Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~73~5
This invention relates to lubricatin~ oil compo~i~iOn6
having improved additive compatibility. ~ore parti~ularly,
the invention relates to lubricating oil, e.g., paraffinic
lubrica~ing oil, c~mpDsi ions which include at least one
of certain ~ompDnentS which act to improve the compatibility,
e.g., ~oluhili~y, of other additives with the lu~ricating
oil.
Certain lubricating oils are known to be at least
~omewhat incompatible with certain addi~ives, e.gO, conven~ional
additives, used to improve the properties of the oil. Unless
such additives are made c~mpatible with thP oil, the effective-
ness of such additives as property improvers is reduced. One
specific class of lubricating oils which has such additive
compatibility problems ~re paraffinic lubricating oils. Such
incompatibility is particularly apparent when the additive
materials include mol~ules which are at least partially
polar in nat~re. For example, conventional dispersants,
viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants and the
like often are at least partially polar in nature. Clearly,
it w~uld be advantageous to provide lubricating oil compositions
having imprDved additive cDmpatibility.
Therefore, one object o~ the present invPntion is
to provide improved lubri~ating oil compo~itions.
Anothes ~ject of ~he pre~e~t invention is to provide
lubricating oil CQmpOSitiOnS haviny ~mproved additive com~
pa~ibility. Other o~jects and advantages of the present in-
vention will become apparent hereinafter.
An improved lubricating oil composition ha~ now
been discovered. This composition compsises a m~jor ~mount
~3~
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~Zl;~7~
by weight ~f oil of lubricat~ng vi~co~ity and a minor
~mDunt by weight of at ~east one ~u~s ituted phenol having
the f~ wing ~tru~ture:
0~
)(b)
~<
~ (a)
wherein R is a substantially hydrocarbonaceous monovalent
radical having a ~ufficient number of çarb~n atoms t~ improve
*he ~Dlubility of the substituted phenol in the lubricating
Dil: a is ~n in~eger ~rvm 1 tD 5 ~nd b i~ an integer from
zer~ to 4 pr~vided that the sum ~f a plu5 ~ equals 5. The
~ubstituted phen~l is present in an am~unt to ~mprove the
additive compatibility cf the cDmp~sit:i~n.
The present inventi~n is particularly applicable
when the lubricating oil contains ~t le~ast ~bout 30~ by
weight, m~re particularly at least a~ut 50~ ~y weight,
o~ ~ubstantially paraffinic hydrocarbolls~ The lubricating
~il may ~e derived from any ~uitable ~urce, e.g., ~onventional
~Dur~es such as crude ~etxDleum, wi~h ~onv~ntional processing.
Also, t~e oil may ~e synthetic ~n nature. Pre~erred oils
~nclude ~hose containing ~out 55 to ab~ut 100 percent
by weight of paraffinic hydro~arbon~ and l~s than abou~
20percent by weight o~ aromatic hydro~arbons. More preferred
oil5 ~re those containing ~b~ut 5~ to ab~u' 75 percent
by weight Df paraffinic hydr~ar~on5 ~nd less t~an ~bout
20 p~rc~nt by wei~ht arsm~tic hydr~carb~ns. These oil fracti~ns
o~en ~ave a 5~ percent di~till~ion point of at leas~
ab~ut 940DFO or higher and, ~ore ~pecifi_ally, in the range
vf abou~ 95DDF. to a~ut 1100F.
~:073~L5
One particularly preferred class of lubricating
oils for use in the present invention are the hydrocracked
lubricatiny oils. The term "hydrocracked lubricating oil"
means an oil, preferably a mineral oil, of lubricating
viscosity which is derived from a lubricating oil produced
by contacting a hydrocarbon feedstock with hydrogen, preferably
in the presence of catalyst effective to promote hydrocracking,
at hydrocarbon hydrocracking conditions to produce an oil
of lubricating viscosity having an increased viscosity
index relative to the viscosity index of the hydrocarbon
feedstock. In addition, the hydrocracked lubricating
oil may be subjected to additional processing, e.g., further
contacting with hydrogen-again preferably in the presence
of an effective catalyst-, other purifying procedures and
the like, to further improve the quality, e.g., color,
of the hydrocracked lubricating oil. For example, hydro-
cracked lubricating oils useful in the present invention
may be obtained by the processes disclosed in U.S. Patent
3,642,610.
