Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
5~
It has been common practice to include in lubricant
$ormulations additives to provide improved antiwear and rust
inhibition properties. In the pastl sulfurized triglycerides~
such as sulfurized lard oil, have been utilized, especially
in as~sociation with lightly refined aromatic mineral oils
which pro~ided sufficient solubility or the sulfurized
triglycerides.
~ Yith the increased concern for toxicity of aromatic
~ompounds found in such mineral oils, lubricant formulatiolls
lQ now comprise essentially non-aromatic oils. This change to
substantially non-aromatic base oi}s crcated a major problem,
resulting from a significant decrease in solubility of the
sulfurized triglycerides in the non-aromatic mineral oil,
resul~ing in solidification and/or dropout of the sulfuriæed
triglycerides.
~hile the solubility problem has been overcome,
the ~odified lubricant products have been found to be either
deflcient in desirable lubricant properties or incapable of
pro~iding needed improvement in these propertiesO
2Q In a typical approach to this problem9 as reported
in United States Patent Number 3~455,896, sulfurized9 low
~lecular weight polybutenes were reacted with liquid trigly-
ceridesg which ~ere susceptible of sulfurization, to yield an
additiveO In United States Patent Number 3,850,~25, another
additive was prepared by the sulfurization of a mixture of prime
burning lard oil and alkyl oleate. In United States Patent Number
3,7~0~333, Cl~ - C16 alcohol esters of unsaturated fatty acids7
having 18 to 22 carbon atoms~ were blended with a triglyceride
5~3
and either used `'as is" or sulfurizedO Modifications of
such composi~ions have been reported in United Skates Patent
Num~ers ~,14~,~8~, 4,166,795, 4,166,796, 4,166,797, and
8,300 D
Althoug~ t~ese prior art efforts have increased
the solubility o~ sulfurized fatty oils to acceptable
values, there has remained a serious need for sulfurized
additives possessing both good solubility and a combination
of improved lubricant properties, such as, for example,
la ~etter low temperature flow properties, better load carrying
and antifriction properties9 and a lack of sludging. Such
imyroved lubricant properties would also be attractive or
use in various fuels systems employed for power generation
and heating purposes.
This in~ention relates to improved lubricant
additive compositions comprising sul~uriæed fatty oils, to
~he process for their preparation, and to oil product
compositions, including bo~h fuels and lubricants, incor-
porating such sulurized fatty oilsO The additive compositions
~0 o~ this invention exhibit highly desirable solubility pro-
perties when employed in ei*her lubricant or fuel formula
tions. The particularly desirable utility of these
additive compositions derives from their providing generally
improved performance characteristics, ranging from improved
load carrying, anti~ear, and friction properties3 to reduced
levels of deposits and varnish, and to improved pour point
depression.
This invention particularly relates to sulfurized,
fatty oil additive compositions3 comprising a sulfurizedO
_ ~ _
1~3'75(~
transesterified -triglyceride wherein the total acicl com-
ponent of the triglyceride comprises no less than about 35
~nole ~ saturated aliphatic acids and no more than about 65
mole % un~aturated fatty acids, said total acid component
being further characterized as comprising:
a) more than about 20 mole % of mono-unsaturated
acids;
b~ less than about 15 mole % of poly-unsa~urated
fatty acids;
c) more than about 20 mole % saturated aliphatic
acids having 6 to 16 carbon atoms> including
nore than about 10 mole % saturated aliphatic
acids. ha~ing 6 to 14 carbon atoms; and
d? less than about 15 mole % saturated aliphatic
acids having 18 or more carbon atoms.
This invention further relates to the method for
preparation of such transesterified and sulfurized trigly-
cer~des.
2Q This invention additionally relates to lubricant
and fuel compositions incorporating such sulfurized, fatty
oil additives, whereby improved performance in conventional
usages is achievedD The additives of this invention may be
emplo~ed in concentrations up to about 15 Wto % in lubricant
formulations and up to about 0ul wto % in fuel compositionsO
This invention is directed to additive compositions
of sulfurized fatt~ oils, and to the process of preparing
said compositions, which e~hibit the required solubility
properties in non-aromatic base oils without the disadvan-
-- 3 --
'75~
tages associated with the prior art lubricant additive
~ormulations. In addition, the compositions of this
invention exhibit improved performance characteristics,
over the compositions of the prior art, including improved
load carrying/ antiwear, and friction properties~ reduced
levels of deposits and varnish in used oils, and~better
pour-point depre~sion. This invention is likewise directed
to lubricant and fuel formulations which include the
invelltive additive compositions.
