Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
1253-5961-G
SPECIFICA~ION
The present invention relates to photoelectric
input apparatus; more particularly, to touch input panels
having a series of crossed light beams, in which the
interruption of a pair of crossed light beams identifies
the position of an object in the plane.
Photoelectric touch input panels have been devel-
oped which use a plurality of crossed light beams, arranged
in sets of parallel beams in a single plane, to identify
the approximate position of an object which breaks both of
two crossing beams. Typically, such touch input panels
are intended to be used in front of a display device such
as a cathode ray tube, and the position of an operator's
finger when it touches a spot on the cathode ray tube is
detected by determining which two crossed beams are simul-
taneously interrupted. At times, the touch input panel
is used witha stylus or other device in place of a finger.
The resolution with which the position of the finger or
stylus can be determined is dependent largely upon the
spacing of the parallel beams in the beam plane and the
width of the ~in~er or stylus. rrhe beall\s must bc spaced
apart hy a d;stance which is small enough to insure break-
ing at least one beam by the smallest size finger or
stylus, and, accordingly, it is frequently the case that
multiple beams are bro~en. In previous touch input panels,
the output is produced by an indication of the first beam
which is recognized as being broken, scanning from one
direction toward the other (for example, from the top
down), and this results in determination of a position
which is not the position corresponding to the center line
` ~ ~
,'~. '~L~'`tr7 ~_~
of the fin~er or stylus. Accordingly, it is desirab'e
to provide a way of determining the approximate center
point of the finger or stylus if more than one of a
series of parallel beams is broken.
In previous touch input panels, it is possible
for a relatively small foreign object, such as an insect,
a raindrop or debris, to cause a false indication of an
input by passing through the beam plane~ It is, there-
fore, desirable to provide a mechanism for discriminating
against foreign objects which happen to pass through the
beam plane of the device.
In previous touch input panels, a relatively com-
plicated arrangement is required for controlling operation
of the panel. It is desirable to simplfy, as much as
possible, the logic and electronic circuits required in the
use of the panel to enable the panel to be produced with as
much economy as possible, and to increase the reliability
of the panel.
Previous touch input panels, while useful for
determining the position of an object in a beam plane,
are not capable of sensin~ any additiona] data relatin~J to
such input, .such .15 thc~ ~c~locity o~ approach of the
object ~oward the touch panel. It is sometimes desirable
to be able to discriminate the velocity of approach of an
object which intersects the beams in the beam plane, in
order to insure with greater certainty that an actuation
of the touch input panel in an intentional actuation by
means of a fin~er or stylus, rather than an accidental
operation. It is, therefore, also desirable to provide
some means of sensin~ the velocity of approach of an
object which intersects the beams and the beam plane.
Previous touch input panels are adapted to scan
through the entire population of each set of beams on
a sequential basis, and therefore each individual beam
is scanned relatively infrequently. This establishes a
time interval of uncertainty as to whether a beam is
interrupted or not. It is desirable to reduce this time
interval, and increase the scanning rate for one or more
specific beams which are of greater significance, or which
are more likely than others to be interrupted.
Previous touch panels are not well adapted to
operation in more than one mode. Typically, they
operate in a point mode, in which points are identified
by decoding the X-Y coordinates of a broken beam pair,
without recognizing additional points which may be legiti-
mate inputs until after a condition is recognized in which
no beam is broken. It is desirable to avoid this limita-
tion and permit multi-mode operation of the touch panel.
Previous touch panels have not been well-adapted
to recognize and detect more th~n one pair o~ interrupted
bcams ~t ~ t:ime, which sevcrel~ limi~s the u.sefulness of
the panel. It is desirable to provide an arrangement in
which a number of interrupted crossed beam pairs are
recognized. This makes it possible to use touch input
panel control apparatus to perform a ~ariety of tasks
such as sizing, space monitoring, and protection inter-
lock activities.
Previous touch panels have not been able to
discriminate between touch inputs (by a finger or stylus)
which move normally to the touch panel. It is desirable
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to be able to distinguish between normal or skew approaches,
particularly in applications where high resolution o~ the
touch input is required.
Previous touch panels have been required to use
comparators for determining, in each beam plane, whether
a beam detected as being interrupted is different from
the last detected beam. It is desirable to provide an
arrangement which makes the use of such comparators, and
other associated logic, unnecessary.
It is a principal object of the present invention
to provide a touch input panel with means for determining
the approximate center point of an object which intersects
more than one beam of a plurality of parallel spaced beams
in a beam plane.
It is another object of the present invention to
provide improved logic apparatus for decoding the position
of an object which is detected within a beam plane.
Another object of the present invention is to
provide means for sensing the presence of a finger or
stylus or other elongated object, and distinguishing such
ob~ect froo an objcct of ~horter dimcns.i.ons.
A ~urther oljcct of the present invention is to
provide means for determining the velocity of approach
of an object which is detected within the beam plane,
or a change in velocity of the object during its approach.
Another object of the present invention is to
provide means for selectively scanning particular beams
with increased frequency relative to the scanning of
the beams.
A further object of the present invention is to
.
provide means for scanning interrupted beams more fre-
quently than non-interrupted beams.
Another object of the present invention is to
provide apparatus for enabling the control apparatus of -
the present invention to function selectively in a point
mode or in a stream mode. .
A further object of the present invention is to
provide apparatus for enabling the control apparatus of
the present invention to monitor plural pairs of crossed
interrupted beams.
Another object of the present invention is to
provide a plurality of beam planes and apparatus for
counting the number of interrupted beams in each set
of beams defining each beam plane.
A further object of the present invention is to
provide apparatus for sizing objects within a space defined
by a plurality of beam planes.
Another object of the present invention is to
provide apparatus for monitoring activity within a space
defined by a plurality of beam planes.
A further object of thc present invention is to
! providc appaxatus ~or monitorincJ speci~ic locations within
a space defined by ~ plurality of beam planes and for
inhibiting operation of dangerous instrumentalities in
response to dete~ction of an interrupted beam pair at
such location.
A further object of the present invention is to
provide apparatus for detecting the approach of a finger
or stylus toward a touch panel in a normal direction and
discriminating against an angled approach.
718
1253-5961G
A further object of the present invention is to
provide an improved arrangement for mounting a plurality of
LED's associated with a single beam plane.
According to one aspect, the present invention
provides in a photoelectric input device having a plurality
of light sources and a plurality of photosensitive devices
for defining first and second sets of crossed light beams,
first detecting means connected to the photosensitive devices
of said first set for producing a signal responsive to the
interruption of a light beam of said first set, second
detecting means connected to the photosensitive devices of
said second set for producing a signal responsive to the
interrupti.on of a light beam of said second set, coincidence
means responsive to operation of said first and second
detectors for producing a signal indicating interruption of a
pair of crossed light beams, output means for providing a
plurality of output signals identifying the locations of
said interrupted pair of beams, mode control means for selecting
one of two modes of operation, first operating means
responsive to said mode control means in a first mode of operation
for causing said output means to continu~ to man:i.fe~t :Locat:ions
corresponding to locat:Lon~ o~E an :I.nterru~t@d pa:l.r oE beams
until after no beam in either set :Ls interrupted, and second
operating means responsive to said mode control means in a
second mode of operation for causing said output means to
manifest the locat:ions of a diffe,rent pair of interrupted
beams immediately after a formerly interrupted beam in either
set is recognized by the detecting means for its associated
set as being non-interrupted.
