight % in examples 492-493 and 6
30 weight % in examples 494 and 495. The distance from the
die face to the quench bath was 3 inches (7.52 cm) in
examples 487, 488, 494 and 495 and 6 inches (15.2 cm) in
examples 490-493. The other spinning conditions and the
properties of the final yarns were as follows:
~4~
-45-
Yarn Properties
Gel Fiber
Spin Rate Take-up
Ex. cc/min- Speed Ten Mod
No fil cc/min SR ~enier g/d g/d Elong
_
5 487 1.67 1176 35 41 36 1570 3.3
488 2.86 491 25 136 27 1098 3.7
489 2.02 337 25 132 29 1062 3.6
490 2.02 337 30 126 31 1275 3.5
491 1.98 162 25 151 33 1604 3.0
10 492 1.94 225 25 227 29 1231 3.3
493 1.94 225 30 143 34 1406 3.3
494 1.99 303 30 129 34 1319 3.4
495 1.99 303 35 112 35 1499 3.2
EXAMPLES 496-501
ONE STAGE "WET STRETCHING" OF MULTI-FILAMENT YARN
The wound gel yarns still containing the paraffin
oil were stretched by passing the yarn over a slow speed
feed godet and idler roll through a hot tube blanketed
with nitrogen onto a second godet and idler roll driven
at high speed. It was noted that some stretching of the
yarn (approximately 2/1) occurred as it departed the feed
godet and before it entered the hot tube. The overall
stretch ratio, i.e., the ratio of the surface speeds of
the godets is given below. The stretching caused
essentially no evaporation of the paraffin oil (the vapor
pressure of the paraffin oil is 0.001 atmospheres at
149C). However, half of the paraffin oil content of the
gel yarns was exuded during stretching. The stretched
gel yarns were extracted with TCTFE in a Sohxlet
apparatus, then unwound and dried at room temperature.
In each of the examples 496-501 the spinning
temperatures was 220~C, the gel concentration was 6
weight ~ the distance from the spinning die to the water
quench was 3 inches (7.6 cm).
In examples 496 and 499-501 the diameter of each
hole of the spinning die was 0.040 inches (0.1 cm). In
examples 497 and 498 the hole diameters were 0.030 inches
(0.075 cm). In examples 496 and 494-501 the polymer IV
' `'~
:
. .
- .
74818
-46-
was 17.5. In examples 497 and 498 the polymer IV was
22.6. The other spinning conditions and properties of
the final yarns were as follows:
Gel Fiber
Spinning Take-up
5 Ex" Rate Speed Stretch Stretch
No~, cc/min-fil cm/min Temp RatioDenier
496 2.02 313 140 22 206
497 1.00 310 140 12.5 136
498 1.00 310 140 15 94
l0 499 2.02 313 120 20 215
500 2.02 313 120 22.5 192
501 2.02 313 120 20 203
Ex. Tenacity Modulus %
N g/d g/d Elong
496 25 1022 3.7
15 497 28 1041 3.6
498 32 1389 2.8
499 30 1108 4.5
500 30 1163 4.2
501 27 1008 4.2
EXAMPLES 502-533
In the following examples a comparison is made
between alternati~e two stage modes of stretching the
same initial batch of yarn. All stretching was done in a
hot tube blanketed with nitrogen.
Example 502
GEL YARN PREPARATION
The gel yarn was prepared from a 6 weight ~ solution
of 22.6 IV polyethylene as in example 2. The yarn was
spun using a 16 hole x 0.030 inch (0.075 cm) die.
30 Spinning temperature was 220C. Spin rate was 1 cm3/min-
fil. Distance from the die face to the quench bath was 3
inches (7.6 cm). Take-up speed was 308 cm/min. Nine
rolls of 16 filament gel yarn was prepared.
Examples 503-576
"WET-WET" STRETCHING
In this mode the gel yarn containing the paraffin
oil was stretched twice. In the first stage,
.