Triglycerides of the prior art, typically derived
from plants and animals, do not provide maximum effective-
ness as lubricant additives because of the chain length
and/or the degree of unsaturation of the acid moiety.
Modification of said acid moieties of th~ triglycerides,
by transesterification, produces novel triglycerides that
optimize the properties of the resulting additive when
said nov l triglycerides are coupledl through sul~ur bonds,
with solubilizing components, such as esters and/or olefins.
The acid moiety o~ the triglyceride components
of the additives of this invention consists of an acid
mixture having less than about 65 ~ole % unsaturated acids,
mainly possessing one ethylenic carbon-carbon double bond,
and more than 35 mole % saturated aliphatic acids, Of
the total acid moiety, less than about 15 mole % are
5 saturated acids having 18 or more carbon atoms and more than
about 35 mole % are saturated acids having less ~han 18
carbon atoms. Similarlyl less than about 15 mole % are
-oly~unsaturated acids and more than about 20 mole %
are mono-unsaturated acids~
~'7~
The transesterification reaction is carried
out on blends of (1) triglycerides, (2) triglycerides and
organic acids, or (3) triglycerides and esters of organic
acids~ Where acids are incLuded in the reaction and the
amount of free acids present in the transesterified blend is
greater than about 15 %, then the free acid ig pr~ferably
esterifi~d wi~h monoalcohols, glycols or glycerol to decrease
the free acid content prior to the subsequent sulfurization
reac~ionO The esterification of free acids may also be
effected when the concentration thereof is less than about
15% but this is not imperative.
Fotlowing the transesterification, or esteri~ication,
the reaction components are coupled by reaction with sulf~lr
with, where desired, the added presence of solubilizing
components, such as esters, olefins or blends thereof. The
sulfurization is conducted in accordance with known procedures
which generally consist of heating the mixture with elemental
sulfur at temperatures ~rom about 3no F. to about 400 F.
for from about 1 to about 8 hours. The sulur content of
the additives o this invention should be within the range
from about 4 to about 14 wt. %.
The additives of the present invention preferably
utilize as starting compounds naturally occuring trigly-
cerides. The ~ompositions of such triglycerides are detailed
in BaileY's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, VolO I~ 4th
Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
A triglyceride is the ester product of glycerol
and one or more fatty acids, represented schematically as
-- 5 --
5l~3
H H
H-C-OH HOOC-Rl H~C-OOCRl
H-C-OH -t HOOC-P~2 ~ -C-OOCR2
H-C-OH ~OOC-R3 H-C-OOCR3
H H
~ where Rl, R2~ and R3 represent hydrocarhon groups which may
be identic.~l or different in chain length and may also be
saturated or unsaturatedO
Triglycerides from fish and animal oils contain
acids with chain lengths that normally exceed 15 carbon
atoms and usually contain large a~ounts of mono- and poly-
unsaturated acids. Triglycerides from sc.me plant species
contain appreciable amounts of shorter chain acids, having
10, 12 or 14 carbon atoms. These shorter chain plant-derived
acids tend to be mainly saturated acids.
In the process of preparing the triglyceride
components of the additive of the present invention, com-
mercially available triglycerides which do not have the
required distribution of acids are transesterified with
acids, esters or triglycerides having a higher proportion of
the required distribution of acids. The resultant mixtures,
following the transesterification, have the required average
distribution of acids, preferably as triglycerides~ Free
acids in the transesterification reaction product may then
5 be esterified with mono-alcohols, ranging from methyl to
C20, or with poly-alcohols, such as a glycol br glycerol.
If the free acid content in the transesterification reaction
product is greater than about 15%, esterification is a
highly preferred p.rocedure, whereas below the 15~ level
esterification is optionalO Transesterification is preferably
-- 6 --
~ ~ 8'75~
carried out in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, at
temperatures within the range from about 400 F. to about
450 F. for from about 1 to about 8 hours.
Prior to sulfurization, the transesterlfied mixture
may be blended Witll a solubilizin~ component whe~ further
improved so ubility is desired. Whenever there ~s a sufi5icient
amount of free unsaturated acid in the tr~nsesterification
reaction product, the esterification of such acids can
provide the solubilizing factor. Otherwi3e additional
solubilizing components, such as unsaturated esters or
ole~ins are added prior to sulfurization.
