Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~2~ 2
Case 1-13939~ 2/ ~
A process for fiizing paper with anionic hydrophobic sizing agents
and cationic retention aids _ __
It is an object of the present invention to make available to the
paper manufacturer easily accessible and simply prepared sizing
agents which, combined with conventional, eationic retention aids,
are suitable for effeeting effieient sizing in the produetion of
paper from the dispersions of the fibres.
This object is achieved in a novel manner by using in the production
of paper in the presence of polymeric eationie retention aids sizing
agents which have at least two long-ehain hydrophobie substituents
and at least one anionic or acidic group whieh can be in the form
of a salt.
The present invention thus relates to a process for sizing paper or
cardboard, which comprises adding to aqueous dispersions of the
fibres, which can, if desired, also contain filler, in any order
or simultaneously, at least
(A) a sizing agent which contains at least one anionie or acidic
group which can be in the form of a salt and at least two hydro-
phobie substituents whieh eaeh have at least S earbon atoms, at
least one of the hydrophobie substituents having at least 8 earbon
atoms or preferably every hydrophobie group has at least 8 earbon
atoms, and at least two of the most adjaeent hydrophobie substi-
tuents being bonded to eaeh other with a linking member whieh has
at least 2 hetero atoms and preferably at least l earbon atom ,
and
~$
7~
(B) a polymeric cationic retention aid.
The invention further relates to
- the aqueous compositions for carrying out the paper-sizing
process which, if the sizing agent (A) and the retention aid (B)
are added to the dispersion of the fibres separately in any order,
contain, in addition to optional customary additives, the sizing
agent (A) alone, which is at least partly in the form of salts,
or, if the sizing agent (A) and the retention aid (B) are added
to the fibre-bearing liquid simultaneously, contain not only the
sizing agent (A) which can be at least partly in the form of a
salt but also the retention aid (B) in addition to optional
custornary additives,
- the paper or cardboard sized in the process of the invention and
- the use of a sizing agent (A) of the specified type for sizing
paper or cardboard.
Some of the representatives of the specified sizing agents (A) are
known compounds, while others are novel compounds.
The use of the compounds known per se is novel. Where the sizing
agents are novel compounds they, together with the process
for their preparation, also form part of the subject matter of
the present invention.
The sizing agents (A) used in the invention have as an essential
feature 1 to 6, above all 1 to 4 preferably 1 or 2, in particular
one anionic or acidic group which each generally contain one or
two negative charges. For example, acid phosphates
-P~ O ~ or -P~ OH
O ~ OH
as acidic groups have 2 negative charges, while acid sulfates,
-S03 Q or S03H, or carboxyl groups, -COO ~ or -COOH,only have one negative
charge. In a further embodiment, the sizing agents (A)have preferably
1 or 2 potential anionic, acidic methylene or methine groups. The
capacity of anionic or acidic groups to have or be able to form
anions in an aqueous medium is a further significant characteristic
of the sizing agent. The formation of anions takes place at the pH
values of the dispersion of the fibres which are customary in the pro-
duction of paper. Under said conditions the cationic retention aid
(B) form cations. The capacity of the sizing agents and of the
retention aids to form anions or cations under paper production con-
ditions can also be referred to as anion-active or cation-active.
The anionic sizing agents and the cationic retention aids can also
be called anion-active sizing agents and cation-active retention aids
respectively.
The sizing agents (A) have as a further characterising feature 2
to 10, preferably 2 to 6, in particular 2 or 3 hydrophobic substi-
tuents which only contain the carbon and hydrogen atoms and have
at least 5, preferably 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20, carbon
atoms, for example C5-C12-cycloalkyl, C6-C10-aryl, alkaryl or
aralkyl radicals. Preferred substituents, however, are open-chain
alkyl or alkenyl radicals which generally derive from unsaturated or
preferably saturated fatty alcohols, amines or acids having 8
to 22 carbon atoms. The way these hydrophobic substituents are bonded
to one another is a Eurther characteristic of the sizing agents (A).
The linking members which link at least two of the hydrophobic
substituents namely have in a particular embodiment of the
sizing agents (A) preferably 4 to 15 carbon atoms and at least
2 hetero atoms, preferably at least two oxygen, and/or nitrogen
atoms.
-- 4 --
For example, in possible carboxyl or amide radicals
O H O
Il 1 11
(-C-O or -N-C-)
an oxygen sr a nitrogen atom as hetero atoms are part of a linking
member.
Depending on the number of hydrophobic substituents, the sizing
agents contain 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, linking members of the
specified type.
Preferred linking members generally have one of the formulae
(1) ~Ql~()n-l~Al~()m-l Q2 or
(2) -0-A2-0- ,
in ~hich n and m each are 1 or 2, Al is a divalent aliphatic
or cycloaliphatic radical, A2 is a divalent aromatic radical
and Ql and Q2 are different from or, preferably, identical to
each other and, if n and m are 1, they are -NH-,
o
CO- 11
-N/ , or - ~ , or, if n and m are 2, in particular -C- ,
n and m preferably being 2.
In formula (1), the radical A1 forms part of an aro-
matic, preferably aliphatic or cycloaliphatic, bridging member
wh;ch preferably has 1 or 2, in particular one anionic or
acidic group and can have 1 to 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3, nitrou-
gen atoms~ Examples of bridging members are those of the
formulae
_ 5 ~ 2
(3) o e
C - O - CH2 - ICH -CH2 - (CH2) t-l
OX
I
(o=o
( ~ ) ~H 2
- C - O - Cl:l ~ C - CH - O - C -
ICH2
OX
~0~
N 1 2
ICH2
OX
( 6 ) - C - O - A3 f ~ A4 1 N 3
A~3 13
11=o OX
_ q-l
(7) N~A3--
X~() t-l
X~ ~(0)-
~-~0-
(9) ~0-
1~`~
. .
6 ~ 2
( 1 0 ) 1c
3 ~ o3
A -OX
('Il) 3
OH ~ OH
~NH-CH2---CH-CH2-~/ ~ CH2 CH 2
CH -CH-CH2-N~
OH X
OH C OH
( 12 ) -Q3-CH2-CH-CH2-~/ ~-CH2 CH 2 Q3
CH2- ICH-CH2-Q3-
OX
( 13 ) OH ~OH X
IIN C 2 2 5 2 C 2
OH OX
(1 4)
Q3 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - O - A5 - O - CH2 - CH - CH2 - Q3
;n wh;ch ~ ;s 1 or 2, q is an integer from 1 to 5, preferably
1 to 3, A3 and A4 each are propylene, ;sopropylene or ethyl-
ene, A5 is branched or unbranched alkylene having 1 to 6
carbon atoms, X ;s an an;on;c or ac;d;c group and Q3 is
CO ~
- N~ o r -0-~- .
o
Of particular importance for use as sizing agent (A) are those
;2Jr7~P~
which can be obtained by chemical reaction of
(a) an aliphatic alcohol which has 3 to 26 carbon atoms and
2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4, hydroxyl or hydroxy-C1-C4~alkYl
groups and which can have 1 to 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3, nitro-
aen atoms and~ in the presence of 2 hydroxyl groups, can have
a C6-C22 ~ preferably C8-C2z-, in particular C16-C20-, fatty
amine radicaL, a he~erocyclic alcohol or a glycide which pre-
ferably has 3 nitrogen atoms in the hetero ring and 3 hydroxy-
C1-C4-alkyl or glycide groups, an alkanedioldiglycide having 2
to 6 carbon atoms in the alkane radical or a diphenol or tri-
phenol or a dihydroxynaphthalene, with
(b) a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid or its halides or
a primary or secondary fatty amine having 6 to 22, preferably
8 to 22, ;n particular 16 to 20, carbon atoms in the fatty
radical and
(c) a polybasic inorganic or organic acid having 2 to 18,
preferably 4 to 9, carbon atoms or its anhydrides.
Examples of specific representatives of component (a), from
which the sizing agents (A) can be obtained, are as dihydroxy-
naphthalenes and diphenols or triphenols 1,5-, 1,8-, 2,3
and 2,7-dihydronaphthalene, pyrogallol, hydroxyhydroquinone,
phloroglucine, hydroquinone and especially pyrocatechol and
resorcinol, as heterocyclic alcohols or glycides especially
tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate and isocyanuric acid triglycide
as alkanedioldiglycides especially butane-1,4-dioldiglycide,
as aliphatic alcohols sorbitol, sorbitan (i.e. cyclic anhydro-
sorbites obtained from sorbitol by elimination of water),
especially butane-1,2,4-triol, glyGerol, pentaerythritol,
tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane, trialkanolamines, for example
triethanolamine, C8-C22-fatty amine dialkoxylates, for example
laurylamine diethoxylate, and polyhydroxyalkylpolyaLkylene-
polyamines, for example N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)-
ethylenediamine~
Aliphatic alcohols are preferred for use as component
(a) to dihydroxynaphthalenes, diphenols, triphenols, hetero-
cyclic alcohols or glycides or alkanedioldiglycides.
Sizing agents (A) having a bridging member of the formula
-- 8 --
(3) can be obtained from butane-1,2,4-triol or glycerol, having
a bridging member of the formula (4) from pentaerythritol,
having a bridging member of the formula (5) from tris(hydroxy-
methyl)-aminomethane, having a bridging member of the formula
(6) from a fatty amine dialkoxyiate or polyhydroxyalk.ylpoiy-
alkylenepolyamine, having a bridging member of the formula
(7) from a trialkanolamine, having a bridging member of the
formula ~8) from a diphenol or triphenol, having a bridging
member of the formula (9) from a dihydroxynaphthalene, having
a bridging member of the formula (10) from a tris(hydroxy-
alkyl) isocyanurate, having a bridging member of the formula
(11) or (12)from isocyanuric acid triglicide and having a
bridging member of the formuLa (13) or (14) from an alkane-
dioldiglycide, for use as component (a).
Espec;ally suitable for use as component (b), from
which the sizing agents (A) can be obtained, are saturated or unsatu-
rated fatty acids having 6 to 22, preferably ~ to 22, in par-
ticular 16 to Z0, carbon atoms, halides thereof or, as second-
ary and especially primary fatty amines, monoalkytamines or
dialkylamines or monoalkenylamines or dialkenylamines each
having 6 to 22, preferably 8 to Z2, in particular 16 to 20,
carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl radical. An unsaturated
or saturated C6-C22-, preferably C~-C22-, in particular
C16-C20-, fatty acid for use as component (b) is, for
example caproic, preferably caprylic, capric or arachidic
acid, in particular lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic or
behen;c acid or myr;stoleic, palmitoleic, elaeostearic, clupan~
odonic acid, in particular oleic, elaidic, erucic, linoleic
or linolenic acid. Of these, lauric, palmit;c, stearic, oleic
and behenic acid are of particular importance, stearic acid
being to the fore in interest. Technical, readily accessible
mixtures of the acids just mentioned are also suitable. The
unsaturated or preferably saturated fatty acid halides, for
example alkyl or alkenyl halides, the monoalkylamines or di-
alkylamines or monoalkenylamines or dialkenylamines structurally
derive from the fatty acids just mentioned. Suitable alkyl
or alkenyl halides are especiaLly the chLorides or, in
- 9 -
particular, the bromides. Dioctadecylamine, especially octa-
decylamine and octadecyl bromide, are specifically mentioned
as representatives of monoalkylamines or dialkylamines having
C16-C20-alkyl rad;cals or of alkyl halides because they are
,eadily accessible. Technical mixtures of fatty amincs or
alky! halides of the specified type are also suitable~
Specific representatives of component (c) are in par-
ticular sulfur trioxide, sul-furic acid, phosphoric acid, tri-
mellitic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, glutaric anhydride
and especially chlorosulfonic acid, phosphorus pentoxide,
succinic anhydride and maleic anhydride. X in the formulae
(3) to (14) is thus preferably one of the acidic groups
-CO-C6H4-COOH, -CO-(CH2)2-COOH, -CO-CH=CH-COOH,
-P~OH or -SO3H .
OH
The reaction products from the components (a) and (b)
are intermediates from which the sizing agents (A) can be obtained
by reaction with component (c~. A skilled worker will know
from the type of component (a) used whether a fatty acid, a
fatty amine, a fatty acid anhydride or an alkyl halide or
alkenyl halide needs to be used as component (b). If a
diphenol, triphenol or a dihydroxynaphthalene is used as
component (a), an alkyl halide or alkenyl halide is used as
component (b), while if an aliphatic or heterocyclic alcohol
;s used as component (a), a fatty ac;d ;s generally used as
component (b). If, however, a heterocyclic glycide or an
alkanedioldiglycide is used as component (a), it is possible
to use not only fatty amines but also fatty acids.
If a diphenol, a triphenol or a dihydroxynaphthalene
is used as component (a), preferably Ch~ mols of alkyl hal;de
or alkenyl halide are used as component (b) per mol of com-
ponent (a), Ch~ denoting the number of hydroxyl groups of
component (a). It ;s thus possible in this case to obtain
hydroxyl-free aromatic di- or tri-ethers as intermediates,
from which the sizes (A) can be obtained by using 1 to 2,
preferably 1 to 1.5, in particular 1, mol(s) of component
- lo ~ 2~
(c) per mol of starting component (a). Since the reaction
with component tc) takes place at the aromatic nucleus of
the fatty acid di- or tri-ether, it is advisable to use as
component (c) sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide or, in particular,
chlorosulfonic acidu The sizes (A) can accordingly be ob~ained
in one of their preferred embodiments by reacting at least
(a) 1 mol of a diphenol, a triphenol or a dihydroxynaphthalene
with
~b) Ch] mols of an alkyl halide or alkenyl halide having 6
to 22, preferably 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20 carbon atoms,
Ch] denoting the number of hydroxyl groups of component (a),
and
(c) 1 to 2, preferably 1 to 1.5, in particular 1, mol(s) of
chlorosulfonic acid,
component (c) being added last.
If a heterocyclic glycide or an alkanedioldiglycide
is used as component (a), preferably Ch'] mol(s of a fatty
acid and/or of a primary or secondary fatty amine are used,
Ch'] denoting the number of glycide groups of component (a).
In this case it is thus possible to obtain as intermediates
heterocyclic compounds or alkanes which have ~-hydroxy-y-(fatty
acid)-propyl groups, primary or secondary )~-hydroxy-y-(fatty
amino)-propyl groups orl3-hydroxy-y-bis(fatty arnino)-propyl
groups or secondary ~-hydroxy-~-(fatty carboxamide)-propyl
groups~ ~leterocyclic compounds as intermediates preferably
have 3 such groups and alkanes as intermediates preferably
have 2 such groups, which are contained, for example, in the
bridging members of the formulae (11) to (1~). The sizing agents (A)
can be obtained from such intermediates by using 1 to 2, pre-
ferably 1 to 1.5, in particular 1, mol(s) of component (c)
per mol of starting component (a), any abovementioned, spe-
c;fic representat;ves of polybasic ;norganic or organic ac;ds
having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or anhydrides thereof being possible
for use as component (c).
If the intermed;ate is obtained from component (a)
together w;th a pr;mary fatty amine as component (b), and
therefore has primary ~-hydroxy-~ fatty amino)-propyl groups,
7~i:
the reaction with component (c) generally takes place at the
hydrogen atom of the -NH- radical of such groups. However,
if tne intermediate is obtained from component (a~ by means
of a fatty acid or a secondary -fatty amine, i.e. by means
of a dialkylamine or dialkenylamine h2ving 6 to 22 sarbon
atoms, or by means of a primary -fatty amine~ i.e. by means
of C6-C22-alkylamine or -alkenylamine, and has secondary ~-
hydroxy-~'-(fatty acid ester)-propyl groups, ¦~hydroxy-~-bis-
(fa~ty amino)-propyl groups or ~-hydroxy-d--(fatty carboxamido)-
propyl groups, the reaction with component tc) generally takes
place at the hydrogen atom of the l~-hydroxyl radical of such
groups.
Sizi~g agents (A) in a further preferred embodiment can thus
be obtained by reacting at least
(a) 1 mol of a heterocyrlic glycide having preferably 3
n;trogen atoms in the hetero ring and 3 glycide groups, in
particular isocyanur;c acid triglycide, or an alkanedioldi-
glycide having preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkane
radical, in particular butane-1,4-dioldiglycide, with
(b) Ch'~ m'ol(s) of a fatty acid or of a primary or secondary
fatty amine each having 6 to 22~ preferably ~ to 22, in par-
ticular 16 to 20, carbon atoms in the fatty radical, Lh']
denoting the number of glycide groups of component (a), and
then with
tc) 1 to 2, preferably 1 to 1.5, in particular 1, mol(s) of
a polybasic inorganic or organic acid having 2 to ~ carbon
atoms or anhydrides thereof,
component (c) being added last.
If, as preferred, a heterocyclic or aliphatic alcohol
is used as component (a), preFerably Ch-1] mol(s) of a fatty
acid are used, ~h~ denoting the number of hydroxyl groups of
component (a). If, for example, an aliphatic alcohol having
2 hydroxyl groups and a fatty amine radical is used as com-
ponent (a), 1 mol of fatty acid is used as component (b) per
mol of component (a). However, if a heterocyclic alcohol
having 3 hetero atoms is used as component (a), 2 mols of
fatty acid are used as component (b) per mol of component
- 12 -
(a). If aliphatic alcohols having preferably 3 or ~ hydroxyl
groups are used as component (a), 2 or 3 mols of fatty acid
are used as component (b) per mol of component (a). The
intermediates obtained from component (a) and (b) if alcohols
of the specified type are used as ccmponent (a) are partially
esterified compounds, i.e~ partial esters which still contain
a free hydroxyl group. The si~ing a~ents (A) can be obtained :~rom
these çompounds by us;ng 1 to 2 mols, preferably 1 to 1.5
mols, in particular 1 mol, of component (c) per mol of
starting component (a), the component (c) forming an ac;d
ester with the hydroxyl group of the intermediates from (a)
and (b) and any abovementioned specific representative of
polybasic inorganic or organic acids having 2 to 8 carbon
atoms or anhydrides thereof can be used as component (c).
Sizing agents (A) can thus be obtained in their particlllarly
preferred form by reacting at least
(a) 1 mol of an aliphatic alcohol which has 3 to 26 carbon
atoms, 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4, hydroxyl groups and can
have 1 to 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3, nitrogen atoms and, in
the presence of 2 hydroxyl groups, can have a C6-Cz2-, prefer-
ably C8-C22-, in par~icular C16-C20-, fatty amine radical,
w;th
(b) Ch-1] mol(s) of an unsaturated or preferably saturated
fatty acid having 6 to 22, preferably 8 to 22, in particular
16 to 20, carbon atoms or mixtures thereof, Ch] denoting the
number of hydroxyl groups of component (a), and then with
(c) 1 to 2, preferably 1 to 1.5, in particular 1, mol(s) of
a polybasic inorganic or organic acid having 2 to18 carbon
atoms or anhydrides thereof,
the polybasic acid being used as component (c) being added
last and forming acid esters with the hydroxyl groups present
in the intermediates formed from components (a) and ~b).
Those acid esters which are intended for use as sizes
(A) and which can be obtained by reacting intermediates from
1 mol of laurylamine diethoxyla~e and 1 mol of behenic acid,
from 1 mol of glycerol, triethanolamine or tris(hydroxymethyl)-
aminomethane and 2 mols of stearic acid or an equimolar mixture
- 13 -
of stearic acid and palmitic acid or from 1 mol of pentaeryth-
ritol or N,N,N',N'-tetra~is(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine
and 3 mols of stearic acid, with 1 to 1.5 mols each of chloro-
sulfonic acid, phosphorus pentoxide or maleic anhydride, are
of oarticular importance.
To the fore of interest are sizing agents (A) which can be
obtained by reactin~
(a3 1 mol of triethanolamine or, in part;cular, 1 mol of
glycerol with
(b) 2 mols of stearic acid and then with
(c~ 1 mol of phosphorus pentoxide,
or, in particular,
(a) 1 mol of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane with
(b) 2 mols of stearic acid and then with
(c) 1 to 1.5 mols ot maleic anhydride.
Further sizing agents of interest can be obtained by reacting tensides
which are derived from sulfosuccinic acid, e.g. sulfosuccinic isooctyl
ester, with a fatty alcohol.
Preferred sizing agents (A) can be obtained from components (a), (b)
and (c) or from the tensides of the specified type and have molecular
weights of about 400 to about 3,000, preferably of about 600 to 1,500,
and an acid value (mg of KOH/g oE substance) of about 15 to about 150,
preferably 35 to about 125.
As mentioned above, some of the compounds used in the invention as sizing
agents and some of the intermediates from which these sizing agents can
be obtained are known.
German Patent 733,689, for example, discloses inter-
mediates from eriethanolamine and stearic acid which still
have at least one free hydroxyl group, which can be esteri-
fied with phthalic anhydride. However, this publication dis-
closes no intermediates prepared from two fatty acids which
differ from each other. The publication mentions as poly-
basic acids or anhydrides ~hereof for preparin~ the acid
- 14 ~
esters apart from aromatic acids such as phthalic acid, and
its isomers, and naphthalic acid, only tartaric acid and suc-
cinic acid.
German Patent 193,189, for example, discloses further
inte,-mediates from glycerol and stearic acid which have a
,ree hydroxyl group~ which can be esterified with phosphorus
pentoxide~ Apart from phosphorus pentoxide, this publication
mentions no other polybasic acid or anhydride thereof for
preparing the acidic esters.
Nor do the German patents mentioned contain any in-
formation about using the disclosed compounds as sizing agents
for paper.
U.S. ?aten. 2,504,951, moreover, describes how 2-
heptadecyl-bist4-stearyloxymethyl)-2-oxazoline i~ prepared
from 1 mol of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 3 mols of
stearic acid. However, this patent contains no information
about 2-heptadecyl-4-hydroxymethyl-4-stearoyloxymethyl-Z-oxa-
zoline from 1 mol of tris~hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 2
mols (instead of 3 mols) of stearic acid, nor about using
the oxazoline described as a sizing agent for paper.
Reference is finally made to U.S. Patent 2,~67,960,
which discloses C12-C14-alkyl diethers of hydroquinone, resor-
cinol or pyrocatechol, but does not contain any information
about reaction products of such ethers with polybasic inor-
ganic or C2-C8 organ;c acids or their anhydrides or about their
use as sizing agents for paper.
Furthermore, the German "Offen1egungsschrift" 2,162,620 discloses the final
products which can be obtained from tensides which are clerived from sulfo-
succinic acid. This reference contains, however, no information about the
utility of such products, e.g. as sizing agents for paper.
The invention thus also relates to novel intermediates,
from which the sizing agents (A) to be used in the invention can be
obtained and which have one of the formulae
- 15 ~L~4~
R 1 j - - CH
(15) [R - ~_ - - CH2
[~1-]
Rl - C _ o 2 ~
(16) R - ll - O - CH _ C CH2 OH
R - C - O - CH
(17) Rl - C CH2 o
N--C - CH - O - C - R
CH2H
(18) l1 ] O O
[ -H ] L R=30 R=2
N~A3 - OH o
(19) 1 \ 11
A3 - O - C - R2
>~O-Rl
( 20) i +1 0-R2
o R
.~,~-\./-~
(21) !~ ; O-
O-R2
(Z2) O \~
A3-OH
o
OH C OH
(23) 4 2 CH CH2 ~ - CH2 - CH - CH2 Q4 or
CH2 - ICH - CH2 ~4
OH
OH OH
(24) Q4 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - O - A5 - O - CH2 - CH - C~i2 - Q4
in which q is an integer from 1 ~o 5, preferably 1 to 3, in
particular 1, ~ is 1 or 2, A3 and A~ each are propylene, iso-
propylene or ethylene~ As is branched or unbranched alkylene
having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, Q4 is
~ CO-R1 R1 or -O-~-R1 and
R1, R2 and R3 are different from or, preferably, identical
to one another and each is alkyl or alkenyl hav;ng 6 to 22,
preferably 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20, carbon atoms, R1
and R2 being d;fferent from each other in the formula ~15) and
(18) ;f q and t are 1.