2Q At least one substituted phenol is present in the
lubricating oil compositions of the present invention in
an amount sufficient to improve the additive compatibility
of the composition. Preferably, the substituted phenol
is present in an amount in the range of about 0.01% to
about 5%, more preferably about 0.05% to about 2% and still
more preferably about 0.1% to about 1.5%, by weight of the
total composition.
The radical or radi.cals designated as R in the above-
noted structure of the substituted phenol are substantially
hydrocarbonaceous monovalent radicals. For example, such
radicals may include alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl,
J73~
alkenaryl and aralkenyl. ~xamples of each of the$e types
of radicals are well kno~n in the art and, therefore, will
not be listed here. The R groups are included in the
~ubstituted phenol in sufficient number and carbon atom
~ize 60 that the ~ubstituted phenol has 6ubstanti~1 solubility
in the lubricating oil. In a preferred embodiment, a equals
1 ~nd b equa~s 4 in the formula of the ubstituted phenol
useful in the present composition In e more preferred
embodiment the radical R is lo~ated ortho or para, more
10 preferably para, to ~he hydroxy s~roup Of 6uch ubstituted
phenol.
Each of the R groups preferably rontain~ 1 to ~b~ut
24 carbQn atoms. More preferably, ~ach R group contains
~bou~ 6 to ab~ut 24 carbDn atoms and ~till more preferably
sbout 9 to about 18 carbon atnms. ~he R groups ~re preferably
alkyl in ~truc~ure. gne particularly effective ~ub~tituted
phenol i~ dodecylphenol.
The term "substantially hydrocarbonaceous" as applied
to the ~ groups means that ~uch groups are predominantly
comprised cf carbDn an~ hydrogen. However, 6uch groups
may include minor, non-interfering amount~ of other components,
~uch a~, for example, ~ulfur, nitr~gen, oxygen ~nd the
like. By non-interfering is meant that such minor ~onstituents
of the ~ groups do not ~ubstantially interfer with the
- ~olubility improving properties of the R groups in the
presently useful substituted phenol.
The present comp~sitions, including paraffinic lubricating
oils and substituted phenols, have improved additive compati-
bility with a substantial number of additive components.
Such components are, ~or example, those materials conventionally
used in lu~ricatin~ oil compositions to improve one or
more properties of such lubricating oil compositions. Such
3~5
additives may provide improved dispersency, viscosity index,
pour point depression, extreme pressure properties and
the like *D the ~uch lubrica~n~ oil compositions.
Thus, the present compositions include a mincr, ~ffec-
ti~e am~unt of at least one or more at least partially polar
~dditive components capable of improYinq one or more properties
of the lubricating oil compositionsO In particular, composi-
tions which incluae paraffinic lubricating oil/ at least one
of the presently defined 6ubstituted phenols, and at least one
Of ~uch additive ~GmpOnent8 having a dipole moment ~f at least
About 1 . O h~ve been f~und ~o unexpectedly ha~e reduced additive
component incompati~ility relative to, fox example, such compo-
~itions without any fiuch a~ded ~ubstituted phenol or phenol~O
In other words, additive ~omponents having dipole moment greater
than about 1.0 often ~re incampatible with paraffinic lu~ricating
oil~ and such additiYe in~ompati~ility is reduced by the inclu-
6ion o nt least one of th~ presently u~eul ~ubstituted phenols.
Additive components which presen~ compatibili y concerns that
are par~icularly well adaressea ~y the prPsent invention include
~ose which have dipole m~mentsin .he range ~f about 1.0 to a~out
4.0, more particularly in the range ~f ~bout 107 to a~ut 3,5.
~ he term "dipole moment" as u~ed herein refers to the
~alue of ~he dipole moment of a ~iven material as determined
by the con~entional and w~ now Debyæ e~uation. See A, L.
McClellan, Ta~les o~ Experimen~al Dipole Moments, W. H. Freeman
and Company, ~an Franci~co and London,~or a more detailed des-
cription of this equation.