74~ 8
-47-
three of the rolls of 16 filament gel yarns described
in example 502 above were combined and stretched
together to prepare a 48 filament stretched gel yarn.
The first stage stretching conditions were: Stretch
temperature 120C, feed speed 35 cm/min, stretch ratio
12/1. A small sample of the first stage stretched gel
yarn was at this point extracted with TCTFE, dried and
tested for tensile properties. The results are given
below as example 503.
The remainder of the first stage stretched
gel yarn was restretched at 1 m/min feed speed. Other
second stage stretching conditions and physical proper-
ties of the stretched yarns are given below.
2nd Stage 2nd Stage
Ex.Stretch Stretch Tenacity
No.Temp - C RatioDenier g/d
503 --- --- 504 22
504 130 1.5 320 28
505 130 1.75 284 29
506 130 2.0 242 33
507 140 1.5 303 31
508 1~0 1.75 285 32
509 140 2.25 222 31
510 145 1.75 285 31
511 145 2.0 226 32
512 145 2.25 205 31
513 150 1.5 310 28
514 150 1.7 282 28
515 150 2.0 225 33
516 150 2.2~ 212 31
~7~
-48-
Ex. Modulus % Melting*
No. g/d Elong Temp, C
503 614 5.5 147
504 1259 2.9 ---
505 1396 2.6 150,157
506 1423 2.8 ---
507 1280 3.1 ---
508 1367 3.0 149,155
509 1577 2.6 ---
510 1357 3.0 ---
10 511 1615 2.7 ~~~
512 1583 2.5 151,15
513 1046 3.0 ---
514 1254 2.9 ---
515 1436 2.9 ---
15 516 1621 2.6 152,160
*The unstretched xerogel melted at 138C.
The density of the fiber of example 515 was deter-
mined to be 980 kg/m3. The density of the fiber was
therefore higher than the density of a compression molded
plaque and the porosity was essentially zero.
EXAMPLES 517-522
"WET-DRY" STRETCHING
In this mode the gel yarn was stretched once then
extracted with TCTFE, dried and stretched again.
25In the first stage, three of the rolls of 16 fila-
ment gel yarn described in Example 502 were combined and
stretched together to prepare a 48 filament stretched gel
yarn. The first stage stretching conditions were:
stretch temperature 120C, feed speed 35 cm/min, stretch
ratio 12/1.
The first stage stretched gel yarn was extracted
with TCTFE in a Sohxlet apparatus, rewound and air dried
at room temperature, then subjected to a second stage of
stretching in the dry state at a feed speed of 1 m/min.
Other second stage stretching conditions and physical
properties of the stretched yarn are given below.
1~'7A~8
-49-
2nd 2nd
Stage Stage
Stretch Stretch Ten Mod %Melt
Exanple Temp,C Ratio Denier ~ g/d Elong Temp,C
517130 1.25 390 22 1193 3.0 ---
518130 1.5 332 26 1279 2.9 150,157
519140 1.5 328 26 1291 3.0 ---
520140 1.75 303 27 1239 2.7 150,159
521150 1.75 292 31 1427 3.0 ---
522150 2.0 246 31 1632 2.6 152,158
EXAMPLES 523-533
"DRY-DRY" STRETCHING
In this mode the gel yarn described in example 502
was extracted with TCTFE, dried, then stretched in two
stages. In the first stage, three of the rolls of 16
filament yarn were combined and stretched together to
prepare a 48 filament stretched xerogel yarn. The first
stage stretching conditions were: stretch temperature
120C, feed speed 35 cm/min., stretch ratio 10/1. The
properties of the first stage stretched xerogel yarn are
given as example 523 below. In the second stretch stage
the feed speed was 1 m/min. Other second stage stretch-
ing conditions and physical properties of the stretched
yarns are given below.
