"` ~27~L~Q2
The present invention relates to character input
device for use with a computer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Computers have been developed which are the size of
credit cards. A break through is required with respect
to the minia~urization of character input devices before
the full potential of credit card computers can be
realized
The character input device most commonly employed
in connection with computers remains the Qwerty keyboard
as developed for use in typewriters almost a century
ago. Attempts have been made to miniaturize this
15 keyboard, however these attempts have not met with
success. A miniature Querty keyboard on which the keys
are activated with the tip of a pen is not efficient, as
the human hand obscures the keyboard and speed is lost
when the operator must "hunt and peck" the multiplicity
20 of keys. Efforts have been made to miniaturize the
keyboard by reducing the number of keys required. This
can be done by having characters entered by pressing two
or more keys in combination. The problem with this type
of keyboard is that it s~ill is limited by the size of
25 the fingers of the human hand re~uired to activate the
keys and a reduction in the number oE keys inevitably
reduces the number of potential characters, thereby
limiting use.
Efforts have been made to develop handwriting
decoders, as an alternative to keyboards. These input
devices are capable of "reading" a persons printing or
ha~dwriting. In theory, this would be an ideal system
as it would have all the flexibility and portability of
35 handwriting combined with the speed and clarity of
typing. In practice these devices have met with numerous
problems. All operable devices are complex as the
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charaGters they must decode tend to vary with the
handwriting style of the operator. The size of the
input mechanism i6 necessarily limited by the smallest
character a human can accurately and consistently write.
Interactive feedback is required due to the pos~ibility
that characters may not be recognized.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The primary object of the present inven~ion is to
10 provide a character input device for a computer which is
capable ~f a greater degree of miniaturization than
prior art devices.
Broadly, the present invention provides a character
15 input device for a computer comprised of a plurality of
selection recognition means adapted to be activated by
movable selection means in preset serial patterns.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features of the invention will
become more apparent from the following description in
which reference is made to the appended drawings,
wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a schematic representation of an
alternate embodiment of the invention utilizing three
switches.
FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of a
pre~erred embodiment of the invention utilizing four
30 5witches.
FI~URE 3 is a schematic representation of an
alternate embodiment of the invention utilizing five
switches.
FIGUR~ 4 is a schematic representation of a
35preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing six
switches.
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FIGUR~ 5 is a schematic representation of an
alternate embodiment of the invention utilizing seven
switches.
~ IGURE 6 is a schematic representation of an
alternate embodiment of the invention utilizing eignt
5 5Wi tches.
FIGURE 7 is a ~chematic representation of an
alternate embodiment of the invention utilizing nine
switches.
FIGUR~ 8 is a top plan view of a preferred
10 embodiment of the invention utilizing conductive plates
horizontally aligned.
~ IGURE 9 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing
conductive plates horizontally aligned.
16 FIGURE 10 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing conductive plates
vertically aligned.
FIGURE 11 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred emhodiment of the invention utilizing
20 conductive plates vertically aligned.
FIGURE 12 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing membrane switches
horizontally aligned.
FIGURE 13 is a partially cut away side plan view of
25 a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizin~
membrane switches horizontally aligned.
FIGUR~ 14 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing membrane switches
vertically aligned.
FIGURE 15 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preEerred embodiment o-E the invention utilizing
membrane switches vertically ali~ned.
FIGURE 16 is a perspective view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing membrane switches
35 horiæontally aligned activated by a movable disk.
~IGURE 1~ is a perspective view of a preferred
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embodiment of the invention utilizing membra~e s~7i~ches
vertically aligned activated by a movable disk.
FIGURE 18 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing strain gauyes
horiæontally aligned.
FIGURE 19 is a partially cut away side plan vie~ of
a preferred embodlment of the invention utilizing strain
gauges horizontally aligned.
FIGURE 20 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodlment of the invention utilizing strain gauges
10 vertically aligned on a cantilever beam.
FIGURE 21 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing strain
gauges vertically aligned on a cantilever beam.
