Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
FIELD INSTRUMENTATION SYSTE~I
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIOr~
The present invention relates to optical multiplex
transmission-type field instrumentation systems. More
particularly, the invention relates to an optical mul-tiplex
transmission-type field instrumentation system in which data
from a plurality of field devices, such as digital measuring
units and field controllers for controlling operating terminals,
is transmitted in a multiplex mode through optlcal fiber trans-
mission paths and an optical distributor such as a star coupler to
a master processor or a higher processing device on the side
of a panel or centralized control room.
In general, in an instrumentation measurement system,
a number of sensors or measuring units are installed "in the
field", and measurement data from these sensors or measuring
units is transmitted to a centrali2ed control room located
far from the field to thus monitor and control the particular
process with which the control system is associated. lost
conventional systems of this type are adversely affected by
noise or line surges because they employ electrical signals.
Furthermore, the conventional systems suffer from the difficulty
that, when they are operated in an explosive atmosphere, it is
necessary to provide suitable countermeasures. The above-
described sensors or measuring units are, in general, of the
-I 2
1 analog type. ~ccordingl~, they are adversely affected by
external disturbances such as noise and temperature changes,
and therefore their accuracy is low
In order to overcome the above-described diffic~llties,
the present applicant has proposed in Japanese Pat ApplnD
OPI NQ. 19994/83 which was published on February 5, 1983 a
measured data optical multiplex transmission system in which,
in order to transmit optical data through a two-way optical
transmission path between N digital measuring units measuring
physical data and a higher processing device or a master
processor, an optical distributor is used to optically couple
the single higher processing device and the N measuring unitsO
The optical distributor branches in a ratio of l:N and opti-
cally couples in a ratio of N:l the optical data which is
transmitted bidirectionally through the optical transmission
path. Measured data is therein transmitted in a time-
division multiplex mode between the measuring units and the
higher processing device.
An object of this invention is to provide a field
instrumentation system based upon the earlier-proposed system,
but which is greatly rationalized and improved in reliability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The foregoing object o the invention has been
achieved by the provision of a field instrumentation system
in which, according to the invention, if an N:N optical
distributor i5 provided which branches and couples in the ratio of
~2~3B~
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N:N optical data which is transmitted bidirectionally through
optical transmission paths connected to field devi,ces, (2)
field controllers, incorporating microcomputers, for controlling
operating terminals. The output signals of the measuring
units are applied through the N:N optical distributor to the field
controllers, thus forming a eontrol loop for the field controllers,
whereby the field eontrollers are directly controlled by the
measuring units.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. l is a block diagram showing the overall
arrangement of a preferred embodiment of a field instrumentation
system of the invention;
Fig 2 is a block diagram depicting a master processor
(higher processing device
Figs. 3A-3D are explanatory diagrams showing an
optical converter;
Fig. 4A and 4B are explanatory diagrams indicating
the eonstruetion of an optieal distributor;
Fig. 5 is a bloek diagram showing the arrangement
of a measuring unit;
Fig. 6 is a eircuit diagram showing the measuring
unit in more detail;
Fig. 7A and 7B are explanatory diagrams used for
a deseription of the prineiple of deteetion in whieh a
displaeement is detected by converting it into a eapaeitanee;
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4 --
Figs. 8A-8G, taken together, are a timing chart
for a description of the operation ox the circuit of Fig. 6;
Fig. 9 is a circuit diagram showing another example
of a capacitance detecting section;
Figs. lOA-lOC are circuit diagrams showing examples
of a resistance detecting section;
Fig. 11 is a circuit diagram showing an example
of a frequency detecting section;
Fig. 12 is a circuit diagram showing an example of
a voltage detecting section;
Fig. 13 is a block diagram showing the arrangement of
a field controller and an operating terminal ~electropneumatic
positioner);
Fig. 14 is a block diagram showing the arrangement
of a submaster processor;
Figs. 15A-15D are explanatory diagrams showing
formats of data transmitted between the measuring unit and
the higher processing device;
Figs. 16A-16D, taken together, are a timing chart used
for a description of the signal transmitting and receiving oper-
ation between the measuring unit and the central processing device;
Fig 17 is a flow chart showing the operations of the
measuring unit; and
Figs. 18A-18D and l9A-19C are timing charts used for
a description of a method of intermittently driving field
devices, specifically the measuring units.
-- 5 --
DESCRIPTION OF TOE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A preferred embodiment of a field instrumentation
system constructed in accordance with the invention will now
be described in detail with reference to the accompanying
drawings.
Fig. l is a block diagram showing the overall
arrangement of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
In Fig. l, reference character CE designates a central control
room; Ml and M2, master processors which comprises host
eentral proeessing unlts CPUl and CPU2 and optical converters
CO, each carrying out electric-to light conversion and
light-to-electric eonversion, respectively; and COT, a DDC
mierocontroller. The master processors Ml and M2 and the DDC
mieroeontroller COT may be eonneeted to a host computer through
a data bus DW.
Further in Fig. l, reference eharaeter ME designates
a digital measuring unit group for measuring various physieal
data (parameters); CT, a field eontroller group; OP, an
operating terminal group eontrolled by the field eontroller
group CT; and OLW, a light-to-air-pressure eonverter. The
measuring unit group ME, the field eontroller group CT and
the light-to-air-pressure eonverter OLW are field deviees.