Stretch Ten Mod % Melt
Example Temp,C SR enier g/d g/d ~ Temp,C
523 - _ 39221 564 4.3 146,153
524130 1.5 38724 915 3.1
525130 1.75 32523 1048 2.4 150,158
526140 1.5 30628 1158 2.9
527140 1.75 31128 1129 2.9
528140 2.0 28624 1217 2.3 150,157
529150 1.5 30626 917 3.3
530150 1.75 30028 1170 3.0
531150 2.0 27331 1338 3.8
532150 2.25 20032 1410 2.2
533150 2.5 21633 1514 2.5 152,156
The density of the fiber of example 529 was determined to be
940 Kg/m3. The porosity of the fiber was therefore 2%.
'
~7~
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EXAMPLES 534-542
MULTI-STAGE STRETCHING OF MULTI-FILAMENT YARN
-
In the following examples a comparison is made
between two elevated temperature stretches and a three
stage stretch with the first stage at room temperature.
The same initial batch of polymer solution was used in
these examples.
EXAMPLE 534
UNSTRETCHED GEL YARN PREPARATION
A 6 weight % solution of 22.6 IV polyethylene yarn
was prepared as in example 2. A 16 filament yarn was
spun and wound as in example 502.
EXAMPLE 535
PREPARATION OF GEL YARN STRETCHED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
The unstretched gel yarn prepared as in example 534
was led continuously from a first godet which set the
spinning take-up speed to a second godet operating at a
surface speed of 616 cm/min. In examples 540-542 only,
the as-spun gel fiber was stretched 2/1 at room tempera-
ture in-line with spinning. The once stretched gel fiber
was wound on tubes.
EXAMPLES 536-542
The 16 filament gel yarns prepared in examples '34
and 535 were stretched twice at elevated temperature. In
the first of such operations the gel yarns were fed at 35
cm/min to a hot tube blanketed with nitrogen and main-
tained at 120C. In the second stage of elevated temper-
ature stretching the gel yarns were fed at 1 m/min and
were stretched at 150C. Other stretching conditions and
yarn properties are given below.
~L~L74818
-50a-
SR SR SR Total Ten Mod
Example RT 120C 150C SR enier g/d g/d Elong
536 - 8.3 2.25 18.7 128 23 1510 2.6
537 - 8.3 2.5 20.8 116 30 1630 3.0
538 - 8.3 2.75 22.8 108 30 1750 2.7
539 - 8.3 3.0 24.9 107 31 1713 2,6
540 2 6.8 2.0 27.2 95 30 1742 2,5
541 2 6,8 2.25 30.6 84 34 1911 2,5
542 2 6,8 2,5 34 75 32 1891 2,2
., ~
'7~ 8
-51-
EXAMPLES 543-551
POLYETHYLENE YARNS OF EXTREME MODULUS
The highest experimental value reported for
the modulus of a polyethylene fiber appears to be by P.
J. Barham and A. Keller, J. Poly. Sci., Polymer Letters
ed. 17, 591 (1979). The measurement 140 GPa (1587 g/d)
was made by a dynamic method at 2.5 Hz and 0.06% strain
and is expected to be higher than would be a similar
measurement made by A.S.T.M. Method D2101 "Tensile
Properties of Single Man Made Fibers Taken from Yarns
and Tows" or by A.S.T.M. Method D2256 "Breaking Load
(Strength) and Elongation of Yarn by the Single Strand
Method." The latter methods were used in obtaining the
data reported here.
The following examples illustrate the prepara-
tion of novel polyethylene yarns of modulus exceeding
1600 g/d and in some cases of modulus exceeding 2000
g/d. Such polyethylene fibers and yarns were heretofore
unknown. In the following examples all yarns were made
from a 22.6 IV polyethylene, 6 weight % solution pre-
pared as in example 2 and spun as in example 502. All
yarns were stretched in two stages. The first stage
stretch was at a temperature of 120C. The second stage
stretch was at a temperature of 150C. Several 16
filament yarn ends may have been combined during
stretching. Stretching conditions and yarn properties
are given below.