The method of preparing the intermediates of the for-
mulae (15) to ~24) ;s also part of the subject matter of the
invention, and comprises reacting with one another
(a) 1 mol of butane-1,2,4-~r;ol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxy-
methyl)aminomethane or a compound of the formula
7~:
- 17 -
(25) HO - A3 - [ ~3 A4 ]q-l ~ 3
~3 A13
OH OH
in which q, A3 and A4 are as defined above, ;n part;cular
N~N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine or a com-
pound of the formula
~ -OH
(26) Rl - N'
A3
in which R1 and R3 are as defined above, in particular a C8-
C22-fatty amine diethoxylate, or a compound of the formula
o
(27) HO-A3-N ~ -A30H
,N&
I
A3-OH
in which A3 is as defined above, in part;cular tris(hydroxy-
ethyl) isocyanurate, with
(b) [h-1] mol(s3 of an unsaturated or preferably saturated
fatty acid of the formula
(28) R1 ~ COOH,
(29) R2 ~ COOH and/or
(30) R3 ~ COOH,
in which R1, R2 and R3 are as defined above and ~h] is the
number of hydroxyl groups of component (a) or
(a) 1 mol of pyrogallol, hydroxyhydroquinone, phloroglucine
or a dihydroxynaphthalene with
(b3 [h-1~ mol(s3 o-F an alkenyl halide or preferably alkyl
halide of the formula
(31) R1 ~ Z1'
(32) R2 ~ Z2 and/or
(33) R3 ~ Z3~
- 18 -
in which R1, R2, R3 and h are as defined above and Z1~ Z2
and Z3 each are a halogen, preferably chlorine, in part;cular
brom;ne, or
~a) 1 mol of isocyanuric acid triglycide or 1 mol of ~he com-
pound of the formula
CH/-\CH - CH2 - 0 - A5 - C~l2 2
in which A5 is as defined above, in particular butanediol-
diglycide, with
(b) Ch'] mol(s) of a fatty ac;d of the formula (26), a pr;-
mary fatty amine of the forMula
(35) R1 ~ NH2
o~ a secondary fatty amine of the formula
(36) R1 ~ ,
R2
in which R1 and R2 are as defined above, or Ch'] mol(s) of a
pr;mary fatty amine of the formula (33) and then Ch'] mol(s)
of a fatty acid of the formula (26) in which [h'] is the num-
ber of glycide groups of component (a)~
The invent;on also relates to novel compounds and
their salts, wh;ch can be obtained from the novel intermediates
prepared from components (a) and (b) of the formulae (15) to
(24) or from dialkyl ethers or dialkenyl ethers of hydro-
quinone, resorcinol or pyrocatechol each having 6 to 22, pre-
ferably 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20, carbon atoms in the
alkyl or alkenyl radical and from a polybasic inor~anic or
crganlc acid having Z to 18 carbon atoms aS component (c) and
which can be used as si~ing agent (A) in the invention and have one
of the formulae
-- 19 --
1l ~ ~ - O - ~,H 2
[R C '¦ l - - C~12
oXl-]
Rl - C - O - CH2
(38) R - 1~ - O - CH --- C - CH2 - OX
R - C - O - CH
(39) R - C CH2 1l
N - C - CH2 - O - C - R2
40) R1 - C -! ~ 3 1 4 q'-1 1 A3
[X2-] c=o l=o
R3 2 .
A - OX
(41) R- N R
A - O - C - C-R
~O-Rl
(42) HS03 --~(0 R3) t-1
O-R2
7Z
-- 20 --
. OR
i ~ 1
S ~3) ~ 0/ \ 0~; 503~1
t44)Rl - C - O - A3 ~ ~ 3 _ O - C - R2
13-ox
OH R OH
(45) Rl - NH - CH2 - CH - CH2 - N N - CH2 - CH - CH2 - NH - R2
O=C~ C=O
CH2 - ICH - CH2 - ~ - R3
OH X
OH ~ OH
(46) Q5 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - N/"\N - CH2 - CH - CH2 - Q
=C~N~C=
CH2-CIH-CH2-Q7
OX
IOH IOH lX
NH - CH - CH - CH2 - O - A5 ~ CH2 2
or
-- 21 --
IOH lOX
(48) Q - C~ - CH - CH2 - O - A5 - O - CH2 C 2 6
in which q is an integer from 1 to 5, t is 1 or 2, Q5, Q~ and
Q7 each are
_N& 1 , -NiRl _o - C ~ Rl,
2 2
X is the radical of a polybasic inorganic or oryanic acid
having 2 to 18, preferably 4 to 9, carbon atoms, X1 ;s de-
fined in the same way as X or, if t is 1, is -CO-C6H4-COOH,-Co-
(CH2)2-COOH, -CO-CH=CH~COOH, or S03H, X2 is defined in the
same way as X or, if q is 1, is -CO-CH=CH-COOH, / or
-P-OH
OH
03H~ and A3~ A4~ A5~ R1, R2 and R3 are each as def-
ined above.
The method of preparing the novel compounds of one of
the formulae (37) to (48) or ~heir salts is part of the subject
matter of the invention. This method comprises reacting 1 mol
of an intermediate of the formulae (16), (17), (19), (22),
~23) and (24) or 1 mol of an intermediate of the formula (15)
in which t is 2 or 1 mol of an intermediate of the formula
(1B) in which q is 2, 3, 4 or 5, with 1 to 2, preferably 1
to 1.5, in particular 1, mol(s) of a polybasic acid, as com-
ponent (c), of the formula
(49) ~l - X,
in which X is defined as above, or 1 mol of the ;ntermediate
of the formula (15) in which t is 1, with 1 to 2, preferably
1 to 1.5, in particular 1, mol(s) of a polybasic acid, as com-
ponent (c), of the formula
- 22 -
(50) H - X1
in which X1 is -CO~C6H4-COOH, -CO-(CH2)2-COOH, -CO-CH=CH-
COOH or -503U, or 1 mol of the intermediate of formula (18)
in which q is 1 and R1 and R2 are different from or, preferably,
iden~ical to each other, with 1 to 2, preferably 1 to I.5,
in par~icular 1, mol(s) of a polybasic acid, as component (c)~
of the formula
(51) H X2 ~
in which X2 is -CO-CH=CH-COOH, ~H or -S03H or 1 m~l of an
intermedia~e of the formula (20) or (21) or of the compound of
the formula
O-R
(52) .~ ~
! I!
O-R2
;n which R1 and R2 are each as defined above, with 1 to 2, pre-
ferably 1 to 1.5, in particular 1, mol(s) of chlorosulfonic
acid as component (c), and, if desired, converting the reaction
products obtained into the corresponding salts.
In the course of the reaction of aliphatic or hetero-
cyclic compounds of ~he formulae (15) to (19) or (22) to ~24)
as intermediates, with the acids of the formula (49), (50)
or (51) as component (c), the free hydroxyl group of the com-
pounds (15) to (19) or (22) or at least one of the Eree hydroxyl
groups present in the compounds of the formula (23) or (24)
reacts w;th the compound of the formula (49), (50) or (51)
in such a way that acidic esters are formed. However, if aro-
matic compounds of the formula (20) or (21) are used as inter-
mediates or compounds of the formula (52) are used as starting
materials, the reaction with chlorosulfonic acid as component
(c) takes place at the aromat;c nucleus of said intermediates
or starting materials~
- 23 -
The processes for preparing intermediates from the
components (a) and (b) and acidic esters by further re-
action with component (c) are preferably carried out in the
presence of solvents which need to be inert not only to every
s~arting component (a), (b) and (c) but also to the inter-
mediate and end products, ;.eO the reaction products of (a)
and (b) and of (a), (b) and (c). Suitable solvents are in
particular halogenated or unhalogenated hydrocarbons which
have a boiling point of at most 140C. For the reaction be-
tween components (a) and (b) hydrocarbons which boil between
about 110C and about 140C are preferred, for example tol-
uene, chlorobenzene, o-, m- or p-xylene, a technical xylene
mixture or even mixtures of the hydrocarbons ment;oned. If
the further reaction of the intermediates from components
(a) and (b) with component (c), not only the specified hydro-
carbons but also preferably halogenated hydrocarbons which
boil at a lower boiling point, for example at about 40C to
about 80C, for example dichloroethane or carbon tetra-
chloride~ are sui~able. Particularly suitable elevated tem-
peratures in the reaction of components Sa) and (b) are
temperatures of 100C to 140C and in the further reaction
with component (c) room temperature (15 to 25C) to elevated
temperatures of about 40 to 80C.
It is furthermore advantageous to carry out the re-
action of components ta) and (b), especially, in the presence
of a catalyst which will accelerate the esterification re-
action if need be.
Examples of suitable catalysts are inorganic acids
such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid,
and especially organic acids such as organic sulfonic acids
and, in particular, p-toluenesulfonic acid. It is advantageous
to use, for example, 1 to 4~ of these catalysts per mol of
component (a).
To prevent polymerisation in the course of the pre-
paration of acidic esters having a reactive C=C double bond,
- 2~ -
the esterification with component (c) can advantageously be
carried out in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. This is partic-
ularly relevant when par~icularly reactive components, for
example maleic acid, are used. In this case or when an un-
sacurated (b) component, for example ole;c acid, is used,
i~ is advantageous to use a polymerisation inhibitor, especially
a~ elevated temperatures. Examples of such inhibitors are
methylene blue, benzothia~ine and, in particular~hydroquinone.
It is advantageous to use, for example, 0.1 to 0~3% of these
;nh;b;tors per mol of unsaturated components (b) or (c).
In another preferred embodiment the sizing agents (A) used in the
invention preferably contain besides acidic phosphate or sulfate or
carboxyl groups as anionic or acid group and preferably 2 to S, in parti-
cular 2 hydrophobic substituents of the specified type divalent linking
members with which at least two of the most adjacent hydrophobic substi-
tuents are bonded to each other, which have preferably 1 to 15, pre-
ferably 2 to ~, carbon atoms and at least 2 hetero atoms, preferably
2 to 6, in particular 2, nitrogen atoms. Depending on the number of
hydrophobic substituents, such sizing agents contain 1 to 5, preferably
1 to 3, in particular 1, linking member of the specified type.
In their simplest embod;ment preferred link;ng mem-
bers have the formula
t53) -Q1 - N - A1 ~ N ~ Q2-,
in which Ql ;s ethylene, propylene or butylene and Ql and
Q2 each are a direct bond, -C0 or -C0-NH-.
Linking members of the formula (53) are parts of
;ng members wh;ch have at least one an;onic or acidic group
bonded to a nitrogen atom and the formula
I Q
- 25 -
in which A1, A2 and A3 each are ethylene, propylene or butyl-
ene, at least one of the radicals ~3, ~4 and ~5 is -X', at least
two of the radicaLs Q3, Q4 and Q5 are -C0-, -C0-NH- or a direct
bond, X' is an anionic or acid;c group or a radical carrying
SUC~l a group, and y' is an integer from 1 to 5.
In ~he formula (54), y' is preferably 2, andespecially
1. Moreover, A1, A2 and A3 are preferably def;ned in chesame
way and are ;n particular propylene and, especially, ethylene.
~ ridging members to the fore of interest thus have
the formula
(55) - N - A3 - ~ - A3 - N -
Q6 Q7 Q8
in which the A3 radicals are ethylene or propylene and two of the Q6 '
Q7 and Q8 radicals are -C0- or -C0-NH- and one of the radicals `6' Q7
and Q8 is -X', -X' being as defined above.
Those sizing agents (A) are of particular importance which can be ob-
tained by reacting
(a') a polyalkylenepolyamine which is unsubstituted or mono-
substituted by N-C6-C22-alkyL or -alkenyl and has 3 co 6
nitrogen atoms and 4 to 4û carbon atoms with
~b~) a fatty acid or a fatty alcohol, an alkyl or alkenyl
halide or an alkyl or alkenyl isocyanate having at least ~pre-
ferably 6 to 22, especially 16 to 20, carbon atoms in the
alkyl or alkenyl radical and then with
(c') the anhydride of a polybasic, preferably tribasic, ;n
particular dibasic, inorganic or organic acid having 2 to 18,
preferably 2 to 8, carbon atoms or an ~- ori~_halogenocar-
boxylic acid having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, the component (c')
being added last.
Examples of specific representatives of
' from which the sizing agent can be obtained are N,N'~bis(3-aminopropyl)-
1,4-diaminobutane, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, 1,2-
?d~2~
- 26 -
bist3-aminopropylamino~ethane, pentaethylenehexamine, especially
tetraethylenepentamine, triethylenetetramine and in particular
dipropylenetriamine and diethylenetriamine, the last being
to the fore of ;nterest.
A component (b') from which the sizirAg agent (A) can be ob~
I:ained i5 in particular a saturated or unsatura~ed fatty acid,
an alkenyl, preferably alkyl isocyanate having 6 to Z2, pre-
ferably 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20 carbon atoms in the
alkyl or alkenyl rad;cal. An unsaturated or saturated C6-
C22-, preferably C8-C22-, ;n particular C16-C20-, fatty
acid for use as component (b') is e.g. caproic, preferably caprylic,
capric, lauric, myristic or arachidic acid, in particular
palm;tic, stear;c or behen;c acid or myristoleic, palmitoleic,
elaeostearic, clupanodonic acid, in particular ole;c, elaidic,
eruc;c, linoleic or linolenic acid. Of these, palmit;c, stearic,
oleic and behenic acid are all of particular importance, palm-
itic and especially stearic acid being to the fore of interest.
Technical, read;ly accessible, m;xtures of the ac;ds just
mentioned are also suitable. Because it is readily accessible,
octadecyl isocyanate is mentioned as a C16-C20- alkyl isocyanate.
Anhydrides of organ;c polybasic acids are preferred
to those of inorganic polybasic acids for use as component
(c'). Examples of specif;c representatives of the anhydrides
of ;norgan;c polybas;c acids are sulfur trioxide, especially
phosphorus pentoxide and in particular chlorosulfonic acid.
An organ;c polybas;c ac;d anhydr;de is, for example, the
anhydride o-f benzophenone tetracarboxyl;c acid, 1,8-naphthalic
ac;d, tr;mell;t;c ac;d, pyromell;t;c ac;d, b;cyclo~2,2,1)hept-
S-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (also called norbornene dicar-
boxylic acid or nadic acid), hexahydrophthalic acid, tetra-
hydrophthalic acid, phthalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric
acid, dimethylmale;c acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid,
and in particular maleic acid. The halogenocarboxyl;c acid
is, for example, 2-chlorobutyric acid, 2- and 3-chloropro-
p;onic acid, bromoacet;c ac;d or chloroacet;c acid and the;r
- 27 -
alkali metal salts. The sultone used is especially propane-
sultone. To the fore of interest are glutaric anhydride,
succinic anhydride, sodium chloroacetate, citraconic anhydride,
itaconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride
an~ in particular trimelli~ic anhydride and maleic anhydridef
from which particularly effect;ve sizing agents can be obtained~
The reaction p~oducts of co.~ponents (a') and (b')
are intermediates fro~ which the sizing agents (A) can be obtained
by reacting these intermediates with component (c').
As mentioned above, so~e of the si~ing agents (A) used in
the invention are compounds known per se. This is also true
of intermediates from components (a') and (b') -from which the
sizing agents (A) can be obtained.
For ;nstance, French Patent 1,388,523, inter alia,
describes intermediates prepared from fatty acids, for example
oleic acid or stearic acid, and polyalkylenepolyamines, for
example triethylenetetramine, which are reacted with poly-
basic acids. As polybasic acids, however, this pa~ent speci-
fication explicitly only mentions hexahydrophthalic, tetra-
hydrophthalic, phthalic, terephthalic, trimellitic, succinic,
adipic and maleic acid and the corresponding anhydrides~
U~S. Patent 4,332,737 also describes intermediates
prepared from fatty acids and polyalkylenepolyarnines, which
are reacted with polybas;c acids, but as polybasic acids it
explicitly mentions naphthalene dicarboxylic acids, phthalic,
terephthalic, malonic~ succinic, ~lutaric, rnaleic and c;tra-
conic acid and the corresponding anhydrides.
Japanese Patent Appl;cation 74/137,917, f;nally, dis-
closes intermediates prepared from fatty acids and polyalkyl-
enepolyamines, wh;ch are only reacted w;th sodium chloro-
acetate as acid.
Intermediates prepared from polyalkylenepolyamines
and fatty alcohols or alkyl or alkenyl halides are known and
are commercially available. Intermediates prepared from poly-
~2~,7;~
- 28 -
alkylenepolyamines or N-alkyl or -alkenylpolyalkylenepolyamines and
alkyl or alkenyl isocyanates, however, are novel. This is also true of the
reaction products of such intermediates with any desired polybasic
acid. Reaction products prepared from polyalkylenepoly-
amines and fatty acids and reacted with polybasic acids are
also novel provided the polybasic acid anhydride used was
that of pyromellitic acid, norbornene dicarboxylic acid, di-
rnethylmaleic acid or citraconic acid. Reaction products
reacted with 2-chlorobutyric acid, 2- or 3-chloropropionic
acid, bromoacetic acid or propanesulcone are also novel.
The invention accordingly also relates to
- intermediates which can be obtained by reacting
(al) 1 mol of a polyalkylenepolyamine wh;ch is
unsubstituted or monosubstituted by C6-C22-alkyl or -alkenyl
and has 3 to 6 nitrogen atoms and 4 to 40 carbon atoms with
(b1) 1 to ~h"-1] mol(s) of an alkenyl isocyanate or
preferably alkyl isocyanate having at least 5, preferably 6
to 22, especially 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20, carbon
atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl radical,[h'] denoting the number
of nitrogen atoms of component (a1)
- compounds which can be obtained by reacting intermediates
prepared from components (a1) and (bl) with
(cl) 1 to [h'l] mol(s) of the anhydride of a polybasic, pre-
ferably dibasic, inorganic or, in particular organic acid having 2 to 18
carbon atoms, a 2- or 3-halogenocarboxylic acid having 2 to 6 carbon
atoms or a sultone, [hl] denoting the number of free nitrogen atoms
present in the intermediate from (al) and (bl) which are not reacted
~ith component (bl),
- compounds which can be obtained by reacting
(al) 1 mol of a polyalkylenepolyamine having 3 to
6 nitrogen atoms and ~ to 20 carbon a-coms with
(b2) 1 to ~h"-1] mol(s) of an unsaturated or pre-
ferably saturated fatty acid havin~ at least 5, preferably 6
to 22, especially 8 to 22, in particular 17 to 20, carbon
atoms, ~h"] being as defined above, and then with
- 29 -
(c1) 1 to ~h2'~ mol(s) of pyromellitic, norbornene
dicarboxylic, dimethylmaleic or citraconic anhydride, 2-chloro-
butyric acid, 2- or 3-chloropropionic acid, bromoacetic acid
or propanesultone, [h2'~ denoting the number of free nitrogen
atoms present in the intermediate product ~rom (al) and (b2)
wnich are not reacted with component tb2).
The reactions of components (a'~ and (b') are generally
carried out at about 120 to about 250C, preferably up to
200C, in the melt. If high temperatures o-f about 200 to
250C are used, the resulting products can be purified with
active charcoal if necessary. However, especially if alkenyl or alkyl
isocyanates are used as component (b') or in the reaction
with component (c') it is also possible to carry out the re-
actions in the presence of at least one solvent which needs
to be inert to the starting, intermediate and end products.
If such solvents are used, the reactions can also be carried
out at lower temperatures, for example 30 to 120C. Examples
of poss;ble solvents are acetone, d;oxane and halogenated or
unhalogenated hydrocarbons, for example dichloroethane,
carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, o-,
m- and p-xylene, a technical xylene mixture or mixtures of
the hydrocarbons mentioned. If halogenated carboxylic acids,
for example chloroacetic acid, are reacted as component (c')
it is advisable to prevent the formation of by-products by
using an approx;mately equ;molar amount (based on the halogen-
ated ac;d) of a weak nitrogen-containing base, for example
pyr;d;ne, ;soquinoline, quinoline or preferably triethyl-
amine, as an acid acceptor. If unsaturated (c') or especially
(b') components are used, it is furthermore advantageous to
carry out ~he reaction in an inert nitrogen a-tmosphere and/or
especially at elevated temperatures in the presence of a poly-
merisation inhibitor, For example methylene blue, benzothi-
azine or preferably hydroquinone.
7~
- 30 -
Preferred sizing agents (A) of the type specified from the
components ~a'), (b') and (c') in particular have molecular
weights of about 400 to about 3,000, preferably about 500 to
about 3,000~ ;n particular about 600 to about 1,500, and, owing
to the fact that they contain at least one acidic group, for example
an -S03H or -COOH group, an acid value (mg of KO~Vg of substance)
of about 15 to 150, preEerably about 50 to about 120.
In a further preferrecl embodiment the sizing agents (A) used
in the invention contain besides 1 or 2 potential anionic, acidic
methylene or methine groups and 2 or 3 h~dro?hobic substituents
of the specified type divalent linking members with which at least
two of the most adjacent hydrophobic substituents are bonded to each
other which have 1 to 15, preferably 3 to 8, carbon atoms and each have
at least 2 hetero atoms, preferably 2 to 4 nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms
or in particular 4 nitrogen atoms or 2 oxygen atoms. The linking
members which each have 3 to 5 carbon and 2 oxygen atoms are parti-
cularly preferred.Depending on the number of hydrophobic substituents,
the sizing ager.ts prefercably contain 1 or 2 lir.kir.g ~.e~lbe~s of the speci-
fied type.
Preferred l;nking members generally have one of the
formulae
(56) -~ - ~ - t-CH2 ~ ~)ff,1 CH - ~ - 0-
or
(57) ~ H-~-NH-ali-Nl~ H-~-N\
;n which n"and m"each are 1 or 2 and A1 1s branched or espec-
;ally stra;ght-cha;n alkylene hav;ng 4 to 12, ;n particular
6 to 10, carbon atoms, cycloalkylene hav;ng 6 to 1~ carbon
- 31 ~ 7~
atoms or arylene having 6 to 1~, in particular 6 to ~, carbon
atoms. If m in the formuLa t56) is 1, the linking member has
a methine group at the corresponding site. However~ if m"
is 2, the linking member has a methylene group at the corres-
ponding site.
In linking members of the formula (56~ or (57) the
methylene or methine groups are part of a divalent or tri-
valent -CO-C~l2CO- or -CO-CH-CO radical where the acidic
properties of the methylene or methine groups is due to each
methylene group being linked between two CO groups or the meth-
;ne group being linked between 3 CO groups or 2 CO groups
and one CN group.
If n in the formula (56) is Z, m is generally 2.
m is generally only defined as 1 if n is also 1. However,
the linking member particularly preferably has the formula
(56) in which n is 1 and m is 2.
Those sizing agents (A) are of particular importance which
can be obtained by reacting
ta'1) malonic acid, a malonyl dihalide, acetone dicar-
boxylic acid or a C1-C4-alkyl malonate, acetone
or methane tricarboxylate with
(b'1) a fatty alcohol or
(a'2) cyanoacetic acid or its C1-C4-alkyl ester with
(b'2) a fatty amine and then with
(c") a C4-C12-alkylene, C6-C14-cycloalkylene or C6-
C~4 arylene diisocyanate.
