Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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S P E C I F I C A T I O N
Title of the Invention:
Feed additives for ruminants
Detailed Description of the Invention:
The present invention relates to feed additives for ruminants,
particularly, with rumen by-pass feed additives comprising tablets or
granules, in which biologically actlve ingredients are protected by protecting
material(s) so as not to be decomposed by the digestive juice in the ruman and
to be efficiently absorbed through digestive organs from the abomasum.
Hitherto, it is known that biologically active ingredients, for example,
amino acids such as methionin are decomposed by microbes present in the
digestive juice of the rumen, and consequently, its activity is lost.
Therefore, various feed additives have been designed for ruminsnts such that
biologically active ingredients are protected from microbes present in the
digestive juice of the rumen and absorbed through digestive organs from the
abomasum.
For example, ~ranulated feed additives comprising biologically active
ingredients fiurrounded by protecting materials such as triglycerides, rice,
bran, wax, etc., are described in the Japanese Patent Publication No.
Tokko-sho 48-12785.
E'eed additives comprising the biologically active ingredients are coated
or surroundad by straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted,
saturated, aliphatic, mono-carboxylic acids having at least 14 carbon atoms or
their salts or a mixture of said saturated, aliphatic, mono-carboxylic acids
or their salts are described in the Japanese Patent Publication No. Tokko-sho
56-lOS7.
PAT 8Y06~l - 1 -
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The above feed additives are broken down and absorbed through digestive
organs after the abomasum such as the duodenum, the colon. However, these
additives are excreted as they are protected by protecting materials, because
these are retained for a short time through the digestive organs.
There have been proposed feed additives capable of being absorbed and not
excreted, such as feed additives having a protecting material of a mixture
with aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids having 14 to 22 carbon atoms or ricinolic
acid or hardened vegetable or animal oils and sodium, potassium or calcium
salts of aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids having 1~ to 22 carbon atoms or
ricinolic acid as shown in Japanese Patent Open No Tokkai-sho 56-154956.
Said feed additives are designed so that they are broken down by using
differences of pH values between the digestive juices in the rumen and the
abomasum, without any enzyme capability. ~owever, digestion of the feed
additives and absorption of biologically active ingredients in them are
insufficient, ~ecause breaking down of the protecting material on the feed
additives is very slow.
Accordingly, the present invention provides feed additives for ruminants
that easily by-pass through the rumen, and are rapidly broken down through the
abomasum.
Thus, the present invention provides rumen by-pass feed additives for
ruminants comprising tablets or granules of a mixture of not more than 60
waight percent of one or more biolo~ically active ingredients selected from a
group consist2.ng of amino acids, amino acid derivatives, hydroxy homologues of
amino acid~, proteins, vitamins, enzymes and veterinary medicines; from 1 to
25 weight percent of chitosan; and from 25 to 80 weight percent of one or more
protecting materials selected from a group consisting of straight or branched,
PAT 8906-1 - 2 -
saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids having 14 to 22
carbon atoms, hardened vegetable oils an~ hardened animal oils.
In the present invenkion, biol~gically active ingredient(s) are
ingredient(s) providing biological activities when fed orally to ruminants,
but losing easily the said activities by microbes and digestive juices in the
rumen. For example, amino acids ~uch as methionin, lysine etc., amino acid
derivatives such as ~-acyl amino acids, N-hydroxymethylmethionin calcium,
lysine hydrochloride etc., hydroxy homologues of amino acids such as
2-hydroxy-4-methylmercaptobutyric acid, its calcium salt etc., proteins such
as powder of feather, fish meal, casein, potato protein etc., vitarnins such as
vitamin A, vitanin A acetate, vitamin A palmitate, vitamin D3, vitamin E,
nicotinic acid, nicotinic acid amide, calcium pantothenate, ~-carotin etc.,
enzymes such as acidic protease etc., carbohydrate such as grape sugar etc.,
veterinary medicines such as antibiotics, inecticides etc. are listed up. As
N-acyl amino acids N-stearoylmethionin, N-oleoylmethionin etc. are listed up.
Penicillin, tetracylclin etc. are listed as antibiotics.
In the present invention, protecting materials are one or more substances
selected from the group consisting of straight or branched, substituted or
unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, mono-carboxylic acids
having 14 to 22 carbon atoms, hardened vegetable oils and hardened animal oils.
Chitosan being another component of feed additives for ruminants. Fibrous
polysaccharides which are obtained by hydrolyzing chitin using alkali, works
as a protecting material of biologically active ingredients in the rumen and a
breakinB down a~ent of feed additives comprising tablets or granules in the
abomasum.