Although the amount of solubilization component
present, prior to sulfurization may, if desired, be as high
as about 70 wt~ %, such solubilization components, when
employed, are preferably present in an amount within the
range from about 5 wt. % to about 55 wt. ~.
Examples of naturally occurring triglycerides,
which may be utilized as starting triglycerides for the
prPparation of the additives of this invention, include, but
are not limited to, lard oil, tallow, palm oil and peanut
oil.
The acid moiety of the triglyceride, following
transesterification, consists of a total ~ono- and poly-
unsaturated fatty acids in an amount of less than about 65
mole ~. The acid moiety consists of more than abcut 20 ~ole
~, preferably more than about 35 mole %, of mono-unsaturated
fatty acids and less than about 15 mole ~ poly-unsaturated
fatty acids; i.eO, acids ha~ing more than one ethylenic
carbon-carbon bond. Total saturated aliphatic acids comprise
more than about 35 mole ~, and preferably morQ than about
~'75~
50 mole %, of said acid moiety. Of the total acid moiety,
saturat~d acids having 6 to 14 carbon atoms are present ~n
an amount of more than a~out 10 mole ~ a~d prefexably more
than about 15 mole %; saturated acids having 6 to 16 carbon
atoms including the aforementioned acids having ~ to 14
carbon atoms, are present in an amount o more t~an about 20
mole % and preferably more than about 35 mole %i and sat~lrated
acids having 18 or more carbon atoms are present in an
amount of less than about 15 mole %O
The acids utilized are normally straight chain
acids, although the presence of some branched chain acids,
such as 2-ethylhexanoic and 2-methyldecanoic, is not deleterious.
A~most any alcohol can be utilized in the optional
esterification step, including glycerol, diols and mono-
hydroxy alcohols, especially terminal primary alcohols.
Branche~ alcohols, such as ~-ethylhexyl, isodecyl, isodo-
decyl and mixtures containing a wide range o alcohols, such
as 11 to 22 carbon atoms, can also be utilized.
Olefins, when used as solubilizing agents, normally
contain 8 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule. Olefin mixtures
may be employed.
In one embodiment of this invention, the trans-
esterification and esterification is caused to occur in 2
reduced number of steps by mixing together the starting
triglyceride, replacement acids, and alcohol, and then
subjecting the mixture to heat in the presence oE a tranC-
esterifi~ation catalyst.
Transesteriflcation catalysts are normally utilized
to speed th6 reaction, although the reaction will proceed
without a catalyst. The amount and type of catalyst can ~e
-- 8 --
5~
widely varied. Known transesterification catalysts are
tetrabutyl titanate, zinc acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium
hydroxides, potassium hydroxide, sodium methylate, sodium
sulfate, stannous oxalate, p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA),
methanesulfonic acid (MSA3, butylchlorotin dihydroxide,
sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and the like. p-~oluene-
sulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid are the preferred
catalyst. The amount of catalyst utilized is in the range
of about 0.01 wt~ % to about 1 wt. ~ with the preferred
range being about 0.03 wt. % to 0.5 wt. ~
Comparison runs made with and without a trans-
esterification catalyst showed the follow1ng degree of
completion:
a) catalyst: 0.15 % methanesulfonic acid,
4 hours at 400 F. - about 72 % completion;
b) catalyst. 0.1 ~ butylchlorotin dihydroxide,
8 hours at 400 F~ -- about 44 % completion;
and
c) catalysi: NONE - 8 hours at 400 F. --
about 21 % completion.
The above comparison study shows that the trans-
esterification reaction occurs even in the absence of a
catalyst and that the rate o~ reaction is increased by the
addition of a catalyst.
During thè transesterification reaction the
presence of 0.15 to 1.0 wt. % water increases the rate of
transesterification. However, during subsequent esterifica-
tion it is desirable that the water that nad been added, ox
is generated by the esterification reactioI?, be removed as
promptly as possible, in order to drive the reaction to
_ g _
~'7S~
completion and thus increase the yield.
The following examples serve, without limitation,
to describe the invention ~lore fully as it relates to
lubricant additive compositio~s. In the examples all parts
and percentages are on a weight basis unless ot~erwise
indicated.