The measuring unit group ME is eomposed of measuring units
MEl, ME2,... and MEn whieh include transmitters TRl, TR2,...
and TRn and optical converters CO for measuriny various
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physical data (such as pressure, differential pressure,
temperature, flow rate and displacement). Similarly, the
field controller group CT is composed of controllers CTl,
CT2,... and CTn which include control units CRl CR2,...
and CRn and optical converters CO. The operating terminal
group OP includes, as an example, pneumatic converter Pl,
an electropneumatic positioner OP2, and an operating terminal
Pn
Further in Fig. l, reference character SM designates
a submaster processor which is composed of a control processing
unit CPU and an optical converter CO.
The master processor Ml, the field devices ME, CT
and OLW, and the submaster processor SM are connected to an
optical relay SC through optical fibers OFl, OF2, OF3, OF and
OF5- The optical distributor SC,as described below in detail,
transmits an optical signal from the master processor Ml to
the field devices ME, CT and OLW and the submaster processor SM,
and transmits, for instance, the output optical signal of the
measuring unit MEl to the master processor Ml, the submaster
processor SM and the other field devices. That is, the optical
distributor SC is so designed as to branch and couple an optical
signal in the ratio of N:N. The optical fiber OFl is generally
several hundreds of meters to several kilometers in length,
and the optical fibers OF2 through OF5 are several meters to
a hundred meters in length.
3~
The master processor l as shown in fig 2, includes
a da-ta control section 1,.a memory section 2, a data control
section 3, a transmission section 4, a keyboard 5,
and an abnormality displaying section 6. The memory section 2
stores set data 7, measurement data 8, self-diagnosis data 9,
abnormal data 10, equipment data 11, operation data 12 and a
data calling control program 13. The data control section 1
reeeives instruetions from the memory section 2 and transmits
them to the field devices, and also app]ies data from the
field devices to the memory section 2. The data eontrol section
receives data from the memory section and transmits it to
the data bus DW through the transmission seetion 4, and applies,
for instance, a signal from the DDC microcontroller COT which
is supplied through the data way DW to the memory 2.
An example of the optical converter CO is shown in
Figs. 3A through 3D. With referenee to Fig. 3A, the optieal
eonverter JO ineludes a body 20, an optieal braneher 21 seeured
to one side of the body 20, two optieal fibers 22 and 23,
and a light-emitting element LED and a light-reeeiving element
PD whieh are provided on the other side of the body 2~. The
light-emitting element LED operates to eonvert an eleetrieal
signal into an optical signal whieh is
applied through the optieal fiber 22 to the optical braneher 21.
The light-reeei~ing element PD operates to eonvert an optieal
signal supplied through the optieal fiber 23 into an eleetrieal
838~
signal. The optical brancher 21, as shown in the enlarged
sectional view of Eig. 3s! is composed of a fixing member 24
on the light-emitting side, a fixing member 25 OIl the light-
receiving side, and cap nuts 27 and 28 for securing the fixing
members 24 and 25 to a holding member 26. The fixing members
24 and 25 have through holes formed therein. An optical
fiber OF, corresponding to each of the cptical fibers OFl
through OF5 in Fig. 5, is inserted into the fixing member 24,
and the optical fibers 22 and 23 are inserted into the fixing
member 25. Reference numerals 30, 31 and 32 designate the
conductors of the optical fibers 22, 23 and OF, respectively.
The conductors 30 and 31 are inserted into the elliptic hole 29
of the fixing member 25 as shown in Fig. 3C. The conductors 30
and 31 and the conductor 32 are arranged as shown in Fig. 3D.
In Fig. 3D, reference numeral 33 designates the cladding layers
of the conductors 30 and 31; 34, the cores of the conductors 30
and 31; and 35, light-transmitting portions. A light beam
transmitted through the optical fiber OF, and accordingly the
conductox 32 thereof, branches through the light-transmitting
portions 35 into two conductors 30 and 31, that is, the optical
fibers 22 and 23, and is converted into an electrical signal
by the light-receiving element PD. A light beam transmitted
through the optical fiber 22, that is, the conductor 30, from
the light-emitting element LED is transmitted through the
light-transmitting portion 35 into the conductor 32, specifically,
~Z~)83~
the optical fiber OF.
The optical distributor SC, as shown in Fig. 4A, includes
a total reflection type opticaL coupling and distributing
unit. More specifically, the optical distributor SC is comFosed of
a body 40, an optical connector adaptor 41, a cylinder 42
inserted into the body 40, a rear plate 43 provided on one
side of the body 40, a total reflection film 44 vacuum deposited
on the rear surface 43, a mixing rod 46 fixed in the cylinder
with adhesive 45, and an optical connector plug 47 secured
to the optical connector adaptor 41 with a cap nut 48. The
optical fibers OF (corresponding to the optical fibers OFl
through OF5 in Fig. 5) are combined together and inserted into
the optical connector plug 47 in such a manner that the
conductors 49 thereof extend to the end of the mixing rod 46.