PAT 8906-1 - 3 -
In the invention, inorganic substance(s) are added to the mixture of
biologically active ingredient(s), chitosan and protecting materials to
control a gravity feed of additives comprising tablets or granules.
As inorganic substance(s) for food additives such as kaolin, calcium
carbonate etc. can be used, favourably, one or more inorganic substance(s)
selected from a group consistin~ of calcium phosphates, calcium sulfate,
magnesium oxide, magnesium ulfate, and aluminium hydroxide ara used, because
these work as breaking down co-agent(s) of feed additives comprisin~ tablets
or granules in the abomasum.
In the invention, khe quantity of biologically active ingredient(s) in
feed additives is not more than 60 weight percent of the total weight, and
differs by the type of biologically active ingredient. Genarally in a case of
nutrients such as amino acids, amino acid derivatives, protein etc., the
quantity is seleeted to be in a range of 25 to 60 weight percent of total
weight, and in the case of vitamins, enzymes and veterinary medicines, the
quantity is not more than a few percent of total weight.
In the case of the quantity of biolo~ically active ingredient(s) being
more over 60 weight percent of total weight, a large quantity of biologically
active ingredient(s) are distributed on the surface of the feed additives
comprising tablets or granules, and dissolve out to the digestive juices in
the rumen. Consequently, the utlllty rate of biologically act~ve ingredients
falls.
The quantity of chitosan in feed additives is selected in ~ range of 1 to
25, preferably 3 to 10 weight percent of protecting materials used in feed
additives. It is undesirable to use excess chitosan, because ~i.ssolving out
of biologically active ingredient(s) into the digestive juica of the rumen
increases. Further, it is undesirable to use extra chltosan, because breaking
PAT 8906-1 - 4 -
down of the feed sdd;tives in the abomasum bec~mes insufficient.
The quantity of inorganic substance(s) is a quantity keeping the gravity
of feed additives in a range of 0.8 to 2.0, preferably 1.0 to 1.4 g/cm .
The weight of feed additives is important to avoid the lon~ retention time of
feed additives in the rumen by floating on or sinking under the digestive
juice of the rumen and to maXe passage through the rumen rapid. Generally,
the quantity of inorganic substance~s) is selected in a range of 20 to 30
weight percent of protecting materials using feed additives.
Feed additives of the invention are obtained as tablets or granules by
tableting or granulating the melted slurry of a mixture of biologically active
ingredient(s), chitosan, protecting materials, inorganic substance(s) and
other additive(s) using general method such as dropping tableting or
granulating method, extruding tableting or granulating method etc~
The particle size of tablets or granules of feed additive is generally
selected in a range of 200 micron to 5 millimeter.
~ or example, granules of feed additives having less than 1 millimeter o
particle size are obtained by using a rotating disk granulater, and tablets of
feed additives having 1 to 5 millimeter of particle size are obtained by
dropping the above melted slurry on the cooled plate from nozzle(s) or pin(s)
of the dropper.
It is de3irable to use biologically active ingredient(s) having a partlcle
siza of 110 preferably 170 tyler mesh pass, and chitosan having a particle
size of 65 tyler mesh pass for producing dense tabLets or granules of feed
additives having an excellent by-passing efficiency through th~ rumen and an
excellent breaking down efficiency in the abomasum.
PAT 8906-1 - 5 -
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By containing chitosan, feed additives comprisinK tablets or granules of
the invention have an excellent by-passing efficiency through the rumen, and
especially, an excellent breaking down efficiency in the abomasum as compared
with known feed additives, because chitosan is insoluble to neutral or
alkaline solution~s) such as the digestive juice in the rumen and easily
soluble to acidic solution~s) such as ths digestive juice in the abomasum,
consequently, biologically active ingredient(s) in feed additives are absorbed
through digestive organs from the abomasum and effectively utilized by
ruminants.
The present invention provides feed additives which pass through the rumen
and are easily broXen down in the abomasum for ruminants, and therefore its
commercisl capability is very great.
The present invention is more specifically described in the following
examples; however, these examples are not to be construed as limiting the
scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, quantities are expressed as
parts by weight.
PAT 8906-l - 6 -
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~xample 1
Feed additives for rumlnants comprising tablets or granules having various
compositions were produced by droppin~ the method slurry of the ~miform
mixture of biologically active ingredient(s), chitosan, protecting material(s)
and inorganic substance(s) at a tsmperature range of 60 to 90C on the cooled
stainless steel platla at a temperature of 5C from the dropper having
1.6rJ2.5 mm diameter X 10rv 25 mm length pin or into the cooled alr at a
temperature of 5C from the rotatin~ disk.