7 ~ ~3
1253-5961G
The invention will now be described in greater
detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a
housing of a touch input panel incorporating an exemplary
embodiment of the present invention, illustrating devices
associated with plural spaced crossed beams in a principal beam
plane and plural spaced beams in an auxiliary beam plane;
Figure 2 is a functional block diagram of a control
system for the apparatus of Figure 1, illustrating the apparatus
for detecting and counting the number of broken beams, for
detecting the coincidence of beam interruption in the principal
and auxiliary planes, and for determining the velocity of
approach of an object toward the principal beam plane;
Figure 3 is a perspective view of an alternative
embodiment of the present invention, incorporat:;ng spaced X
and Y beam planes;
Figures 4a-4c are views of arrangements for mounting
a plurality of LED's or phototransistors;
Figure 5 is a functional block diagram of a control
system for an alternative embodimcnt Oe the pre,L.lcnk :i.nvenk:ion,
havinc~ two X be~m plane~ ~c~pac~(l on orpo~ s.ide3 o.E a
beam plane;
Figure 6 is a functional block di.agram oE a control
system for a .Eurther embodiment of the present invention
adapted for counting the number of consecutive interrupted
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3~rt7~7~7 ~3
beams in each beam plane and determining the address of
the centex line of the interrupting object;
Fig. 7 is a functional block diagram of another
embodiment of the present invention adapted for scanning
back and forth in each beam plane across an interrupting
object, without scanning beam paths which are remote
from the interrupting object;
Fig. 8 is a perspective view of another embodi-
ment of the present invention adapted for monitoring a
space defined by a plurality of beam planes;
Fig. 9 is a functional block diagram of a logic
circuit used with the apparatus of Fig. 8; and
Fig. 10 is a functional block diagram of a control
circuit for enabling the apparatus of the present invention
to be selected for stream mode or point mode operation.
Referring now to Fig. 1, there is illustrated in
diagrammatic form a housing 10 which contains the control
system for operating a touch input panel. The housing 10
has a central opening 12, and the housing 10 is adapted
to be placed in relation to a display surface on the front
of a display device 11, which may b@ a ~RT or othcr diC,-
(; play devicc, so th~l: a display is visible in the opening 12.
The opening 12 is bounded by two side walls 14 (one of which
is shown in Fig. 1) and upper and lower walls 16. One of
the side walls 14 is equipped with a plurality of light-
emitting devices such as LED's or the like, and the oppo-
site wall is equipped with a plurality of photosensitive
devices such as phototransistors ox the like. The photo-
transistors are aligned with the LED's and are adapted to
receive light generated by the LED~s. There is a lens
-- 7 --
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provided for each of the LED's to collimate the light
and focus it principally on one of the phototransistors
on the opposite wall. The path between an LED and the
phototransistor on the opposite wall upon which the LED's
light is focused is referred to as a beam. There are a
plurality of such beams which originate at one of the side
walls 14 and terminate at the opposite side wall 14, and
these beams are arranged in parallel spaced relationship
so that a person or operator who touches a panel located
behind the opening 12 will intercept one or more of the
beams. The beams are arranged in a plane which is refer-
red to as a beam plane.
A second set of spaced parallel beams extends
between the upper and lower walls 16, with each of such
beams having a light-generating LED at one end and a
phototransistor at the other end. The beams extending
between the side walls 14 are referred to herein as the
X beams, and the beams extending between the upper and
lower walls 16 are referred to as the Y beams. The X and
Y beams may be oriented in any direction with respect to
the horizontal and vertical. The pl.ane ~f the ~ l~ealrls
is rcfcrrc~d to i-lS tlle X beam plalla, ancl tllc plane of the
Y beams is referred to as the Y beaTn plane. When the X
beam plane coincides with the Y beam plane, the plane is
referred to as the principal plane.
In the apparatus of Fig. l, a principal plane is
forn~ed near the rear of the opening 12, with crossing X
beams and Y beams in that plane. An auxiliary X beam
plane is spaced forwardly of the principal plane, near
the front of the opening 12. Its plane is referred to as
-- 8 --
the au~iliary plane, The location of the principal plane
is identified in Fig. 1 by the apertures in the lower
wall 16 and the rearward line of apertures in the side
wall 14. The forward line of apertures in the side wall
14 defines the auxiliary plane. The auxiliary plane is
spaced far enough from the principal plane so that a small
foreign object which happens to be present in the opening
12 cannot intercept beams in both the principal plane
and the auxiliary plane. Coincidence of principal and
auxiliary beam interruption can, therefore, be used to
confirm that an interrupted beam is not caused by a small
foreign object. This feature is of particular value when
the invention is used in environments such as aircraft
cockpits, outdoor terminals, etc.
Foreign objects (such as insects) which are large
enough to break beams in both the principal and auxiliary
planes simultaneously can be discriminated against on the
basis of their characteristic velocity of approach toward
¦ the principal beam plane, as described hereinafter~ This
is accomplished b~ determinirlc.~ tlle t.inle .inlerval b~tween
a be~m :int~err~ptloll in ~h~ auxiliar~ plane and a bean~
interruption in the principal plane, and inhibiting the
device from recognizing a valid input unless that interval
conforms to prescribed values.
The X beams in the auxiliary plane are horizontal-
ly aligned with the X beams in the principal plane. This
fact is made use of in order to require that corresponding
X beams in both the principal and auxiliary planes are
interrupted simultaneously in order to recognize a valid
input. This requires an operator to touch the panel at
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7.~3
the front of the display device 11 in such a way that
his finger or stylus extends generally normally to the
panel, as far as the X ~eams are concerned. By dis-
criminating against inputs which interrupt non-correspond-
ing X beams in the principal and auxiliary planes, theapparatus is able to discriminate against fingers or
styli which approach the panel in an oblique direction
as far as the X beams are concerned. Since the only set
of Y beams is in the principal plane, the finger or stylus
may approach the panel at any angle which simultaneously
intercepts corresponding X beams. If a higher degree
of normality is desired, a second set of Y beams can be
provided spaced from the principal plane in order to make
the same coincidence requirement for the Y beams as has
been described above in connection with the X beams.
When an extra Y beam plane is provided, it is desirable
to space it from both the principal plane and the auxil-
iary X plane, so that three planes are provided. Noting
the time difference of beam interruption in each of the
three planes permits a determination of a change in the
velocity as a finger or stylus approaches the panel. In
other words, the time difference betwcen interception of
beams in the first two bcam plancs is a function of the
average velocity in that space, and the time difference
between interruption of the beams in the second and
third beam planes is a function of the average velocity
in that space. The determination of the average velocities
in two adjacent spaces permits an identification of
certain types of movement of the operator's finger or
stylus. This may be used as an additional input from
- the touch input panel, and is at times very significant.
-- 10 --
t ~ 3 ~ '
For example, if the velocity of a finger decreases more
than usual as it approaches the panel, it may indicate
a degree of uncertainty on the part of the operator as
to what part of the panel is to be touched. Recognition
of this fact may be employed to select an appropriate
program for the circumstance. For example, when the
touch input panel is employed with a programmed learning
device, one subsequent program may be selected when the
response indicated by the touch input is correct and
certain, and a different program may be selected when
the touch input is correct, but hesitant.