Nineteen optical fibers OF are combined together as shown in
the Fig. 4B; however, in practice, typically 16 optical fibers
are used. For instance when an optical signal is introduced
into the optical distributor SC from one optical fiber OF, it is
applied through the mixing rod 46 to the total reflection
film 44 where it is totally reflected. The optical signal
thus reflected is passed through the mixing rod 46 again and
is distributed to the remaining optical fibers OF. That is,
optical distribution is carried out in the ratio of l:N.
This l:N optical distributing and coupling action is applied
to all the optical fibers. Accordingly, an N:N optical
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distributing and coupling action is obtained. Thus, the
optical distributor SC is an N:N optlcal distributor.
Each of the measuring units Mel, ME2,... and MEn,
as shown in Fig. 5 includes a detecting section 51, a
detecting section selecting circuit 52, a frequency converter
circuit 53, a counter 54, a timer 55, a reference clock signal
generator circuit 56, a microprocessor 57 thereinafter
sometimes also referred to as a ~-COM arithmetic circuit),
an optieal transmission eircuit 58, a power souree eireuit 59
including a battery, and a keyboard 60. The measuring unit is
shown in Fig. 6 in more detail. The detecting seetion 51 is
made up of eapacitors Cl and C2. The detecting seetion
seleeting eireuit 52 is eomposed of the capaeitors Cl and C2,
a temperature-sensitive capacitor CS, and a CMOS (Complementary
MOS) type analog switch device SW2 having switch sections
SW21 and SW22. The capacitance~to-frequency converter circuit
53 ineludes an analog switeh device SWl having switch sections
SWll and SWl2 for switching the charging and diseharging
operations of the capaeitors Cl and C2 and setting and resetting .!
- a flip-flop eireuit Ql' and a flip-flop eireuit Al whieh is
set when the voltage of the eapaeitor Cl or C2 exeeeds a
predetermined threshold level and reset a predetermined
period of time thereafter whieh is determined by the time
constant of a resistor Rf and a eapaeitor Cf. If an ordinary
D-type flip-flop eireuit is employed, it is necessary to
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provide a circuit, such as a Schmitt trigger circuit, for
discriminating the threshold level in the front stage of the
flip-flop circuit. If, on the other hand, a CMOS flip-flop
circuit is employed, it is not necessary to provide such a
circuit, since the s~Jitching voltage of the circuit can ye
used as the threshold level.
mhe timer 55 includes two counters CT2 and CT3.
The timer 55 starts counting clock pulses from the reference
clock signal generator circuit 56 when application of a
reset signal from the ~-COM arithmetic circuit 57 is suspended,
and stops the counting operation in response to a count-up
signal from the counter (CTl) 54. The ~-COM arithmetic
circuit 57 is driven by the output clock signal of the reference
clock signal generator circuit 56 and performs various operations
and controls. For instance, Lhe circuit 57 applies mode
selection signals POl and PO2 to the analog switch SW2 in the
detecting section selecting circuit 52 to select a capacitor
Cl measurement mode, a capacitor C2 measurement mode or a
temperature measurement mode (by using the resistor RS and
the capacitor Cs). When measurement is not being carried out,
the circuit 57 applies the reset signal PO3 to the counter 54
and the timer 55 to reset them. When measurement is being
carried out, the circuit 57 suspends the application of the
reset signal PO3 to thus start the counting operation. Upon
receiving the count-up signal of-the counter 54 as an interrupt
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signal IRQ, the count output of the timer 55 is read through
terminals PIo through Pill, thereby to perform predetermined
arithmetic operations.
The ~~COM arithmetic circuit 57 is coupled to the
keyboard 60 used for setting -the zero point or span to prevent
measurement error, a standby mode circuit 62 for intermittently
operating the reference clock signal generator circuit 56 or
the ~-COM arithmetic circuit 57 to economically use electric
power, the optical transmission circuit 58 for transmitting
optical data between the measuring unit and the host computer
in the control room, and a circuit 61 for detecting when the
light-emitting element LED in the circuit 58 is faulty. The
battery power source circuit 59 may be a solar battery. The
light-emitting element LED and the light-receiving element PD
are built into the optical converter as shown in Fig. 3.
In the above-described measuring unit, a mechanical
displacement such as a pressure is detected by converting the
displacement into a change-in a capacitance valve, and the
capacitance valve is converted into digital data for measure-
ment.- The principle of such detection will be described with
reference to Figs. 7A and 7B. As shown in Fig. 7A, a movable
electrode ELv-is interposed between two -stationary electrodes-ELF.
The movable electrode ELV is moved horizontally (as indicated --
by the arrow R) in response to a mechanical displacement such
as may be caused by a pressure charge. The capacitance CAl
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between the movable electrode and one of the stationary
electrodes increases as the capacitance CA2 between the
movable electrode and the other stationary electrode decreases,
and vice versa. That is, the capacitances CAI and CA2 change
differentially. when the movable el.ectrode ELV moves through
a distance Qd as indicated by-the dotted line in the.Fig. 7A,
the capacitances CAl and CA2 are as follows:
CAl = Fad - Ed), and
CA2 = EA/(d + Ed),
l where S is the area of each electrode, is the dielectric
constant.of the material between the electrodes, and d is
the distance between the movable electrode and the stationary
electrode.- Rearranging the equations--above: ~~~~
CAl + CA2 = EA 2d/(d - Ed ),
CAl - CA2 = PA 2~d/(d - Ed ), and hence
(CAl - CA2)/(CAl + CA2)
Thus, the displacement Ed can.be calculated as
(CAl - CA2)/(CAl + CA2)d.