1 gr of each obtained feed additives were dipped in 200 m~ of the
McDougall's artificial saliva corresponding to the digestive juice of the
rumen at a temperature of 39C during 24 hours under vibration, in which the
McDougall's artificial saliva is prepared by dissolving 9.8 g of NaHC03,
0.57 g of KC~, 0.04 g of cacQ2, 9.3 g of ~a2HP04~12H20, 0-47 8 of NaC~
and 0.12 g of ~gS04 7H20 into 1 ~ of water (PH=8.3).
Then, each of the above samples are dipped in 200 mQ of the Cleak-Lubs's
buffer solution with pH2 corresponding to the di~estive juice in the abomasum
at a temperature of 39C, during 3 hours under vibration, in which the
Cleak-Lubs's buffer solution is prepared by mixin~ 50 mR of 0.2 N KC~
solution, 10.6 mQ of 0.2 N ~C~ solution and 139.4 mQ of water.
Dissolvin~ rate~ of biologically active ingredient(s) in each sample of
the McDougall's artlficial saliva and the Cleak-Lubs's buffer solution were
obtained by analysis of biologically active ingredient(s) in each solutions.
Composition of obtained feed additives and dissolving rates of
biologically active ingredient(s) in the ~cDougall's artificial saliva and the
Cleak-Lubs's buffer solution are shown in Table 1 with comparison Examples.
PAT 8906-1 - 7 -
. . . . . .. . . . .
In Table l;
A. Vsed biologically active in~redients were on the market and more over 90
weight % had a particle size of 110 Tyler mesh pass.
P. Used chitosan had a particle size of 65 Tyler mesh pass.
C. Analysis of amino acids was made by the iodine titration method.
D. Analysis of DL-2-hydroxy-4-methyl thiobutyric acid calcium and feather
powder was made by the column chromatography.
~. ~nalysis of glucose was made by the colorimetric method.
F. Analysis of nicotinic acid amide was made by the kjeldahl's method.
0 G. Analysis of sulfa-dimethoxine sodium was made by the sodium nitrite
titration method.
PAT 8906-1 - 8 -
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TABLE
Examples
. . ._ , _ _
1-1 l-Z 1~3 1-4 1-5
Blo.aet.ingredient
B-l methionin 30 30 35 35 40
B~2 lysine hydLoehloride
B 3 nieotinie al~id amide
B-4 DL-2-hydroxy-4-methyl
thiobutyrlc acld calcium
B-5 feather powder
B-6 aeid protease
B-7 glucose
B-8 sulfa-dimethoxine sodium _
C. Chitosan
.. . __
Proteeting materlal
P-l tallow hardened oil-E.H. 12
P-2 tallow hardened oil-5456 36 50
P-3 soya bean hardened oil 43
P-4 stearie aeid 52
:: P-5 sodlum stearate .
Inorg. substanee
I-l CaCO3 3 20 3
I--2 Ca(H2PO~.)2~H2O 7 5 5 10
I-3 CaHPO4
I-4 CaSOI,
I-5 MgCO3
I-6 AQ(OH) 3 5 5
- .. .
Partiele Size (mm)
.. ~ . _ . _ . .
T. Tablets 2.8~.0 2.8~.0 2.8~4.0
G. granule3 0.8~1.4 0.8~1.4
- . _
Dlssolving rate (%)
-- _ _
M.D. McDougall's s. 14.7 9.0 15.323.6 10.0
C.L. Cleak-Lubs's S. 64.6 51.3 62.350.0 45.0
_ _
PAT 8906-1 - 9 _
(to be co~t'ed)
' _ 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12
~ ~ ~ 35 35 35 35
_
C.lchitosan 3 5_ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ 5
P-2 50 50 50 55
p_4 52 57 57
~~ L~
T. 2.8~.0 2.3~4.0 2.8~4.0 2.8~4.0 2.8~.0
G. .8~1.4 0.8~1.4
__ _ ... . .. .
M.D. 17.8 12.7 11.1 20.1 21.3 21.9 18.2
C L. 60.5 59.3 61.9 5h.8 52.3 50.9 57.5
~ 8~06-1 - 10 -
(to be co~t'ed)
. . . . . .. _. . . .
No. 1-13 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-17
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 40
P~8 25
... . _ .. .... .. _
C. Chitosan 4 4 _ , 12
pp_43 ~51 ~ 46 6 1 44 50
._
I-l 3 . 5 5 5 5
1 ~ ~ 7 ~ 5 5 ~ 5 ~ 5
. __ ... _ _ . ~ .