In the following examples HOE alcohol refers to an
11 to 22 carbon alkyl alcohol, averaging about 16 carbons,
mainly branched primary alcohol, sold commercially as Heavy
Oxo Ends. Emery 876 acid is a saturated acid mixture
containing about 11% C9, ~ Clo-C13, 16~ C14, l5 16
1~ C17 and 12% C18 monobasic acids and 15% C~-C14 dibasic
acids. Diol concentrate is a mixture o predominantly
s~raight chain alcohols, containing about 84% diols, mainly
C13-C17 primary, and about 16% monohydroxy alcohols, mainly
C15-C16 primarY- ~
~ .
A blend of 67 parts prime lard oil, 28 parts crude
coconut oil, and 5 parts oleic acid W2S heated for 4 hours
at 4Q0 to 410 F., in the presence of 0.2~ p-~oluenesulfonic
acids. The acid value (A.V.~ of the mixture rose from 16 to
20. Acid value is determined by titration (A.O.C.S. method
Cd 3a-63~ and is defined as the numher of milligrams of
potassium hydroxide necessary to neutralize ~he free acids
in one gram of sample.
To the transes~erification reaction mixture I was
added 8 parts of HO~ alcohol and the heatlng continued for
an additional 3 hoursO The A.V. value W~5 reduced duxing
this process to 10~ The resultant produc1: II, except for
-- 10 ~
'75~3
small amounts of free acid and alcohol, contained about 87%
transesterified triglyceride and about 13% ester.
This product was sulfurized, by heating with
elemental sulfur at 360-370 F. for 3 hours, followed by
cooling below 330~ F. and passing air through the mixture
for about 1.5 hours, to remove any ~2S or other noxious
light ends. The resultant product III contained 6.3% bound
sulfur.
Example 2
Sixty (60~) percent of ~he transesterified trigly-
ceride product I, obtained by the procedure o~ Example 1,
was blended with 40~ of an alkyl alcohol ~HOE) ester of
unsaturated fatty acids (tall oil fatty acids~ and the
mixture sulfurized to yield product IV, having 7.3% bound
sul~ur.
A blend of 10Q parts prime lard oil and 25 parts
Emery 621 coconut fatty acid was heated for 4 hours at 400-
410 F., in the presence of 0.2% p-toluenesulfonic acid. To
this mixture was added 25 parts HOE alcohol and the mixture
was heated for an additional 3 hours. The A.V. of this
product V was 11.
To 150 parts of reaction product V was added 20
parts of the alkyl alcohol (HOE) ester of unsaturated fa~ty
acids (tall oil fatty acids) and the mixt~re sulfurized to
yield product VI, having 6~75 bound sulfur.
~ blend of 7~ parts of a solid triglyceride,
having a melting point o about 100 F., and 22 parts Emery 621
-- 11 --
1~7Si~l~
coconut fatty acids was heated at 400-410 F. for 4 hours,
in the presence of 0.2% methanesulfonic acid. Twenty (20)
parts of HOE alcohol was added and the reaction continued
until the A.V. decreased to 10. Twenty-eight (28) parts of
HOE alcohol ester of tall oil fatty acids was then added and
the ~ix~cure sulfuri~ed to yield product ~7II, having 6.5%
bound sulur. The mixture, pxior to sulfuriza~ion, con-
tained about 53% transeste~ified triglyce~ide and about 47%
HOE ester.
Exam~
Sixty-eight (68) parts of a solid triglyceride,
having a melting point of about 100 F., was mixed with 19
parts Emery 621 coconut fatty acid and 13 parts tall oil
fatty acid. The mixture was heated at 400-410~ F. for 4
hours, in the presence of 0.15% methanesulfonic acid.
Thirty ~30) parts HOE alcohol was then added and the heating
continued until an A.V. of 9 was obtained. The product was
then sulfurized, using 6.5~ sulfur, to yield the sulfuri2ed
product VIII.
Exam~ 6
A mixture of 80 parts prime burning lard oil and
20 parts Emery 876 acids was heated for 4 hours at 400-410 Fr
in the presence of 0.3~ p-toluenesulfonic acidO ~wen~y-two
(22) parts HOE alcohol was then added and the heating con-
tinued until an ~V. of 10 was obtained~ Tp this mixture
was added 30 parts c,f a dies'cer prspared from 2 mol~s of
tall oil fatty acids and 1 mole diol concentra~eO The
resultant mixture was sulfurized to give produc~ ~X, con-
taining 7.4% bound sulfur.
- 12 -
~8'~5~3
Example 7
A blend of 12% Chevron C15 - C18 ~C -olefin and
88~ of product V was sulfurized to give product X, con-
taining 7.1% sulfur.