A suitable component (al'), from which the sizing agent (A)
can be obtained, is in partic~llar a dihalide, for example the di-
bromide and in particular the dichlor;de, of malon;c acid and
its methyl or in particular ethyl esters. Malonyl dichlor-
ide is particularly preferred because of its high reactivity.
- 32 -
The dimethyl and especially the diethyl ester of acetone di-
carboxylic acid and the trimethyl and especially triethyl
ester of methanetricarboxylic acid are also suitable because
~hey are readily accessible.
Component (a2) is in particular methyl cyanoacetate
and especially e~hyl cyanoacetate.
Malonyl dichloride and ethyl cyanoacetate are to
the fore of interest for use as components (a1) and (a2)
Suitable for use as component (bl) , fronn which
the sizing agent (A) can be obtained~ are in particular saturated
or unsaturated aliphatic alcohols having 6 to 22, preferably
8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20 carbon atoms and for use as
component (b'2) in particular monoalkylamines, dialkyl-
amines, monoalkenylamines or dialkenylamines which each have
6 to 22, preferably 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20, carbon
atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl radical. Saturated fatty alco-
hols and alkylamines or dialkylamines are preferred to un-
saturated fatty alcohols and alkenylamines or dialkenylamines.
Primary amines are also preferred to secondary amines. Spe-
c;f;c C16-C20 fatty alcohols and C16-C20-alkyl radical
monoalkylamine or dialkylamine representatives mentioned be-
cause they are readily accessible are hexadecanol, octadecanol,
oleyl alcohol, octadecylamine and dioctadecylamine. Tech-
nical mixtures of fatty alcohols or fatty amines of the speci-
fied type are also suitable.
An aliphatic diisocyanate as component (c") has
branched or preferably straight-chain alkylene radicals having
about 4 to 12, in particular 6 to 10, carbon atoms. Specific
representatives of such diisocyanates are butylene diiso-
cyanate, dodecylene diisocyanate, especially decylene 1,10-
diisocyanate and in particular hexylene 1,6-diisocyanate.
A cycloaliphatic diisocyanate ~enerally has 6 to 14 carbon
atoms in the cycloalkylene radical. Examples are cyclohexyl
3L~d~
- 33 -
and dicyclohexyl diisocyanate. The aromatic diisocyanates
generally have 6 to 14, preferably 6 to ~, carbon atoms in
the arylene rad;cal. Examples of specific representatives
are naphthylene 1,5-diisocyanate, diphenylmethane 4,4'-diiso
cyanate, phenylene 1,4-diisocyanate and toluylene 2,4- and
2,6 diisocyanate. Hexane 1,6-diisocyanate and toluylene ~,4-
or 2,6-diisocyanate and especially technical toluylene 2,4-
and 2,6-diisocyanate mixtures are mentioned because they are
readily accessible.
About 1 mol of fatty alcohol as component (b'1) is
generally used per functional group of the component (a'1)
used~ For instance, about 2 mols of fatty alcohol are gener-
ally used per mol of component (al) if component (a1)
is malonic acid or acetone dicarboxylic acid or halides or
esters thereof, and about 3 mols of fatty alcohol are used
per mol of component (a'l) if the component (al) is methyl
or ethyl methanetricarboxylate.
If components (a'2) and ~b2) are used, they are gen-
erally reacted with each other, in about equimolar ratios.
The resulting cyanoacetic acid fatty amide is an intermediate
which is reacted with component (c"), about 0.5 mol of alkylene,
cycloalkylene or arylene diisocyanate of the specified type
being used as component (c"~ per mol of the intermediate
from about equimolar amounts of the components (a2) and (b2).
Sizing agents (A) of the speciEied type from the components
(a'l) and (b'l) orfrom the components (a2), (b'2) and (c") which are pre-
ferably used have molecular weights of about ~00 to about3,000,
preferably of about 600 to about1,500.
The reactions of the (a'l), (a2), (bl), (b2) and (c")
components specified above are generally carried out by methods
known per se. For example, the reactions of components (al)
with (b'l) or (a2)with (b2) are carried out at about
- 34 -
30 to about 250C, preferably at about 40 to 140C,in ~he melt9
as the case may be. If high temperatures of about 200 to 250C
are used, the resulting products can be purified with active
charcoal if necessary. However, on use of acid hal;des as
component (a'1) in particular and on reac-ting intermediates
pre?ared from componentâ (a2) and (b2) with component (cl')
in general it is advantageous to carry out the reactions in
the presence of at least one solvent which needs to be inert
to every starting, intermediate and end product. If such
solvents are used, the reactions can also be carried out at
lower temperatures, for example at 30 to 120C, preferably
30 to 50C. Examples of possible solvents are acetone,
dioxane and halogenated or unhalogenated hydrocarbons such
as d;chloroethane, carbon tetrachlor;de, benzene, toluene,
chlorobenzene, o-, m- and p-xylene, a technical xylene mixture
or even m;xtures of the hydrocarbons ment;oned, which are
particularly suitable for use as reaction med;um when ac;d
hal;des as component (al) are reacted w;th fatty alcohols
as component (b1). If ;ntermediates prepared from (a2~ and
(b'2) are reacted with component (c"), in particular dimethyl-
formamide or dimethylsulfoxide are particularly suitable for
use as further solvent. If free acids are reacted as com-
ponents (a'1) or (a2) with fatty alcohols or fatty amines as
components (b'1) or (b'2), the use of a catalyst, for
example hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphor;c acid or
organic sul-fonic ac;ds, preferably p-toluenesulfon;c ac;d,
can be advantageous to accelerate the esterification or trans-
esterificat;on reactions ;f need be. If unsaturated (b1)
and (b2) components are used 1t is furthermore advantageous
to carry out the reaction in an inert nitro~en atmosphere and/
or, especially at high temperatures, for example above 90C,
in the presence of a polymerisation inhibitor~ for example
methylene blue, benzothiazine or preferably hydroquinone.
~ s mentioned above, some of the sizing agents (A) are compounds
known per se. For example, the article by Staudinger et al.
in the journal"Makromolekulare Chemie,' Volume 3, pages 251
to 2~û (1949), describes fatty alkyl diesters of malonic acid,
- 35 ~ 2
i.e. compounds which have a linking member of the formula
(56) in which n is 1 and m is 2. The article by Staudinger
et al. says nothing, however, about the possible use of the
disclosed compounds. Furthermore, British Patent 737,528
for example, discLoses fatty alkyl diesters of acetone di-
carboxylic acid, i.e. compounds which have a linking member
of the formula (56) ;n which m and n are 2. However, this
patent specification has nothing to say about using the d;s-
closed compounds as sizing agents for paper.
On the other hand, compounds which have a linking
member of the formula (56) in which n and m are 1, or a link-
ing member of the formula (57) are novel compounds. The
intermediates prepared from components (a2) and (b2') are
also novel.
The invention thus also relates to compounds which can
be used as intermediates and have the formula
(58) /Ri'
NC-CH -CO-N
i 2 (R2)p-1( )2-p
in which p" is 2 or preferably 1, R1" and R2" are different
from or preferably identical to each other and each is alkenyl
or preferably alkyl having 6 to 22, but preferably 8 to 22,
;n particular 16 to 20, carbon atoms, and to their salts.
The invent;on also relates to a process for prepar;ng
the compounds of the formula (5~), which comprises reacting
1 mol of cyanoacetic ac;d or ;ts C1-C4-alkyl ester w;th about
1 r,lol of a secondary or primary amine of the formula
HN
( 2 p-l 2-p
Novel compounds wh;ch are part of the subject matter
of the invention and can be used as sizing agents (A) have the formula
72
- 36 -
(60) i \ 3
R2'-0~ or
t61) R C C C
cH-~-NH--All-N~ H- -~
(li) Z_~ 2) p" 1 1 (R'4) qll 1 (ia) 2-q''
in wh;ch p" and q" are different from or preferably identical
co each other and each is 2 or preferably 1, R1", R2", R3" and
R4" are different from or preferably identical to one another
and each is alkenyl or preferably alkyl having 6 to 22, pre-
ferably 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20, carbon atoms and A1"
is cycloalkylene having c6 to 14 carbon atoms, especially
alkylene having 4 to 12, preferably 6 to 10, carbon atoms or
arylene having 6 to 14, preferably 6 to 8, carbon atoms.
The process for preparing compounds of the formula
t60) or (61) comprises
reacting 1 mol of C1-C4-alkyl methanetr;carboxylate, in
particular ethyl methanetr;carboxylate, with about 3 mols o~
a fatty alcohol of one of the formulae
~62) R1"-OH,
(63) R2"-OH or
t64) R3" OH,
in which R1", R2" and R3" are as defined above, or reacting
1 mol of d;isocyanate of the formula
(65) 0 = C = N - A1" - N = C = O,
in which A1 is as defined above, with about 2 mols of the
intermediate oF the formula (5~) or of the formula
,R"
t66) NC- c~a - co - N 3
2 \(R" ) - (H) ,1
in which R3", R4" and q" are as defined above.
?~
- 37 -
In a further also preferred embodiment, the sizing agents (A) as
inventively used contain besides 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, in parti-
cular l or 2, -COO ~ or -COOH groups as anionic or acidic groups
and 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 6, hydrophobic substituents of the specified
type divalenL linking members wi.th which at least two of the most
adjacent hydrophobic substituents are bonded to each other which pre-
ferably have 4 to 15 carbon atoms and at least 2 hetero atoms each,
preferably one nitrogen and one oxygen atom or in particular 2 nitrogen
atoms or 2 oxygen atoms. Linking members which each have 4 to 10 carbon
and two oxygen atoms are particularly preferred. Depending on the number
of hydrophobic substituents, the sizing agents contain 1 to 5, preferably
1 to 3, linking members of the specified type.
Preferred linking members generally have one of the formulae
O O
(67)11 11
-Ql -C-Al -C -Q'2 ~ or
O O
Il 11
(68) -C-O-A'2'-0-C-
in which A1"' and A2"' each are a divalent aliphatic or aroma-
tic radical, Q1"' and Q2"' are different from or preferably
/
identical to each other and are -O-, -NH- or -N ~ ,
In the formulae (67) and (68), the radicals A1'and
A2"' form part of an aliphatic or aromatic bridging member
which has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, in particular 1 or 2,
anion;c or acid;c groups and can have 1 n;trogen atom.
Specific examples of preferred bridging members are
those of the formulae
- 38 - ~2
o o
Il . Il
-Ql -C i li Q2
( ) (Yl )p~l
O O '
--Q " ~--C--i ~ C ~ IJ I--C-- 2
(70) X"~>~(Y"' "' ( "' ~ \(X"')
) q -1 Yl ) q~ ~ -1 n" ' -1
O X"' o
11 1 11
(71) -Ql -C-cH2-c-cH2-c-Q2 - 9
Z"~
O O
Il 11
(72) -Ql -C-C-CH2-C-Q2 -
CH
X"'
O O
Il 11
73) _Q'l'-C-(C~12)n''l-Cll2-N-cil2 (CH2)n-1 Q2
CIH2
(C~2)m~ ~ 1
X"'
- 39 -
O CH3 0
(74) ll I li
-C-O-CH2-C-CH2-0-C-
X"'
O O
Il 11
-
X"'
O O
Il 11
-C-O-CH-(CH ) "' -CH-O-C-
(76) 1 2 n-l I
CH3 X"
O or
Il 11
(77) ( 2)2 ~ 2 2
CIH2
1 2n~
in which Q1 and Q2 each are -O-, -NH- or -N , X"' is -COOH,
~ r~
or -COO~J, Y"' is -COOH, -COO~ or O
-C-Q1 " '
Zll7 is hydrogen, methyl or preferably hydroxyl, n"' and m"'
each are 1 or 2, p"' ;s an integer from 1 to 4 and q"' and
q"" each are 1, 2 or 3.
7~
~,o
In par~icular those sizing agents (A) are of special impor-
tance which can be obtained by reacting at least
(a"') an alipha~ic or aromatic carboxylic acid having at
least 3 carboxyl groups, a polyalkylenepolyaminopolyacetic
acid having 4 to 6 carboxyl groups or an aliphatic monocar-
boxylic acid or aminocarboxylic acid having 2 hydroxyl groups
with
(b"') a fatty alcohol and/or a fatty am;ne or a fatty acid,
fatty alcohols and/or fatty amines being used as component
(b"') when carboxylic acids having at least 3 or 4 ~o 6
carboxyl groups are used as component (a"') and fatty acids
being used as component (b"') when monocarboxylic acids are
used as component (a"').
The sizing agents which can be obtained in this way are,
as a rule, aliphatic or aromatic fatty acid esters or fatty
acid amides. Preferred esters or amides of this type have
bridging members of one of the formulae- (69) to (73) in which
Q1"' and Q2"' are ident;cal~ Other sizes, however, are in
the form of amide-esters which can be obtained not only from
fatty alcohols but also from fatty amines and from aliphatic
or aromatic acids having at least 3 carboxyl groups or 4
to 6 carboxyl groups. Preferred amide-esters of this type
have bridging members of one of the formulae (69) to (73)
in which Q1"' and Q2"' differ from each other. If mono-
carboxylic acids having 2 hydroxyl groups are used as com-
ponent (a"') , only fatty acids are suitable for use as com-
ponent (b"') , to give fatty acid es~ers which, in their pre-
ferred embodiment, have bridging members of one OT the
formulae ~74) to (77).
Sizing agents (A) of the specified type from the components
(a"') and (b"') which are preferably used have molecular weights of about
~00 to about 3,000,preferably of about 600 to about 1~500.Sizes having
a bridging member of one of the formulae (69) or (71) are particularly
preferred.
In particular those sizing agents are to the fore of interest
which can be obtained by reacting at least
~2~ 2
- 41 -
(a"') an aromatic acid which has 9 to 20 carbon atoms and
3 to 6 carboxyl groups, an aliphatic acid which has 3 car-
boxyl groups and can have a nitrogen atom, a polyalkylene-
polyam;nopolyacetic ac;d which has 4 to 6 carboxyl groups
and 2 to 4 nitrogen atoms~ an aliphatic dihydroxymonocar-
boxylic acid or bis(hydroxyalkyl)aminomonocarboxylic acid
which has 3 to 6 carbon atoms, their halides or anhydrides,
with
(b"') a fatty alcohol and/or a primary or secondary -fatty
amine or, if a monocarboxylic acid of the specified type
is used as component (a"'), from a fatty acid, the fatty
radicals of the fatty alcohols, fatty amines and fatty acids
being unsaturated or preferably saturated and having 6 to
22, preferably ~ to 22~ in particular 16 to 20, carbon atoms~
For the si~ing agents,as mentioned earlier, to have at least
one -COO ~ or -COOH group as anionic or acidic substituents
and the linking member with which the hydrophobic substituents
are directly bonded to each other to contain at least 2 hetero
atoms, the sizing agents, in their preferred embodiment, can be obtained
from 1 mol of component (a"') and 2 to (h"'-l) mol(s~ of component
(b"'),h"' denoting the number of carboxyl groups of component
(a"'), if carboxylic acids having at least 3 or 4 to 6 car-
boxyl groups are used as component (a"') and fatty alcohols
and/or fatty amines as component (b"'). If 1 mol of mono-
carboxylic acid having 2 hydroxyl groups is used as component
(a"l), 2 mols of fatty acid are generally used, however.
Owing to the presence of at least one -COO ~ or -COOH
group in the sizing agents, they have an acid value (mg of KOH/g
of substance) of about 15 to about 150, preferably of about
40 to about 100.
Carboxylic acids having at least 3 carboxyl groups :Eor use as
component (a"'), from which the si~ing agents (A) can be
- 42 ~ 2~2
obtained, are in particular aromatic mononuclear polycar-
boxylic acids, for example hemimellitic, trimellit;c, trimesic,
prehnitic, mellophanic, pyromellitic or mellitic acid~benzene
pentacarboxylic acid~ aromatic binuclear polycarboxylic acids,
for example kenzophenonetricarboxylic to benzophenonehexa-
caiboxylic acid or anhydrides of said aromatic carboxylic
acids, aliphatic tr1carboxyl;c ac;ds, for exarnple ~ricarb-
allylic, aconitic or citric acid, aliphatic tricarboxylic
acids which have a nitrogen atom, for example bis(2-carboxy-
ethyl)carboxymethylamine, nitrilotr;propionic acid and
nitrilotriacetic acid, and polyalkyleneaminopolyacetic acids,
for example triethylenetetraaminehexaacet;c acid,diethylenetri-
aminepentaacetic acid, dipropylenetriaminepentaacetic acid,
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, N,N'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-
N,N'-bis(carboxymethyl)ethylenediamine~ trisC2-bis(carboxy-
methylamino)ethyl]amine, bisC2-bis(carboxymethylamino)ethyl]-
methylamine or N,N'-bisC2-bis(carboxymethylamino)ethyl]-N,N'-
dimethylethylenediamine. Of these, because they are easily
accessible, trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride,
hemimellitic acid, benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride,
tricarballylic acid, trans-aconitic acid, citric acid and
nitrilotriacetic acid are particularly preferred. Aliphatic
monocarboxylic acids suitable for use as component ~a"')
are, for example, glyceric acid, 1,2-dihydroxybutyric acid,
1,3- and 2,3-dihydroxyvaleric acid, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-
propionic acid, N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)-~-alanin and N~N-bis-
(hydroxyethyl)glycine, of which 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)pro-
pionic acid and N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)glycine are preferred~
Trimellit;c anhydr;de, pyromell;t;c d;anhydr;de and c;tr;c
acid are to the fore in interest~
If polyalkylenepolyaminopolyacetic acids are used as component
(a"'), oligomeric sizing agents can be obtained thereErom. However,
if the other acids are used as component (a"'), monomeric sizing agents
can be obtained and are preferred to the oligomeric sizing agents.
Sizing agents (A) having a bridging member of the formula
(69) can be obtained from, for example, said aromatic mono-
72
- 43 -
nuclear polycarboxylic acids, having a bridging member of
formula (70~ from benzophenonetricarboxylic tO benzophenone-
hexacarboxylic acid, having a bridging member of the formula
(71) from tricarballylic or citric acid, having a bridging
member of the formu-a (72j from aconitic acid, hav,ng a
bridging member of the formula (73) from aliphatic tricar-
boxylic acids ~hich have a nitrogen atom, having a bridging
member of the formula (74) from 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)pro-
pionic acid, having a bridg-ing member of the formula (75~
from glyceric acid, having a bridging member of the formula
(76) from 1,3-dihydroxyvaleric acid or 1,2-dihydroxybutyric
acid, and having a bridging member of the formula (77)
from N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)-J~-alanin or N,N~bis(hydroxyethyl)-
glyc;ne as component (a"!).
Component (b"'~, from which the sizing agent (A) can be
obta;ned, ;s ;n particular a saturated or unsaturated ali-
phat;c fatty ac;d or alcohol having 6 to 22, preferably 8
to 22, in particular 16 to 20, carbon atoms or a monoalkyl-
am;ne, d;alkylam;ne, monoalkenylam;ne or dialkenylamine each
hav;ng 6 to 22, preferably 8 to 22, in particular 16 to 20,
carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl radical. A component
(b"') unsaturated or saturated C6-C22-, preferably C8-C22~,
in particular C16~C20-, fatty acid is, for example
caproic, preferably capryl;c, capr;c, laur;c, myr;st;c or
arach;d;c ac;d, ;n part;cular palmitic, stearic and behenic
acid or myristole;c, palmitoleic, elaeostearic, clupanodonic
acid, in particular oleic, elaidic, erucic, linoleic and lino-
lenic acid. Of these palmitic, stearic, oleic and behenic
acid are of particular importance, palmitic and especially
stearic acid being to the fore of interest. Technical,
read;ly access;ble m;xtures of the acids just ment;oned are
also su;table. The unsaturated or saturated fatty alcohols
and the unsaturated or preferably saturated monoalkylamines
or dialkylamines or monoalkenylamines or dialkenylamines
structurally derive from the fatty acids just mentioned.
eecauSe they are readily accessible, hexadecanol, octadecanol~
oleyl alcohol, octadecylamine and dioctadecylamine are
- 44 -
mentioned as specific representatives of C16-C20 fatty alcohols
and of monoalkylamines or dialkylamines hav;ng C16-C20 alkyl
radicals. Technical mixtures of fatty alcohols or ~atty
amines of the specified type are also suitable.
The followin~ compounds which can be used as size
as component (A) of the process of the invention and their
preparation from components (a"') and (b"'~ are known per
se~
- diesters and diamides of aromatic carboxylic acids having
a~ least 3 carboxyl groups and bridging members of the for-
mula (69) in which Q1"' and Q2"' are identical, and described in
for example, German'~ffenlegungsschrif~"2,417,556, British
Patent 1,025,433 and U.S. Patent 3,981,838;
- diamides of aromatic carboxylic acids having at least 3
carboxyl groups and bridging members of the formula (70) in
which Q1"' and Q2"' are identical and are -~IH- or -N~
and described in, for example, U.S. Patent 3,275,651;
- diesters and diamides of aliphatic carboxylic acids having
3 carboxyl groups and bridging members of the formula (71) in
which Q1"' and Q2"' are identical and are -O-, -NH- or -N/
and Z"' is -OH and described in, for example, U.S. Patents
3,929,712 and 4,021,377; and
- diesters of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid which
have bridging members of the formula (74) and are described
in, for example, British Patent 1,257,928 and U.S. Patent
3,441,953.
On the other hand, novel compounds which can be used
as sizing agents in the invention have ~he ~ormula
(78) ;~I-C-All-C-Q4~ or
(79) 0 0
Il 11
C-O-~"-O-C-R"'
- 45 -
in wh;ch m"' and n"' each are 1 or 2, Q3"' and Q~,"' each are -O-
or -~H- or, if n"' and/or m"' are 2, Q3"' and/or Q4"' are -~\
ànd R1"'~ R1""~ R2"' and Rc."" each are alkyl or alkenyl having at
least 5 carbon atoms, ai least one of the rad;cals R"1, ~1', R2'
and R2"" having at least 8, preferably 8 ~o 22, in particular
16 to 20, carbon atoms,A1' is a divalent radical of one of
~he formulae
X"'
(80)
-CH2-CH-CH2-
X"'
t81)
-CH2-C-CH2-
CH3
-C-CH2-
(82) ll or
CH
X"'
- (CH2)s-l ~1-CH2-N (CH2) (CH2) s" ' -1
(83) CIH2
(CH2)
X"'
or, if Q3"' and Q4"' in the formula ~78) are different from each
other, one of the formulae
(84) -i ll- or
(ylll )~ xll ~
~ 46 -
t85)
-CH2-C-CH2-
OH
ory if Q3"' and Q~t'~l in the formula ~78) are idelltical and are
-O-- or Q3"~ and Qlt"' are differen-t from each other, the
formula
o
(86) ~ ~ - C -~ and
X (Y2 ~ ) q~ ~ -1 (Y2 ) qll~
A2"' is a d;valent radical of one of the formulae
(87) -CH -CH- 9
X~
CH ( 2)n~1
(88) 1 1 or
CH3 X"'
-(CH ) -N-(CH2)2-
(89) 2 2 1
CIH2
(CH2)
X" '
in which X"' is -COOH or -COO ~ , Y2' is Y2'-CO-Q3'\
p"' is an integer from 1 to 4, q"' and qll11 each are 1, 2 or 3 and
m"', n"', s"' and t"' each are 1 or 2 and Q3', Rl' and Rl"
~2~27~:
- 47 -
are as defined above.