Referring to Fig. 7B, the movable electrode ELv.is .. .
here disposed outside-the two stationary electrodes ELF.
When the movable. electrode ELv.is.displaced by Ed, for.instance,
by an~-external pressure change,-the capacitances CA1 and CA2 are --
as follows:
CAl = Ad and
CA2 = Ad + Ed).
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(In this case, the capacitance CAl is constant, while the
capacitance CA2 is variable.)
The difference between CAl and CA2 is:
CAl - CA2 = EA ~d/d(d + Ed)
The ratio of Cal - CA2) to CA2 is thus:
(CAl - CA2)/CA2 = ~d/d-
Therefore, the displacement Ed can be detected as a variation
in eapacitance.
As is apparent from these equations, the displacement
is a function of the capacitance only; that is, the detection
is not affected by the dielectric constant of the dielectric
between the electrodes-or by stray capacitances. Accordingly,
mechanical displacements can be accurately detected from
capacitanee ehanges.
l Measurement according to the above-described `
principle of detection will be described with reference mainly
to Figs.- 6 and 8. In the initial state, the mode selection
signals POl and PO2 are not outputted by-the ~-COM-arithmetic
circuit 57 so that the counter (CTl) 54 and the timer 55 are
`maintained reset--by th-e-reset-signaL PO3~. When ùnder this
condition, a capacitor Cl measurement mode signal is generated,
as shown in Fig. 8A, and the application of the-reset signal
PO3 is suspended, as shown in Fig-. 8B, a`circuit-composed of-
the capacitor Cl, switch sections SW21 and SWll, resistor R
and power souree VDD is formed, and the capacitor Cl is charged,
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- 15
as shown in Fig. 8C. The voltage across the capacitor Cl
will exceed the threshold voltage VTH of the flip-flop circuit
Ql after a period of time tl, whereupon the flip-flop circuit
Ql is set and an output is provided at the output terminal I.
This output is applied to the resistor Rf and the capacitor O
and also to the analog switch means SW].. As a result-, the :
switch section SW12 is opened, and the resistor-Rf and the- -
capacitor O Norm a charging circuit. At the same tire, :
the-armature of the switch section SWll is set to a position
indicated by the~-dotted line,. and-the-capacitor-Cl is discharged.-
When the-voltage of the-capacitor Cf has--reached a predetermined
value after.a period of time t , the flip-flop circuit QI is
reset.- -As a.result,~the flip-flop circuit Ql provides.an I:
output pulse having a predetermined pulse width t . When the
flip-flop circuit Ql is reset, the analog switcn device SWl
is turned off, and therefore the switch section SWl2 is
restored,--as shown in Fig. 6, thus worming a-circuit for .-
discharging the capacitor-Cf.- Since the-period.of time tl is
proportional to the values of the capacitor Cl and the
-: resistor-Rj the output pulse signal of the--flip-flop circuit I- -
Ql has a-frequency proportional to the capacitance of the:--
capacitor:Cl.- .
The pulses of this signal.are counted by the counter -
54. When the content of the counter 54 reaches a predetermined
.. value,.the counter 54 generates a pulse, as showin in Fig. 8F,
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(a count-up output) which stops the counting operation of the
timer 55, as indicated in Fig. 8G. When the application of
the reset signal PO3 is suspended as described above, the timer
55 starts counting the clock pulse from the pulse signal
generator circuit 56. The count value of the timer 55 is
read, via the terminals PIo.through PIl5,by the ~-COM arithmetic
circuit 57, which recelves the count-up signal from the
counter 54.
The threshold voltage VTH of the flip-flop circuit
Ql is: tl
VTH = VD~ e ).
Therefore, the charging time tl of the capacitor C
(see Fig. 8D~ is:
l R Cl lYe (l V- )
Similarly, the time tc is:
tc = - Rf Cf loge (l- VT )
The values of the resistor Rf and the capacitor Cf are fixed,
and therefore the.time t is constant.- .
Accordingly, the charge and discharge time Tl of the
. capacitor.CI can be obtained by countiny-the clock pulses . .
which are produced until n charge and discharge operations of
the capacitor Cl have been counted; that is, the time Tl can
be obtained from the output of the timer 55. As is apparent
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from Fig. 8D, the charging operation (tl) is repeated n times,
while the discharging operation (t ) is repeated (n-1) times.
Therefore, the total charge and discharge time T1 is as
follows:
Tl = n tl = (n - 1) tc- (1)
The reason why the n charge and discharge operations
are carried out and counted is Jo improve-the resolution of the
time measuring counter (CT2 and CT3). The value-n is suitably
determined from the output frequency of the reference clock
signal generator circuit 56, the value of the resistor R,
and the capacitance of the capacitor Cl.
