Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
-- 1 --
The present invention relates to the fabrication of trans-
parent materials for optical applications and in particular
it concerns a process for producing materials with optical
transparency in the infrared.
Problems are encountered in the traditional production of
transparent materials with wavelengths ranging from 2 to
12 ~m, caused both by inevitable manipulations during the
various process phases in which transfers and annealings
are effected and by interactions of the reactants with the
ambient atmosphere and containers. The result is that an
increase occurs in both intrinsic and extrinsic attenu-
ation of the transmission medium.
Intrinsic attenuation is due to direct absorption by
material impurity bonds, and extrinsic (scattering) attenu-
ation is due to the presence of anomalous domains. Inparticular, if the material is crystalline, dislocations
or granulations can be formed, and if the material is
~itreous, crystalline zones or separation of different
density phases can occur.
~ process which permits cost e~fective, durable and high
purity materials to be obtained is the chemical vapour
deposition process. This process, used to fabricate elec-
tronic components and silica based optical fibres consists
of the redo~ reac~ion between two ~apours from which
solid and residual vapours are obtained. For example,
silicon for semiconductors can be ohtained by the follow-
ing reactions:
3 2 ~ (1)
or
i C14 2 ~ i Cl (2)
where the reaction is commerlced in a hi~h temper~ture fur-
nace.
`~ ~
,~ ~
~;~2~732~
-- 2
In optical fibre technology silica is obtained by the
reaction:
Si C14 + 2 -~ SiO2 + 2 C12 (3)
whilst for infrared materials a CVD process exists which
produces ZnS and ZnSe through reactions:
Zn + H2S-~ ZnS + H2 (4)
and
Zn + H2Se-~ ZnSe + H2 (5)
From the reaction above it is to be noted that in general
the CVD process makes use of redox reactions. These re-
actions however present the disadvantage of possible con-
current reactions, entailing different valence states,
whose products are different from those desired and are
often detrimental. For example, in reaction (4) ZnH
groups may be formed in the matrix (in which the zinc
valence is not 2 but 1)~ These produce optical absorption
bands within the optical wavelength range of interest,
namely between 2 and 12 ~m.
The present invention tackles these disadvantages by using
a CVD process in which a double substitution reaction is
used instead of a redox reaction. Such a reaction does
not involve any change in the oxidation state o~ any ele-
ment involved in the reaction, but instead merely a double
substitution between reagent cations and anions.
Such a reaction is highly advantageous, as it eliminates
concurrent reactions whenever the desired reaction pro-
duct is in a physical state different from those of the
other products and of the reactants. In this ~ase the
equilibrium is shifted entirely towards completion of the
reaction products and the desired product is eas~ to sepa-
rate. Moreover, if the reactants and residual products
are gaseous and the desired product is solid, a continuous
production is possible. If the reactant and residual
product boiling points are much lower than the melting
.,.
3~)
poin-t of the desired end product, then the process requires
little energy and features an efficiency approaching 100%.
The present invention provides a process for producing a
material with optical transparency in the infrared, in
which at least one chalcogenidric acid or chalcogenide
and at least one metallic salt are separately vapourized
at their respective boiling points and are supplied in
the vapour state to a reaction zone, where a double sub-
stitution reaction is initiated to form at least one metal
chalcogenide.
The foregoing and further features of the invention will
be apparent from the following description of a preferred
embodiment thereof, given by way of example and not in a
limiting sense.
The object of the invention is to provide high purity
chalcogenides useful as starting materials to produce
glass, crystalline and multicrystalline materials for use
in the laser and optical fibre technolo~ies. Such materi-
als typically present a wide transmission window in the
infrared, with low absorption coefficients and a theoreti-
cal attenuation of about lO 2 dB/km at 5 to 6 ~m. The
thermal expansion coefficient is about lO 6 k l, so that
drawing o~ the glass produced is possible, and so that
optical fibres can be manu~actured. The r0fractive index
values are relatively highi around 2, which permits a step
index glass plastic fibre to be manu~actured.
An example of a double substitution reaction producing a
chalcogenide, in this case arsenic krisulphide, is the
following:
H2S + ~ ~sC13 --~ AS2S3 + 6 HCl (6)
where ~t the reaction temperature the reactants and hydro-
chloric acid are in a gaseous state and arsenic trisulphide
is a solid. Simila~ reactions occ~r between H2S and GeCl~,
-- 4
SnC14, PC13 or SiC14, with production of GeS2, SnS2, P2S3
or SiS2. Reactions requiring higher temperatures occur
between H2S and SbC13, ZnC12, SnC12 or CdC12, with produc-
tion of Sb2S3, ZnS, SnS or CdS. Thus the double substitu-
tion reaction between a chalcogenidric acid (H2S, H2Se,
H2Te) or a chalcogenide and a salt of the metal whose chal-
cogenide is desired may be used to provide materials useful
in the production of devices operating in the infrared
range.
The salt obtained should have a higher melting point than
the boiliny points of the reagents and the residual pro-
ducts. A number of the above reactants can be used simul-
taneously to obtain different mixtures of solid materials,
which can constitute the starting material for glasses of
predetermined composition.
The apparatus used to produce chalcogenides with the type
of reactions described is similar to that used in the con-
ventional CVD process, where ~he reactants are separately
vapourized at their respective boiling points an~ are kept
in the vapour state until they reach the reaction zone,
whereupon the double substitution reaction takes place,
and the high melting salt produced precipitates and is
then collected for use. By suita~le adjustment of pres-
sures and temperatures in the reaction chamber and in the
vapour lines according to the vapourization temperatures
of the reactants, materials of a desired structure, i.e.
colloidal, microcrystalline, crystalline or vitreous, can
be obtained.
For example, the reaction ~6) can be started by raising
the reac-tion chamber to a temperature of about ~00C, as
the f-lsion temperature of As~S3 produced is of 200C and
maximum reactant vapourization temperature i5 63C or
AsC13. This reaction can take place at atmosphcric pres-
sure by regulating in a stoichiome~ric fa~hion the propor-
tion of thP reactant~ by means of flo~Ymeters.