Preferred novel compounds which can be used as sizes
have one of the formulae
O O
R~ ' 11 11 /R" '
( 9 3 ~Q$ C--C--CI{2 -C--Q~' l 3
(R3')n"' 1 11 (R3")n~,_
X"'
O O
R" ' ll ll ~R" '
(91 ) 3 /Qll5-c-cH2-N-cH2-c-Ql5~\ 3
X" '
X" ' O
3 l l l l
R3' ~N C CH2-C-CH2-C-O R" '
OH
O O O
(93)R3~'-O-C-i~ il-C-II ~T-C-O-R3~ or
X"'~
,~
O O
Il 11
(94) R3~-C-O~C~12)2-N--tCH2)2-O-C-R3"
CH
1 2
(C~lZ )
X"'
~ 2~
- 48 -
in which n"' and s"' are 1 or 2, Q5"' is -O- or, if n"' is 2,
-N / , X"' is -COOH or -COO~ and R3"' is alkenyl or preferably
alkyl. having 16 .o 20 carbon atoms.
The novel compnunds are generally prepared bY reacting
mol of a polycarboxylic acid c.f the formula
O O
Il 11
(95) HO-C-A'1' -C-OH
with Z to (h"'-1) mol(s) of a fatty alcohol of the formula
(96) R1"'-OH or
~97) R2"'~OH
and/or with 2 to ~h"'-1) mol(s) of a primary or secondary
fa~ty amine of the formc.la
R"'
(98) ~(~)2- ",-H or
R~
~2
9 ~ ~ ""~N (H)2_n""-H
(R2
or 1 mol of a diol of the formula
(100) HO-A2"'-OH
with Z mols of a fatty acid of the formula
(101) R1"'-COOH or
(102) R2"'-COOH
7~
- 49 -
by methods known per se, A1 , A2 , R1 , R1 , R2 , R2
and n"' being as defined above and h"' being the number of car-
boxyl groups of the carboxylic acid of the formula (95).
The reactions are generally carried out at about 120 to
about 250~C, preferably up o 200C, in the melt~ If high
~emperatures of about 200 to 250C are used, the resulting
produccs can be purified with active charcoal ;f need be. Es-
pecially if acid anhydrides are used, however, it is also pos-
sible to carry out the reactions in the presence of at least
one solvent which needs to be inert to every starting and end
product. If such solvents are used, the reactions can also
be carr;ed out at lower temperatures, for example 30 to 120C.
Examples of possible solvents are acetone, dioxane or halo-
genated or unhalogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloroethane,
carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, o-,
m- and p-xylene, a technical xylene mixture and mixtures
of the hydrocarbons ment;oned. If, for example, diols of
the formula (100) are reacted with fatty acids of the for-
mulae ~101) or ~102), it can be advantageous to use a cata-
lyst, for example hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phos-
phoric acid or organic sulfonic acids~ preferably p-toluene-
sulfonic acid, to accelerate the ester;f;cation reactions
if necessary~ If polycarboxylic acids of the formula (95)
are reacted with primary fatty amines of the formula ~98)
or t99) in which n'" is 1, it is advisable to prevent the
formation of by-products by using an approximately equimolar
amount (based on the primary fatty am;ne) of a weak n;troCJen-
containing base, for example pyridine, tr;ethylamine, iso-
quinoline or preferably qu;noline. If R1"', R1"", R2"' and
R2"t' in the formulae (96) to (99), ~101) and (10Z) are an
alkenyl radical of the spec;fied type, orA1' in -the formula
(95) is the formula (82), it ;s furthermore advantageous to
carry out the reaction in an inert nitrogen atmosphere and/or
in the presence of a polymerisat;on ;nhibitor, for example
methylene blue, benzothiazine or preferably hydroquinone.
The reactions are generally carried out in one step.
However, it is also possible to react in a first stage, for
7~
- 50 -
example, the polycarboxylic acid of the formula (95) with a secondary
fatty amine of the formula (98) in which n"' is 2 and then, in a second
stage, with a primary fatty amine of the formula (99) in which n"' is 1.
Before they are used as component (A) in the paper-sizing process of the
invention, the sizing agents need &~nerally not be purified or re-
crystallised after they have been prepared from (a), (b) and (c), from
(a'), (b') and (c'), from (a'l) and (b'l), from (a'2), (b'2) and ~c") or
from (a"') and (c"') components, and are thus, as a rule, directly used.
This also applies to the intermediates from (a) and (b), (a') and (b')
or (a'2) and (b2) components which thus are, as a rule, not purified or
recrystallized before they are further reacted with (c), (c') or (c")
components to obtain the sizing agents (A).
Especially if the sizing agent (A) and the retention aid (B) are
added separately (in any order) to the dispersion of the fibres in the
process of the invention for sizing paper or cardboard it is ad-
vantageous to use the sizing agent at least partly in salt formO
If desired, such salts can be obtained after the reaction of components
(a), (b) and (c); (a'), (b') and (c'); (al) and (bi'); (a2),(b2) and (c")
or (a"') and (b"') has ended by converting the resulting reaction
products into the corresponding salts, at least partly if desired, by
adding e.g. an alkylamine or alkanolamine having a total of at most
6 carbon atoms, for example trimethylamins, triethylamine, ethanolamine,
diethanolamine, especially by adding ammonia or an alkali metal hydroxide,
for example potassium hydroxide or especially sodium hydroxide, generally
in arl aqueous medium at room temperature (about 15 to about 25C). An
alkali metal hydroxide, for example potassium hydroxide or especially
sodium hydroxide, or in particular ammonia is advantageously used in
the form of its dilute approximately 1 to approximately 10 per cent
by weight aqueous solution. It is generally advantageous to use at
most 2 mols, especially at most 1 mol, preferably 0.1 to 0.9, in parti-
cular 0.2 to 0.7, mol of ammonia or alkali metal hydroxide per negative
charge present in the anionic sizing agent. The sizing agents in the
form of salts thus have e.g. -CH2-, -¢H, -S03H or -COOH groups which
- 51 -
are least partly converted into the
-CH ~ M ~ -¢l ~ M ~ -S03 ~ M ~ or -C00 ~ M ~ groups in which
is the corresponding amine, ammonium or alkali metal cation.
Examples of compounds which are partly in the form of a salt and
which are suitable for use as sizing agents (A) are especially those
which can be obtained by reacting (a) 1 mol of triethanolamine or
gLycerol with (b) 2 mols of stearic acid, then with (c) 1 to 1.5 mols
of chlorosulfonic acid or phosphorus pentoxide and finally with (d)
0.1 to 0.9 equivalent oE an aqueous potassium or sodium hydroxide
solution, based on the acidic protons of the acidic substituents
of the sizing agent, i.e. in the present case of the mixture of
acidic esters of (a), (b) and (c).
In addition to the monomeric to oligomeric anionic sizing agent (A)
described above, the paper-sizing process of the invention
always makes use of a polymeric cationic retention aid (B) which,
as a rule, has a molecular weight of about 1,000, preferably
about 5,000 to about 2,000,000. Retention aids having molecular
weights within the range from 10,000 to 100,000 are particularly
preferred. In principle, any commercially available re-
tention aid can be used in the process of the invention.
E~amples of conventional retention aids (B) which are particularly
suitable for use in the paper-sizing process of the invention
together with the sizing agent (A) are polyalkyleneimines, epi-
halogenohydrin adducts of reaction products of polyalkylenepolyamines
and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids or of reaction products of poly-
alkylenepolyamines,dicyanodiamide and free or alkanol-esterified
organic dicarboxylic acids, reaction products of dicyanodiamide,
formaldehyde, ammon;um salts, strong organ;~ ac;ds and of
alkylened;amines or polyalkylenepolyam;nes, cat;onically
modif;ed starches or carbohydrates from carob bean or guar
bean flour, copolymers based on polyam;de-am;nes and react;on
products of ep;halogenohydr;ns and polymer;sed diallylam;nes.
- 52 - ~ 7~
Preferred epichlorohydrin adducts of reaction products of
polyalkylenepoLyamines and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids have
been described, for example, in British Patent 865,727, epi-
chlorohydrin adducts of reaction products of diethylenetri-
amine and dicyanodiam;de, for example, in German"Offenlegungs-
schrift"2,710,061 and British Patent 1,125,4~6, epichloro-
hydrin adducts of reaction products of diethylenetriamine,
dicyanodiam;de and free or preferably lower alkanol-esterified
dicarboxyl;c acids, ;n part;cular dimethyl ad;pate, for
example in 3ritish Patent 1,125,4~6, and reaction products
of dicyanodiamide, formaldehyde, ammonium salts, strong ;n-
organic ac;ds and of ethylenediamine or triethylenetetra-
amine, for example, in U.S. Patent 3,491,064. Preferred
cat;on;cally modified starches or carbohydrates from carob
bean or guar bean flour are alkylene oxide adducts of these
starches or carbohydra~es, the alkylene oxide used having
2 or 3 carbon atoms in the alkylene radical and qua~ernary
ammonium groups. Copolymers based on polyamide-am;nes have
molecular weights of 103 to 105, preferably 103 to 104
and can be obtained from, for example, aliphatic saturated di-
carboxylic acids having 2 to 10, preferably 3 to 6, carbon atoms,in particular adipic acid, and polyalkylenepolyamines, for example
polypropylenepolyamine or polyethylenepolyamine, in particular di-
methylaminohydroxypropyl diethylenetriamine.
They are described in, for example, the CTFA Cosmetic Ingre-
dient D;ctionary, 3rd edition, 19~2, of the Cosmet~c, Toiletry
and Fragrance Association. Reaction products of epihalogeno-
hydrins and polymerised diallylarnines preferably have mol-
ecular weights of 1,000 to 2,000, and are described in, for
example, U.S. Patents 3,700,623 and 4,279,794.
A retention aid (a) which is to the fore of interest
for use together with sizing agents (A) in the paper-sizing process
of the invent;on is a corn or potato starch which con~
tains quaternary ammonium groups, has been modified with
?J~
- 53 -
1,2-propylene oxide and whose 25% suspension in distilled water at
20C has pH 4.2 to 4.6, a polyethyleneimine which has a molecular weight
of 10,000 to 100,000, an epichlorohydrin adduct of a reaction product
of triethylenetetraamine and dicyanodiamide, an epichlorhydrin adduct
of a reaction product of diethylene triamine, dicyanodiamide and di-
methyladipate,a reaction product of dicyanodiamide, formaldehyde~ ammonium
chloride and ethylenediamine, an epichlorohydrin adduct of a puly-N-
methyldiallylamine and a copolymer of adipic acid and dimethylamino
hydroxypropyl diethylenetriamine.
The process is carried out with, as a rule, 0.02
to 3, preferably 0.1 to 3, in particular 0.2 to 0.8, % by
weight of sizing agent (A) and 0.02 to 3, preferably 0.1 to 3, in
particular 0.2 to 0.4, % by weight, of retention aid (B),
each based on the dry matter in (A) and (~) and on the solids
content of the dispersion of the fibres. 0.02 to less than 0.1%
by weight of sizing agent (A) and of retention aid (B) are only
sufficient for size press control, which is not detectable
with conventional sizing tests (cf~ for example the article
"Control and understanding of size press pickup" by D.R.
Dill in the journal TAPPI (Proceedings of the TechnicaL
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), Volume 57~ No.
1, of January 1974, pages 97-10~).
The dispersion of the fibres to which the sizing agents (~) and retention
aids (B) are added has, as a rule, a solids content of 0.1 to S, pre-
ferably 0.3 to 3, in particular 0.3 to 1% by weight and a Schopper-
Riegler freeness of about 10 to about 90, especially 20 to 60, pre-ferably 20 to 45, in particular 25 to 35. It contains as a rule
cellulose, i.e. pulp, in particular from softwood, for examp:Le pine-
wood, or from hardwood, i.e. deciduous wood, for example beech wood,
the pulp being prepared by conventional processes, for example the
sulEite or especially the sulfate process. The dispersion of the fibres
can also contain mechanical woodpulp. The dispersion of the fibres can
even contain alum-containing waste paper. Suspensions of cellulose
which are prepared by the CMP or CTMP process (Chemi-_echanical
- 54 -
and chemithermomechanical pulping processes, cf. for example the
article "Developments in refiner mechanical pulping" by S.A. Collicutt
and co-workers in TAPPI, Volume 64, No. 6, of June 1981, pages 57 to 61)
are also suitable.
The dispersions of the fibres can also contain organic
or mineral filLers. Suitable organic fillers are inter alia
synthetic pigments, for example polycondensation products
of urea or melamine and formaldehyde which have large specific
surface areas, are in a highly disperse form and have been
described in, inter alia, British Patents 1,043,437 and
1,318,24~, and suitable mineral fillers are, inter alia,
montmorillonite, titanium dio~ide~ calcium sulfate and
especially talc, kaolin and/or chalk (calcium carbonate).
The dispersion of the fibres generally contains 0 to 40, preferably
5 to 25, in particular 15 to 20, % by weight, based on the solids
content of the dispersions of the fibres, in dry matter of fillers
of the specified type.
The pH of the dispersion of the fibres can vary within a wide range,
for example between about 3.5 and about 10.
Adding calcium carbonate, for example, gives alkaline dispersions of the
fibres with a pH of about 7 to about 9, preferably 7.5 to 8.5. Acid
dispersions of the fibres with a pH of 3.5 to 7, preferably 5 to 7,
in particular 5 to 6, can be obtained in the absence of calcium
carbonate by adding acids, for example sulfuric or formic acid, or
especially, for example, latent acidic sulfates, such as aluminium
sulfate (alum).
Dispersions of the fibres which do not contain filler can exist
within a broad pH range from, for example, 3.5 to lO. Those dispersions
of the fibres are preferred which have a pH of about 7 to 9, possibly
due to added chalk, and the reason they are advantageous is that
corrosion on the sensitive paper machines is prevented.
.
- 55 - ~ 7~
The dispersions of the fibres can also contain additives which increase~he fibre/fibre or fibre/filler bond, for example starch or its break-
dowm products.
High molecular weight polymers of the acrylic acid class, for example
polyacrylamides, which have molecu]ar weights above l,000,000 can also
be added to the dispersions of the fibres as auxiliaries for retaining
very fine pulp fibre particles, very small amounts of about 0.005 to
0.02% by weight, based on the dry matter in the polymer and the solids
content of the dispersions of the fibres being sufficient.
In the process of the invention the dispersion of the fibres is
processed in a manner kno~m per se into paper or cardboard on sheet
formers or preferably in a continuous operation on paper machines of
conventional design. Drying at about 100 to 140C for about 0.5 to 10
minutes can give, for example, papers of variable weight per unit area,
for example from 50 to 200 g/m2.
As mentioned above, the aqueous composition for carrying out the paper-sizing process of the invention contains the sizing agent (A) in
addition to optional customary additives if the sizing agent and the
retention aid (B) are added separately to the fibre-bearing liquid.
In this case the preparation generally contains the sizing agent, as
a rule, at least partly in the form of its salts (obtained by using
e.g. ammonia, an alkylamine, an alkanolamine or an alkali metal
hydroxide of the specified ~ype in the above ratios). Such compositions
generally contain 5 to 30, preferably 5 to 20, per cent by weight in
dry matter of the sizing agent, which is at least partly in form of the
salt, based on the weight of the aqueous composition.
However, if the sizing agent (A) and the retention aid (B) are added
simultaneously to the fibre-bearing liquid, the aqueous composition,
in addition to optional customary additives, contains
- 56 -
(A) 2 to ~0, preferably 5 to 30, ir~ particular 5 to 10,~er cent
by weight of size (expressed as solids), based on the weight
of the aqueous composition~ where the size ~an be in the
form of a salt, and
(B) 0.1 ~o 20, preferably 0.5 to 10, in particular 3 to 8,
per cent by weight o~ retention agent (expressed as solids), based
on the aqueous composition.
Aqueous compositions of the spec;fied type can con-
tain as customary additives surface-active compounds, for
example dispersants or emuls;fiers and/or water-soluble
organic solvents. Examples of suitable dispersants and
emulsifiers are conventional lignin sulfonates, ethylene
oxide adducts of alkylphenols, fatty am;nes, fa~ty alcohols
or fatty acids, fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols~
subst;tuted benzimidazoles or condensation products of aro-
matic sulfonic acids and formaldehyde. Other surfaGe-active
compounds preferably are an;on;c surfactants, in particular
sulfate surfactants, for example diethanolaminelauryl sulfate
or ethoxylated lauryl sulfates. Poss;ble water-soluble
organic solvents are aliphatic ethers having 1 to 10 carbon
atoms, for example d;oxane, methylene glycol n-butyl ether
or d;ethylene ~lycol monobutyl ether or alcohols having 1
to ~ carbon atoms, for example isopropanol, ethanol or
methanol.
The compositions are prepared in a customary manner
by stirring the sizing agent (A) together with the retention aid
~B) or the si~e (A) generally partly ;n the form of a salt
on its own either in the molten state or preferably in the
solid state, ;n part;cular ;n pulverulent form~ as a rule
;n the presence of glass beads and ;f necessary emuls;f;ers
(in the case of sizing agents in the molten state) or dispersants
(;n the case of sizing agents in pulverulent :~orm~ at most 90C,
preferably about 50 to about 85C in the case of emulsions,
in part;cular at about 15 to about 25C in the case of
- 57 -
dispersions, to give long-shelflife homogeneous emulsions or pre~erably
dispersions. Since the sizing agents together with the retention aids
or the sizing agents which are partly in salt form are, as a rule
self-dispersing or self-emulsifying, the use of the dispersants or
emulsifiers is generally not absolutely necessary. This also applies to
the optional addition of solvents and/or surfactants which are only
uzed if the dispersions or emulsions have an inadequate shelf life.
The advantage of the process of the invention is that widely differing
dispersions of the fibres can be processed in a simple manner using
relatively sma]l amounts of sizing agent and retention aid into paper
which has good size properties (ink flotation period and especially
Cobb water absorption). The paper which is sized according to the
present process has good mechanical properties, i.e. good strengths,
in particular a good tear strength. In particular, dispersions of the
fibres containing mechanical woodpulp or waste paper can be processed.
Another advantage is that the sizing agents used in the invention are
compatible with a wide variety of fillers, and also additives thereof,
in particular kaolin and alum, in acid dispersions of the fibres.
The sizing agents also have advantageous compatibility with fluorescent
brightening agents. The whiteness of sized paper is hardly affected
by the size, and can, in certain circumstances, even be increased. The
generally surprisingly long shelf life of the dispersion of the sizing
agents of the specified type, in particular, is of great advantage.
The parts and percentages given in the following methods and working
examples are by weight.
Methods for the manufacture of known compotmds for use as intermediates
_
Method A:
149 parts of triethanolamine (1 mol), 56~ parts of
stearic acid (2 mols) and 3.5 parts of p-toluenesulfonic
acid as a catal.yst are d;ssolved in 510 parts of p-xylene.
This solution is heated to the reflux temperature of about
?~
- 58 -
140C and is held at this temperature until the theoretical amount
of water formed by the esterification reaction (2 mols) has been
azeotropically removed by means of a water separator. The xylene is
then distilled off. LeEt behind as residue are 680 parts of a waxy
ester mixt~re which in addition to homologous monoesters and triesters,
contains as main constituent the diester of the formula
(10~ -(CH2)2-0-C-(cH2)16 CH3]2
(CH2) 2-OH
Melt;ng point : 40-44C.
Method B:
22 parts of pyrocatechol (0.2 mol) are dissolved
in Z00 parts o~ dimethyl sulfoxide, and then admixed with
44.8 parts of a 50% aqueous potass;um hydroxide solution
(0.4 mol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 20C for
30 minutes. 133.2 parts of octadecyl bromide (0.4 mol) are
then added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture
is heated to 50C, is held at this temperature for 6 hours,
is then diluted ~ith 1,000 parts of water and, ~ith an aqueous
acetic acid solution is brought to a pH of 4-S, and the
reaction product precipitates. The product is filtered off,
washed with water and recryctallised from acetone. This
gives 98.6 parts of the diether of the formula
~104) j~ \.-0-(CH2)l7-CH3
.~ ~--o-(C~12)17-CH3
Melting point: 58-61C.
_ 59 ~ 7~
Method c:
Method B is followed, except that 22 parts of resor-
cinol ~in place of pyrocatechol) are used, affording 97 parts
of the diether of the formula
0- (CH2) 17-CH3
(105) ~ \
-O-(CH2) 17-CH3
Melt;ng po;nt: 71-73C.
Method D-
1,136 parts of stearic acid (4.0 mols) are melted
at 100C. 227 parts of diethylenetriamine (2.2 mols) are
added in the course of 1 hour, during which the temperature
cf the reaction m;xture rises to 110C of its own accord.
The reaction m;xture is then heated to 160C in the course
of 2 hours and held at this temperature for 2 hours, dur;ng
which a slow stream of nitrogen is used to help d;still out
of the reaction mixture the theoretical amount of water ~4
mols) liberated by the reaction together w;th excess of di-
ethylenetriamine. The reaction mixture is then cooled down
to room temperature (15 to 25C) This gives 1,232 parts of
an am;de m;xture which is in the form of a yellow;sh wax
and contains as main constituent the diamide of the formula
(CH2)2 [- H ~
(106) (CH2) 2 [~ ~ - (CH2)16 3] 2
Melting point: 100-105C.
~4~27~:
Method E:
Method D is followed, except that 287 parts of di
propylenetriamine (2.2 mols) are used (;n place of 277 parts
of diethylenetr;am;ne3, afford;ng 1,288 parts of an amide
mixture which is in the form of a whitish wax and contains
as main constituen~ the diamide of the formula
NH [-H]
(107) (CH2)3 L-~ ~ (CH2)16-CH3]
NH-
Melting point: 101-104C.
Method F:
Method D ;s followed, except that 1,128 parts of
oleic acid (4.0 mols) (in place of 1,136 parts of stearic
acid~ and 1 part of hydroquinone as a polymer;sat;on ;nhibi-
lor are used and the reaction m;xture is held a~ 160C for
3 hours (not 2 hours)~ affording 1,Z25 parts of a am;de mix-
ture-which is in the form of an amber-coloured oil and con-
tains as main constituent the diamide of the formula
~ (CH2) 2~ [ H i
(108) I- C
(CH2) 2 l- - (CH2) 7-CH=CH- (CH2) 7 3~ 2
NH--
- 61 -
Methods for the manufacture of known compounds for use as
a sizing agent
Method G-
624 parts of a technical mixture which~ in addit;on
to 'nomologous monoes~ers and triesters~ contains as main
constituent 1~3- and 1,2 glycerol distearate (1 mol) are
dissolved in 2,000 parts of carbon tetrachloride. Elsewhere,
142 parts of phosphorus pentox;de ~1 mol) are dispersed ;n
500 parts of carbon tetrachlor;de. The solut;on of glycerol
d;stearate is then added to the phosphorus pentoxide dis-
persion in the course of 20 minutes. Thne reaction mixture
is then heated to the reflux tempera~ure of about 76C and
held at this temperature for 1Z hours. The reaction solut;on
is then clarif;ed from impurities. The solvent is removed,
and the crude product is recrystallised from methyl ethyl
ketone. This gives 650 parts of an ester mixture which is
in the form of a beige-coloured powder and contains as main
constituent the acidic diester of the formula
(109) L I H - ~~ ~ \OH ¦
2 [ ( 2)16 3] 2
Melting point: 57-59C. Acid value: 112.
Method H:
320 parts of the am;de mixture obtained by Method
D ~0.5 mol) are suspended at 20C in 1,500 parts of chloro-
form. A solution of 7~ parts of phthalic anhydride (O.S
mol) in 80U parts o-f acetone ;s adaed at 20C ;n the course
of 35 m;nutes~ The temperature of the reaction mix~ure
rises to Z5C of its own accord and is held at th;s tempera-
ture for one hour. The reaction mixture is then heated to
- 62 -
the reflux temperature of about 57C and held at this tempera-
ture for one~ r during which a clear solution forms. .The
solvent is then distilled out of the reaction m;xture under
reduced pressure. This gives 390 parts of a crude product
wh;ch is in the form of a yellowish powder, can be recrystal
lised from acetone and contains as main constituent ~he re-
action produc~ of the formula
¦(NIH-2)2l [-~-(CH2)16-CH3]
(110) L'l 2)2~ 0 ._.