After the total charge and dischàrge time Tl of~the
capacitor has passed, the ~-COM arithmetic circuit 51 produces
the slgnal POl or P02 to operate the switch section Sr~21 to
obtain the capacitor C2 detection mode, whereupon the charge
and discharge time-T2 of the capacitor C2 is measured. A timing
chart relating to this measurement is shown in the right-hand
half of Fig. 8. Similar to-the case of the chargè and discharge
time Tl in expression (1), the charge and discharge time T2
is determined as follows:-
T2 = n t2 +--~n-- l)-tc. - (2)
The ~-COM-arithmetic circuit-57_performs--the following :-~
operations by utilizing the above-described-expressions (1) and -
(2):
i20B3~
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l T2 2(n - l) t
l 2 ge VDD '
Tl + T2 2(n - l) tc O C2
As is apparent from the above description of the
principle of detection, the value of expression (3) is in
proportion to the displacement. Therefore, the displacement
can be determined by the above-described operation of the ~-COM
arithmetic circuit 57.
In the above-described embodiment, mechanical
displacements, such as due to a differntial pressure UP, are
measured by differentially varying the capacitances of the
capacitors Cl and C2. However, it can be readily understood
from the above-described principle of 3-tection that the same
technical concept can be similarly applied to a measuring
technique in which one of the capacitors Cl and C2 is fixed
and the other is variable. In this case, instead of the
differential pressure UP, he pressure P is obtained, and the
following arithmetic expression is utilized:
Cl - C2 Tl - T2
In the above-described embodiment, a mechanical
displacement is detected by converting it into a capacitance.
However, it should be noted that the same effect can be
'12083~
,9
obtained by converting the mechanical displacement into a
resistance, frequency or voltage.
Figs. lOA-lOC, 11 and 12 show other examples of the
detecting section. In Figs. lOA-lOC, the mechanical displace-
ment is converted into a resistance. In Fig. 11, the mechanicaldisplacement is converted into a frequency. In Fig. 12, the
mechanical displacement is converted into a voltage. In these
figures, the capacitance of a capacitor C and the resistance
of a resistor Rc are predetermined, and switch sections SWll
and SW21 and a flip-flop circuit 21 are similar to those shown
in Fig. 3.
The principle of detection shown in each of Figs.
lOA-lOC is completely the same as the principle of detection
based on a capacitance. That is, a resistance value is
detected by utilizing the fact that a charge and discharge
time is proportional to the product of a capacitance and a
resistance.
In the example of Fig. lOA, the armature of the
switch 21 is set to the side of the resistor Rx to measure
a charge and discharge time T1 (although, strictly, only
a charge time is measured), and then the armature of the
switch 21 is set to the side of the resistor Rc to measure
a charge and discharge time T2. The resistance of the
resistor R can then be obtained from the following equation^
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Rx T - (n-l) t
c T2 (n-l~ tc -
The circuit shown in Fig. lOC corresponds to theabove-described embodiment in which the capacitors Cl and C2
are replaced by resistors Rl and R2. Therefore, the relevant
. 5 equation can be written as follows:
T - T R -- R
Tl + T2 2(n-1) t Rl-+ R2 '
In the example of Fig. lost a line resistance
varies. The switch section SW21 is operated to select Rx + 2RQ~
2RQ and Rc so that charge and discharge times Tl, T2 and T3
are measured. Then, the resistance Rx is obtained from the
following equation:
Tl _ T2 _ x
1) Rc
-In the case of Fig. 11, the mechanical displacement
is converted into a frequency by the detecting section, which
may be implemented with a Karman vortex flow meter, for instance.
Therefore, the provision of the frequency converter circuit
. as shown in Fig. 6 is unnecessary, and the output of the
detecting section is suitably amplified and applied directly
to the counter. In this case, a time T required for the counter
to count a predetermined number N is calculated to obtain the
frequency N/T.
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In Fig. 2, the mechanical displacement is converted
into a voltage El for detection. A predetermined current (I)
flows in a capacitor C. The voltage of the capacitor C is
applied to one input terminal of an operational amplifier OP2,
to the other terminal of which an input voltage El amplified
by an operational amplifier Pl is applied. When the voltage
across the capacitor C exceeds the input voltage, the flip-
flop circuit l is set. While the capacitor C is being charged,
the input voltage El varies, and a time signal is obtained in
correspondence to the voltage value. The voltage value
can be obtained from the following equation:
T2 Tl = Cx / I
where T2 is the time measurement output when the armature of
the switch section SW21 is positioned as shown in Fig 12,
Tl is the time measurement output when the armature of the
switch section SW21 is correspondingly set, I is the current
flowing through the capacitor C, and Cx is the capacitance
value of the capacitor C.
Each field controller CT and each operating terminal
OP (for instance the electropneumatic positioner OP2) are
constructed as shown in Fig. 13. The filed controller CT
is composed of a transmission unit 90, having a data control
section 91, and a controller section 100, having a control
operation section 105. The data control section 91 and the
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controller section 100 are implemented with microcomputers.
In response to data inputted through the optical circuit CO,
the data control section 91 reads set value data 102 and
measurement value data 103 out of the memory. This data is
subjected to addition (as indicated at 104), and the result
of addition is applied to the control operation section 105.