Referring to Fig. 3, an alternative embodiment
of the present invention is illustrated. In the
embodiment of Fig. 3, there is one set of X beams and
one set of Y beams, which have been separated so that
there is no principal plane. The separation of the X
and Y beam planes permits the apparatus to discriminate
against small insects, and to calculate the difference
in time between interruption of the beams in the two
auxiliary planes. It is not capab]e of requiriJlg that
in~uts bt mad~ ;n a ~1irec~iorl nolmal to the panel, a~;
is th~ appar~ltus o~ Fi~. 1, but ha~ the advantage of
greater simplicity.
~eferring now to Fig. 2, there is shown a
functional block diagram illustrating a contro] system
which may be used with the apparatus of Fig. ].
A clock pulse generator 20 is provided which
produces repetitive pulses. The pulses produced by the
generator 20 advance a counter 24, which functions as
. 30 a scan counter fox the X and Y beams. It is a binary
-- 11 --
counter and in the illustration of Fig. 4 is a multi-
stage counter. The output lines 26 from four stages of
the counter 24 are four in number, as identified by the
slash and the numeral 4. A larger counter (having six
or more stages, for example) may be used for larger
panels and when greater resolution is desired. The lines
26 are connected to four input terminals of a latch unit
28, which functions to latch the data presented on
the lines 26 when a latch signal appears on a line 30.
The latch outputs of the latch unit 28 are presented on
a group of four lines 32 to a decode unit 34, which has
sixteen output lines 3~ connected to individual LED's on
one of the side walls 14, to generate the X beams 35.
A gate pulse referred to as the LED gate is supplied
from a fifth stage of the counter 24 to the decoding
unit 34 over a line 38, so that an LED selected by the
decoding unit 34 is fired only for the duration of the
LED gate pulse on the line 38. Preferably, this duration
is a relatively small period within each cycle of the
highest frequency output signal suppliecl to t:hc output
lincs 26, so l:hat the IJEI~D I S OPel~(l te wilh a low duty cycle
and have re1a~iv~ly lligh light output in relation to
the aVerage power consumed by the LED's. This increases
the efficiency and reliahility of the l,ED's. The output
lines 32 are connected over lines 40 to a series of output
terminals (not shown) which identify the address of the
LED and the beam being energized at any given time.
These terminals may be connected to a microprocessor or
othex computing apparatus as an input.
Two of the four lines 32 are also supplied to a
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7 ~3
set of group select gates 33 for selecting one or another of several groupS
of phototransistors 35 (four in the embodiment of Figure 2). Of all of the
phototransistors in the selected group, only one receives light from the
LED ~hich is energized at that time, so that the composite signal from a
selected group of phototransistors reveals that the beam originated with
the LED currently being energi~ed is not interrupted. This signal appears
on a line 42, which leads to the input of a threshold detector apparatus 44.
A suitable threshold detector apparatus is described and claimed in the
Carroll et al United States Patent No. 4,243,879 for Dynamic Level Shifter,
issued ~lay 12, 1981. When a signal is received on the line 42 which indi-
cates that a beam has not been interrupted, the threshold device 44 pro-
duces a signal on a line 46. The line 46 is connected to the D input of
the D flip-flop 48. The cloc~ input of the D flip-flop is connected to
the LED gate line 38, so that the flip-flop 48 is set at the trailing edge
of the LED gate pulse on the line 38 if a non-interrupted beam signal has
been received on the line 42. This sets the flip-flop 48 so that its Q
output is lo~.
-In its reset condition, the Q output of the flip-flop 48 is high
and this is conveyed to the line 30 which causes the latching operation
of the latch unit 28. This causes the output lines 32 of the latch unit 28
to manifest the address of the last LED which wns cncrri~cd s~lbso~ cnt to
rccoipt of a non-intorrllptetl ~t`;llll si~,nnl on tho lino ~2.
I~hrll a ~onlll is intcrr~ tod, thorc is no signal
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produced on the line 46, and the flip-flop 48 is reset
! at the end of the LED gate pulse. It remains reset as
long as that beam remains interrupted. This causes the
latch unit 28 to remain latched at the address cf the
5 LED associated with the interrupted beam, and this
address is made available to external devices over the
line 40. The line 60 is also connected by way of the
line 62 to an external device, to indicate that an X
beam interruption has been recognized.
Since the latch unit 28 remains latched to the
address of the LED associated with the interrupted beam,
this LED.is pulsed repetitively at the LED gate pulse
time by one of the lines 36 until a non-interrupted beam
signal is received on the line 42. Scanning then resumes
until the next interrupted beam is found. The counter 24
runs continuously during this time. The output on the
lines 40 continuously indicates the address of the LED
associated with the interrupted beam, and the signal on
the line 62 indicates that it is an interrupted beam.
The same apparatus is repeated for the Y beams,
using the seame countcr 24. ~ sepa~ate latcll unit G6
i5 prov:i~cd ror the Y bee~ms. ~ separa-te threshold
detector 6~ .iCl employed for thc phototransistors associated
with the Y beams, and a separate output flip-flop 70 is
also provided for the Y beams. Output lines 72 from the
latch unit 66 identify the address of an LED associated
with an interrupted Y beam, and a signal from the flip-
~lop 70 on a line 74 indicates that the address is one of
an interrupted beam. When both of the lines 62 and 74
are high, it signifies that X and Y beams have both been
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broken, and the coordinates of the two interrupted beams
are available on the lines 40 and 72. The LED for the
interrupted Y beam is repetiti~ely pulsed, at the rate
of the clock generator 20, as described above in connec-
tion with the X beam, and this continues until the beamis recognized as non-interrupted.
The continuous pulsing of the interrupted beams
provides a different pulsing rate for interrupted beams
than for non-interrupted beams. Until a non-interrupted
beam is recognized, each beam is pulsed once for every
sixteen cycles of the clock pulse generator 20 (assuming
a touch input panel having sixteen X beams and sixteen Y
beams). ~hen a beam is interrupted, however, the inter-
rupted beam is pulsed once during each cycle of the clock
pulse generator 20, sixteen times higher than formerly.
This provides a markedly increased ability of the
apparatus to detect when a touch input has been terminated.
This allows a touch input panel of the present invention
to be used much more rapidly than conventional touch
input panels, which cannot recognize the termination of
a touch input until after as many as sixteen cycles of
the clock pulse generator. The speed Oe operation
achicved by thc apparatus of the present invention makes
it possible for an operator to make multiple inputs in
a point mode by rapidly withdrawing and then repositioning
his finger on the panel, and allows rapid finger motion in
a stream mode, in which a succession of output coordinates
is generated without lifing the finger or stylus from
the panel. Because the movement of the finger away
from the interrupted beam is recognized almost instantly,
it is not necessary for the operator to withdraw his
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finger and wait for sixteen clock pulse cycles to go by
be~ore making another finger input.
As thus far described, the apparatus of ~ig. 2
may be employed with the apparatus of Fig. 3, in which
there is only one set of X beams and one set of Y beams.
In the apparatus of Fig. 1, a second set of X beams is
required for the auxiliary plane, and the apparatus
associated with the second set of X beams will now be
described,
The LED's of the auxiliary plane are connected in
common with corresponding X LED's in the principal plane,
directly from the X decode unit 34. The outputs of
the phototransistors of the auY.iliary plane are treated
separately.
