Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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Reactor Container
The invention concerns a reactor container with a
fireproof lining, in particular for the gasification of
~ossil fuels, with an inner lining layer of ceramic material,
which limits the interior of the reaction area, with an
outer layer, which connects exteriorly to the ormer, and
with a pipe system formed by pipe arrangements extending
longitudinally of the reactor container along peripheral
surfaces of different diameter, of which one runs in the
outer layer.
In a known reactor container of this type, the
inner lining layer consists of a tamping mass. Within
this layer, no cooling pipes are provided. A second
layer, connecting directly outwardly, consists of a filling
and insulating material and contains two pipe arrangements,
of which the inner one forms the inner face of the second
layer and consists of cooling pipes welded firmly together.
The inner cooling pipes thus form a tight wall sealed
around the periphery.
In the known arrangement, it is disadvantageous
that the cooling pipes of the inner pipe arrangement do
not enable heat expansions of the inner lining layer due
to the fact that they are welded together. The reactor
container, therefore, is not suitable for high operating
temperatures.
When operating at temperatures of up to 1500C,
it is however necessary to form the lining in such a way
that it also allows major heat expansions and that the
radial forces generated by the heat expansions do not
unduly stress the lining and structural parts surrounding
same.
It is, therefore, the object of the present in-
vention, to provide a lining suitable for a reactor
container of the type noted a~ the outset, which can
reliably admit the relatively great heat expansions
occurring on high operating temperatures and which
guar~ntees sufficiently good and uniform heat dissipation
from the lining.
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In order to solve this object, it is proposed
according to the invention that an inner arrangement of
cooling pipes run within the inner lining layer and the
cooling pipes thereof can be completely surrounded by
ceramic material, that the outer layer surround, as a
further lining layer, the inner lining layer under form-
ation of an annular gap, which is dimensioned in radial
direction such that it closes when the operating temper-
ature is reached, and that at~least some pipes of the
outer pipe arrangement be placed as a component of the
cooling system, disposed in a peripherally staggered
relationship with respect to the cooling pipes of the
inner cooling pipe arrangement, such that the outer
pipes coincide with radial planes disposed betwePn two
; respective inner cooling pipes.
Thus, an especially effective cooling of the
inner lining layer is obtained. The inner lining layer
can be formed in such a way that it can expand outward-
ly until the operating temperature is reached, without
having to overcome extreme resistance. When the oper-
ating temperature is reached and the inner lining
layer contacts the outer lining layer, the latter is,
at most, only stressed by relatively slight radial
forces. At the sam~ time, a heat transfer into the
material of the outer lining layer is made possible
so that heat can also be removed over the material of
the outer lining layer by means of the exterior cooling
pipe system.
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As is well ~nown, the cooling effect at the middle
region between two adjacent cooling pipes of the inner
cooling pipe arrangement is less than in the immediate
vicinity of the cooling pipes themselves. This middle
region, therefore, heats up correspondingly higher. However,
the required heat removal from such areas is secured by
placing respective cooling pipes of the outer lining layer
into coincidence with a radial plane disposed within the
respective middle region. Consequently, a uniform dis
10 tribution of the cooling effec~ results over the entire
periphery of the vessel. This uniformity of heat removal
- also results in a decrease in the wear and tear of the
inner lining layer.
It is advantageous according to the invention if
at least the inner layer of the l-ning is formed by fire-
- proof bricks which have a recess at each of their sides
facing a cooling pipe such that the cooling pipe engages
the bricks by a part of its surface. Thus, not only the
manufacture of the inner lining layer is simplified but
20 also a larger heat transfer surface is achieved between
the ceramic material of the inner lining layer and the
cooling pipes contained in them.
While it is not inconvenient if the inner lining
layer is gas permeable, the escapement of gases through the
~` lining assembly should be prevented. This can be
advantageously accomplished according to the invention
t in that the cooling pipes of the outer lining layer form
a cage sealed at least essentially gas-tight in peripheral
direction.
The cooling pipes of the outer lining layer can,
"~ for this purpose, be firmly welded with the aid of
continuous stays or the like. It is, however, also con-
ceivable to use finned pipes and either weld the fins
themselves together or, to arrange the finned pipes in
` such a way that their fins overlap one another.