Further, the data control section 91 reads control operation
parameter (such as P, I and D values) data 101 from the memory,
which is applied to the control operation section 105 with
which an amount of operation W (such as an output pneumatic
pressure or a valve stroke) is calculated. The field controller
CT can remotely set the control operation parameter 101 and the
set value data 102 in response to an instruction from the
master processor Ml. The amount of operation W for the
operating terminal OP2 is applied to the data control section
91 also, and is returned to the side of the panel (central
control room) in response to an instruction from the master
processor Ml. The amount of operation W is applied to the
electropneumatic positioner OP2, which is composed of a
matching point 110, a D-A (digital-to-analog) converter 111,
an electropneumatic converter 112, a Kerr frequency converter
section 114, and a frequency-to-digital signal converter section
113.
The matching point 110 and the D-A converter 111
form a comparison section. The frequency-to-digital signal
~2C)83~
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converter section 113 and the Kerr frequency converter
section 114 form a feedback section. The output of the
electropneumatic converter section 112 is applied to an
actuator 120, where it is converted into a valve stroke V.
The valve stroke V is converted into a frequency signal
by the Kerr frequency converter 114, which is fed back to the
comparison section. In Fig. 13, reference numberal 92
designates a keyboard located "in the field". Each field
controller CT and each operating terminal OP are powered by
batteries (not shown).
The submaster processor SM, as shown in Fig. 14,
includes a data controi section 71, a memory section 72, a
field display device 73 and a keyboard 88. A data calling
control program 7a, measurement data 75, self-diagnosis data
76 and abnormal data 77 are stored in the memory section.
The measurement data 75 and the abnormal data 77 are displayed
on the display device 73. The submaster processor SM is
powered by a battery (not shown).
Data transmisslon of the thus-organized field devices
(the measuring unit group ME, the field controller group CT
and the light-to-air pressure converter OLW), the submaster
processor SM and the master processor Ml will now be described.
Figs. 15A-15D depict data transmitted between the
measuring unit group ME and the master processor Ml. More
specifically, Fig. 15A shows control data CS, Fig. 15B a data
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format used when the master processor Ml sets a measurement
range for the measuring unit (hereinafter referred to as
"a range setting mode", when applicable), Fig. 15C a data
format used when measurement data is transmiited to the
master processor Ml from the measuring un:Lt (hereinafter
referred to as "a measurement mode", when applicable), and
the Fig. 15D a format of data which is returned to the master
processor M1 in order to check the reception of range setting
data from the master processor l Figs. 16A-16D, taken
together, are a timing chart describing the transmission of
data between the measuring unit and the master processor Ml.
FigO 17 is a flow chart describing the signal transmission
and reception of the measuring unit.
The control data CS, as shown in Fig. 15A, is composed
of a start bit ST Do address data AD (D1, D2 and D3)
identifying the various measuring units, mode data MO (D4)
representing the measurement mode or the range setting mode,
preliminary data AU (D5 and D6), and a parity bit PA (D7).
In the measurement mode, when the data shown in Fig. 15A is
sent to the measuring unit group from the master processor M1,
the control data CS and measurement data DA, as shown in Fig.
15C are applied to the master processor Ml from an addressed
measuring unit. All the measuring units are started by the
start bit ST at the same time, but the measuring units which
have not been addressed halt their operations in a
, 20~
- 25 -
predetermined period of time. In the range setting mode, the
control data CS, as shown in Fig. 15C, is applied to the
measuring unit, then after a predetermined period of time
the zero point data ZE and span data SP, including the start
bit ST, are applied thereto. In this case, the measuring
unit returns the same data as shown in Fig. 15D, thereby
reporting to the master processor Ml that it has received
the range setting data correctly.
It is assumed that as the master processor Ml
provides control data, as shown in Fig. 16A, the measuring
unit MEl is selected by the control data CSl and the measuring
unit MEK is selected by the control signal CSK. The measuring
units MEl and MEK receive the data CSl and CSK in predetermined
periods of time, as shown in Fig. 16B. Accordingly, the
measuring unit -Mel operates, as depicted in Fig. 16C, and the
measuring unit MEK stops its operation upon receipt of the
data CSl in a predetermined period of time T3 and starts
the operation by the data CSK, as shown in the Fig. 16D.
If, in this case, the data transmitting interval T (Fig. 16A)
of the master processor Ml is longer than the signal reception
completion time Tl (Fig. 16B) and longer than one cycle T2
for calling the same address measuring unit (a measurement
operation time per measuring unit), then the measuring unit
access time intervals or the measuring unit selecting order
can be determined freely for the transmission of data.
~:~8al~
- 26 -
he detailed operation, including signal transmission
and reception, of the measuring units is as follows: First,
the operation of the measuring unit (transmitter) will be
described with reference Fig. 17. The processing device ~-COM
in the transmitter is started by the interrupt signal start
signal) from the host coumputer Ml (Step 1). The transmitter
reads the input signal (control data) as shown in Figs. l5A-15D
(Step 2). The transmitter detects whether or not its own
address has been specified by the input signal (Step 3).