Driving the I.EDIs of the principal and auxiliary
X planes from the same decode unit 34 effectuates a
savings of structure, and permits a construction in which
only a small additional amount of structure is required
for the auxiliary X plane.
A sepaxate thres}lold detectirlg ci~cuit U0 is
provi~ecl ~or tlle a~ iliary X phototr.ln.sistors, and a
~lip-flop 82 is sct by the trailing edge of the LED gate
pulse when the detector 80 produces a signal indicating
that a beam is broken in the auxiliary X plane. An
AND-gate 84 is connected to the outputs of the flip-~lops
48, 70 and 82, so that when they are all set, as when a
finger or stylus has interrupted corresponding X beams
and at least one Y beam, an output is produced indicating
that a nor~al input is ready.
The X decode unit 34 operates to energize the
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LED's for both the principal and auxiliary X planes,
so that corresponding beams in both planes are energized
simultaneously. Since the X latch was last set following
detection of an interrupted beam in the principal plane,
only the interrupted beam in the principal plane and
the corresponding beam in the auxiliary plane can be
pulsed. ~hen ~oth of those beams are broken, the flip-
flops 48 and 82 are both set, indicating that a finger
has approached the panel normally as far as the X beams
are concerned.
When a finger approaches the panel in a direction
which does not intercept the same X beam in the principal
and auxiliary planes, only the flip-flop 48 can be reset.
The outputs of this and the flip-flop 82 are connected
to two inputs of an exclusive OR-gate 86, the output of
which is connected to an input of an AND-gate 88. The
seconcl input of the AND-gate ~8 is connected to the output
of the flip-flop 70,which is set when a Y beam is broken.
~hen the AND-gate 88 is operated, a signal appears on an
20 output line 90, signifying that a skew input is present.
A G]C~W inr)llk .is onc Wh:i.Cl~ .l]~s 11 Y b(~ l, b~lt cic>cs no~:
i b~ea]c bo~ll o~ tlle X beam.~. Thls output i.ine can bc
employed to trigger a message on the screen of the dis-
play device 11, indicating to the operator that he must
place his finger or stylus more normal to the surface of
the panel.
A counter 92 is provided for measuring the time
difference between the arrival of a finger or stylus
in the auxiliary and principal planes. It receives
timing pulses through an AND-gate 94 from a timing
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clock pulse source 96, providing that a flip-flop 98 is
set. The flip-flop 98 is set by a signal on the line 100
from a monostable multi-vibrator 102. The multivibrator
102 furnishes a signal in the line 100 for a short period
after the flip-flop 82 is set, indicating that an object
has arrived at the auxiliary plane. When the object
arrives at the principal plane, the flip-flop 70 is set,
and a short duration signal is produced by a second
monostable multivibrator 10~ on a line 106 to reset the
flip-flop 98. Accordingly, the counter 92 counts pulses
from the source 96 only for the period between interruption
of the beam in the auxiliary plane up until interruption
of the beam in the principal plane. The output of the
counter is connected to a comparator 105 which compares
the content of the counter with value stored in storage
device 107. If the content of the counter is less than
the value stored in the stora~e device 107, an output
line 108 is energized, otherwise, an output line 110 is
energized. The output line 110 activates a comparator
112, which compar~s the output of the counter 92 to the
vAlue sl:orcd in a secolld stora~c dcv:ice 114. I~ thc
content of the coullter is lar~cx thall the value stored
in the stora~e device 114, a line 116 is energized and
¦ otherwise, a line 118 is energized. Accordingly, the
o~ltputs on lines 108, 116 and 118 indicate respectively
that the time between interruption of the auxiliary and
principal planes is less than Tl, is between Tl and
T2, and is greater than T2. The line 116 is connected
to one input of an ~ND-~ate 120, the other input of
which is connected to the output of the AND-gate 84.
18
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The output of the AND-gate 120 indicates a normal input
within the speed range specified by the time values Tl and
T2. This output can be used to control selection of a
program which can inform the operator, throu~h the dis-
play panel, that the input is not recognized because thespeed of movement of the finger or stylus was too fast
or too slow. Alternatively, the several outputs on
lines 108, 116 and 118 can select programs of operations
which are suitable to inputs which are made rapidly, or
slowly. In self-teaching devices, this may be especially
significant, because instruction programs may be chosen
in response to whether an input is delivered slowly and
hesitantly, or rapidly, with certainty. The gate 120
can be connected through an OR-gate to the lines 108 and
118 instead of to the line 116, tc discriminate against
a range of velocities corresponding to the time Tl and
T2,
The velocity discrimination available by the
signals on the lines 108, 116 and 118 is usable to dis-
tinguish between valid inputs through the use of a
stylus or finger, or through the accidental presence of
another relatively large object, such as a moth, which
is large enough to break beams in both the principal
and auxiliary planes.
Fig, 5 is a functional block diagram of an
alternative arrangement of the present invention having
two separated X beam planes. This gives three distinct
planes, with two X beam planes and one Y beam plane. In
the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 5, the Y beam plane is
. 30 intexposed between the two X beam planes which are
-- 19 --
,L5~t 5 7 ~ ~ ~
referred to as Xl and X2.
The counter 24 is connected to the latch unit 28
in the same manner as described in connection with Fig. 2,
for the Xl plane. A separate latch unit 200 is provided
for the X2 plane, and it is connected through a multi-
plexer unit 226 to a decode unit 202, which provides six-
teen output lines for separately energizing the sixteen
LED's of the X2 plane. Since separate latch units 2
and 200 are provided for the two X planes, they are
capable of latching the address of two separate inter-
rupted beams in the Xl and X2 planes, when they are inter-
cepted by an object which is not moving normally to the
panel. In this way, the interruption of the beam in
either the Xl or X2 planes does not prevent the recogni
tion of the interruption of a non-corresponding beam in
the other plane.
Three threshold detection devices TD and three
output flip-flops are provided 48, 70 and 82, just as in
the apparatus of Fig. 2.
The output of thc fli.p-flop ~2 .i.s, COlllleCted
throl?gll a rl~onor.l:~bJ.o m~llti.vibr(l~or lt)~ ~o sek the flip-
flop ~8 alld tlle output of the flip-flop 70 is connected
through a monostable multivibrator 104 to reset the
flip-flop 98. It causes the counter 92 to be counted
up to a value corresponding to the time difference be-
tween beam interruptions in the X2 plane and the Y plane.
The monostable multivibrator 104 is also con-
nected to set a flip-flop 204, which is reset by a multi-
vibrator 206 energized by the flip-flop 48. While the
flip-flop 204 remains set, an AND-gate 208 is activated
- 20 -
to pass pulses from the timing clock source 96 to a
counter 210. Accordingly, the counter 210 is counted
up to a value corresponding to the time difference be-
tween interruption of beams in the Y plane and the Xl
plane. The content of the two counters 92 and 210 is
conveyed to a subtraction unit 212, the output of which
is connected to a comparator 214 which compares the
result of the subtraction with the value stored in a
storage device 216. An output line 218 identifies the
sign of the difference, which indicates whether the
velocity is increasing or decreasing as an object
approaches the panel, and two additional output lines
220 and 222 indicate whether the time difference is
greater or less than the time difference stored in the
storage device 216.