NH- L_C_~
COOH
l~elting point (recrystallised product): 77-78C.
Acid value (recrystallised product): 73
Method I:
Method H is repeated, except that 50 parts of succinic
anhydride (0.5 mol~ are used (in place of 74 parts of phthalic
anhydride), affording 366 parts of a crude product which
is in the form of an ochre-coloured powder, can be recrystal-
lised from ethanol and contains as main constituent a reaction
product of the formula
~ (CH2)2 ~ [ C-(CH2)16-CH
(111) (CH ) r R
1 2 2 L--C-CH2-CH2-COOH
l~elting point (recrystallised product): 108-112C
Acid value (recrystallised product): 68.
- 63 -
Method J:
Method H is repeated, except that 77 parts of hexa-
hydrophthalic anhydride (0.5 mol) are used, affording 391
parts of a crude product wh;ch is in the form of an c,chre-
c--loured powder~ can be recrystallised from acetone and con--
tains as main constituent the reaction product of the formula
(CH2) 2 ~ j -C~CH2) 16-CH3 ¦
(1 1 Z ) ~ ~- ~-C-CH/ 2 \CII
NH- CH-CH2
COOH
Melt;ng point (recrystallised product~: 66-69C
Acid value (recrystallised product): 66.
Method K:
Method H ;s repeated, except that 49 parts of maleic
anhydride (0.5 mol) are used, affording 350 parts of a crude
product which is in the form of a yellowish powder, can be
recrystallised from acetone and contains as main constituent
the reaction product of the formula
NH- 0
(CH2) 2 L ' 2 16 3 1
( 1 1 3 ) N- 2
L NH- ¦ [ -C-CH=CH~COOH ~
Meltin~ point (recrystallised product): ~2-~7C
Acid value (recrystallised product): 88.
Method L:
Method H is repeated~ except that. 56 parts of citra-
conic anhydride (û.S mol) are used, afford;ng 360 parts of
a crude product which is in the form of an ochre-coloured
powder, can be recrystallised from acetone and contains as
main constituent the reaction product of the formula
- 64
(Cu2)2 ~ [-C-(CH2)16 3
~IIL) l IH2 2 ~ [_C_cH=cl-cOOH
Melting po;nt (recrystallised product): 71~75C
Ac;d value (recrystallised product): 82.
Method M:
Method H is repeated, except that 232 parts of the
am;de m;xture obta;ned by Method B (0.5 mol) and 49 parts
of maleic anhydride (0.5 mol) are used (in place of 320 parts
of the amide mixture obtained by Method A and of 74 parts
of phthalic anhydr;de), affording 370 parts of a crude pro-
duct which is in the form of a whitish powder, can be re-
crystallised from acetone and contains as main consti~uent
the reaction product of the formula
~ C-(CH ) 6-CH ]
( 1 1 s L ~u ¦ [-C-CH=CH-COOH ¦
Melting po;nt (recrystall;sed product): 89-100C
Acid value (recrystallised product): 72
Method N:
Method H is repeated, except that 313 parts of the
amide mixture ob-tained by Method C (0.5 mol) and 49 parts
of maleic anhydr;de (0.5 mol) are used, afford;ng 350 parts
of a brown oil which contains as main constituent the reaction
product of the formula
- 65 -
(116) ¦ 2)2 C-(CH2) 7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-CH
~H- -C-CH=CH-COOU
Acid value : 57.
Method 0:
320 parts of the amide mixture obtained by Method
D (0.5 mol) are melted and heated to 110C. 96 parts of
trimellitic anhydride (0.5 mol) in freshly powdered form
are added to th;s melt. The react;on m;xture, wh;ch is ;n
the form of a suspension, is heated to 160C. At 120 to
125C an exothermic reaction sets in and the suspended
trimellitic anhydride goes into solution. The react;on m;x-
ture is then held at 160C for 30 minutes and is then cooled
down to room temperature (15-25C). This gives 410 parts
of a pale brown wax which contains as main constituent the
reaction product of the formula
(CH2)2 l i C (CH2)16 3 ]
(117) L (C~12)2 ~ [ -C-.~ ~--COOH ]
COOII
Melt;ng po;nt: 67-70C, ac;d value: 115.
Method P
Method 0 is repeated, except that 48 parts (;n place
of 96 parts) of tr;mell;t;c anhydr;de (0.25 mol) are used,
afford;ng 350 parts of a pale brown wax which contains as
main constituent the reaction product of the formula
- 66 - ~ 7~
~ 2 1~ -C-(c~2)l6-cll3 ~ ~ -C--~ ~--C- j
Melt ng point: 68-71C, acid value: 57.
Method Q-
_ .
635 parts of the amide mixture obtained by MethodD t1 mol) are suspended in 150 parts of chloroform. 116
parts of sodium chloroacetate (1 mol) and 102 parts of tri-
ethylamine (1 mol), as an acceptor for hydrochlor;c acid,
are added. The react;on mixture is stirred at room tempera-
ture t15-25C~ for 1 hour, is then heated to the reflux
temperature of about 62C and is held at this temperature
for 1 hour. The solvent is then distilled out of the re-
action mixture. The distillation residue ;s worked up by
dissolving it in 500 parts of water, stirring the solution
for 15 minutes and then filtering it. This gives 670
parts of a crude product which is in the form of a slightly
yellow powder, can be recrystallised from dioxane and contains
as main constituent the reaction product of the formula
NH- [-C-(CH2)16-CH3
(ll9) L _ ECH2_COO ~ Na ~ ]
Melting point (recrystallised product): 103-107C.
~ 67 -
Method R:
52.3 parts of a technical mixture of 2/3 hexadecanol
and 1t3 octadecanol (0.2 mol) are dissolved in 250 parts
of toluene at 35C. 13.9 parts of malonyl dichloride
(0~1 mol) are added in the course of 30 minutes, during which
the temperature of the reaction mixture rises to 40C of
its own accord and hydrogen chloride gas is liberated. The
reaction rnixture is then heated to 40C, is held at this
temperature for Z4 hours and is then cooled down to-10C,
and the reaction product precipitates. The crude product
is filtered off and recrystallised from acetone. This gives
49 parts of colourless crystals of the reaction product of
the formula
t120) Ro~O~~~CH2~C~O~~ R = 67 % -(CH2)15-CH3
33 % -(CH2)17-CH3
Melting point: 54-59C
Method S:
19 parts of diethyl acetone dicarboxylate ~û.1 mol)
and 54.1 parts of octadecanol (0.2 mol) are heated to 100C
and held at this temperature for 24 hours, dur;ng which the
theoretical amoun~ of ethanol liberated by the trans-esteri-
fication react;on (0.2 mol) is distilled out of the reaction
mixture. The reaction mixture is then cooled down to 20C,
and the crude product is recrystallised from acetone. This
g;ves 39 parts of a colourless powder of the react~on product
of the formula
(121) CH3-(cH2)l7~o-c-c~2-c-cH2-c-o-(cH2)l7 cH3
Melting point: 58-60C.
- 68 - ~2~ ~2~
Method T:
12 parts of trimellitic anhydride (1 mol) and 540
parts of octadecanol (2 mols) are heated to 160C and are
held at this temperature for 60 minutes. The reaction mix-
tu e is cooled ~own to 15 to 25C to give 690 parts of
a colourless waxy ester mixture which contains as main con-
sti~uent the diester of the formula
r . -
(122) -OOC T~ '- coo [-H]
~ -C00-- j [ ( 2 17 3 2
Melting point: 52-60C
Acid value: 90
Method U:
Method T is repeated, except that 218 parts of pyro-
mellitic dianhydride (1 mol) are used (in place of 192 parts
of trimellitic anhydride), affording 748 parts of a likewise
colourless waxy ester mixture which contains as main con-
stituent the diester of ~he formula
r_ooc-i -coo- 1 [-H]'2
(123) L-C-~ _coo- ~ [ t 2 17 3]2
Melt;ng point: 81-90C
Acid value: 135.
Method V:
Method T is repeated, except that 213 parts of pyro-
mellitic dianhydride (1 mol) and 484 parts of hexadecanol
(2 mols) are used, affording 683 parts of a likewise colour-
69 ~2~
less waxy ester mixture which contains as main cons~ituent
the diester of the formula
r _ooc- ~ `^ co l [-H]2
(124! ¦ -ooc-!~ /I! coo ~ I-(cH2)l5 C~l3]2
Melting point: 35-46C
Ac;d value: 132.
Method W:
_
Method T is repeated, except that 218 parts of pyro-
mellitic dianhydride (1 mol) and 810 parts (in ~lace of 540
parts) of octadecanol (3 mols) are used, affording 1,011
parts of a likewise colourless waxy ester mixture which con-
tains as main constituent the triester of the formula
(125) ~ [-(CH2)17~CH3]3
Melting point: 74-82C
Ac;d value: 51
Method X:
218 parts of pyromellitic dianhydr;de (1 mol) and
536 parts of oleyl alcohol ~2 mols) are heated to 160C
in an inert nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of Z parts
oF hydroquinone as a polymer;sat;on ;nh;bitor and are held
- 70 - ~ 27~
at this temperature for one hour. The reaction mixture is
cooled down to 15 to 25C to give 743 parts of a pale brown
l;qu;d creamy ester m;xture wh;ch conta;ns as ma;n constit-
uent the diester of the formula
(126) L-~C~ ol-COO- l [-H]2
OOC-~ --COO [-(CH2)8-C~ScH' (CH2~7 C~13~'2
Acid value: 145.
Method Y:
109 parts of pyromellitic dianhydride (0.5 mol) and
521 parts of dioctadecylam;ne (1 mol) are heated to 160C
and held at this temperature for 5 hours. The reaction mix-
ture is cooled down to 15 to 25~C to give 627 parts of an
ochre-coloured waxy amide mixture which contains as main
constituent the diamide of the formula
_ _
(127) L ~ r o ] 2
L (CH2)l7 CH3 ¦ 2
Melting point: 45-55C
Ac;d value: 94.
Method Z:
A solution of 53.8 parts of octadecylam;ne (0.2 mol)
and 25.8 parts of quinoline (0.2 mol) in 300 parts of acetone
is admixed w;th a solut;on of 21.8 parts of pyromell;t;c
d;anhydr;de (0.1 mol) in 300 parts of acetone in the course
of 30 minutes, during which the temperature of the reaction
- 71 -
mixture rises to 40 to 50C of its own accord and a white
precipitate settles out. The reaction mixture is then stirred
for 3 hours, dur;ng which the temperature falls from initially
40 to 50C to 15 to 35C after 3 hours. The reaction mixture
is then admixed with 35 parts of an aqueous 38% hydrochloric
ac;d solution and 100 parts of wa~er, and then held at 15
to 25C for 30 m;nutes~ The wh;te precipitate formed ;s
filtered off and washed w;th water unt;l the wash water has
pH 6Ø The product ;s dried at 50C under reduced pressure
to g;ve 71 parts of an am;de mixture which is in the form
of a white powdèr and contains as main constituent the di-
amide of the formula
_ _
~ ~ [ -OH ~ 2
( 1 2 8 ) ~-OC~ -CO- I [-NH- ( CH2) 17 CH 3 ] 2
Melting point: 175-180C
Acid value: 150.
Method AA:
-
Method Y is repeated, except that 161 parts of benzo-
phenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (0.5 mol) are used (in
place of 109 parts of pyromellitic dianhydr;de), afford;ng
664 parts of a likewise ochre-coloured semisolid waxy amide
mixture which contains as main constituent the diamide
of the formula
O
(129) l-OC-I ~il g 11 CO ~ r, CH2)l7-CH3 ~
(C~l2)17 Cll3 2
- 72
Acid value: 88
Method BB:
A solution of 315 parts of the amide mixture obtained
by Method Y (0~25 mol) and 46 parts of dodecylamine t0.25
mol) in 1,5C0 parts of toluene is heated to the reflux tem-
perature of about 111C and is held at this temperature
for 10 hours, during which the water liberated by the reaction
is removed by means of a water separator. The toluene is
then distilled off under reduced pressure and the product
obtained as residue is dried. This gives 343 parts of an
ochre-coloured waxy amide mixture which contains as main
constituent the triamide of the formula
~ ¦ [~ CH2)17-CH3~
(130) (CH2)17 CH3 2
[ ~ (CH2)11-cH3]
Melting point: 81-85C
Acid value: 41.
Method CC:
Method Y ;s repeated, except that 105 parts of hemi-
mell;tic acid (0.5 mol) are used (in place of 109 parts ofpyromellitic dianhydride), affording 580 parts of a pale
brown waxy amide mixture which contains as main constituent
the diamide of the formula
CO- l [-OH]
t131) T~ il_co-l E~ 2)17 3 ~
- 73 -
Melting point: 46-50C
Acid value: 44.
Method DD:
Method T is repeated, except that 210 parts of citric
acid rnonohydrate (1 mol) are used (in place of 192 parts
of trimellitic anhydride) and the length of reaction at 160C
is 90 minutes (not 60 minutes), affording 672 parts of a
colourless waxy ester mixture which contains as main con-
stituent the diester of the formula
CH2-COO- [-H]
H0-C-COO-
(132) CH -COO [-(CH2)17 C 3]2
Melting point: 48-50C
Acid value: 83
Method EE:
Method T is repeated, except that 210 parts of citric
acid monohydrate ~1 mol) (in place of 192 parts of trimellitic
anhydride) and 507 parts of a technical mixture of 2/3 hexa-
decanol and 1/3 octadecanol (2 mols) (in place of 540 parts
of octadecanol) are used and the length of reaction at 160C
is 90 minutes (not 60 minutes), affording 635 parts of a
yellowish waxy ester mixture which contains as main constituent
the diester of the formula
CH -CO0-l [-R ] R ~ 67~ -(CH ) -CH
(133~ h0-~-C0U- I [-~I] 33~ -(c~2)l7 C 3
(;~l2-coo-J
~ 74 -
Melting point: 44-46C
Acid value: 87.
Method FF:
Method T is repeated~ except that 210 parts of cit-
ric acid monohydrate (1 mol) (in place of 192 parts of tri-
mellitic anhydride) and 1,042 parts of dioctadecylamine (2
mols) (in pLace of 540 parts of octadecanol) are used and
the length of reaction at 160C is 70 minutes (not 60 minutes),
affording 1,150 parts of a yellowish waxy arnide mixture which
contains as main constituent the diamide of the formula
_ _ l
CH -CO- [-OH]
(134) HO-C-CO- l ~ (CH2)17-CH3
Melting point: 49-56C
Acid value: 45.
Method GG:
284 parts of stearic acid ~1 mol), 67 parts of 2,2-
bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (0.5 mol) and 2.5 partsof p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst are dissolved in
200 parts of p-xylene. Th;s solution ;s heated to the reflux
temperature of about 140C and is held at this temperature
until the theoretical amount of water (1 mol) formed by the
esterification reaction has been azeotropically rernoved by
means of a water separator. The p-xylene is then distilled
off under reduced pressure, and the product obtained as the
residue is dried. This gives 306 parts of a yellowish waxy
ester mixture which contains as main constituent the diester
of the formula
327~
- 75 -
o CH3 0
Il 1 11
(135) CH3-(cH2)l6-c-o-cH2-c-cH2-o-c-(cH2)l6-cH3
CH3
Melting point: 39-~i2C
Acid value: 92.
Method HH:
222.3 parts (0.5 mol) of the sodium salt of bis-2-ethyl-
hexyl sulfosuccinate and 270 parts (1.0 mol) of stearyl alcohol are
heated to 165-170C together with 2.2 parts (0.04 mol) of sodium
methylate. The resulting melt is stirred at this temperature for 3 hours
and then allowed to cool down to 90-95C, and the 2-ethylhexyl alcohol
formed is distilled off under reduced pressure.
This gives as residue of the distillation 360 parts of the sodium saltof bis-octadecyl sulfosuccinate of the formula
(136) ~ -C0-0-C ~ 7
~;ào3s-cl;-co-o-cl8~37
in the form of a yellow waxy product.
Examples for the ~anufacture of novel compounds for use as inter-
mediates
Example 1:
Method A is repeated, except that 284 parts of stearic
acid (1 mol) and 256 parts of palmitic acid (1 mol) are used
(in place of 568 parts of stearic acid), affording 650 parts
of a waxy ester mixture which, in addition to homologous
monoesters and triesters, contains as main constituent the
diester mixture of the formula
~L I~ d 7 2
-- 76 --
N/[ (CH2)2 0 C Ro]2 Ro = 50% -(CH2)16-CH3
(CH2) 2-OH (C 2)14 CH3
Melting point: 38-42C.
Example 2:
Method A is repeated, except that 136 parts of penta-
erythr;tol (1 mol), 852 parts of stearic acid (3 mols), 5
parts of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 1,000 parts o-f p-xylene
are used and 3 mols of water are azeotropically removed,
affording 930 parts of a waxy ester mixture which, in addition
to homologous monoesters, diesters and tetraesters, contains
as main const;tuent the triester of the formula
~[CH2- o-c- (CH2) l6-CH3] 3
~ 13 8 ~ CH 20H
Melting point: 54-58C.
Example 3:
Method A is repeated, except that 121 parts of tris-
(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (1 mol), 568 parts of stearic
acid (2 mols), 3.4 parts of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 600
parts of p-xylene are used and the theoretical amount oF
3 mols of water formed by the esterification reaction under
ring closure is azeotropically removed, affording 630 parts
of a waxy mixture which, in addition to homologous ring-
shaped monoesters and triesters, contains as main constituent
the diester of the formula
-- 77 --
t 139 ) CH3-(CH2)16 ~CH -O-C-(CH2)16-CH3
CH 20H
Melt;ng po;nt: 75-7~C~
Example 4:
Method A is repeated, except that 273 parts of lauryl-
am;ne diethoxylate t1 mol) (prepared from 1 mol of lauryl-
am;ne and 2 mols of ethylene ox;de), 340 parts of behen;c
ac;d (1 mol), 2~3 parts of p-toluenesulfon;c acid and 625
parts of p-xylene are used and 1 mol of water is azeotropically
removed, affording 593 parts of a pale yellow waxy ester
mixture which, ;n add;t;on to the homologous d;ester, con~
tains as main constituent the monoester of the formula
(CH2~2-0-~-(cH2)20 3
(140 ) CH3 (CH2)11 N~(CH ) -~
Melt;ng point; 35-37C A
Example 5:
Method A is repeated, except that 292 parts of
N,N,N',N'-tetrak;st?-hydroxypropyl)ethylened;amine t1 mol),
852 parts of stear;c ac;d t3 mols), 6 parts of p-toluene-
sulfon;c acid and 933 parts of p-xylene are used and 3 mols
of water are azeotropically removed~ afford;ng 1,0~5 parts
of a waxy ester m;xture wh;ch, ;n addition to the homologous
monoesters, d;esters and tetraesters, conta;ns as ma;n con-
st;tuent the tr;ester of the formula
~2~7~
- 78 -
CH3 I ~ ( 2)16 3
(141) ~,HCH2 I H [-H3
kC~I 2-CH-O-
CH 2 -CH-O-
~ 3 ~
Melting point: 35-40C.
Example 6:
Method A ;s repeated, except that 42.4 parts of 1,2,4-
butanetriol (0.4 mol), 227.Z parts of stearic acid tO.8 mol),
1.3 parts of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 270 parts of p-
xylene are used and 0.~ mol of water ;s azeotrop;cally
removed, affording 240 parts of a waxy ester m;xture which
contains as ma;n const;tuent the diester of the formula
~ CHI~~ 1 [-H]
(142) ~ ~ 2 ¦ I _C_(CH2)16_CH ¦
Melt;ng po;nt: 46-48C.
Example 7:
Method A is repeated, except that 65.25 parts of
tris(hydroxyethyl) ;socyanurate (0.25 moL), 142 parts of
stear;c acid (0.5 mol), 1,2 parts of p-toluenesulfonic acid
and 170 parts of p-xylene are used, 0.5 mol of water is azeo-
tropically removed and the result;ng crude product is re-
crystall;sed from acetone, affording 150 parts of an ester
m;xture wh;ch is in the form of a wh;te powder and conta;ns
as main constituent the d;ester of the formula
_ 79 _ ~ 2
(Cl H2) 2-OH
o o=C~N~C=o o
) 3 ~)16 o (CH2)2 N\ / -(CH2)2-o-c-(cH2)l6-cH3
o
Melting point: 67-69C.
Example 8:
Z01.8 parts of stearylam;ne tO.75 mol~ are dissolved
at 50C in 700 parts of isopropanol. 74.3 parts of iso-
cyanuric acid triglycide (0.25 mol) (prepared from 1 mol
of ;socyanuric acid and 3 mols of epichlorohydrin) are intro-
duced into this solution. The reaction mixture is heated
to 80C and is stirred at this temperature for 5 hours,
during which a slightly turbid solution forms. This solution
is filtered at 80C. The reaction product precipitates
as the filtrate cools down. The product is filtered off,
washed with 200 parts of isopropanol a little at a time and
is dried at 35C under reduced pressure. This gives 223
parts of a compound of the formula
~ C OH
(144) ( ) CH CH CH N/ \N CH CH CH NH (CH ) -CH
O=C~N/C=O
CH 2-CH-CH2-NH- ( CH 2) 1 7-CH 3
OH
Melting point: 78-83C.
- 80
Examp~e 9:
167 parts of isocyanuric acid triglycide t0.5 mol)
4Z7 parts of stearic acid t1.5 mols) and 1.5 parts of sodium
stearate as a catalyst are heated to 135C. The heating
bath is removed at this temperature. The temperature of
the reaction mixture then increases to 160C of its own
accord. ~Jhen the exothermic reaction has died down the
reaction mixture is st;rred at 150C for 3 hours. The
melt is then allowed to cool down and sol;d;f;es. Th;s g;ves
594 parts o-f the compound of the formula
O OH ll OH O
(145) CH -(CH ) -C-O-CH -CH-CH -~ ~-CH2-CH-CH2-O-C-(CH2)16-CH3
\`N/
CH -CH-CH -O-C-(CH ) 6-CH3
OH
wh;ch ;s ;n the form of a pale be;ge crude product. A sample
of the crude product ;s recrystall;sed from methanol. The
recrystallised product ;s colourless.
Melt;ng po;nt: 58-62C.
Example 10:
139 parts of stearylam;ne tO.5 mol) are d;ssolved
at 75C ;n 400 parts of ;sopropanol. 50.5 parts tO.25
mol) of butaned;ol d;glyc;de tprepared from 1 mol of 1 4-
butanediol and 2 mols of ep;chlorohydr;n) are added. The
react;on solut;on ;s heated to 80C and ;s st;rred at 80C
for 4 hours. The solvent ;s d;st;lled out of the clear
solution under reduced pressure. The distillation residue
is recrystallised from methanol. This gives 163 parts of
a compound of the formula
- 81 - '~2~
OH OH
(146) CH3-(cH2)l7-Nu-cH2-cH-cH2-o-(cll2)4-o-c~2-cH-cH2-~H-(cu2)l7-cu3
Melting point: 85-88C.
Example 11:
76.02 parts of the formula (146) compound obtained
in Example 10 (0.1 mol) are d;ssolved in 200 parts of o~
xylene at 60C. 56~9 parts of stear;c acid t0.2 mol~ are
addedR This solut;on is heated to the reflux temperature
of about 145C and ;s held at th;s temperature for about
8 hours until the theoretical amount of water (0.2 mol) formed
by the ester;fication reaction has been azeotropically removed
by means of a water separator. The solvent is d;stilled
out of the clear solution under reduced pressure. This gives
as distillation residue 128 parts of the compound of the
formula
o o
(147) ~_CH2_cu_cH2~o-(cH2)4-o-cH2-cH-cH2-~\ 1 3
Melting point: 82-8~C.