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Furthermore, it is proposed according to the in-
vention that the cooling system be used in the cooling
of the lining only at the level of the main reaction area
of the reactor container and that one of the cooling
pipe arrangements outside of the lining be extended
to the level of the inlet area of the reactor container.
The cooling system, which is required for the
especially intensive cooling at the level of the main
reaction area, can thus be restricted to this area. 10 The leading of the cooling system out of the lining at
the level of the inlet area of the reactor container
also advantageously serves the purpose of enabling a
greater heating of the lining in the inlet area from the
interior of the reactor container, which is frequently
useful for the conveyance of chemical-physical
reactions. By the same token, the portion of the cool-
ing pipe arrangement, which is at the level of the inlet
area, can be utilized in preventing the temperature drop
between the lining and the outer pressure casing below
a specific value, as the water circulating in the
cooling pipes can assume the appropriate temperature.
According to a further embodiment of the in-
vention, the inner and the outer arrangement of the
cooling pipes can be each made a part of a different
cooling circulation with separate inlets and outlets.
It is then pos~ihle to separately regulate the desired
~! cooling effect by each of the two cooling pipe arrange-
ments, depending on the respective requirement.
In order to prevent the occurrence of gas flow
between the lining and the outer pressure casing in the
outlet area of the reactor container, it is advantageous
according to the invention if an elastically yielding
gas barrier extending up to the outer pressure surfaces,
connects to the cooling pipes of the outer lining layer
in the direction of the outlet end of the reactor
container.
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The inner lining layer is subject to varying
degrees of wear and tear. In order not to have to
exchange the entire lining layer, it is advantageous
according to the invention if at least the inner
layer of an intermediate region of the lining disposed
between the inlet area and the outlet area of the reactor
container and including the cooling pipes, i5 formed as
a one-piece or multisectional structural unit which
can be inserted into the adjacent areas and is struc-
lQ~ turally essentially independent of ~hese areas.
The term "intermediate region" refers always
to that section of the lining which includes the level
wherein the main reactions occur in the interior of
; the reactor container.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will
now be described in greater detail with reference to
the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic longitudinal sectional
view of a reactor container;
Figure 2 is a partial section, II-II of Fig. l;
and
Figure 3 is a partial section corresponding
to the illustration according to Figure 2 but
showing a modified formation of the outer cooling
pipe arrangement.
The reactor container is vertically arranged
and has a container inlet 10 at the top, through
which the reaction components are charged. At the
lower end, a container outlet 11 is located, which
is connected with plant parts disposed thereafter and
not shown in the drawings.
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The reactor container has a pressure resistant
outer casing 12 made of steel and a fireproof lining
which limits the container interior 13. The lining is
comprised of several layers. An inner layer 14 consists
of bricks 15 and cooling pipes 16, extending essentially
in vertical direction, as is shown in Figure 3. Between
each pair of adjacent cooling pipes 16, two bricks 15
are inserted corresponding to the illustration according
to Figure 2. Each brick 15 has an approximately semi-
- 10 circular groove or depression at its side turned to a
cooling pipe 16, into which depression the respective
cooling pipe 16 engages with a par~ of its surface. The
cooling pipes 16 thus simultaneously form a structural
support for the bricks 15.
The inner layer 14 is surrounded by an annular
gap 17, limited, at the exterior, by an outer layer 18
of the lining. The radial width of the gap 17 is of
a size which corresponds in radial direction to the
size of the anticipated expansion of the inner layer 14.
On reaching the operating temperature, the bricks 15 are
therefore adjacent to and in contact with the outer
layer 18. The outer layer includes cooling pipes 19
connected by plates 20 to a cage sealed around the
periphery. The interior of this cage is lined with
fireproof material in form of a packing mass 21.
As can be seen particularly in Figure 2, each
second cooling pipe 19 is an intermediate pipe disposed
approximately in the middle of the arc corrésponding to
the distance between two adjacent inner cooling pipes
16. The intermediate cooling pipes 19 are of special
importance for equalization of heat removal from the
inner layer 14. The remaining cooling pipes 19, which are
each on generally the same radius with the cooling pipes
; 16, are provided, primarily to secure a reserve of
cooling output in the event the cooling system formed
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by the inner cooling pipes 16 breaks down partially or
completely as a result of unforeseen failures or
damages. On the ~hole, therefore, the heat transfer
surfaces of the outer cooling system are larger than
those of the inner cooling system.