When its own address is not specified, the transmitter is
placed in an interrupted waiting state (Step 17) in a cértain
period of time (Step 16) so that it may not be erroneously
operated by range setting data which is applied to another
transmitter. If the address is in fact specified by the input
signal, it is detected whether or not the l~easurement mode is
selected (Step 14). In the case where the measurement mode
is not selected, input data for changing the range is read
(Step 183. In order to confirm the data thus read, the latter
is returned to the master processor Ml on the side of the panel
(Step l In order to prevent the transmitter from being
erroneously operated by another input signal, the transmitter
is placed in the interrupted waiting state (Step 17) a
predetermined period of time (Step 16) after the provision of
that input signal has been confirmed (Step 15). When it
has been determined that the measurement mode is effected in
083~
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Step 4, the results of the preceding operation are transmitted
in series (Step 5), the charge and discharge time T1 is
measured to perform predetermined operations step 6), the
time T2 is measured if necessary (Step 7), and the specified
predetermined operations are performed by using this measure-
ment data (Step 8). Then, zero correction and the span
correction are carried out (Step 9).
Similarly, the temperature zero and span corrections
are carried out (Step lO). Thereafter, the range is adjusted
according to the range setting data which has been supplied
from the master processor Ml on the side of the panel (Step ll),
and if damping has occurred,it is corrected according to a
predetermined algorithmic expression (Step 12). Then, the
measurement of temperature is carried out (Step 13), and the
battery voltage is measured (Step lo). Then similar to the
above-described case, in order to prevent the transmitter
from being erroneously operated by another input signal, the
transmitter is placed in the interrupted waiting state (Step 17)
the predetermined period of time (Step 16) after the provision
of that input signal has been confirmed (Step 15).
The measuring unit ME is powered by the battery
power source circuit 59, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The
power consumption is reduced by only intermittently driving
the digital processing section and the clock signal generator
circuit 56 for driving the digital processing section.
~20~3~9
- 28 -
A method of intermittently driving the clock signal generator
circuit 56 and the processing circuit 57 in the measuring unit
will be described. To facilitate understanding of such an
operation, first, a single operation with the host processing
device Ml connected to a measuring unit in the ratio of 1:1
will be described with reference to Figs. 6 and 18A-18D,
and then a parallel operation with the host processing device
Ml connected to a plurality of measuring units will be described
with reference to Figs. 1 and l9A-lgC.
The measuring unit performs predetermined operations
according to instructions received from the central processing
device Ml provided in the central control room. Those
instructions are received via the light-emitting element PD
in the optical transmission circuit 58. When the light-
emitting element PD receives an instruction (a signal ST in
Fig. 18A), the transistor TR is rendered conductive and a low
level signal is applied to the inverter IN. accordingly,
a high level signal is applied to an input terminal of ~-COM
arithmetic circuit 57 and a terminal CP of the flip-flop
circuit FF. Therefore, the flip-flop circuit FF i5 set,
and the standby state of the ~-COM arithmetic circuit 57 is
released, as shown in Fig. 18B. The set output, provided
at the terminal of the flip-flop circuit FF, is delayed
for a predetermined period of time (in Fig. 18C) by a delay
circuit composed of a resistor RSB and a capacitor CsB.
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- 29 -
Therefore, the clock signal generator circuit 56 starts its
operation after the delay time (see Fig. 18C).
hen the clock signal generator circuit 56 starts
its operation, the ~-COM arithmetic circuit 57 also starts
its operation, as indicated iIl Fig. 18D; that is, it performs
a predetermined operation according to a command from the
central processing device Ml. When the predetermined operation
has been accomplished, the ~-COM arithmetic circuit 57 applies
a signal through the terminal PO4 to the flip-flop circuit FF
to reset the circuit FF (indicated at Re in Figs. 18B-18D).
Upon reception of the reset signal from the terminal Q of
the flip-flop circuit FF, the operational mode of the ~-COM
arithmeti-c-circuit 57 is changed to the standby mode. However,
since the delay circuit is connected between the flip-flop
circuit FF and the clock signal generator circuit 56, the
operations of the clock signal generator circuit 56 and the
~-COM arithmetic circuit 57 are not immediately stopped;
that is, they continue for a predetermined period of time.
In other words, the ~-COM arithmetic circuit 57 stops its
operation after predetermined period of time t which is required
for the ~-COM arithmetic circuit 57 to operate in the standby
mode after it has accomplished the predetermined operation.
The single operation with the central processing
device connected to one measuring unit (a ratio of 1:1) is
ED
- 30 -
as described above. Now, a parallel operation with the
central processing device connected to a plurality of measuring
units will be described. In the system, the central processing
device Ml is connected to a plurality of measuring units ME
through ME . Therefore, the central processing device Ml
transmits start data common to all the measuring UIlits and
address data assigned to a designated measuring unit so that
the designated measuring unit is selected and data is transmitted
between the designated measuring.unit and the central processing
device Ml.
The intermittent driving method when a plurality of
measuring..units..are.operated.-in--a parallel-mode will be described
with reference to Figs. 1.9A-l9C,--which.taken. together,~are .
a timing chart describing the intermittent operation in the
parallel operation. All the measuring units are started by
start data (ST indicated in Fig. l9A) from the central
processing device Ml to release their standby states, and
in a predetermined period of time, the clock signal generator
circuits are started. This operation is common to all the
measuring units. Some of the measuring units are addressed
(Fig. l9B), while the remaining measuring units are not
(Fig. l9C). Therefore, the former are placed in the standby
state after performing the designated processing operations,
at Hl in Fig. 19B, while the latter are placed in the standby
~083~
- 31 -
state after a predetermined period of time, at H2 in Fig. l9C.