If it is desired to produce outputs responsive
to the relative chanqe in velocities as a finger or
styl~ls approaches the panel, a dividing unit can be
substituted for the subtraction unit 212, whereupon the
result is not the differencc he~weerlthe tim~s, but the
relativc length ~ he timas . Tlli, ra~u~ ~ can be~
compared with a standard value stored in the storage
unit 216, whereupon the signals on the output lines 220
and 222 indicate whether the change in velocity is
above or below a specified value. The signal on the line
218 would be produced in response to a comparison with
unityin a comparator (not shown) and would signify a
condition of increasing or decreasing velocity.
The various outputs available from the apparatus
. 30 of Fig. 5 can be used in the same manner as described in
- 21 -
connection with the apparatus of Fig. 2, namely, to con-
trol selection of programs, in response to the observed
conditions. In the apparatus of both Fig. 2 and Fig- 5,
it is apparent that the counting, t}le sU~traction or
division, and the comparison can take place by suitable
programming of a microprocessing unit or other computer,
in which the storage devices 107, 114, 216, etc. are
contained in the computer's memory unit.
In any arrangement in which multiple X beams are
employed, it is preferable to place the LED's for one X
beam plane and the phototransistors for the other X beam
plane on a single side 14 of the opening 12. The other
LED's and phototransistors would then be placed in corres-
ponding positions on the other side 14 of the opening
12, In this way, there is less likelihood of interference
between the LED's of one beam plane and the phototransis-
tors of the other, When multiple Y beam planes are pro-
vided, a corresponding arrangement is also desirable for
the same reason.
In Fig. 5, and ~ND-gate 22~ har, its khrec i.llpUtS
conn~c~ n ~ht~ ou~ t?r t~ t~ / 4~, ~2 alltl 70,
and produccs an output whell all three flip-flops are set.
Since the flip-flops ~8 and 82 may be set due to the
interruption of non-corresponding beams, the output of the
gate 224 does not necessarily indicate a normal input,
but does indicate that an input i5 ready, and that it is
long enough to intercept all three beam planes~ The
presence of a normal input can be identified, however,
by means of apparatus which will now be described.
The multiplexer 226 has two sets of inputs
- 22 -
7 ~
connected respectively to the outputs of the Xl latch 2~
and the X2 latch 200. Its output lines 228 are connected
to the X2 decode unit 202. A control line 230 is con-
nected to the multiplexer unit 226 for selecting the
output of the Xl latch 2~ or the X2 latch 200 to be decoded
by the unit 202, Normally, the multiplexer 226 selects the
output of the X2 latch, and when it does, the flip-flops
4~ and 82 can be set by the breaking of non-correspondin~
beams. When the condition of the multiplexer 226 is
changed, however, to select the output of the Xl latch
28 for use in the X2 decode unit 202, corresponding beams
in the Xl and X2 planes are pulsed simultaneously, and
then the flip-flops 48 and 82 can be set only when
correspondin~ beams are simultaneously interrupted. An
AND~ate 232 has two of its three inputs connected to the
outputs of the flip-flops 48 and 82 and its third input
to the multiplexer control line 230~ Thus, when the
multiplexer 226 is caused to select the output of the
Xl latch 28, the gate 232 is er,abled and produces an
output when both the flip-flops 48 and 82 are set. With
the multiplcxer contl-ol l;nes 23~ h:i~Jh, t]liS can occur
only whell Cnrre.9pC)~ld:i ng X }~lecllll~; arc brO]:l.`ll, 50 that the
output sig~ ies that: the input fi.nger or stylus is normal
to the touch panel.
Reference will now be madc to ~ig. 6, in which an
em~odiment is illustrated which provides a means for
counting the number of broken beams, a~d determining the
center point of the object which is interrupting the
beams. A clock pulse generator 20 is connected to a
counter 24, and the counter 24 is connected to X and Y
decode units 34 and 67, just as described above in
- 23 -
relation to Fig, 2. The counter 24 produces an output
on a line 311 at the end of each scan cycle. Since
the apparatus provided for the Y beams is identical to
that provided for the X beams, it will suffice to describe
only the apparatus associated with the X beams, it being
understood that this structure is duplicated for the Y
beams.
The threshold detector 44 is connected to the
flip-flop 48. The flip-flop 48 is reset when a beam is
interrupted as has been described above. Its output on
the line 60 is connected to the set input of an RS flip-
flop 302, which is set as the first interrupted beam is
detected during each scan. A line 304 is connected to
its reset input, and it is provided with a pulse on
the line 311 at the end of each scan cycle for resetting
it preparatory to a subsequent cycle of operation. The
output of the flip-flop 302 is connected to the latch
input of the latch 306, so that the output of the
counter 24 is latched to identify the first interrupted
beam, when the first interrupted beam signal is reccuived
at the :input of t.he flip~flop ~U.
TIIC oul.put oL the ~ -flop 48 is also connected
to a gate 308 wl-ich receivcs LEI) gate pulses at its
other input. The output of the gate 308 is connected
to the input of a counter 312 which is reset by a pulse
on a line 311 at the end of each scan cycle. Accordingly,
the counter is reset to zero during the early portion of
the scan cycle, and begins to count the LED clock pulses
following resetting of the flip-flop 48, and is incre-
mented to a content of unity on the second interrupted
- 24 -
beam. The counter 2~ continues to be incremented by the
clock pulse generator 20, so that the decoder 34 con-
tinues to energize successi~e beams, after the first
interrupted beam is detected. For each additional ~eam
which is intercepted, the gate 308 produces an output
which is counted by the counter 312. When the first
following uninterrupted beam is recognized, the flip-
flop 48 is set, and an input is applied from the line 60
through an inverter 314 to the control input of a latch
unit 316, whereby the content of the counter 312 is
latched. The output of the inverter 314 is connected to
one input of an AND-gate 318, the other input of which
is connected from the Q output of the flip-flop 302.
Since the flip-flop 302 is set following detection of
the first interrupted beam, both inputs to the gate 318
are high for the first time when the last of the series
of interrupted beams has been cletected. Its output on
a line 320 signifies the end of a series of interrupted
beams. The line 320 is connected to the control input
of a shift unit 322 which is adapted to receive the data
stored in t}ie latch 316 and s,}li;E~ ik ri~Jhtwardly Olle
positiorl, W]liC]I r~r,ul~ in thC! bin;lry quanti-ty beinc~
divided by two. It is then output on lines 324 which
are connected to one input of an adder unit 326. The
other input of the adder unit is connected to the output
of the latch unit 306 by lines 32R. The output of the
adder appears on the lines 330, and represents the identi-
fication of the first interrupted beam (stored in the
latch 306) increased by half the number stored in the
counter 312. It thus identifies the midpoint of the
- 25 -
,~L~
sequence of interrupted beams which have been broken.
It is possible by this means to attain very high xesolu-
tion with the touch input panel by closely spacing the
beams in the beam plane, even when the beams are broken
by a finger which is large in width compared to the
inter-beam spacing.
The outputs which are available from the apparatus
of Fig. 6 are the identification of the center line of
the ~inger or stylus (on the lines 330), an indication
that the interrupted beam series has ended (on the
line 320), and an indication that the X beam has been
broken (on the line 60). These signals may be used as
interrupt and data signals for a microprocessor, to
enable the microprocessor to receive and process the
information. Since a duplicate structure is provided for
the Y axis, it is convenient to provide an AND-gate
simi:Lar to the A~D-gate 84 of Fig. 2 to indicate that an
input is ready when both the X and Y operations have been
completed, such inp~t identifying the X-Y coordinates of
the center point of the interrupting object. This siq-
nal may be produced by antl.in~ thc! ]ine 32~ with the
corresponcl~ cJ on~pllt li.ne ~or the Y betlms.