Example 8
The procecure of Example 4 was repeated on a large
scale, utilizing 6% sulfur in the sulfurization step. The
product XI containec 5.9~ bound sulfur.
Example 9
A blend o~ 78 parts of a solid triglyceride,
having a melting point of about 100 F., and 22 parts Emery
621 coconut fatty acids was heated at 400-410 F. for 4
hours, in the presence of 0.15% methanesulfonic acid.
Twenty-three (23) parts of isodecyl alcohol was then added
and the heating continued for an additional 4 hours at 340-
380 F. The A.V. was reduced during this process to 8.
Sixteen (16) parts of isodecyl ester of tall oil fatty acids
was then added and the mixture sulfuri~ed, by heating with
sulfur, using the procedure of Example 1, to yield product
XII, containing 6.?% bound sulfur7 The mixture prior to
sulfurization, except for small amounts of free acid and
alcohol, contained about 56~ transesterified triglyceride and
44% ester.
The following products were prepared for com-
parison purposes.
Exame~ A
A ~ixtuxe of 88% prime burning 13rd oil and 12
methyl oleate was sulfurized to produce product A, con-
taining 9.7% bound sulfur.
13 -
'75~
Example B
A mixture of 55~ prime burning lard oil and 45%
HOE alcohol ester of tall oil fatty acids was sulfuriz~d to
yield sulfurized product B, oontaining 9.C% bound sulfur and
having an A.V. of 9. '-
~ Example C
A mixture of 50% prime buxning lard oil and 50%isodecyl alcohol ester of tall oil fatty acids was sulfurized
to ~ield product C, containing 9.1% bound sulfur and having
an A.V. of 8.
Products exemplary of t~e sulfu~ized f~.~ty oi~
additive compositions of this invention, prepared as descri~ed
in ~xamples 1 - 9, above, togethe~ with comparison products
A and B, were tested by conventional procedures at various
concentration levels, ranging from 1 to 4 wt. %, in a mineral
oil and in three commercially available engine oils, to
determine the respective effects on flow properties~ Results
are presented in Tables I, II, III, and IV.
The mineral oil _ontained no po-lr depressant
additive and did not flow at temperatures below 0c F. The
engine oils contained pour depressants and still flowed at
-20 F. Solubility of the products of this invention in
these oils was good.
Table I shows clearly that the additives of this
~ invention have excellent properties as pou~ depressants,
keeping the oil fluid at lower temperatures when added to a
mineral oil having a pour point of 0 F. However r when
large amounts Of the additives are added, the abili~y to
cause flow at low temperatures is ~educed.
- 1~
'7~
Tables II, III and IV show that sulfurized fatty
oils (Products A and B) diminish the low temperature flow
properties of pour dPpressed engine oils. However, addi~ives
of the present invention can be used at higher COnGentratiOnS
without any harmful effect upon the flow propertIes of the
same engine oils.
The improved load carrying and friction reduction
properties imparted by the use of the additives of the
present invention are illustrated by the data in Tables V
and VI, showing the improved load carrying and friction
reduction (torque) as measurPd by the Falex step~up tes~.
Tests presented in Table V were conducted with a pour-
depressed engille oil. Tests presented in Table VI illustrate
the additive performance with non-formulated base oils,
including a mineral oil and a synthetic lubricating oil base
stock.
Falex procedures for evaluating lubricants are
described in Lubrication Engineering, 24, No. 8, 349-358
(196~). The procedure employed in these tests was as
follows:
After a 5 minute warmup at 250 lbs., the load is
increased in 250 lb. increments and h~ld at each increment
for one minute/ until failure~ which is of the weld typeO
Torque comparisons were also made to show diff~rences in
friction.