Examples of suitable at least partially polar additive
components for use in the present compositions include f~tty
amines, esters, amide~, al~hols, halides ~nd the like; poly-
meric materials that are 6ubstantially hydrocarbonaceous ~ut
contain functional groups ~uch as amines, acids, esters, amides~
alcohol~, halides and the like; and hydrocarbon 6ubstituted
hetrocyclic compounds ~uch afi benzotriaz~le, imid~z012~ triazine,
oxazine and the like. Many other addi~ives with the requisite
dipole m~ment are al~o ~uitable for use. O~her additive materials
m~y be u~ed al~n~ with such at least partially polar additive
~omp~nent or components to provide additional advantageous pro~
perties to the lubricating oil com~D itions.
~he fo~l~wing ~xamples clearly illustrate the pre~ent
invention. However, ~hese example~ ~re nok to be interpreted
10 as ~pecific limitations on the ~nventic~n.
EXAMPLE 1
The following example illustra~es certain of the
~ene~its Df the ~resent in~entions.
Three c~mpo~itions were prepared by uniformly mixing
the components.
~he three compositions were as follows:
~x. 1 Ex. 2 ~x. 3
(Concentrations in Wt. ~)
1. Pale Oil~l) 96.5
2 . A paraf f irlic
lubricating l~il (21 --- 96.~ 95.5
3 . Prime Lard Oil ~3) 0 . 50 . 5 0 . 5
4. Chlorinated ~4)
Paraffin 3.0 3.0 300
5. Dodecylphenol ~ -- 1.0
~ il of lu~ricating vis~osity derived from conventional
pe~roleum refininq. ~as a vis~osity cf 107.6 SUS
at lOODF. and contains 35.8 % by weight na~hthene,
2B.~ ~ by wei~ht paraffin and 35.3 4 by weight
aromatics.
(2~ Oil ~ lu~ricating viscosity derive~ ~rom conventional
petr~leum refining. Has a ViSCDSity vf 102.~ S~S at
lOOD~. and co~tains 24.6~ ~y weight naphthene,
61.3 ~ ~y weight paraffin and 14.0 ~ by weight
ar~matics.
(3) This material has a dipole m~ment, as determined
by the Debye equati~n, ~f about ~.5.
~4) This material ~as a dipole moment, as determined
by the De~ye equatiQn, ~f ~ut 2.0
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lZ07315
Eaoh ~f these compositiuns was tested ~or ta~ility by
pro~iding quiet ~t~rzge ~t 40F. On the day o~ blending
each of these compositions was clear. Three days after
blending, C~mpositions 1 and 3 were clear whereas Composition
2 ha~ ~ precipitate present.
These results indicate ~hat the pale oil ~ased
comp~sition, i.e., C~mpositi~n 1, ~id not have any additive
~ompati~ility problem. The paraf~inic oil composition
withou~ dodecylphenol, i.e., Composition 2, did have an
additive compa~i~ility problem ~s indicated by the presence
of a precipitate . Surpri~ingly, the same paraffinic oil
composition with the inclusion of 1~ dode~ylphenol, i.Æ.,
Composition 3, is ~hown to have improved a~ditive oompatibility.
The result is clearly unexpecte~ in ~iew of the relatively
minor amounts Df dodecylphenol present in Composition 3.
EXAPIPLES 4 ~o 6
~ hese examples illustrate oertain benefitfi of the
pre~ent ~nventio~. Three lubricating oil c~mpositions
were prepared. The base oils ~or th~se oompositions were
~erived from con~enti~nal petr~leum refining. These o~m-
po~itions included the foll~wing base ~ils:
Composition 4; 10~% m~xed pale ~il
COmpDSitiOn 5; 10~% mixed paraf~inic oil
Comp~sition ~ 04 mixed para~finic oil
The mixed pale sil~ ~f lubriGzting viscosity, ~on-
tained about 3~ y weight naphthenes; about 20.5 %
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~IL;2~73~L5
by weigh~ para~ins ~nd ~ut 42.84 by weight ar~ma*ics
and had a ~iscosi~y of 928.0 SU~ at 100F. The ~ixe~
paraffinic oil ~on~ained a~out 20.3% by weight naphthenes, about
3~.4~ by weight paraffin~ an~ abou~ 42.6~ by weight ~r~matics and
had a ~iscDsity of 1~56.0 SUS st lOO~F. The finished
compositio~s wese as follows:
Composition 4; base oil 97~4%, by weight,
additive concentration 2~6% by weight.