It. will be apparellt that in the apparatus of
Fig. 6, it is necessary to continue scanning the X beams
after the first interrupted beam is detected, in order
to count ~he total number of interrupted beams. In the
apparatus of Fig. 6, the counting continues for a full
cycle, so that the increased pulsing speed of beams
detected as having been interrupted, described in con-
nection with Fig~ 2, is not a feature of F'ig. 6. The
- 26 -
3~ ~ r ~
apparatus of Fig. 6 can be modified, however, to enable
the direction of scanning to reverse when the total
number of interrupted ~eams have`been scanned, to improve
the speed of operation of the apparatus. Such a modifi-
cation is shown in Fig. 7.
In the apparatus of Fig. 7, the clock pulsegenerator 20 is connected to two separate counters 352
and 35~ for the X and Y beams. Both counters are up-down
counters, and the direction of counting is separately
controlled by a control line in each case. The control
line for the X counter 352 is the line 353.
The clock pulse generator 20 counts the counter
352 upwardly, via a frequency divider 355, which produces
the LED gate pulses. The content of the counter is decoded
by the X decoder 34 to energize the LED's for the X beams.
The output of the phototransistors is connected to the X
threshold detector 44, and operates the flip-flop ~8. This
much of the operation is similar to that which has been
already described above. The Q output of the flip-flop ~8
is connected to the toggle input of a flip-flop 35~.
This sets the fli.lj-fl~p 35~ and cau9e~; the latch uni~ 306
to be latched to holcl the address of the interxupted
beam.
A gate 360 is connected to the Q output of the
flip flop ~8 and to the LED gate pulses for causing the
counter 312 to count the number of interrupted beams.
It receives a third input from the Q output of a flip-flop
361. The function of the flip-flop 361 is to control the
direction of counting of the counter 352. This output
. 30 is high when the counter is counting upwardly in its
_ - 27 -
~ 7 ~
normal direction, so that the counter 312 is enabled to
count the interrupted beams which are encountered after
the first interrupted beam, while the counter is counting
in its normal upward direction.
The Q output of the flip-flop 48 is connected to
the toggle input of the flip-flop 361. The Q output of
the flip-flop 48 goes high when the first non-interrupted
beam is encountered following a series of interrupted
beams, and this causes the flip-flop 361 to be reset.
The resetting of the flip-flop 361 disables
the counter 312 and causes the counter 352 to begin to
count downwardly, and therefore again scans the inter-
rupted beams in the reverse direction. When the first
interrupted beam is reached, the flip-flop 48 is reset,
and its Q output goes high. This output sets the flip-
flop 358 to terminate the output ready signal. When all
of the interrupted beams have been scanned, eventually,
a non-interrupted beam will be reached, and at that
time, the flip-flop 48 is set and its Q output goes high.
This sets the flip-flop 361, to resume upward counting
of the counter 352. The flip-flops ~8, 3~8 and 361 are
resotred to kheir in:it.ial condition at t}lC.' beginning of
the scan. I`he Q output of the flip-flop 358 operates
to reset the counter 312 over a line 313, preparatory to
ma~in~ a new count of the number of interrupted beams on
the next successive scan. The output of the counter 312
is connected to the latch 316, which is operated by
inverter 364, which receives its input from the Q output
of the flip-flop 361. Accordingly, the latch 316 is
operated after the full set of interrupted beams has
been scanned and the flip-flop 361 is reset in order to
_
- 28 -
7 ~3
cause the counter 352 to count downwardly. An AND-gate
366 has its inputs connected to the output of the inver-
ter 364 and the Q output of the flip-flop 358 to identify
that a count is ready. The content of the latch is
preferably shifted by means of a shifter as shown in
Fig. 6 and added to the data stored in the latch 306,
in the manner described in connection with Fig. 6 to
identify the center line of the operating finger or stylus.
The flip-flops 358 and 3~1 are reset and set, respectively,
by the pulse on the line 311 whenever the end of scan is
reached, to insure that their operation remains synchron-
ized.
The apparatus of Fig. 7 operates faster than that
of Fig. 6, because it scans only the interrupted beams
backwardly and forwardly and provides an output of the
center line of the interrupting object during each
upward scan. Although, in the apparatus of Fig. 7, the
data which might be acquired during downward scans is
ignored, it will be appreciated that the apparatus
can be modified to make use of this data as well. Such
a modification would involve latching in the latch uni~
306 tllc hiyhesl: a~ldress o~ an in~e~rup~ y bcam (at the
en~ of thc upward scan or bcc3innincJ of the downward scan),
resetting the counter 31~ at the beginning of the down-
ward scan, counting the number of interrupted beams dur-
ing the downward scan, shifting the data stored in the
counter at the end of the downward scan and subtracting
it from the data in the latch 306 to arrive at the
identi~ication of the center line of the interrupted beam.
~t is apparent that other latches (not shown) may be
provided for holding data so that valid outputs are
_ .
- 29 -
L 7 ~
available to an output device without any particular
need for synchronization with the operation of the
upward and downward scanning apparatus.
It will be appreciated that, in the arrangement
of Fig. 7, similar structure is provided for the Y beams,
and an AND-gate can be provided to and the data ready
outputs of the X and Y circuits to identify when the X
and Y coordinates of the center point of the in~errupting
object are available for read-out to an external device.
~eferring now to Fig. 4a, a perspective diagram
is illustrated of a plurality of active elements which
may be either ~ED's or phototransistors, which are
fabricated in the form of a single integrated structure,
on a strip 378. Several or all of the elements may be
fabricated as integrated circuits formed in a single
semiconducting surface. A plurality of individually
light-emitting areas 380 are provided in spaced relation-
ship along the length of the device, and a plurality of
pins 382 protrude from the bottom of the apparatus in
order to enable easy mounting ancl replac~elllellt of the
s~rueture. '~'he fabl-ieation of plur-ll Lli'l)'s on a single
strueture ma]ces it possible to control the accuracy of
the spaeing of the LED at the time of the manufacture of
the LED units themselves, and substantially decrease the
assembly operations requ.ired in eonstruction of a touch
panel apparatus.
Above the strip 378, a second strip 384 is
positioned. It is formed of transparent plastic material,
and it has a plurality of positive lenses 385 integrally
mc)lded thereinto, spaeed apart by distanees whieh
- 30 -
7 ~
correspond to the spacing of the LED's 380. The lenses
385 eomprise eonvex surfaces on the upper surface of the
strip 384, while the lower surface of the strip 384 is
planar. The thiekness of the strip is sueh that when it
is laid direetly on the strip 37B, the lenses 385 are
positioned relative to the LED's to allow for maximum
foeusing of the light emitted therefrom. The use of
the lenses 385 in association with the ~ED effeets a
suffieient eollimation so that the light from any one
LED is prineipally foeused on a single phototransistor.
This makes it possible to select groups of spaced photo-
transistors sinee only one of eaeh seleeted group is
illuminated by the LED which happens to be energized at
any one time. This avoids the necessity of energizing
the LED's and phototransistors in single layers.