FIGURE 22 is a top plan view of ~ preferred
15 embodiment of the invention utilizing an electrically
charged cantilever beam.
FIGUR~ 23 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a pr~ferred embodiment of the invention utilizing an
electrically charged cantilever beam.
2Q FIGURE 24 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing insulated
conductive plates horizontally aligned.
FIGURE 25 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing
25 insulated conductive plates horizontally aligned.
FIGURE 26 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utili7ing insulated
conductive plates vertically aligned.
FIGURE 2~ is a partially cut away side plan view of
30 a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing
insulated conductive plates vertically align~d.
FIGURE 28 is a top plan view o-f a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing membrane
capacitors horizontally aligned.
FIGURE 29 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing
membrane capacitors horizontally aligned.
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FIGURE 30 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing membrane
capacitors vertically aligned.
FIGURE 31 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizin~
membrane capacitors vertically aligned.
FIGUR~ 32 is a top plan view of a pre~erred
embodiment of the invention utilizing hall effect
sensors horizontally aligned.
FIGURE 33 is a partially cut away side plan view of
10 a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizin~ hall
effect senso-rs horizontally aligned.
FIGUR~ 34 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing hall effect
sensors vertically aligned.
FIGURE 3~ is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing hall
effect sensors vertically aligned.
FIGURE 36 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing photo-transistors,
20 and a single light emitting diode.
FIGURE 3~ is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment of the invention utili7ing photo-
transistors, and a single light emitting diode.
FIGURE 38 is a top plan view of a preferred
25 embodiment of the invention utilizing photo-transistor
and light emitting diode pairs.
FIGUR~ 39 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment o~ the invention utilizing photo-
transistor and light emitting diode pairs.
FIGURE 40 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizing conductive plates
horizontally aligned activated by a movable disk
imbedded in carbon impregnated elastomer.
FIGUR~ 41 is a partially cut away side plan view of
35 a preferred embodiment of the invention utili~ing
conductive plates horizontally aligned activated by a
movable disk imbedded in carbon impregnated elastomer.
i ~ ~
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FI~URE 42 is a top plan view of a preferred
embodiment of the invention utilizlng conductive plate~
vertically aligned activated by a movable di~k imbedded
in carbon impregnated elastomer.
FI~R~ ~3 is a partially cut away side plan view of
a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing
,o~ductive plates vertically aligned activated by
movable disk imbedded in carbon impregnated elastomer.
~ILED ~ESCRIP$I0~ OF T~ PREF~RRED E~BODIME~T
The preferred embodiment will now be described with
reference to ~IGURES 1 through 43.
Illustrated in FIGUR~S 8 through 43 are a number of
15 preferred embodiments which may be used to put the
invention into practice once the underlying principles
of the invention are understood. The underlying
principles which will be hereinafter described involve a
consideration of our alphabet as a character set, and
20 the mathematical relationship between characters in
differing character sets.
The number of unique characters in a character set
is the "base" of that character set. For example, our
25 number system is considered as base 10. We use 10
characters when counting; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and
. To represent a value larger than the size of the
"base" character set requires the combined use of one or
more characters from the set. In our number system, for
30example, we continue counting 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, etc.
until we have exhausted all two character combinations,
then we combine three characters to continue counting
100, 101, 102, 103, 104, etc. In advanced mathematics
it is recognized that it is possible to convert
35characters from one base character set to a character
set with a different base. Each character has a
"positional value" within its base character set, which
7f~6~32
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can be represented by a character havirlg an equivalent
"positional value" in a different base character set.
Our alphabet has 26 letters and as such is a base
26 character set. We would only be able to have 25
words in our language were it not for the combinations
of characters which we form into words. The underlying
principle of this invention is that the characters of an
alpha-numeric character set may be represented by
combinations of characters having equivalent po~itional
10 value from a reduced base character set. The preferred
base systems which can be used are base 3 and base 5,
with the character inp-ut device3 having four and 5iX
switches respectively in order that one switch may be
dedicated to signalling to the computer the end of a
15 transmission sequence.