Composition S; base cil 97.4~, ~y weight,
additive c~ncen~ration 2.6%, ~y weight.
Composition 6; base oil 96.4~ by weigh~,
additive concentration 2.6~, by weight and dodecylphenol
1.0~, by weight.
An identical mixture o~ con~entional, commercially
a~ailable lu~ricatiny oil additives was included in each
o~ COmpDsitions 4~ 5 and 6. This additive mixture had a
weight average dipole moment, as determined by the Debye equa-
tion, of about 3Ø
Each pf these compcsitions was blended and ~tored
~s indi~ated in the previ~s Examples. A~ter 24 hDurs
Dbservation, the follDwing results were indicated.
Composition 4, clear; compDsitiDn 5, a precipitate
~ad fonmed; Composition 6, clear~
These results are c~ns~stent with the result~ ~f
the previ~us examples. For example, the pale oil ~ased
composition is indicated to have ~stantially nD additive
compatability problems whereas the paraffinic oil ba.~ed
~ompositi~n ~hi~h includes n~ d~de~ylphenol develops a
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~Z073~5
pre~ipitate ~nd there~Dre ~a~ ~dditi~e cumpatability.
problems. ~uch compatability pro~lems are ~ubstantially
improved or elimina~ed ~y the inclusion of 14 dodecylphenol
a~ indic~ted in C~mposition 6.
EXAMPLE 7
A hydrocra~ked lubricating oil composition was
prepared and had the f~llowing composition:
8ase ~il t3~ 96.78 wt.
Additive mixture (4) 3.22 wt. ~
(3~ has a viscosity of282~0 SUS at 100 ~. and is
derived ~y processing which in~olves ~ubjecting
a lube ~il feedstock to catalytic hydrocra~king
conditions. Oil includes nb~ut 40.5 ~ naphthenes,
abDut 55.9 ~ ~araffins and a~out 3.6 ~ aromatics.
~4) A mixture o conventi~nal, c~m~ercially avail-
able l~bricating oil additives having a weight average
dlpole moment, as determined by the Debye equation of
about 2.5.
A ~eries of compositions including this hydrocracked
lubricating oil composition plus yiven,varying am~unts of
d~decylphen~l were blended, as indicated ~b~e, ~nd stored
Bt 40F. Resul~s of *hese tests were as foliows:
qest ~lends (wt.~)
~ydro~racked LNbri- lOO.D 94.0 97.3 98.S 99.25 99.675 99.8125 99.9063
cat~ng ~;1 Co~s-
itia~
yl~ol ~ 60~ 3.~ 1.5 .75 .375 .1875 _.~937
tal laD.O lD~.O lOD.O lOD.O 103.00 lOO.DOO lOD.ODDO 100.0000
73~S
~est ~ter
~torase at 4~~.
1 Day ha?e clear clear clear cle~r clP~r de~r clear
6 Days precipitate clear cl~r dear clear cl~2r clear clear
34 D~ys ~ ~recipit~ l~s ~leas c:l~ar cl~a~ clear dear haze
These tests indicate that dodecylphenol included in
hydrocrac~d lubricating oil composi~ions does imprDve the
~dditive rQmpata~ility o~ ~uch hydrocracked lu~ricating oil
compositions~
EX~MPLE B
Each of ~he compositions prepared in the preceding
Examples are functionally tested to d*termine the effective-
ness o~ the ad~itive component ~r ~Qmponents in the presence
of æodecylphenol. These tests indiGate that the presence of
dodecylphenol has no ~ubstantial detrimental effect on the
functional effectiveness of the lu~ricating oil ~dditives.
While this invention has beer descri~ed with respect
to various ~pecific examples and em~)odiments, it is to be
under~tood that the invention i~ ~t limited theretQ and
~hat i~ can be variously practic2d within the ~cope of the
f~ wing ~laims:
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