Fig. 8 is a diagrammatie illustration of a further
embodiment of the present invention in which the touch
panel mechanism is employed to monitor a space. A
spaee 408 is indieated diagrammatieally in ~ig. 8, and
it is surrounded in three seplrate plallcs by tllrec!
rectanc3ular, hollow housincJs ~02, 404 an(l ~06. ThC!
housincJs support lic~ht sources and photosensitive devices
¦ on opposite sides, to form crossed b~am planes, in the
¦ same manner which has been deseribed above in connection
with toueh input panels. In the embodiment of Fig~ B,
however, no touchable panel per se is employed. The
apparatus is used to monitor activity within the space
408. The spaee 408 may, for example, eomprise an animal
cage, in which ease the apparatus of Fig. 8 is adapted
to monitor the aetivity of an animal in the eage. The
- 31 -
7 ~
beams which are broken in the X and Y directions in all
three planes can be observed to repreSent the profile of
the animal within the space distinguish between lying
sitting and standing attitudes of the animal deterrnine
5 the horizontal position of the animal in the cage, and,
in general, monitor its activity. The speed of movement
of the animal in either the X or Y direction can be
determined by notin~ the time difference between break-
ing of successive beams in the beam planes. This is
effectively accomplished by scanning back and forth
across the animal, with the apparatus of ~ig. 7 or as
modified to allow meaningful data to be generated scanning
in both directions. The time difference between inter-
ruption of successive beams in a beam plane is determined
by employing counters as in Figs. 2 and 4, but triggering
the counters on and off when successive beams become
non-interrupted. The content of the counter is then
inversely proportional to the velocity component trans-
verse to the beam direction in the beam plane. When
the direction of motion of the animal is not parallel
to either set of beams, thc speed o~ movemcn~ of thc?
animal in any direct:ion may be calcula~:ed by vectox
addition of the X and Y velocities.
In another application, the apparatus of Fig. 8
may be employed to monitor the activity of a child in a
playpen or a crib. Although the space illustrated in
Fig. ~ is square, the space 408 need not be square, if
the beams in the cross beam planes are not equally spaced
or if more beams are provided in one set of cross beams
than in the other. An arrangement with an unequal number
. of beams in the beam plane is easily accommodated by
-- 32 --
the apparatus of the present invention, by use of the
set inputs 58, 58' and 58" (Fig. 2) which enable the
intercepted beam detecting flip-flops to be set externally,
to ignore non-meaningful inputs which may be produced by
the various threshold detectors.
The apparatus of Fig. 8 may also b~ used to monitor
activity within a larger space, such as a room, where it
may be desirable to maintain a record of movement of
people, animals, or objects. The apparatus of Fig. 8 can
also be employed to monitor movements within dangerous
environments, in such a way as to prevent accidental
injury. For example, when it is desired to monitor activi-
ty around a machine tool, such as a punch press, or other
metal forming or meta] cutting machine, the space 408
defines the space around the machine in which an operator
can stand during ope~ation of the equipment. The apparatus
of Fig. 8 senses the position of the operator in relation
to the machine, and may be used to inhibit operation of
the machine when the operator or any part of the operator
moves into a dangerous position. The housings 402, 40~
and 406 are positioned in such a wa~ t:l)at the dallgarous
pOS:itiOIl', O~ tlle mach.ine arc ~Ca~llCd, alld :i.t iS apparellt
that they need not necessarily be stackcd in parallel
arrangement as shown in Fig. 8, if an angled relationship
affords a better filling of dangerous areas with crossed
beams, The presence of an operator's hand within a
dangerous area is recognized by the coordinates of the
beams which are interrupted, and apparatus is provided
for disabling the machinery when the interrupted beams are
recognized in these locations.
- 33 -
~ ~; L'~
The apparatus of ~ig. 8 may also be employed to
grade or size objects which pass within the space 408.
This can be accomplished by counting the total number of
X beams broken by any one objec~, counting the total
5 number of Y beams broken by any one object and multi-
plying these numbers together to get a result which is
the function of the volume of an object which is entirely
within the space scanned by the three planes of the appar-
atus of Fig. 8. Additional planes may be provided for
greater resolution, if desired, For longer objects,
the objects may be sized by moving through the space 408
with a uniform velocity. The cross sectional area of
the object may be determined in any of the three planes,
by calculating the product of the total number of X
beams and Y beams which are broken, and integrating the
cross sectional area by repetitive addition while the
object is moving through the space 408. It is apparent
that only a single plane of crossed beams is required
for this application.
The logic ci.rcuit a5sociated wil:h the structurc
of FicJ. ~ is .illuslrated .~n li`ic~. 9. q`}~o clock pu]se
ge~lerator 20 is cmployed for producing pulses which count
up a counter 412 via a divider 355. The output of the
counter is connected to a Y decode unit 414 and to an X
decode unit 416, for decoding the content of the
counter 412 and energizing one of a plurality of LED's
of other light sources. Since the apparatus provided for
the Y beams is identical to that for the X beams, a
description of the apparatus provicied for the X beams
will suffice for both~
- 34 -
The housing 402 is shown in Pi~. 9 in cross
section, and it is seen that an LED 418 is contained
within the hollow housing aligned with an aperture which
has a collimating lens 420 superposed over it. Aligned
with the LED 418 and the lens 420 is an aperture 422 in
the opposite side wall of the housing 402, and a photo-
transistor 424 is positioned behind the aperture 422.
The housing 404 and 406 for the other two planes
have a similar structure, but the central plane 404 has
the position of its ~ED and phototransistor interchanged,
to minimize interference between the LED's of one plane
and the phototransistors of another. Corresponding LED's
of all three planes are connected together so that no
additional lines from the X decode unit 416 are required
for any number of planes which may be provided.
Each of the three planes has its individual
interrupted beam recognition flip-flop 434, 436 and 438,
connected to its threshold detector, so that interruption
of three corresponding beams in the three planes is
independently recognized.
When a be~m in the X3 plane is interrupted, the
clock input to the flip-flop 434 resets the flip-flop,
and its Q output goes high, giving a high level signal
on the output 440, indicating that the X3 beam has been
interrupted. The line 440 is connecte~ to the latch
input of a latch unit 442 which has its data inputs
connected to the output of the counter 412. Accordingly,
the address of the LED associated with the interrupted
beam in the X3 plane is latched in the latch unit 442 and
is available as an output on lines 444. A gate 446 has
- 35 -
~s;~ 7~
its inputs connected to the Q output of the flip-flop
434 and its clock input. The gate 446 produces pulses
which are counted in a counter 450. The counter 450 is
reset by a reset pulse on a line 31~ at the end of each
scan cycle, and is counted up from zero to count the
total number of successive beams in the X3 plane which
are interrupted. This output is availahle on lines 452.
Similar apparatus is provided for the output flip-flops
i 436 and 438 of the X2 and Xl planes, and the address of
the first interrupted beam in these planes is available
on lines 454 and 456, with the total number of sequential
broken beams being available on lines 458 and 460. These
various outputs are available to a CPU or other controlling
device, which is adapted to select a specific program of
operations. For example, if the cross sectional area, as
seen in the three X beam planes, is to be calculated, the
outputs of the three oounters, which are available on
lines 452, 458 and 460, may be added. If the apparatus
is designed to determine whether an object is in a certain
defined space (such as an operator's ]land in a clangerous
area around a macl~ e ~oo:l.), zln inspection can bc-~ madc
of whether tlle~ X coordinate of the dangerous location is
within the ranges indicated by (a) the outputs 444, 454
and 456 indicating the addresses of the first interrupted
beam in each plane, and (b) the outputs indicating the
total number of sequential interrupted beams in the
three planes. It is apparent that a microprocessor or
other processing deviee can readily make this determination
and issue an output signal which can halt operation of
the machine when a dangerous condition is recognized.