Example 12:
A solution of 10.~ parts of diethylenetriamine (0.1
mol) in 80 parts of toluene is admixed at room temperature
(15 to 25C) w;th a solut;on of 59 parts of octadecyl ;so-
cyanate (0.2 mol) in 2~0 parts of toluene in the course of
20 minutes. The temperature of the reaction mixture r;ses
to 50C of its own accord. The reaction mixture is then
heated to the reflux temperature of abou~ 111C~ is held
at this temperature for 15 minutes, is then cooled down to
- 82 -
60C and is split into two equal parts. The toluene is
distilled out of one half of the reaction mixture at 60C
under reduced pressure. This gives as distillation residue
34 parts of an amide mixture which is in the form of a beige
powder and which contains as main constituent the reaction
product of the forrnula
~ (I 2)2 l
(148) ¦ (C~2)Z ¦ [-C-NH-(CH2)17 CH3~ 2
l~elting po;nt: 138-141C.
Example 13:
106.7 parts of a technical commercially available
m;xture which conta;ns as ma;n const;tuent N1-stearyld;ethyl-
enetetraamine (0.3 mol) are dissolved at room temperature
(15-25C) ;n 300 parts of toluene. A solution of 88~8
parts of octadecyl isocyanate (0.3 mol) in 200 parts of tolu-
ene is added the resulting mixture needing to be cooled
to 25C and be;ng held at th;s temperature for 6 hours.
The reaction mixture is then heated to 50C and is held
at this temperature for 2 hours. The toluene is then dis-
tilled out of the reaction mixture at 50C under reduced
pressure and the reaction residue is recrystallised from
methanol. This gives 163 parts of a product rnixture which
is in the form of a colourless powder and which contains
as main constituent the reaction product of the formula
(149) ~ /)2
l~elting point: ~6-92C.
72
- 83 -
Example 14:
177.9 parts of the mixture used in Example 13, which
contains as main const;tuent l~1-stearyldiethylenetetraamine
tO~5 mol), are melted at 60C together with 199.3 parts
of ne1:hyl stearate (OAS mol)~ This meit is heated to 190C
and held at this temperature until the theoretical amount
o-f methanol liberated by the reaction (0.5 mol) has been
distilled out of the reaction mixture. The resulting crude
product is recrystallised from ethyl acetate. This gives
296 parts of a product mixture which is in the form of a
pale yellow wax and which contains as main constituent the
reaction product of the formula
_CH2_(CH2)17_N_ ~ -H]2
(cH2, 2 r 1l
(150) N _ ~ ( 2)16 3
(CH2)2
NH
_ _
Melting point: 66-70C.
Example 15:
53 parts of octadecylamine (0.2 mol) are melted at
35C. 22~6 parts of ethyl cyanoacetate (0.2 mol) are
added at 40C. The reaction mixture is then held at 40C
for 2 hours and is then cooled down to room temperature (15-
25C), and the reaction product precipitates~ The crude
product is filtered off, washed with ethanol and recrystal-
l;sed from toluene. This gives 65 parts of a reaction pro-
duct which is in the form of a wh;te powder and has the
formula
(151) I~C CH2-co-~H-(cH2)17 C~l3
Melting point: 79-~0C.
- 84 ~
Examples for the manufactu~e of novel compounds for use as si~ing agents
Example 16:
681 parts of the ester mixture prepared by Method
A (1 mol) are dissolved in 1,C00 parts of dichloromethane.
?28 parts of chlorosulfonic acid '1.1 mols) are added in
~he course of 45 minutes, during which the tempera~ure is
held be~ween 25 and 35C by cooling and escaping hydrogen
chloride gas is driven off with nitrogcn. ~hen all of the
chlorosulfonic acid has been added, the reaction mixture
is held at 35C for 1 hour. The dichloromethane is then
distilled off. The crude product obtained as a residue is
recrystallised from methyl ethyl ketone. This gives 620
parts of an ester mixture which is in the form o-f white pow-
der and which contains as main constituent the acid ester
of the formula
o
[-(CH2)2-O-c-(cH2)16 CH3]2
(152)
(CH2) 2-OS03}1 ,
Melting po;nt: ~0~83C, acid value: 122.
Example 17:
Example 16 ;s repeated, except that 653 parts of
the ester mixture prepared as in Example 1 (1 mol) are used
in place of 6~1 parts of the ester mixture prepared by Method
A (1 mol~, affording 613 parts of a mixture likewise re-
crystallised from methyl ethyl ketone, in the form of a white
powder and containing as main constituent the acid ester
of the formula
153 [_(cH2)2_o_c_RO]2 R = 50% -(CH2)16-CH3
(CH2)2 3 50% (C 2)14 3
Melting point: 70-75C~ acid value: 105.
- 85 - ~ 27~
Example 18:
Method D is repeated, except that 6~1 parts of the
ester mixture prepared by Method A (1 mol) are used in place
of 624 parts of the ester mixture which contains ~lycerol
distearate as the main component ~1 mol), and ,he crude pIO
dutt is recrystaliised from methyl e~hyl Icetone~ affording
600 parts of an es~er m;xture wh;ch ;s ;n the form of a wh;te
powder and wh;ch contains as ma;n cons-tituent the acid es-ter
of the formula
o
~[-(CH2)-0-C-(C~I2)16 3]2
(154) (CH2)2-o-Y\oH
Melting point: 78-83C, ac;d value: 95.
Example 19:
681 parts of the ester m;xture prepared by Method
A (1 mol), 147 parts of male;c anhydr;de (1.5 mols), 4 parts
of p-toluenesulfonic ac;d as a catalyst and 0.33 part of
hydroqu;none as a polymerisat;on ;nhibitor are dissolved
in 1,000 parts of toluene. This solution ;s heated to the
reflux temperature of about 110~ and ;s held at this tempera-
ture for 12 hours. The reaction solution ;s then clar;f;ed
from ;mpur;t;es. The solvent ;s d;st;lled off, and the crude
product ;s recrystallised from acetone. Th;s gives 662 parts
of an ester mixture which is in the form of a white powder
and wh;ch conta;ns as ma;n const;tuent the acid ester of
the formula
[-(CH2)2-O-c-(cH2)16 CH3]2
(155)
(CH2) 2-OOC-CH=CH-COOH
Melting po;nt: 53-55C, acid value: 69.
- 86 -
Example 20:
Example 16 is repeated, except that 934 parts of
the ester mixture prepared in Example 2 (1 mol), 126.8 parts
of chlorosulfonic acid (1.088 mol) and 1,555 parts of di-
chloromethane are used, -the chloîosulforlic acic is added
in the course of 30 minutes and the reaction mixture is then
held at the reflux temperature of 35C for 4 hours, affording
867 parts of an ester mixture Likewise recrystallised from
methyl ethyl ketone, in the form of a pale be;ge powder and
containing as main constituent the acid ester of the formula
(156) /[CH2-0-C-(CH2)16-CH3]3
\CH -OSO H
Melting point: 60-64C, acid value: 49.5.
Example 21:
Example 16 is repeated, except that 635 parts of
the ester mixture prepared in Example 3 (1 mol), 128 parts
of chlorosulfonic acid (1.1 mol) and 1,500 parts of dichloro
methane are used, the chlorosulfon;c ac;d is added in the
course of 30 minutes and the crude product is recrystallised
from acetone, affording 622 parts of an ester mixture which
is in the form of a white powder and which conta;ns as main
constituent the acid ester of the formula
o
(157) CH3-(CH2)16 C CH2 0
11 ¦&H O C (CH ) -CH
\CH 2-OSO3H
Melting point: 66-71C, acid value: 75.
Example 2Z
.
Example 19 is repeated, except that 635 parts of
the ester mixture prepared in Example 3 (1 mol), 98 parts
of maleic anhydride (1 mol), 18 parts of p-toluenesulfonic
- 87 ~ ~ 2J~
acid, 1 Dart of hydroquinone and 1,500 parts of p-xylene
are used and the react;on mixture is held at 110C for
8 hours, affording 681 parts of an ester mixture likewise
recrystallised from acetone, and containing as main con-
stituent the acid ester of the formula
(158) CH3-(C~l2)l6 ~ 2-o-c-(cH2)l6-cH3
CH2-OOC-CH=CH-COOH
Melt;ng point: 53-55C~ ac;d value: 53.
Example 23:
Example 16 is repeated, except that 624 parts o-f
the 1,3- and 1,2-glycerol distearate mixture used ;n Method
D (1 mol), 128 parts of chlorosulfonic acid (1.1 mol) and
666 parts of d;chloromethane are used, the chlorosulfon;c
acid is added in the course o~ 3û minutes and the crude pro-
duct ;s recrystall;sed from acetone, affording 616 parts
of an ester mixture which conta;ns as ma;n constituent the
acid ester of the formula
ICH2 [-S03H]
(159) CH -0- [ 8 ( 2)16 3
Melting point: 54-56C~ acid value: 71.
Example 24:
Example 16 is repeated, except that 595 parts of
the ester mixture prepared ;n Example 4 (1 mol), 128 parts
of chLorosulfon;c ac;d (1.1 mol) and 8ûO parts of dichloro-
methane are used, the chlorosulfonic acid is added in the
course of 30 minutes and the crude product is recrystallised
from acetone, affording 618 parts of an ester mixture which
- 88 ~ 7~
is in the form of a white powder and which contains as main
constituent the acid ester of the formula
(CH2)2-0-C-(cu2)20 3
(1~0) CH3 (C 2)11 ~(C~I ) OSO H
!~elt;ng po;nt: 65-70C, acid value: 79.
_xample 25:
Example 19 ;s repeated, except that 1,090 parts of
the ester mixture prepared in Example 5 (1 mol), 98 parts
of male;c anhydride ~1 mol), 20 parts of p-toluenesulfonic
ac;d and 2.2 parts of hydroqu;none are used ;n 3,333 parts
of toluene, affording 1,027 parts of a waxy ester mlxture
l;kewise recrystallised from acetone and containing as main
constituent the acid ester of the formula
¦ ~CH2-CH-0- ~ ( 2 16 3j
(161) ~ 3 [ OC-CH=C~-COOY~
\CH2-CH-O-
CH3
Melt;ng point: 37-38C, acid value: 35.6.
Example 26:
Example 16 ;s repeated, except that 1,090 parts of
the ester m;xture prepared ;n Example 5 (1 mol), 116 parts
of chlorosulfonic acid (1 mol), and 2,500 par~s of dichloro-
methane are used and the crude product is recrystallised
from acetone, affording 1,006 parts of an ester mixture which
;s ;n the form of a wh;te powder and wh;ch conta;ns as ma;n
const;tuent the ac;d ester of the formula
- 89 - ~ 2~
¦ 1 3 1 ~
N/ 2 -C- (CH2) 16 3
(162) ~ [ S03U ]
\CH -CH-0-
L CH3
Melt;ng point: 65-70C, acid value: 55.
Example 27:
Example 16 is repeated, except that 92~1 parts of
the diether obtained by Method B (0.15 mol), 17.5 parts of
chlorosulfon;c acid (0.15 mol) and 350 parts of dichloro-
methane are used and the crude product is recrystallised
from ethyl acetate, affording 85.3 parts of a sulfonated
compound of the formula
~ o-(CH2)17 C 3
(163) 1 ._o-(CH2) 17 CH3
S03H
Melting point~ 78-82C, acid value: 90.
Example 28:
Example 16 is repeated, except that 61.4 parts of
the d;ether obtained by Method C (0.1 mol), 11.56 parts of
chlorosulfon;c ac;d (0.1 mol) and 300 parts of d;chloro-
methane are used and the crude product ;s recrystall;sed
from ethyl acetate, afford;ng 61.8 parts of a sul-fonated
compound of the formula
o-(C~I2)17 C 3
(164) ~ ~!_o-(cH2)l7-cH3
S03H
Melt;ng point 71-73C, acid value: 106.
-- 90 --
Example 29:
95.9 parts of the ester mixture obtained in Example
6 (0.15 mol) and 21.3 parts of phosphorus pentoxide (û.15
mol) are dissolved in 380 parts of toluene. This solution
is heated up to 85C and stirred at this temperature for
o hours~ The turb;d react;on solution is then f;ltered.
~he solvent ;s d;st;lled out of the f;ltrate under reducecl
pressure. The crude product obta;ned as distillation residue
;s recrystallised from acetone. Th;s gives 103 parts o-f
an ester mixture which is in the form of a beige powder and
which contains as main constituent the acid ester of the
formula
(165)
l CH2-- j ~ -C- (CH2) 16-CH3~
Melting po;nt: ~t8-5ûC, acid value: 65.
Example 30:
Example 19 is repeated, except that 158~6 parts of
the ester mixture prepared in Example 7 (0.2 mol), 19.6 parts
of maleic anhydride (0~2 mol), 1.5 parts of p-toluenesulfonic
ac;d and 0.5 part of hydroquinone are used in 150 parts of
p-xylene, affording 109 parts of an ester mixture likewise
recrystallised from acetone, in the form of a white powder
and containing as main constituent the acid diester of the
formula
(CH2)2-0-1C~-CH=CH-C-OH
O O
(166) CH3-(CU2)l6-C-0-(CH2)2-~\ ~ (c~l2)2-~-c-(cH2)l6-cH3
Melt;ng point: 65-67C, acid value: 53.
- 91 -
Example 31O
332 par~s of the formula (144) compound obtained
in Example 8 (0.3 mol) are dissolved in 1,000 parts of iso-
propanol at 60C. A solution of 29.~ parts of male;.c an-
h~fdride (0.3 mol) in 500 parts o~ rnethyl ethyl ketone is
added while the temperature o-f the reaction mixture is held
at 60C~ The react;on mixture is then held at this tempera-
ture for 3 hours and ;s then cooled down to 15C, and the
react;on product precipitates. The product is filtered off
with suction and dried at 35C in vacuo. This gives 319
parts of a colourless ester rnixture which contains as main
constituent the acid ester of the formula
H C OH -
(167) CH3-~CII2)17-NH-CH2-CH-CH2-~ ~ _CH2_CH_CH2_NH_(CH2)17 CH3
o=c\ /c=o
CH2-CH-cH -N/ oH2 17 CH3
1H \C-CH=CH-COOH
Melting point: 62-65C, acid value: 47.
Example 32:
Method D is repeated, except that 229.5 parts of
the formula (145) compound obtained in ~xample 9 (0.2 mol)
dissolved in 1,8aO parts of carbon tetrachloride and a sus-
pens;on of 19 parts of phosphorus pentoxide (0.13 mol) in
500 parts of carbon tetrachlor;de are used and the reaction
is carried out at 50C for 3 hours, affording 179 parts
o4 a pale beige ester mixeure likew;se recrystallised from
rnethyl ethyl ketone and containing as ma;n const;tuent the
acid ester of the -formula
O OH ll OH O
Il I ~C~ I 11
(168) 3 2 l 2 2 ~ ~ 2 2 2 1~ 3
o= \ /c=o
N O
CH2 fH o2 2 ( 2)16 3
O-P-OH
Melting point: 48-55~C, acid value: 91. \OH
d~7~
- 92 -
Example 33:
153.8 parts of the formula tl47) compound (0~1 mol)
obtained in Example 11 are mixed with 10 parts of succinic
anhydride (0.1 mol), and the m;xture is melted at 130C
and he!d at th;s temperature for 6 hours. Tne resul~ing
ciude product is recrystallised from ethyl acetate and dried
at 45C under reduced pressure~ -rhis gives 121.1 parts
of a colourless ester mixture ~Ihich contains as main con-
stituent the acid ester of the formula
O O
o 11 11 0
(169) CH -(CH ~ 6-C O-c-cH2-cH2-c-oH OH / ( 2)16 3
3 2 l \N-cH2-cH-cH2-o-(cH2)ll-o-cH2-cH-cH2-N\
Melting point: 62-65C, acid value: 41
Example 34:
Method H is repeated, except ~hat 63 parts of dimethyl~
maleic anhydride tO.5 mol) are used, affording 360 parts
of a crude product which is in the form of a whit;sh powder,
can be recrystallised from ethyl acetate and contains as
main constituent the ac;d arn;de of the formula
(170) ~ (CIU~)2 ~ [ -C-(CI12)16-CH
~ 1 2 2 ~ ~ -8-C=g-CooH j
Melting point trecrystall;sed product): 66-72C
Ac;d value (recrystall;sed product): 67.
4~
- 93 -
Example 35:
Method H is repeated, except that 56 parts of ita-
conic anhydride (0.5 mol) are used, affording 360 parts of
a crude produc~ wh-ich is in the form of a cream-coloured
powder, can be recrystalLised from acetone and contains as
main cons.ituent the reaction product of the formula
(CH2) 2 l [ -C- (CH2) 16-C~13
( 1 71 ) ~ 2) 2 ~ [ -C-CH2-C-COOH
Melting po;nt (recrystallised product): 79-83C
Acid value (recrystallised product): 87
Example 36:
Method H is repeated, except that 55 parts of pyro-
mellitic anhydride (0.25 mol) are used, affording 360 parts
of a crude product which is in the form of a white powder~
can be recrystallised from ethyl acetate and contains as
ma;n const;tuent the react;on product of the formula
~ ~ (CH2~ 2 1 ~ l ~ 8
~ Nl~ C-(C~12)16-CH3 ¦ ~ ¦-C- \ / _ ¦
Melting point (recrystall;sed product): 124-130C
Acid value: (recrystallised product): 80.
- 94 -
Example 37:
Method H is repeated, except that 41 parts of pro-
panesultone (0.5 mol~ are used, affording 260 parts of a
crude product which is in the form of an ochre-coloured powder,
can be recrystall;sed from ethanol and contains as main con-
sti~uent the reaction product of the formula
C- (CH2) 16-CH3 ]
t173~ U2)2 ~ [ -(CH ) -S0 H I
Melting po;nt (recrystallised product~: 96-99C
Acid value (recrystallised product~: 49.
Example 38:
320 parts of the am;de mixture obtained by Method
D (0.5 mol3 are melted at 100C. 32 parts of bicyclo(2,2,1~~
hept-5-ene-2,3-d;carboxyl;c anhydr;de (0.5 mol~ are added.
The reaction mixture is st;rred, the anhydride goes into
solut;on after 2 to 3 minutes, and the temperature of the
reaction mixture rises in the course of about 10 minutes
to 115 to 120C of its own accord. The reaction mixture
is held at 120C for 30 minutes and is then cooled down
to room temperature (15-25C~. This gives 380 parts of
a pale brown wax wh;ch contains as main constituent the
reaction product of the formula
,, ,
~ 32'~
~ (I 2)2 l ~ ( 2~16 C~l3~
(CH2) ~ ~ -R`-Ci~
Mel-t;ng point: 63-64C, ac;d value: 61
Example 39:
A solut;on of 49 parts of male;c anhydride ~0.5 mol)
;n 40 parts of toluene is added to 347 parts of the reaction
product obta;ned ;n Example 12 (0~5 mol), wh;ch ;s in the
form of a solut;on ;n 160 parts of toluene at 60C, ;n
the course of 15 minutes, during which the temperature o-f
the reaction mixture rises to 70C of its own accord. The
reaction mixture is then heated to the reflux temperature
of about 111C, ;s held at th;s temperature for 2 hours
and is then cooled down to 60C. The solvent is then dis-
tilled out of the reaction mixture under reduced pressure.
The distillation residue constitutes 384 parts of a crude
product which is in the form of a beige powder~ can be re-
crystallised from dioxane and contains as main constituent
the ac;d amide of the formula
(CH 2) 2 ~ NH- ~CH7 ) l 7-cH3
I ~ -C--CH=CH-COOil
Melting point (recrystall;sed product): 112-130C
Acid value (recrystallised product): 64
Example 40:
195 parts of the product mixture obta;ned ;n Example
13 (0.3 mol) are d;ssolved ;n 900 parts of toluene. A sol-
ution of 30 parts (0.3 mol) of succ;nic anhydride ;n 300
- 96 -
parts of methyl ethyl ketone ;s added a~ 50C. The reaction
mixture is then heated to 65C and held at this temperature
for 3 hours. The solvent is then distilled out of the re-
act;on mixture under reduced pressure. The crude product
resultins as distillation residue s recrystallised from
echyl acetate. This gives 175 par~s of an amide mixture
which is in the form of a beige powder and which contains
as main constituent the reaction product of the formula
CH3- ( CH 2 ) 1 7-N~ ~ -H~
(CH2) 2
( 17 6 ) L (CH2) 2 ¦- -C-NH- (CH2) 17-CH3 ]
NH~ l C CH2 CH2 C0011¦
Melting point: 55-58C, acid value: 74.
Example 41:
Example 40 is repeated, except that 444 parts of
phthalic anhydride ~0.3 mol) are used tin p~ace of 30 parts
of succinic anhydride), affording 192 parts of an amide mix-
ture which is in the form of a beige powder and which con-
tains as main constituent the reaction product of the formula
CH3-(CH2)17-N- [ -H~
(177~ I C ~ (cu~l7-cu3
CGOH
Melting point 65-70, acid value: 70 .
Example 42-
.
Example 40 is repeated, except that 34.2 parts oFglutaric anhydride t0.3 mol) are used, affording 166 parts
of an amide m;xture wh;ch ;s ;n the form of a beige powder
and wh;ch contains as main constituent the reaction product
of the formula
- g7 - ~2
-CH3-(CH2)17-N- [ -H ]
~178) ~ ~H- - L~ -C-NH-(CH2~17-CH3¦
C (CH2) 3-cOOH i
Melting point: 53-56C, acid value: 73.
Example43:
Example 40 is repeated, except that 186.6 parts of
the product mixture obtained in Example 3 tO.3 mol) and 29.4
parts of maleic anhydride (0~3 mol) are used and the maleic
anhydride is dissolved in 300 parts of toluene (in place
of methyl ethyl ketone), affording 182 parts of an amide
m;xture which is in the form of a beige powder and which
conta;ns as main constituent the reaction product of the
formula
-CH3-(CH2)17-l- - I C -H ~
~179) ~ _(CH ) -CH
NH- [ -C-CH=CH-COOH¦
Melt;ng po;nt: 6Z-67C, ac;d value: 78.
Example 44:
116 parts of tr;ethyl methanetr;carboxylate (0.5
mol) and 406 parts of octadecanol (1.5 mols) are heated to
140C and held at this temperature -for 17 hours, during
which the theoret;cal amount of ethanol l;berated by the
trans-esterif;cation reaction ~1.5 mols) is distilled out
of the react;on mixture. The reaction mixture is then
cooled down to 20C, and the crude produc~ is recrys-
tallised from acetone. This gives 300 parts of a
react;on product which is in the form of a colourless
- 98 -
~ ~g~ 7~2
powder and which has the formula
C~3-~CH2)17--Q\ /Q ( 2 17 3
~1$0) / \
3 ( 2)i7 8 H
Melt;ng po;nt: 50-54C.
Example 45:
67.2 parts of the ;ntermed;ate obtained in Example
15(0.2 mol) are d;ssolved at room temperature (15~25C)
;n 300 parts of dimethylformamide, and the solution is ad-
m;xed w;th 16 parts of a 50~ sod;um hydrox;de solution
(0.2 mol) to give a solution of the corresponding sodium
salt. 16.8 parts of 1,6-n-hexane d;;socyanate ~0.1 mol)
are then added at 30C ;n the course of 15 m;nutes.