G - 2.3~,02.8~4.0 2.8~4.0
_ _ . _
M.D. 12.0 7.0 _ 17.0 11.0
C.L. 39.048.0 _ _ 53.0 50.3
- - - . _
PAT 8906~
(to be &ont'ed)
Co~pared Examples
No. 1-1 1-2 - 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7
B-2 30 30 35 35 43
_ ~ ~ 30 30
.._
C. Chito~an _ _ _ _ _ _
r~ _ 60 55 60
P-5 60 515 43 60
. .__
~ ~ ~ L ~ l -
T 2.8~4.0 2.8~4.0 2.8~4.02,8~4.0 2.8~4.0 2.8~4.0 2.8~40
_ _ __
M.D. 15.4 3.5 4.8 16.3 21.8 22.3 5.6
C.L. 3.4 4.5 3.2 29.5 8.6 9.5 8.1
_. _ _ _. _ __
PAT 8906-1 - 12 -
Example 2
Tablets feed addltive~ having in a range of 2.8 ~ 4.0 mm of a partlcle
size were produced by using methlonin h2ving various particle size as a
biologically active ingredient.
Dissolving rates of methionin in produced feed additives into the McDougall' 8
artificlal ~alivia ~nd the Cleak-Lubs's buffer solution ~ere obtained by the same
method of Example 1.
The compositlo~ of produced feed additives was shown as bellow:
methionin 30
chltosan : 4
tallo~J hardened oil-54 : 56
CaC03 3
Ca(H2P04)2-H20 7
Results of Example 2 i8 shown in Table 2.
Table 2
No. 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4
. _
Particle size 60 B0 115 170
of methionin (Tyler mesh) 170 115 170 400
_ _ ,
Di6~01ving rate (Z)
McDougall's s. 25.0 22.0 17.0 14.0
Clenk Lub~s s. 32.0 41.0 50.0 54.0
P~T 8906-1 - 13 _
Example 3
Tablets feed addltives containing methlonin as a biologic~lly active in-
gredlent were produced by using chitosan having varlous particle size.
Dissolving rates of methlonin in produced feed additives into the McDougall~s
artiflcial sallvia and the Cleak-Lubs's buffer solutlon were obtained by the
sam~ method of ~xample 1.
The composition of produced feed additives was shown below:
methionin : 30
chitosan : 4
tallow hardened oil-54 : 56
CaC03 3
Ca (H2PO4 ) 2 H2 0
Results of Example 3 is shown in-Table 3.
Table 3
No. 3-l ¦ 3~2 3-3 3-4
Particle size 6 ~ 16 65 pass150 pass270 pass
of Chitosan (Tyler mesh)
Dlssolving rate (Z)
McDougall's s. 35 14 12 9
Cleak-Lubs's s 30 54 54 56
P~T 8~06-1 - 14 -
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Test Example
Feed additives produced by Example 1-3 and compared Example 1-2 were fed
by the double turn method to 8 COW3 (Hol~teln) partitiorled 4 groups consi~ting of
2 cows, in which every cow had passed away 100 nv150 days after childbirt~.
Feeding by the double turn method are shown as l'able 4. Food
quantitles of feed addltives per one co~ was 50 g/day.
Table 4
_ First Second Thlrd
Group
20 days 20 days 20 day~
_
nominal feed
A nominal feed nominal feed
+ Example 1-3
nominal feed nominal feed
B nomlnal feed
_ ~ Example 1-3 Example 1-3
nominal feed
C nominal feed nominal feed
~ C.Example 1-2
.__ .....
nominal feed nominal feed
D nomlnal feed
~ C.Example 1-2 + C.~xample 1-2
PAT 8906-1 - 15 -
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Table 5
Cro4p ~irst Second ThirdFirst + Third
20 days 20 days 20 days-2 X Second
A ~3.95 24.85 24;20 -1.55
B 26.55 25.50 26.40 ~1.95
C .23.90 23.45 23.55 +0.35
D 25.30 25.30 25.35 +0.05 .
Test ~xample 2
Feed additives produced by Example 1-1 were fed to 5 calves (Holstein,
male) having 130 kg of average body weight in which feed additives consisting
of l-5 weight % of nominal feed were mixed In nominal feed.
Average increased welght of body per day during 28 days ls shown ln Tab~e
6 with compared 5 calves being not fed feed-additives.
- Table 6
_ __
Test Compared
Croup Group
_ _
Average taklng quantIty 4.91 5.26
of feed (~g/day)
_ ...._
Avar~ge increased weight
1.29 1.14
~0 of body (kg/day)
-- , _
Efficlency of feed
3.80 4.61
kz (feed)/kg (increased weight)
_ _ _ _ _
PAT 8906-1 - 16 -
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