~ Crankcase oil, formulated to be a high~quality SE
Grade l~W40 crankcase oil, was evaluated using a four-ball
machine in testing for friction and wear as described in the
ASTM-D-2266 procedure. The crankcase oil alone was compared
with crankcase oil containing 2% additive B or 2% additi~e
- 15 -
'75~
XI. Tests were conducted at 1800 R.P.M., using a 40 kg. load,
for one hour at 350 F. The results obtained were as follows:
Additives Wear-Scar Diameter
Crankcase Oil 0.8~
+2~ Additive B 0.8~ mm
+ 2% A~ditive XI 0.57 mm
Several products were tested for solubility in
synthetic hydrocarbon oils by dissolving in Gulf Synlube 4cs
with warming and stixring. The solutions were then kept a~
45 F. for 4 days and finally observed after warming to room
temperature. The observed results were:
2% A Heavy Bottom Layer
2% B Slight dropout
2% C Slight dropout
2~ VI Very slight dropout
2% VIII Tr. Ha~e
2% VII Hazy
2% XI Tr. Haze
The sulfurized fatty oil additivs compositions of this
invention are ef~ective when employed in lubricating oils at
concentrations ranging from about 0.05 ~o about 15 wt. ~O The
preferred concentra~ion range is generally from about 0.5 to abou~
5 wto ~6~
In other embodime~ts of t~is invention the sulfurized
fatty oil additive compositions are effec~ive in various types of
fuels, particularly to improve the lubrication of fuel pumps;
- 16 -
:~8'~5~
to reduce wear on pistons, rings, and cylinders; and to reduce
deposit formation. Such fuels broadly include gasolines, for
use in spark-ignition internal combustion engines; diesel
oils, for use in compression-ignition internal combustion
engines; and heating (or furnace) oils, for use inoil-fired
burner assemblies. Other advantages include, when employed in
fuel oils or diesel f-lels, reduction of pour points and attendant
reduction in plugging of oll filters. In such novel and
improved fuel com~ositions, the additives of this invention
are effective at relatively low ~oncentrations within the
range from about 0.0005 to about a . 1 wto % r and preferably
from about 0.0015 to about 0.05 wt. ~. ~
5~
Table I
Low Temperature Flow of a Mineral Oil ( )
~viscosity 27 cst. at 40 C.)
After 16 Hours at -lS F.
Additive 1% 2% 3~ 4%
A Flows No Flow
B - Flows No ~low
C - Flows No Flow
VI - Flows No Flow
VIII - Flows No Flow
XI - Flows Flows No Flow
XII - Flows Flows No Flow
)Without additives, no flow at 0 F.
Table II
Commercial 10W40 Oil "Brand A" (1)
After 16 Hours at -2Q~ F.
Additive1% 2~ 3~ 4
A Flows No Flow
B - Flows( ) No Flow
C - Flows( ) No ~low
III - Flows No Flow
IV - Flows Flows Flows
VI _ Flows Flows Flows( )
VII ~ Flows Flows Flows( )
VIII - Flows Flows No Flow
IX Flows Flows No Flow
X ~ Flows Flows No Flow
XI - Flows F~ows Flows(2)
XII - Flows Flows Flows
)Without additives, flows at -~0 F.
)Marginal Flow~
'75~
Table III
Commercial 5W30 Oil ''Brand B" (1)
After 16 Hours at -22 F.
Additive .1% 2% 3~ 4%
A Flows No Flow - s
B Flows Flows No Flow
C Flows Flows No Fl ~
III - Flows Flows Flows
IV - Flows Flows Flows
VI - Flows Flows N~ Flow
VII - Flows Flows Flows~ )
VIII - Flo~s Flows Flows(2)
IX ~ Flows Flows No Flow
)Without additives, flows at -22 F.
)Marginal Flow.
Table IV
Commercial lQW40 Oil "Brand Cll (1)
After 16 Hours at -20 F.
Additive 1~ 2~ 3~ 4
A Flows No Flow
B - Flows Flows Flows
~ Flows Flows
VI - Flows Flows Flows
VII - - Flows Flows
_ _
(l~Without additives, flows at -20 F.
.
-- 19 -
s~
Table V
Falex Step-Up Test, 10W40 Oil, "Brand A"
Lbso Load Torque at
Before Failure 1500 lbs.
Oil alone ' 1250 , (45 at 1250)
2% B 1500 30
2% ~ 1500 ~ 30
2~ III 1750 25
3% IV 2000 24
2% VII 1750 26
3~ VII 1750-2000 25
3~ VIII 2000 23
2% IX 1750-200Q 27
3~ IX 2000 27
3% ~ 1750 2~
~ XI 1750 25
3~ XI 2250 24
2% XII 1500-1750 27
3% XII 1750 26
4% XII 2000 25
Table VI
Falex Step-Up Test in Non-Formulated
Base Hydrocarbons
Lb~. Load Torque at
Before Failure 1250
Mid-Continent Oil 750
Oil ~ 2~ VI 1250-1500 24
Gulf Synfluid 4cs 250-500 ~ -
Gulf Synfluid 4cs
+ 2% VIII 1250~1500 - 19
- 20 -