- 36 -
7~8
The apparatuS of Fig. 9 is also adaptable to
control by an external computer, in which case the scan-
ning means may be energized in any sequence defined by
the computer's program. When this mode of operation is
desired, the computer controls the voltage levels on
lines ~64 and 466. The lines 464 are data lines, for
setting the counter 412 in re5ponse to a control signal
on the line 466. When the line 466 is high, the counter
412 operates independently of the clock pulses produced
by the generator 20 and the divider 355. When the line
466 goes high, the counter 412 loads the data from the
lines 464. This causes the counter 412 to be set to the
data provided by the computer on the lines 464, so that
any desired beams can be chosen by providing the appro-
priate data on the lines 464. In this way, special
programs may be executed to scan only areas of interest,
such as dàngerous positions around the machine tool, or
other programs may be executed in which only the area
occupied by a body or object is scanned, to reduce the
response time of the apparatus. Such ~ program has been
de.e~cl-ibed in connection with Fi~3. 7. It is apparcnt
i th~t an M~U or o-ther computcr can be arranged to carry
out, through software, the operations which are performed
by the hardware described in connectiGn with Fig. 7.
~s described in the foregoing embodiments, the
apparatus of the present invention is adapted to produce
a stream of outputs corresponding to the beams which are
interrupted at any given time. Under some circumstances,
it is desirable to cause the apparatus to operate in a
point mode, in which an output is produced identifying
_ 37
t~ F~3 ~
the X-Y coordinates of only the first pair of crossed
beams which are intercepted. No othcr data is output
until a condition is first recognizcd in which no beams
are intercepted. This mode of operation is sometimes
desirable, in connection with a touch panel, when it is
desired for the operator to execute operations in ~hich
only points are permissible inputs.
An arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 10 in
which the point mode or t~le stream mode may be selected.
The threshold detectors for the X and Y planes are con-
nected to the X and Y flip-flops 48 and 70 in the manner
described above. The Q outputs of both flip-flops are
connected to inputs of a gate 502 to genexate an output
ready signal on a line 504 when both flip-flops have been
reset, indicating the presence of interrupted X and Y
beams. The output of the flip-flop 48 is connected to
the set input of a flip-flop 506 which functions to
produce a signal which operates the X latch unit 28,
making the address of the interrupted X beam available
on the output 40. Similarly, the output of the flip-
flop 70 i5 connected to the set input of a flip-1Op 510,
the Q output of which is connected to operate the Y latch
66 and make the address of the interrupted Y beam avail-
able on the lines 72. Once the flip-flops 506 and 510
have been set, they cannot be reset until a signal is
available on the line 514, This signal is developed by
a NOR-gate 516 connected to the outputs of the flip-
flops 48 and 70, and resets the flip-flops through OR-gates
525 and 526. A pulse appears on the line 514 only when
both of the flip-flops 48 and 70 have been set in response
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7~
to recognition of a non interrupted beam. Therefore, the
finger or stylus must be withdrawn so that no beam is
interrupted before the latches 28 and 66 can indicate a
subsequent address.
When a stream mode is desired, a mode selector
input 518 is brought low. This is connected to inputs
of two NOR-gates 520 and 522, the outputs of which are
connected through the OR-gates 525 and 526 to the reset
inputs of the flip-flops 506 and 51~. The other inputs
of the NOR-gates 520 and 522 are connected to the Q out-
puts of the flip-flops 48 and 70. Accordingly, when the
line 518 is low, the flip-flop 506 is reset immediately
following recognition of a non-interrupted beam by the
flip-1Op 4~. When this occurs, the output of the flip-
flop 48 goes low, and the gate 520 produces a pulse which
passes through the gate 525 to reset the flip-flop 506.
Accordingly, the X latch 28 may be latched as soon as
the ncxt interrupted beam is recognized. The same oper-
ation occurs for the Y latch.
The circuit of Fig. 10 makes it possible easily
to select a point mode of operatiorl or a strcam mo~le, so
that cither ma~ be IISC"tl, a~ dc~sircd.
Figs 4b and 4c show alternative arrangements for
the integrated construction of active elements. In
Fig. 4b, two rows 552 and 554 of active elements are
fabricated on the same supporting surface 556, in spaced
apart relationship. One row is made up of LED's and the
other row is made up of phototransistors, to form half
of the active elements needed for two spaced beam planes.
In Fig. 4c, two sheets of transparent plastic material
384a and 384b are provided, separated by a spacer sheet
. _
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384c. The sheet 384c is formed of any convcnicnt matcrial, and positions
the sheets 384a and 384b far enough apart so that thc collimation effect
of the lenses is enhanccd as much as possiblc. Thc spacing of the lcnses
above the strip 378 is determined by the thickness of the shcct 3S4b.
The operation of the apparatus described hercin is improved mar-
~edly by the use of variable threshold dcviccs whic~l adapt to amb'ient light
conditions in enabling the detection of intcrrupted and non-interruptcd
beams. Such devices are described and claimed in above-mcntioned United
States Patent No. 4,243,879. The usc of the variable threshold dcvices
makes the interlocking and spacemonitoring operations of the prescnt
invention possible. I~ith previous apparatus, the high and variablc light
levels encountered during such operations would effectively prevent collcc-
tion of meaningful data.
l~hilc the prcscnt invcntion has been described above in relation
j to its discrimination against small objects, where operation of a touch
input panel by finger or stylus is dcsircd, it ~ill be apparcnt that large
objects can also be discriminatcd against. For example, if more than a
given number of consecutive beams in any bcam plane are interrupted, the
interrupting object may be recognized as not a finger or stylus, and the
input rejected.
Thc control logic describcd al)ovc h.ls bccll clc;cribccd in most:
cascs for posit;vc ]ogic, ;.o., ~
- 40 -
4`~ 7~
positive-going pulse is re~uired to execute the indicated
function. It is apparent to those skilled in the art
that pulses of opposite polarity may be obtained at
substantially the same times by the use of inverters where
required. Whe~e clocked logical units are employed (such
as synchronous counters instead of ripple counters) a
suitable source of clock pulses may be provided as well as
understood in the art. All of the logic units illustrated
and described are conventional commercially available
units.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the
art that although the present invention is described in
terms of beam planes, the various sets of beams are not
necessarily aligned in a plane. In fact, when a curved
surface such as a CRT is used as the display device of a
touch input panel, the sets of beams are preferably
curved to conform to the curved CRT surface. ~oreover,
the light beams referred to herein need not necessarily be
beams of visible light, but may be any form of radiant
energy, whether visible or invisible~ For example, the
encrgy may b~ invisib:le inErarcd energy.
In the ~oregoing, the present invention has been
described such as to enable others skilled in the art
to make and use the same without departing from the
essential features of novelty involved. It will be
apparent that various modifications and additions may be
made without departing from the essential features of
Il novelty, which are intended to be defined and secured
! by the appended claims.
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