The cooling pipes 16 of the inner cooling pipe
arrangement are held by brackets 22, distributed around
the periphery, namely, with the aid of retaining plates
23 extending in radial direction and retaining angles
24 to which the cooling pipes 16 are welded. The outer
cooling pipes 19 are also welded together to the re-
taining plates 23 and are additionally connected by
retaining angles 25 with the brackets 22.
The cooling system formed by the inner cooling
pipes 16 is subdivided over the periphery into indiv-
idual sections, of which each is attached to a central
coolant supply over inlets 26 and outlets 27 extending
radially outward. This sectional subdivision also
corresponds on the whole to the structural formation
of the lining insofar as these sections represent
structural units which can be individually replaced
(inclusive the respective bricks), if required.
As can be seen in Figure 1, the inner cooling
system formed by the cooling pipes 16 extends only
over that area of the container interior 13 which can
be regarded as the main reaction area. At the level
of the inlet region near the container inlet 10, only
the inner layer 14 of the lining is present. This one,
however, does not have a cooling system because it can
be practical for chemical-physical reactions of the
layer 14 is heated from the inside to the greatest
possible degree at this level.
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The outer cooling pipes 19 are raised up to the
level of the inlet area, but are disposed outside of the
layer 14 and eventually discharge into an upper ring
collector 28, which simultaneousl~ holds the pipe system.
The free sections of the cooling pipes 19 in this area
assure that the temperature between the layer 14 and the
outer pressure casing 12 cannot drop below the dewpoint
temperature.
The region of the reactor container, at the
container outlet 11 is structured similarly, as in such
` region the innler layer of the lining is also free of
cooling pipes. The outer cooling pipes 19, in comparison
to the cooling pipes 16, extend downward to a further
ring collector 29 with which they communicate. The
` outer cooling system is subdivided over the periphery
into sector-shaped segments. Each section of the outer
cooling system has an inlet 30 and an outlet 31, connected
with a central coolant supply. In the latter, the control
of the coolant temperature and quan~ity is ef~ected.
Generally, water can be used as the coolant.
; The outer region of the container interior 13,
at the container outlet 11, forms a cross-sectional
reduction or contraction, the cooling is effected by
means of a further ring collector 31, which is also
attached to a central coolant supply over an inlet
33 and an outlet 34. Figure 1 shows`that the ring
collector 32 rests on brackets 35 distributed over the
` periphery of the container, whereby a slight radial
displacement of the collector 32 is made possible,
to equalize heat expansion occurring during the operation.
or this purpose, elastic connecting links 36 are also
inserted respectively between the ring collector 32, on
the one hand, and the inlet 33 and the outlet 34, on
the other hand.
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In the lower portion of Figure 1, gas barriers
37 can also be seen which consist of elastic plates and
which should prevent the passage of gases into the part
between the lining and the casing 12.
In the described embodiment, the reactor container
has then an inner and an outer cooling system, which can,
if necessary, be regulated independent of each other.
The sectional subdivision over the periphery further
enables the disconnection of individual sections in
the event of unforeseen failures Or damages, which is
particularly important for the inner cooling system
formed by the cooling pipes 16. In particular, as
soon as the cooling pipes 16 are exposed to a direct
heat influence, they can very quickly become damaged
and pervious. By disconnecting the respective section,
an afterflow of the cooling medium into the container
interior 13 can be prevented.
If required, the cooling effect provided by the
ring collector 32 can also be regulated independent of
the two other cooling systems.
As shown in Figure 3, the described embodiment
can be modified by forming the outer cooling system by
finned pipes 38, whose fins are dimensioned and arranged
in such a way that they partially overlap. In this way,
gaps, located approximately in the finned plane and not
visible in Figure 3, are formed. The finned pipes 38
can, therefore, shift at least slightly against one
another for the equalization of different heat expansions,
without allowing direct heat radiation to penetrate out-
wardly in the event of damage to the inner layer 14.While with the arrangement according to Figure 2
the outer cooling pipe arrangement can form an
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absolutely gas-tight casing, the embodiment
according to Figure 3 can be regarded as merely
substatially gas-tight but allowing a slight dis-
placement of the finned pipes 38 against one another
for the e~ualization of varied heat expansions.
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