The reaction mixture is then held at 30C for 4 hours,
is d;luted w;th 1,000 parts of water and ;s adjusted to pH
.5 by means of aqueous acet;c acid solution, and the re-
action product prec;p;tates in the form of a free ac;d.
The crude product is filtered off and recrystallised from
ethyl acetate. Th;s gives 61.3 parts of a react;on product
wh;ch ;s ;n the form of a wh;te powder and wh;ch has the
formula
\CH-!~-NH- (CH ) -NH-Q-C/~ 2)17 3
( 1 ~1 ) CH3- (CH2) 17-NH-~ 2 6 CN
Melt;ng po;nt: 116-120C.
Example 46:
Example ~5 ;s repeated, except that the intermediate
obta;ned ;n Example 15 ;s d;ssolved ;n Z00 parts of d;methyl
sulfoxide (in place of 300 parts of dimethylformam;de) and
17.4 parts of toluylene di;socyanate (0.1 mol) are used ;n
72
99
the form of a technical mixture of about 80/o of 1-toluylene
2~4-diisocyanate and about 20X of 1-toluylene 2,6-diisocyan-
ate (in place of 16.8 parts of 1,6-n-hexane diisocyanate),
affording 68 parts of a reaction product mixture which is
in the form of a pale yellow powder and which contains abou
80% of the reaction produc~ of the formula
CH-~- NH-
( 1 8 2 ) CH3 (CH2) 17 NH o \NH-RC-C~
~-NH- (CH2) 17-CH3
and about 20% of reaction product of the formula
CN
CH3~ RC C~
NC~ Rc ! .~ ~-NH(CHZ) 17 CH3
( 1 8 3 ) CH- -NH~
=.
CH3- (CH2) 17-NH-~
Melting point: 116-120C.
Example 47:
-
Method T is repeated, except that 322 parts of benzo-
phenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (1 mol) are used (in place
of 192 parts of trimellitic anhydride), affording 823 parts
of a likewise colourless waxy ester mixture which contains
as main constituent the d;ester of the formula
(184) -OOC ~ \ / \ sS \ COO ¦ I-(CH2~17-CH3]2
Melting po;n-t: ~6-47C
Acid value: 110
~L~ L~
Example 48:
Method T is repeated, except that 176 parts of tri-
carballylic acid (1 mol) are used (in place of 192 parts
of trimellitic anhydride), affording 650 parts of a colour-
iess waxy ester mixture which contains as main sonstituent
che diester of the formula
r CH2-COO~ H]
(185) CH-CGO- [-(CH2)17 CH3]2
CH - COO-
Melting point: 43-45C
Acid value: 85
Example 49:
Method T is repeated, except that 210 parts of citric
acid monohydrate (1 mol) (in place of 192 parts of trimellitic
anhydride), 270 parts of octadecanol (1 mol) and 521 parts
of dioctadecylamine (1 mol) (in place of 540 parts of octa-
decanol) are used, affording 909 parts of a yellowish waxy
amide and ester m;xture which contains as main constituent
the amide-ester of the formula
. CH2-cO-l ~-OH]
IO-C-CO- ¦ ~-o-(cH2)l7-CH3]
(~86) CH -co-¦ ~ ~(CH2)17 CH31
l (CH2)17 C ¦
Melting po;nt: 54-67C
Acid value: 63
Example 50:
Method T is repeated, except that 174 parts of trans-
aconit;c ac;d (1 mol) are used (;n place of 192 parts of
tr;mellitic anhydr;de), the reaction is carried out in the
- lol ~2~72
presence of 1 part of hydroquinone as a polymerisat;on in-
hibitor and the length of reaction at 160C is 30 m;nutes
tnot 60 minutes)~ affording 650 parts of a colourless waxy
ester m;xture which contains as main constituent the diester
of the formula
(187) ~-OOC-C-CH2-C00-¦ [-H]
HC-COO- [ 2 17 3]2
Melting point: 42-43C
Ac;d value: 83
Example 51:
Method T is repeated, except that 87 parts of trans-
aconitic acid (0.5 mol) (in place of 192 parts of trimellitic
anhydride) and 521 parts of dioctadecylamine (1 mol) (in
place of 540 parts of octadecanol) are used and the reaction
is carried out in the presence of 1 part of hydroquinone
as a polymerisation inhibitor, affording 56D parts (98%
of theory) of a yellowish waxy amide mixture which contains
as main constituent the diamide of the formula
r -OC-C-CH 2-CO-~ [ -OH ]
(188) L HC-CO- N~(CH2) 17-CH3
( 2 17 3 1 2
Melting point: 52-57C
Acid value: 47.
Example 52:
Method GG ;s repeated, except that 170.4 parts (in
place of 284 parts) of stearic acid (0.6 mol), 48.9 parts
of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (0.3 mol) (in place of
67 parts of 2,Z-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid), 1.2 parts
(in place of 2~5 parts) of p toluenesulfonic acid and 170
7~
- 102 -
parts (in place of 200 parts) of p-xylene are used and 0.6
mol tin place of 1 mol) of water ;s azeotrop;cally removed,
affording 208 parts of a yellowish waxy ester mixture which
conta;ns as ma;n constituent the diester of the for~ula
O O
Il 11
(189) 3 2 16 ~ CH2 CH2-N-C~l2-CH2-0-C-(CH ) CH
CIH2
COOH
Melting point: 64-6~C
Acid value: 106.
Example 53:
95.6 parts of nitrilotriacetic acid (0.5 mol) and
522 parts of dioctadecylamine (1 mol) are heated to 160C
and held at this temperature for 6 hours. The reaction mix-
ture is cooled down to 15 to 25C to give 565 parts of
an ochre-coloured waxy amide mixture which contains as main
constituent the diamide of the formula
CH3-(CH2)17 11 1l ~CH ) -CH
~N-C-CH2-N-CH2-C N 2 17 3
(190) CH3-(CH2)17 lH2 (CH2)17-CH3
C~O~I
Mel~ing point: 44-51C
Acid value: 49.
Application Examples
Examples 5~i to 75:
A dispersion of fibres containing bleached birch sulEate pulp
and pine sulfate pulp in a weight ratio of 1:1 in 10 (German degrees
of hardness) hard water and having a Schopper-Riegler freeness of 35
and a solids content of 0.5% can be mixed with 20% of the filler given
in Table I below and then is mixed with 0.01% of PERCOL 292 ~ (cationic
high molecular weight (molecular weight > 1-10 ) polyacrylamide)
as an auxiliary for retaining very fine pulp fibre particles, and pH
: '.
72
- 103 -
of the dispersion of the fibres which is likewise given in Table I
becomes established. The percentages are based on the dry matter i
auxiliary and filler and in turn on the solids content of the dis-
persion of the fibres.
The sizing agent formulations likewise given in Table I below are
prepared by stirring the specified sizing agents in powder form or
in the form of reaction mixtures as obtained after their manufacture,
in the presence of deionised water and of glass beads having a
diameter of 2 mm at room temperature (15 to 25C), together with the
particular retention aid described below. The resulting dispersions
are pourable and homogeneous and have a long shelf life. The per-
centages in the formulations are based on the dry matter in sizing
agent and retention aid and in turn on the total weight of the
formulation. Retention aid No. 1 is POLYMIN P ~ (a polyethyleneimine
with a molecular weight of 10,000 to 100,000). Retention aid No. 2
is CATO 110 ~ (a cationically modified starch which has been modified
with a propylene oxide containing quaternary ammonium groups and
whose pH of 25% suspension in distilled water at 20C is 4.2 to
4.6). Retention aid No. 3 is a condensation product of dicyano-
diamide and triethylenetetraamine, which has been reacted with epi-
chlorohydrin and is prepared as in Example 2 of German "Offenlegungs-
schrift" 2,710,061.
The aqueous formulation of the sizing agent and the retention aid
is then added to the dispersion of the fibres in such a way that
the result is an amount of the sizing agent of 0.5% in dry matter,
based on the solids content of the dispersion of the fibres. The
dispersion of the fibres is then processed in a Formette Dynamique
Laboratory sheet former supplied by Allimand? Grenoble, France,
into sheets of paper which on drying at 130C for 3 minutes have a
weight per unit area of 80 g/m2. The sheet of paper thus obtained
is subjected to an additional heat treatment, at 140C, for 3
minutes.
7;~
- 104 ~
The two surfaces of the sheets of paper obtained, i.e. the surface
obtained against the sieve face of the sheet former and the
opposite surface, are tested for their size properties. For this
purpose, the Cobb water absorption after a 30 second treatment
(WA Cobb30) is measured in accordance ~ith DIN 53,132. The results
of the WA Cobb30 measurements on the sieve side (SS) and the opposite
side (OS) before and after the heat treatment at 140C and before
and after one day storage at 20C are given in g/m in Table I below.
The lower the water absorption, the better the sizing of the paper.
WA Cobb30 values above 100 correspond to a completely unsatisfactory
sizing of the paper.
. , .
~;~i7~
-- 105 --
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-- 106 --
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- 107 - ~ 72
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r~l r ~S> , (V rr)
rv rv _ rv r-~ rJ)
~ ~Z ~Z ~Z Z~Z
r-O rd O rdO rd ~rl O rd
~rV . td Ctd c a td td c
, a~ ~, a ~'~a ~" a c a ~"
O ~ O ~o ~ o o
c Ln ~,~ u~ a~ u~
O ;~ . ~! 'a~ ' ~t ~ ~ ' L
~ ~ ~) ~ r)I~ r,~J ~J I~ rl~
~_ r __ _
rD ~ E O I r~ 1~ ~ r~ ¦ C
- 108 ~ ~2
Examples 76 to 79:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that a formulation
of 7% fsizing agent of Method G and 3.5% of retention aid No. 1
is used. In addition, there is used, besides a dispersion of the
fibres which is free of mechanical wood pulp, also a dispersion of the
fibres which contains bleached birch sulfate pulp, bleached pine sulfate
pulp and bleached mechanical wood pulp in a weight ratio of 1:1:2. The
sizing results are shown in Table II below.
Table II
_ _ _ pH of WA Cobb30 (g/m )
Example Mechanical Filler the dis- Aftl after after
No. pulp of theimmediately 1 day 1 week
* fibres storage storage
_SS 05 SS OS SS
76 _ chalk 7.5 15 1~ 15 12 16
77 _ kaolin 6 17 13 18 13 31
78 _ ** 5.6 17 17 18 13 20
79 ** 6.616 1 14 12 10 10
* - dispersions of the fibres which are free of mechanical wood pulp
-~ disperion of the fibres containing mechanical wood pulp
** no filler
Examples 80 to 83:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that only 0.3%
(not 0.5%) of dry matter of the sizing agent is used, based on the
solids content of the dispersion of the fibres. The sizing results are
summarised in Table III beLow.
- log - ~%~7~
3 c~ >~ 0 O` U~ ~ ~
E _ _ _
E c~7 ~ ~ O N
~0 .,.1 - _ _
4~ ~ C CJ t~l ~1 ~ O
0'~ 00 oo oO ~
~ V ~ V
_ ~ -
.
~ O
~0 ~0 ~0 ~
c x z ~ æ ~ z ~ z;
., 41 ~rJ ~1 ~rl ~1 ~,1 41 ~rl
~ O td O td O ~ O td
b .~ b ~ bO ~, ~ o
N L N bO ~' bO
~0 0 ~o U~ ~0 m ~0
O ~ O ~: O ;?~: O
;~ . a~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~
1~ I~IV') 1~ 1~1~
_ ~ __ _
- ~z oo oo oo ~
LL _ _
- 110 ~ 92~72
Examples 84 and 85:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except
that the following formulations of the sizing agent, which is in
each case emulsified in the molten state at 80C in the
presence of water, are used:
Formulation made up in Example 84:
7% of si~ing agent of Example 16
3,5% of retention aid No. 1
0.7% of sorbitan monostearate (oil-in-water
0.7% of an adduct of ethylene oxide and sorbitan
monostearate (water-in~oil emulsifier).
Formulation made up in Example 85:
30% of sizing agent of Example 23
15% of retention aid No. 1
The two formulations are homo~eneous and have a long
shelf life.
The sizing results are shown in Table IV below.
~2~2~2
L
,.~ oooo
2~2
- 112 -
Examples 86 to 93:
The method of Examples 5~ to 75 is repeated, except that the sizing
agent and the retention aid are added separately to the dispersion of
the fibres, the sizing agent in the form of a powder being stirred
with an aqueous 5% sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution
in the presence of water and of glass beads to give self-emulsifying
likewise homogeneous and long-shelf-life sizing agent formulations
as given in Table V below. The Val~ indicated denote the number
of equivalents of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide for 100
equivalents based on the number of negative charges of acid groups
of the particular acid ester used as si~ing agent. 10 seconds before
or after the sizing agent has been added, the dispersion oE fibres
is admixed in either case with 0.25% in dry matter of retention
aid No. I., based on the solids content of the dispersion of the
fibres. The sizing results are also shown in Table V.
%
-- 113 ~
_ r . ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ r N I~J a~
o .~ a ~ f~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~
Q 7:~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ `O ~_
3 aJ a o u~ u~u~ oo ~ ~ ~J ~
~ '~ _ _ _ ~
E ~ ~o I~Il~ ~ ~ O co O`t~
_ _ _ _ _ _ a
o :~
~ h ~ ~_ r~J~J ~) ~ O O
4~ a~ ~ oo ~o co oo oo oo ~o 1~ a
~ a _ ~ ~ aJ
_ . _ _"_ ,s:~ ~
~Q ,~J~o
a~ v ~ v v v v ~ o c
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ao a~
_ ~ J~ ~~ a a
~ a~ a~D a~9 ao a ~ o C O~ ,0 0 ~
c X OX O X OX O ~ w s X ~w s 'J o
Wo ~Wo ~Wo ~ Wo ~Wo ~ v,~V E~ ~ E d ~
E v Ea ~ a ~a~ ~rd ~~ r~d ro~ 1 r~ a CD
bO u) oo u) oo u~~0 v)~0 v) 1:: Q d Q d Q e~ a;
a~ 3 ~od ~0N o~d, ~0d~ ~Or~l ~0I o 1 0 ~ 3
v~ ' ;;~ ~a ~0 ~,1 ~ , ~ ~ ~0 ~ 0 ;~
~ ro~ r~~ ro ~ ro~_ raO raO ra O ra d
O~O~ 0~ 0~ O> ~ ~ ~
a~ o~ o ~ o~ o ~ ou~ Ou~ Ou~ O ~1 _
I~ ~ I~ ~ ~ O` r- o~ ~ o~ ~ r- ~ ~ ~ I~ ~ ~
1 . .
~0
~rl ~,1 bObO d bO d bO b~ bO ~ ra
.~ .~d N. ~ N d~ N dl dl " a
d 0 . ,1N ~ rl N ~a N N N U ,~
,~-, a~to a~ o~ a~ u~ ~a ~ O
d ~ ~ u~ u ~ u~ u ~ uh .u ~ u4 U a~
a a a ~ ad~ u ad) 4~ ~a) a)~ ad~a~ d ~ ad~ J- a~ O
O S~ ~d~ rd¢ bOa bO¢ rda) bl)¢ bO~ rbdO ~ bO ' '~ a~
_____ _ ~
a a~ C4 ra
aJ E 0 ~o ~ r~ 0~ O ~ ~ ~ ;~_
_ ~ z oO ro ro co 0~ 0~ O~ O~ O s ~
~ . _ _. _ c ~ ra
- 114 -
Examples 94 to 111:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that the sizing
agent and retention aid are added separately to the dispersion of
the fibres, the sizing agent being added 10 seconds after the filler
provided a filler has been added. The retention aid is added 10
seconds after the sizing agent and PERCOL 292 ~ is added 10 seconds after
the retention aid. The dispersion of the fibres used contains 0.3% of
alum (calculated as dry A12(S04)3), based on the solids content
of the dispersion, and 1.5 g of sodium sulfate per litre of
dispersion. In addition, there is used besides dispersicns of the
fibres which are free of mechanical wood pulp also dispersion of
the fibres which contain bleached birch sulfate pulp, bleached pine
sulfate pulp and bleached mechanical wood pulp in a weight ratio of
1:1:2. Some of these dispersions of the fibres are admixed with
the amounts of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide specified in
Tables VI and VII below (as pure substance, based on the solids
content of the dispersion of the fibres), the sulfuric acid and
the sodium hydroxide being added in the form of dilute aqueous
solutions. The sizing agent used 1s a 15.3% dilutable, homogeneous
and stable formulation of a powder of the ester mixture obtained
in Example 22 which is dispersed with 65 val% of ammonia in the
presence of water and glass beads. Based on the solids content of
the dispersions of the fibres, the amounts used are 0.5% of the
specified sizing agent (expressed as solids) and 0.25% of retention
aid No. 1 (also expressed as solids). The sizing results can be
seen from Tables VI and VII.
~Z~3~
-- 115 --
L ~ __ _ _co v~ ~ (~ _ _ N ,
~~ O _ N _ ~ ~) .- N ~-- ~ N
Nt_ :~ ~ O `i ~_ ~ ~ ~ ~ N N O
L ~ O _ __ . __ _
~1~) L ~ J __ Ir~ _ ~-- 1-- ~ ~ ~ ~ 1_
3 ~ tll 0 '... U~ In O `J U~ ~ Il~ ~J
,E ~J o~ I~ oo I~ m oo `J r~ `O
~~
~rO ~ O 0~ O ~ ~O I~ U~
~ _ _ _ __
E 1) ;~ ~1 r~l
~o~ l l ~ ~ l l l O. O,
E3 _ __ _
~ ,, ;~: ~
~ o l ! l l l l l
! i ~ _ r D ID V
~ ~1) _ _ ____ __
.. Q ' ~ Lf~ `O I~ CO O` O ~_ r~l
~ E~z O` O` O` O` O` O` O O C~
~ . ~ ~ __ _ _ ,
~2~
- 116 -
O V) ~ N ~ `:t Il~ _
- IrJ N I ' _ _ _ _
E~ CSI L :~, ~) O ~ ~-- O N O 0` 0` O O
~ .,_ ;' V L __ _ _ _ ._ ¦ _ __
D 1~ __ V: 1/'~ ~ N ~ N __ ~ ~ N
L ~ _ O ~ N ~ ~ ~ N ~ N ~
~J V~ N~) 0` 0` ~ ~ 1~ O `O
._ _ _ N ~ N ~ r~) N N ~
O N ~ ~O ,_ `O U~ `O CO .-
S:: ~ IJ~ 1_ O 00 `O ` 1--
~ I ~ lt -LL~
d _
V L -O ~t
.~ ~D I~ _ _ __ ~ _ _
O _I I I I v J L _
a _ _
H E 0 O O O O O O O O ~
~ _ _
.-
72
- 117 -
Examples 112_to 116:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that sizing agent
and retention aid are added separately to the disperion of the
fibres and the dispersion of the fibres used contains pine sulfate
pulp and bleached mechanical wood pulp in a weight ratio of 1:4. 30%
of chalk is added as a filler to the disperion oL the fibres. The
sizing agent is added lO seconds aEter the chalk, the retention aid
10 seconds after the sizing agent and PERCOL 292 ~ 10 seconds after
the retention aid. The sizing agent used is a 35% dilutable? horno-
geneous and stable formulation of a melt of the ester mixture ob-
tained in Example 22 which is emulsified at 80C with 18 val% of
sodium hydroxide in the presence of water. Retention aid No. 4 or
No. 5 is used in place of retention aids Nos. 1 to 3. Retention aid
No. 4 is a reaction product of dicyanodiamide, formaldehyde, ammonium
chloride and ethylenediamine, which is prepare~ as in Example 1
of U.S. ~atent 3,491,064. Retention aid No. 5 is RETAMINOL K ~
(a polyethyleneimine with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 40,000).
The amounts of sizing agent and retention aid used are given in
Table VIII below, these amounts and the amount of filler (30% of
chalk) being based on the dry matter in sizing agent9 retention aid
and filler and on the solids content of the dispersion of the
fibres. The sizing results can also be seen from Table VIII below.
- 118 ~ 2~
- o~ o o~ o~ 0
~ ~ _ .,~ ~ .- CO ,
E ( I )
~_ >~ O Ll~ ~ O O O
D W _
.~ L ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~
. rl ~ O` O ~ r~J
~ ~ O 1- O O O
1 _
~ _
r ~ O ~ O O
o Z ZLn L ~ Z
~ _
.C V Lr~ ~
9 N o ~ ~ o ~-
~ J _ _
CL . r~l r~ ~t L~ ~O
~) E O ~ ~_
D Ll~ . ~ ~_
-- 119 --
Examples 117 to 136:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, in which 20% of chalk
is added as a filler, except that formulations of 7% of the sizing
agents which are specified in the Table IX below and 3.5% of re-
tention aid ~o. 1 are added, likewise pourable, homogeneous and
long-shelf-life disper~ions being obtained and the dispersions of
the sizing agents and retention aids being added to the dispersions
of the fibres in such a way, that the result is an amount of the
sizing agent of 0.5 or 1.0% in dry matter, based on the so].ids
content of the dispersion of the fibres. The sizing results can be
seen from Table IX below.
o
-- 120 --
rl~ -- ---- M ~ ~ --M _ ~ cO ~ ~ C~J _
_~ O O ~O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~O ~O ~ ~ ~ .
r~l ~.n CO 1-- O O M ~o I N rr) O ~-- O O `O
E L (/~ 1~ I I~J M ~1 o~J ~ ~ O~J l CO ~J O~J ~
. 11:1
D _ _ _ __ _ __ _
~J C O ~O M t~l I~J ~ ~0 ~~J Ir~ C ~0 M ~ 1
3 .~ .
~ _ _ _ _ _ _
L
i~ CO 0~ N U~ I_ 0~ 0~ ~ 0~ N ~ M O
3 v~ ~ ~O ~ ~ ~ r~J ~ n ~ u~ I_ ~ ~ O~
_ _ _
a ~
~J O ~J O N I~ ~-- ( \J I~J ~ r~J ~1 t~J r~J (~J r~J ~
h rl O` O` co O` O` O` O` O` O` O` O` O` O` O`
~i
. __ _ __ _ _ _
~b~ U~ O U~ U~ O U~ U~ U~ O O Ln O U~ U~
3 ~ o ~ o o o o o ~ ~ o ~ o o
I I V _ _J ~ ---- a ~ u ~ c
~:S I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~5 _ _ _
O O O O r O r O r S E E E E
.y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V
S S S S~ S S ~ ~ S X LL LLJ LLJ LL
~_ ~ `.' `~' ~ ~+_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ `~' `.'
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
.IJ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
.) ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1
~ ~ _o ~ _o _o ~ o ~ _o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Q Q L L Q L Q Q L Q L L L L
~ ,~, ,C, ,C~ ,C, ,C, ,C, ,C, ., ., ., ,C~ ,~, ,C, ,0
00 . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
G
~1 ~Y CY ~ C~ ~ Cl: ry t~:: C~ ~ ~ C~ C~ ~
_ _ _ _ . . __
X E O r-- co O O ~ N M ~ Ir~ O r-- CO
_U; ~ ~ L N N N N N N N N N M
72
- 121 -
_~ o ~ ~r ~ _ r~ ~
_ _
_
~_ E
, ~ t~7 U~ .- l ~ .~ ~o
E v ~n ~ ~o ~ ro ~1 ~__ X
. ~ _ _ _ `~
~0 __ _ _~ o
~ C~ O ~O O~ m ~O I~ ~ O
3 ., 2
~ . O
~ ~ U~ U~ O` ~ 1 O
n~ ~1-- `O ~--~) I~J N H
. ~0
. _
R s
o~ C~ o~ ~ o~ ~
~ . . . . . . o
w a) ~ a~o~ oo o~~o a~ oo
0~ ~
~ O O O O O O E
~!~ ~
_ _ . _
`.'