-52-
Feed-l Feed-2 Ten Mod
Example cm/min SR-l cm/min SR-2 Fils g/d g/d Elong
Wet'Wet
543 25 15 100 2.25 48 39 1843 2 9
544 35 12.5100 2.5 64 31 1952 2.6
~i45 35 10.5100 2.75 48 31 1789 2.4
546 100 6.4 200 2.85 48 27 1662 2.5
Wet-Dry
547 25 15 100 2.0 48 36 2109 2.5
548 25 15 100 2.0 48 32 2305 2.5
549 25 15 100 2.~ 48 30 2259 2.3
550 25 15 100 1.87 48 35 2030 2.7
551 25 15 100 1.95 16 35 1953 3.0
The yarns of examples 548 and 550 were characterized
by differential scanning calorimetry and density measure-
ment. The results, displayed below, indicate two dis-
tinct peaks at the melting points indicated, quite unlike
the broad single peak at 145.5C or less reported by
Smith and Lemstra in J. Mat. Sci., vol 15, 505 (19~0).
Example Melt Temp(s) Density % Porosity
548147/155C 977 kg/m3 o
550149,156C 981 ~g/m3 0
EXAMPLES 552-558
POLYPROPYLENE YARNS OF EXTREME MODULUS
The highest reported experimental value for the
modulus of a polypropylene material (fiber or other form)
appears to be by T. Williams, J. Mat. Sci., 8, 559
(1973). Their value on a solid state extruded billet was
16.7 GPa (210 g/d). The following examples illustrate
the preparation of polypropylene continuous fibers with
modulus exceeding 220 g/d and in some cases of modulus
exceeding 250 g/d.
In the following examples all fibers were made from
an 18 IV polypropylene, 6 weight % solution in paraffin
oil prepared as in example 2. In Examples 552-556, the
fibers were spun with a single hole conical die of 0.040"
(0.1 cm) exit diameter and 7.5% angle. Solution tempera-
ture was 220C. A melt pump was used to control solution
.,~
18
--53--
flow rate at 2.92 cm3/min. Distance from the die face to
the water quench was 3 inches (7.6 cm). The gel fibers
were one stage wet stretched at 25 cm/min feed roll speed
into a 1.5 m hot tube blanketed with nitrogen. The
5 stretched fibers were extracted in TCTFE and air dried.
Other spinning and stretching conditions as well as fiber
properties are given below.
Gel FiberStretch
Take-up Temp Ten Mod
Example Speed C SRDenier g/d
10552 432 139 10 33 13.0 298 15.8
553 432 138 10 34 13.0 259 18.3
554 317 140 5 45 11.2 262 19.9
555 317 140 10 51 11.0 220 19.6
556 317 150 10 61 8.8 220 29.8
15 The fiber of example 556 was determined by differen-
tial scanning calorimetry to have a first melting temper-
ature of 170-171C with higher order melting temperatures
of 173C, 179C and 185C. This compares with the 166C
melting point of the initial polymer. The moduli of
20 these fibers substantially exceed the highest previously
reported values.
In Examples 557 and 558, the yarns were spun with a
16 hole x 0.040 inch (1 mm) capillary die. The solution
temperature was 223C, and the spinning rate was 2.5 cm3/
25 min-filament. The distance from the die face to the water
quench bath was 3 inches (7.6 cm). Take-up speed was 430
cm/min. The gel yarns were "wet-wet" stretched in two
stages. The first stage stretching was at 140C at a
feed speed of 35 cm/min. The second stage stretching was
30 at a temperature of 169C, a feed speed of 100 cm/min and
a stretch ratio of 1.25/1. Other stretching conditions as
well as fiber properties are given below.
, .
~f`~ .
13174l~
-54-
Ten Mod
Example SR-l Denier y/d 9/d Elong
557 9.5 477 10 368 6.8
558 9.0 405 10 376 5.7
The moduli of these yarns very substantially exceed the
highest previously reported values.