That is, unneeded operations are eliminated as much as possible,
as a result of which power consumption is reduced.
Next, control loop formatior. in the field carried
out according to the invention will be described. The field
devices are called by a polling selecting system under the
control of the master processor Ml. All the field devices
are started by the start bit from the master processor Ml
addressed stop their operations after a predetermined period
of time.
It is assumed~that the measuring:unit-MEl:is selected.
In this case-, the measuring unit MEl-transmits-measurement I--
data through the optical fiber OF2 to the--optical~distribu~tor SG : -
Accordingly, the measurement data is transmitted to the master
processor Ml, the other field devices and the submaster
processor SM from the optical distributor SC. The measuring units
MEl, ME2,... and MEn are provided with the field controllers
CTl, CT~,... and CTn, respectively. Therefore, in the field,
the field controller CTl is selected my the output signal
of the measuring unit MEl. In the field controller CTl, the
output signal (measurement data) of the measuring unit MEl is
stored in the-memory. The control operation may be started
simultaneously when the measurement data is inputted. However, --
since the field devices are-called-sequentially by the master
processor Ml, a method may be employed in which, when the
I,
1~0~ 0
- 32 -
field controller CTl is called by the master processor Ml,
the amount of operation W is calculated using the measurement
data stored in the momory, as described with reference to Fig.
13, and the amount of operation thus calculated is applied to
the operating terminal OP (the electropneumatic positioner Pl)
and is stored in the memory again so that it can be transmitted
to the master processor My later. As the output signal
(measurement data) from the measuring unit (ME) is applied
through the optical distributor SC directly to the field controller
(CT), the control loop of the field controller (CT) is formed
in the yield. -The output-:signal~of the measuring-unit~ ME
is applied to the master processor Ml also on the side of the
panel, and is utilized only for controlling-and monitoring- --
the field on the side of the panel.
The operation of the submaster processor SM will now
be described. The polling signal of the master processor M
is applied through the optical distributor SC to all the field
devices and the submaster processor SM. -The submaster
processor SM monitors the polling signal from the master
processor Ml`, and when the polling signal is not provided for
a certain period-of time,- the submaster processor SM assumes
the occurrence of a,fault in the master processor Ml-and
replaces the master processor with itself.- That is, the
submaster processor SM performs the polling of the field
devices. The data which the submaster processor SM has
~20~ 30
- 33 -
obtained from the field devices is stored in the memory 72;
however, it is transferred into the master processor Ml after
the latter Ml has been rendered operational.
As described above, the submaster processor SM
can take the place of the master processor Ml. Therefore, --
the field device may be controlled by'only the~submaster
processor SM on the side of the field, that is,-without the
master processor Ml.
In the~embodiment of Fig ,the.'master processor. ,.
(central processing device) Ml is connected through one
bidirection-al-optical-transmission,path.-OEi--,too:~the-optical~
relay SO However, the following method may be employed
Two optical-~-,transmission paths are provided betwee~-the-
central processing device Ml and the optical relay SC, while
two pairs of light-emitting elements and-light-receiving
elements are provided for the central processing-device Ml. -
The light-emitting,-elements..thus..provided are alternately
operated so that,return.data.~from,the.field dev.ices.,is received
through the optical relay SC and the optical transmission
paths by~-*he,-light-recei,ving,e.lements.in the centr-al-processing .:.
device Ml.-~.=In this-case,-. the-,optical transmission,-paths :,.:.,
are substantially pro.tected from.~damage~and.the.,-.sys~em-is::~-, -
improved,in reliability
:ILZI~;38i~
- 34 -
As is apparent from the above description, in
accordance with the lnvention, N field devices are coupled
through an optical distrlbutor which can perform optical branching
and coupling in the ratio of N:N, whereby optical trans-
mission is carried out in the ratio of N:N. The host processing
device (master processor) is supplied mainly with controlling
and monitoring data, and the field controllers which control
the operating terminals are controlled through the optical
relay by the measuring devices on the side of the field.
Accordingly, the system of the invention is greatly rationalized
and simplified, and thus improved in reliability compared -
with the conventional system. -
The field~devices are powered by built-in batteries
which may be solar batteries.--That is, the system can be
powered by various different power sources. Accordingly, if
the higher system (the system on the side of the panel)
malfunctions,the lower system (the system on the side of the
field) is not affected thereby. As described above, when
the higher system malfunctions, the submaster processor can
I` take the place of the master processor, thus further improving _
the reliability of the system.---
Furthermore, according to the invention, the }accuracy of-~-measurement is improved by~digitizing the ---
measuring units. The measuring-unit-s-are coupled through -I-
optical transmission paths with the higher processing device,
~20~
- 35 -
and optical transmission is carried out through the optical
transmission paths. Accordingly, transmission is not affected
by noise, thus resulting in high reliability. As the measuring
units are coupled through the N:N star coupler to the higher
processing device, the number of transmission paths, or
the length of each-transmission path, can be reduced. Thus,
the field instrumentation system of..the invention is considerably
economical. Furthermore, the system is advantageous in that
even when a measuring unit becomes---faulty, the difficulty
will not affect other units On this point,-the system of
the invention.is different from ~he.conventional one in which .
the measuring units~:are-cascade--connected..~