O o o o o o C
J ~ ~ v ~ ~
~0 ~0 ~0 ~0 ~0 O ~0
r~ d Q :~ L Q C Q ~,L ~1 L ~ aJ
(Ll td O ~J C O ~J O Q~O (LlO (I) L
~ J .~ J .~ J '~ J.~ J .~ J '~:1
., ~1)~ Q ~ Q +' Q~ Q ~ Q V n u~ c~
. ~ E E u E (.) E E E
C NCJ Xa~ X~) XaJ XCJ X ~ X _
O '~n~ 111 ~ ILJC~ 111~1: LIJ ~Y llJ t2~ LIJ ~ U~
_ _ _ _ _ ¦ L
- '~ J L
aJ EQ O ~ ~J ~1 ~Ir~ `O ~ L
_ X ~ ~ ~ ~ .- ~ ~ O
~ __ _ _ _ .,~
7;2
- 122 -
Examples 137 to 141:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated in which 20% of chalk
is added as a filler, except that formulations of 7% of the
sizing agents which are specified in the Table X below and 3.5% of
retention aid NoO 1 or No. 2 are added,likewise pourab]e, homo-
geneous and long-shelf-life dispersions being obtained and the
dispersions of the sizing agents and retention aids being added to
the dispersions of the fibres in 5uch a way, that the result is an
amount of the sizing agent of 0.4 or 0.5% in dry matter, based on
the solids content of the dispersion of the fibres. The sizing results
can be seen from Table X below.
72
- 1~3 --
~ ~o o _~ ~ ~ ~
~ u) ~n u~ O~ oo u~ _~
.~ _ _ _
~_ _ (n ~ f~ ~ u~ u~
E ~ E O __ ~O .~ .--
c~ E (/~ ~ ~-- OJ
0~ ~ _ _
5~ c ~ ~ 1~ ~ r~
v F >~ ~o O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~--
~5 ~ ~0 _ ~ _ _
~ U~ t~ l_ O` O ~ I~
~ ~ r~- ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ _
~: Q~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~
a, ~ o ~ ~ ~ r~l ~
O '~ _ _ _
a: E ~n ~ N O` ~o `O
~_
~'
O ~ ~ O O` O`
~ o ~ ~ r- oo oO
~ rl ''I rC ~rl
U~
'~è
~ ~ a JJ u~ u~ ~ ~ ~
o.L'-,~ ~
~0 ~ ~
~ C`l ~ ~ ~ ~
~1 ~ O o O O o
~ '~ Z Z; Z Z Z
o o 'o o o
.,~
I~
~J L LO o o o
d Q ~ c c Q ~ Q~;
~ '~lo~ '~.~o o o o
~ ~ ~ L~ ~- L~ E ~ E ~ E
.,_1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f~ ~ ~ ~ ~u
u~ c~ s c~ s aJ x a~ x ~ x
~q
aJ Q ~ I~_ oo O` O ~
_ E O ~ ~-- ~ ~ ~t
~ llJ
~ , _
- 124 -
Examples 142 to 167:
The method of Examples 5~ to 75 is repeated in which 20% of chalk
is added as a Eiller, except that formulations of 7% of the
sizing agents which are specified in the Table XI below and 3.5%
of retention aid No. 1 are added, likewise pourable, homogeneous
and long-shelf-life dis~ersions being obtained and the dispersions
of the sizing agents and retention aids being added to the dis-
persions of the fibres in such a way, that the result is an amount of
the sizing agent of 0.25, 0.35, 0.5 or 1.0% in dry matter, based on
the solids content of the dispersion o:E the fibres. The sizing results
can be seen from Table XI below.
- 125 - ~
-~A ~ ~ ~ ~l ~ ~ U~ O` ~ I
C V) _ _
0
~o o , r~ ~ ~ O ~ ~J
N 11:1
_ _ _
r~) ~ ~ 00 O ~ L~ U~ U~
'1:
3 . _ _ _
C O r~J ~1 1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1_
CJ _ _
~ 0~ ~-- OJ ~O ~o ~O 0~ 11~ N 1--
V) ~I ~1 1~ ~_ ~_ ~_ 1_ Il~ 00
O _ _ _ _ __ _ _
. O
e- O` ~ ~ ~ L
~rC CO 00 00 00 00 ,00 CO 00 CO
, _ _ ,_
J- Lr~ U~ U~ ~ U) U~ U~ O Vl
~6~ O O O O O O O ~ O
~ ~ ~ ~- - - ~ ~ ~
o o o o o o o o o
J ~V L L L L L L L
a~ v ~ v .~-.,u ~ ~ ~ ~
00 E x X' 'E 3, XE X , XE ~ , ,XE ~ X X
~o -a ~ -a -a ~ -a ~a -o -a
~ ~o ~o ~o ~oa,o aJo Q~O ~O ~O
." ~ s ~ ~ a~ sa) s-a s -a s -o s-~ s ~ s
N ~) ~ ~ v ~ ~.~- +JE C~E C~ E ~E ~ E O
U~ ~ E u~s ~ LUS ~: _~ C~ ~ CS
C) 1~
_ E O N ~ ~ ~ ~ i~ ~:t O` O
-C0) LLI
.~ _ _ .
~2~
-- 126 --
1~1 _ ~I I~ N __ ¦ I __ .-- ~ IA ~O ,
C3V) v) I~J ~ ~ ~J ~ ~_ ~J 1`0 ~1 ~ ~\J
01 _ _ _ _ __ _ _
~E Cl O r) O ~' N O` ~ ~J ~ ~_ 1~1 c_ .
:n ~ _ . _
_O L C~) O O` ~ ~ ~0 N X ~1 CO C~
~ '-: _ _ _ .___ _
o ~ r~l r~J r~ ~o ~ ~ In In r~
_ _ _ ___ __~
_ _ r~ ~ U~ N U~ O N ~0 ~ ~
O
u ~.a In u~ u~ ~ ~ v~ In ~O o~ ~ o~
0~1 ~0 00 00 00 00 : 00 CO 0~ 0~ 00
~ U
.-- - - - - . - -
~ o~ o ~o o o ~o ~ o ~o ~o ~o3
_ _ ~ _ _ _ _
o ~o o o o ~o ~o ~o ~o o ~o
~ ~ m ~: ~ ~ ; ~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~
H j E O N U~ ~ 1/~ S 1~ ~/~ S ¦ O `O
- I ILI _ i _
- 127 ~ t7Z
-- _ O V) N .- (~I ~ ~ ~ O ~
L _ O ,.
,_ O Vo> ~ I~J I~J ~ I 1~1 O
E ~ _ _ t
O L V) 11~ IV ) I~ i~J `O ~ t V~
8 ~ C~) ~ ~ N~J ~J ~J O ~J
~ 'S _ U~ ~ O r~) U~ ,_,~
C O ~ ~- N ~J ~-- ~-- -O (~
c, _ '~ a O
~ V~ O O O` ~ ~ `O ~J Q ~
_ L ", f~l ~ ~ `:t ~7 ~,.cC
,~a) ~0~
t~ ~ ~ 00 O` oO O` ~ 1~ ~ E
O~ oo oo 00 00 00 oO t~ a~
a, ~,
o o ~ a
O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
,~ ~ 2~ o o o o o .d ~ 3
aJ a E ~ L L L L L 1`0
a ~-- E ~ E aJ E al E a~ E a~ ~ C) c
O ~ ,~ aJ E Q~ E ~ E ~ E ~ E ~ E ~
t~ .~ ~ ~I~ V (~ ~, ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ Q
U~ E x tn x E x E X v~ x E x E E a,
'J: LLI llJ llJ ~ UJ Cl ~lJ UJ LL ~ LLJ X X ~ Q)
~C I\~ ~ U~ ~O ~ X ~
~ L ~O ~O ~ ~ L~ ~ lc
- 128 - ~ 72
Examples 168 to 172:
The method in Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that sizing
agent and retention aid are added separately to the dispersion
of the fibres, 7% of sizing agent in the liquid or molten state
being stirred at 80C together with an aqueous 5% ammonia solution
in the presence of water to give a self-emulsifying, likewise
pourable, homogeneous and long-shelf-life emulsion and the sizing agent
formulations given in Table XII below being formed. The val% shown denote
the number of equivalents of ammonia for 100 equivalents based
on the number of -COOH groups present in the particular ester or
amide mixture used as sizing agent. 10 seconds after 0.5% or 1%
in dry matter of sizing agent have been added, the dispersion of
the fibres is admixed with respectively half the amount, i.e.
0.25% or 0.5%, in dry matter of retention aid No. 1, the amounts of
sizing agent and retention aid being based on the solids content
of the dispersion of the fibres. The sizing results can also be
seen from Table XII.
2t~
- 129 --
_
~3~ ~n 00 ~ ~1 0~ o~
~I _ _
L ~ 00 ~ ~ ~o
E ~ r ~ ~ _ _
O L ~ CO O I~ O~ O~
~0 ~ V~ U~ ~ ~ .~ _
3 _ _
L O I~ ~o ~ ~ ~o
L _ _
aJ .
~ V) 00 O~ CO O~ ~
'0~ 00 00 00 ~ CO
~ 0
~0 ,C ~;~
U ,1 U~ O U~ U~ U~
O ~ O O O
~ .
_~ X~ X`~ CClu C~
C ~ C ~ ~ ~ C ~ C ~) C
O O O O O L
L r EL ~ E ~ ~ E r ~ a~ ~ E
v ~ . Q~ ~ q~ ., n~ a~ S
L~ O ~0 O C O ~ o C ~
o., a~e ~, ~ Q) ~ ~ ~: C~ ~
~., ~ :~ 5 L _ L _ L 11~ _ L
N_ ~ o ~ E ~ E '~ E ~
V) ~ ' ~ O X O ~ ' ~ O X O ~ ~ O
~x j_~
~o oo ~O lo r-
X
~ .
- 130
Examples 173 to 180:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that the
filler specified in Table XIII below is used and the sizing agent
and the retention aid are added separately to the dispersion of the
fibres, 15% of sizing agent in powder form being stirred together
with an aqueous 5% ammonia solution in the presence of water and
glass beads to give self-emulsifying, likewise homogeneous and long-
shelf-life sizing agent formulations given in Table XIII below.
The val% shown denote the number of equivalents of ammonia for 100
equivalents based on the number of -COOH groups present in the parti-
cular ester or amide mixture used as sizing agent. lO seconds after
0.4% in dry matter of sizing agent has been added, the fibre-
bearing liquid is admixed with 0.2% in dry matter of retention
aid No. 1. The filler, sizing agent and retention aid amounts are
based on the solids content of the dispersion of the fibres.
This also holds for the alum amount. The sizing results are also
shown in Table XIII.
- 131 --
. __
c v a ~ ~ ~ ~ o~ o~
~3Co _ _
C ~ U~ l_ ~ ~:t ~) O ~
,~ ~ ~n u) ~ `J ~ r~J O O
~ __ ------1-------- --
`_ ~ ~`~ ~- ~ ~ ~
_~ ~ O ~ ~ ~_ ~_ ~_ I`J
r ~o _ _ _.
n c~ - ~ v~ oo ~ o ~o o~ u~
n ~ ~ r~ r~
~J _ _ _
3 ~_~) Vo) 1~1 ~ ~ `:t 00 O
~-C~ ._ _ _
_ C~) N N N ___ `r o
.C ~
U
U~ U~ O O U~ U~
U~ ~ ~0 00 00 0~ U~ U~
~- ~-r~
~ _ ,
0~ CO~ So ~0
~ 1 ~ ~ ~1
~ U~ `o '' ~ ~0 ~ ~
J ~ _ ~ ~IJ V ~ v ~-
_~ 1~ O ~ O ;~J O ~ O r~ ~ ~
_ c,~ ~_ c~ a~- c~ a~^ c~ Jo Jo
1~_ ~0 ~ 0~~0 ~ 0~ ~ O ~0 ~ ~ v v
~> f~ ~ a> ~ ~ ~ ~ :~
O C CQZ O C_ J ~O C J O O~
_ __
a~ ~~ c ~ o a~ ~ c) o c~ c
~ e~ o ~ E ~ O ~ E ~ O
d I~ e~ E ~ E x E .~. E x E
~ ., ., ~u ., ., ro ., ~
0~ E 3 ~ E ~E 3 ~ E ~ E 3 ~ E ~
c~ L ~ a~ ~ o c ~ C~ ~ O C ~ ~ ~ O
o~ ~ o ~ ~ o~ o ~ ~ o a) o a~ ~ o
~3 n ~ r~ .,~ r _ E ~ _ ~ , _ E ~ _
N a ~ s ~ ~ IU ~ :. s
H U~ ~~ O ~~ Il~ ~ Lf~ ~O C~ ~ o 11~ ~ O ~, a~ ~O 111Pq _ _ __
alE O r~ ~ u~ ~o ~ oO
n.0 z r~ 1-- ~ 1~ ~ ~
~2~
- 132 -
N ~ C
o g 4
~ ~0 ~o c~ E
41 q~ ,C d ~ ~ ~
O ~ Ll t~ d d
~ ~1, o
Q .~, d
QJ ~
_ ~ ~ ,~
'LL ~0
d Q g
a) ~ 3
~
(~ .~J a~LI
A d E 3 ~ X a , ~ ~
~d ~-D ~-O O P~
o d ~ o ~ ~ o . a~
_~ N u~ ~ O Ir~ ~ O _
X~ ~ ~0~ ~ W
7;~
- 133 -
Examples 181 to 184:
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that the
sizing agent and the retention aid are added separately to the
dispersion of the fibres and that no PERCOL 292 ~ is used as an
auxiliary. As the filler, there is added 20% of chaLk to the
dispersion of the fibres. The addition of the sizing agent is
carried out 10 seconds after the addition of the chalk and the
addition of the retention aid 10 seconds after the addition of the
sizing agent. As the sizing agents, there are used the emulsions
and dispersions which are indicated in the following Table XIV.
Retention aid No. 6 or No. 7 is used instead of one of the retention
aids Nos. 1 to 3. Retention aid No. 6 is an epichlorohydrin adduct
of a reaction product of dicyanodiamide, diethylene triamine and
dimethyl adipate which is prepared as in Example 7 of British Patent
1,125,486. Retention aid No. 7 is a copolymer of adipic acid and di-
methylamino hydroxypropyl diethylene triamine, this copolymer having
a molecular weight of 1,000 to 10,000. The sizing agents and re-
tention aids are used in the amounts which are indicated in the
following Table XIV, these amounts and the amount of filler (20% of
chalk) being based on dry matter of sizing agent, retention aid
and filler and on the solids content of the dispersion of the fibres.
sizing results can also be seen from the following ~able XIV.
- - l34 -
D
r~ a~ a) ~ V
S J V~ O r-l r-~1 rl ~ rl a
V C r-~ r-~ r~ r-l r~
r r
r-l _ ~ d d d '
' ~1
~ ~ ~ V~ 00 O ~ ~D
--~ d ~d v~ ~ ~1 ~ ~1 ,c
O ~ rC O ~C O C
~1 0 00 ~ 0 O
,0 , ~
V ~r~ $ ~ ~
~d u~ ~) f~ ~`I u~ v d Q' d
r O ~1 ~ r_l ~1 t~
JJ _ ~0 0 b~ O d~ ~
r N ~ N ~) N r-l
a) r~ d r~
.~ V ~t C5~ r-l O a.) aJ ~ o a) d
_ C h C ,~ ,r~
r- 4-1 al 4-1 C~ 4~
a) ~ O ,C O C O v
> V ~ ~ 1 ~;t U) U) ~ rl(r~rlrdl rl ~1
1:4 0 ~ 0 4-1 00 CO CO ~ r ~ r ~ r ~
rl _~ _ 4-1 ~ ~ 1:1 4-1 8
d d ~-- u~ o o o ,1 ~ rl ~ rl (IJ
El aJ rl ~ ~ ~ ~ r-l ~ r-l r-~ C
r~ O r-l r Ir-l ~1 ~ 4-1 ~ 4-1 V
r-l Or-l Or-l d
rl U~ W3 ~ 3
d ~o ~D ~ ~ d ~ d
r~ Z Z Z Z r~ r~ r-l r~l
_ __ . U~
4~ r~ ~ r~
v ~d d ~ d v d 00
dl rl d u~ u~ n u~ ~ 3 ~0 3 ~4 ~
N O O O O O V O V O V
~ rC ~d rCI J rC
d o v # o x o x ~ d ,~
oo oo ~.~ oo ~ ~o ~ oo ~ ~ a) ~ a) ~ o
t~l rl dl Q rl Q) d, Cl ~J r-l V r-l .LI
00 ~ ~ r~ 1 ~ r-l ~r-~ :~ Q ~ Q ~ 4
d 11 0 h O 1~ ~ ~1 Q~ r~ ~ r-l 13 r-l
N ~) C~ rC O ~ O ~ rl r~ r~
r~ ~ (I) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ rC O
V~ rJ X ~ td 1:1t~ P:l ~rJIJ ~ ~ 111
~1 . ~ d u~ d u~ d
C) nl rl~d rlr~ rl
r~) r4 O r ~I ~1 ~ C K
~1 Z; r I _ r-l r~ r-~ # # K
7~
- 135 -
Example 185 and comparative test I
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that the sizing
agent and the retention aid are added separately to the dispersion
of the fibres and that no PERCOL 292 ~ is used as anaUxiliary~ As the
filler, there is added 20% of chalk to the dispersion of the fibres.
The addition of the sizing agent is carried out 10 seconds after
the addition of the chalk and the addition of the retention aid
10 seconds after the addition of the sizing agent. As the sizing
agents, there is used a 35% dilutable, homogeneous and long-shelf-
life formulation of the ester mixture in the molten state obtained
according to Method T which is emulsified with 58 val% of sodium
hydroxide in the presence of water at 80C. Retention aid No. 8 is
used instead of the retention aids Nos. 1 to 3. Retention aid No. 8
is an epichlorohydrin adduct of a poly-N-methyldiallylamine which
is prepared as in Example 1 of US Patent 4,279,794. The sizing
agents and retention aids are used in the amounts which are indicated
in the following Table XV, these amounts and the amount of filler
(20% of chalk) being based on dry matter of sizing agent, retention
aid and filler and on the solids content of the dispersion of the
fibres. The sizing results can be seen from the following Table XV.
In addition, the whitness is assessed by measurement of the re-
flectance values according to the standard test T 452 of TAPPI
(Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry). The higher
the reflectance values, the better the whitness of the paper.
2~72
-- 136 --
__ _~__
E~ ~ r~ ,_
a), u:, ~D
a) _
~ o ,~ ~
~n
~ ~n __
r~ ~ V~ r~
d __
a~ o
~ .~ U~ ~
_
.,~ 4~ oo
~ oo
r~
o~ o
o~
d d-- O o
_
~o
O N ~\ U~
~ O O
æ .~ c~
~i ~ ~ æ '
DI ~1 0 C~ ~1 ~4
E~
- 137
Examples_186 to 188 and comparative test II
The method of Examples 54 to 75 is repeated, except that the
sizing agent and the retention aid are added separately to the
dispersion of the fibres and that there is additionally used as a
fluorescent brightening agent 0.075% of the diethanolamine salt of
the 4,4'-bis[2-(di-~-hydroxyethylamino)-4-(p-sulfophenylamino)-1,3,5-
triazin(6)-yl-amino]-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. As the filler,
there is added 20% of chalk to the dispersion of the fibres. The
addition of the chalk is carried out 1 minute after the addition of
the fluorescent brightening agent, the addition of the sizing agent
10 seconds after the addition of the chalk , the addition of the
retention aid 10 seconds after the addition of the sizing agent
and the addition of PERCOL 292 ~ 10 seconds after the addition of the
retention aid. As the sizing agents, there are used the emulsions
and dispersions which are indicated in the following Table XVI.
Retention aid No. 8 is used instead of one of the retention aids
Nos. 1 to 3. The sizing agents and retention aids are used in the
amounts which are indicated in the following Table XVI, these amounts,
the amount of fluorescent brightening agent (0.075%) and the amount
of filler (20% of chalk) being based on dry matter of fluorescent
brightening agent, sizing agent, retention aid and filler and on
the solids content of the dispersion of the fibres. The sizing
results can also be seen from the following Table XVI.
The whitness is assessed by measurement of the reflectance values
according to the standard test T 452 of TAPPI.
- 138 - ~2~ 7~
. _
o U~ ~ ~ C~
a~ ~ ~q ~ ~ ~ ~ O O
~ ~ ~ ~ ,~ ,~ , oo co8
~ ~ ~ ~ 5 ~1
_ ,n ~
.
. o~o ,~ ~ a~
,_ ~ ~d u~c~l ~ ~ ~ rC ~
~J~ ~ O ~
~0 ~0 ~ ~ ~ O
_,
"Q~ U~ ~ ~ O
O ~ ~, ~ ~O O ~1 ~1 ~1 ~1 O ~/ ~0 h bO
.Q~ a~ ~d h
L~ ~1 ~ O t~O O ~0 O ~0 h
C~ n~ C"~1 ~t 00 I N N N
~ 4J ~ ~ ~
v~ ~ ~ C~l u~ a) o a) a~ aJ o
O_I ~1~i ~1 .~
~ ~ g ~ o ~ 3
u~~ ~ ~ O ~ o ~ o a
u~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ g~
~ . ~
aJ ~1
~0 ~ ~0
SJ O O O ~o ~ ~ ~n O ,~
,U~ ~ . o . l ~ .~ ~ 4~ 4
.~ ~ ~ ~ o o
o ~ 0 ~ al
1 ~ g
~o~ ~
~e u~ n u~ ~
:~ ~ c~ c~lc~J cn
O J~ ~ ~ . O I ~\ I J I ~r~
~ O O O oo ~ 0 ~,1 oO
<~ g 3 g æ g oo
. .. _ ,~
#
O oo ~ tn ~
d JJ ~-x~ :c o 'n ota o æ
OO bO -X 1~0 ~ o4 ~1 a) d a) d ~ G
~d d E-l d ~1 d d o.) d O d
,1 ,1~ ,I CJ a)J~ o
~ ~ ~ ~d ~ ~oO r~ CO r~l ~0
d~ o ~ o ~o ~ l ~ ~ E~~ ~
N ~) ~ t.) J ~.) O O O C~
,1 t~ O C.) a) v ~ ~ o ~ a~
,4 ~ x~ ~ .c ~ æ
, _._
JJ 1)0 r ~ r-ld ~
d d ~ u~ u~ u~ ~ dai
:1 rl d O OO O r l r r~l rl r a.) C~l
. _ t~r~ t~ U~
. C) ~D I~tX~ ~ tnE~ ta E~ tn ~,1 r~~
H O ~ tx) t~tx) . ,1 t~ aJ t~ aJ t~ ~ ''
t~) t~ o a) a) O t~ H
r-l ~ z r~l r-lr-l )-I H
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t~l ~
E~ X ~ o t~ :~ ~ ~q o tl~ # #
~ O t'~ J~ ~1 ~ k~ _ ~ ~ * ~ #
- 139 - ~ 7~
Comparative tests III to V
The method of Examples 112 to 116 is repeated, except that Comparative
test III is carried out with 0.5% of retention aid No. S without
sizi.ng agent, Comparative IV with 0.5% of the specified sizing agent
without retention aid and Comparative test V without sizing agent
or retention aid, affcrding only poGr sizing of the paper, as is
evident from the WA Cobb values above 100 given in Table 2VII below.
Table XVII
Comparative pH-value WA Cobb30 (g/m2) after drying
Test No. of the dis-
persion of immediately after 1 day storage
SS 05 SS OS
_ _
III 8.1 191 154 162 148 .
IV 8 U I73 146 150 124 .
V _ 8.1 240 196 197 176