The character input device, generally designated as
10, is shown in schematic form in FIGURES 1 ~hro~gh ~.
20 Character input device 10 has a plurality of switches 1~
for data input. The input device can be configured to
operate with as few as three switches as illustrated in
FI~URE 1 or as many as nine switches as illustrated in
FIBURE 7 depending upon the reduced character set which
25 is selected. FIGURES 1 through ~ are merely for
purposes of illustration as it is possible for character
input device 10 to have a greater number of switches
than is illustrated. The key factor is that each of the
switches must uniquely represent a character of the
30 reduced character set.
The computer must be able to recognize the end of a
transmission sequence. The computer can either be
programmed to consider the transmission sequence at an
35end after a specified number of characters have been
entered or, preferably, onP additional switches is added
to character input device 10 which is dedicated to
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signalling to the computer the end of a tran~mis~ion
sequence. Each of switches 12 are connected by links 14
to a power source and the input terminals of a computer.
It has been found to be particularly advantageous if
switches 12 preferably are oriented about a central
point 16.
Instead of switches which are either in an "off" or
"on" position, character input device 10 may be
comprised of a plurality of zones, with means for
10 mea-~uring the direction and threshold mag~itude o~
movement of selection means to determine whether a
selection has been made, as will be hereinafter
de~cribed.
It is not important how the switches or threshold
zones are activated, this can be accomplished by the
direct motion of fingers of a human hand, if desired.
In order to achieve a greater degree of miniaturization
it has been found that the tip of a pointed instrument
20 such as a pen is particularly suited for the task.
A number of preferred embodiments of the invention
will now be described as i~lustrated in FIGURES 8
25 through 41. One skilled in the art will appreciate that
although not shown in FIGURES 8 through 41, each
embodiment must have links 2~ connecting character input
device 10 to a power source and the input terminal of a
cornputer. The illustrations have been made larger than
30 actual scale for clarity, some of ~he preferred
embodiments of the invention as hereinafter described
have been built as small as 2 milli-meters square.
One preferred embodiment of the inv~ntion
illustrated in FIGURE 8 shows a character input device
10 which is comprised of four conductive plates 18
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surrounding a charged centre plate 20. A disk 22 h~ving
a conductive bottom surface 24 is centred upon and
movable about centre plate 20. Disk 22 has an
indentation 36 into which the tip 26 of a pointed
ins~rument such as a pen 28 can be inserted, a5 best
illustrated in FIGURE 9. Disk 22 i8 moved by exerting
pressure with tip 26 of pen 28 upon indentation 36.
When disk 22 is moved into contact with one of
conductive plates 18 an electrical circuit i~ c4mpleted
with centre plate 20. In order to further miniaturize
10 the preferred embodiment, conductive plates 18 can be
placed on a vertical plane in relation to charged centre
plate 20, as is illustrated in FIGURES 10 and 11. In
order for this embodiment to be operable disk 22 must
have conductive side surfaces 62. A further variation
15 of this basic configuration is illustrated in FIGURES 22
and 23. As best illustrated in FIGURE 23 disk 22 can be
placed upon a cantilever beam 50. Cantilever beam 50 is
charged with electris current which is communicated to
conductive side surfaces 62 on disk 22. Conductive
20 plates lB are vertically aligned. When tip 26 of pen 28
exerts a force upon indentation 36 of disk 22,
cantilever beam 50 flexes permitting conductive side
surfaces 62 of disk 22 to contact conductive plates 18
completing an electrical circuit with electrically
25 char~ed cantilever beam 50. Once a selection has been
made cantilever beam 50 returns to a central position at
centre point 16. It has been found that the embodiment
using cantilever beam 50 is easier to use if conductive
plates are placed in the corners as illustrated in
30 FIGURE 22, as this orients the user to the current
position of tip 26 of pen 28.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention as
illustrated in FIGURES 12 and 13, shows a character
35 input device 10 which i5 comprised of four membrane
switches 30. Each of membrane switches 30 have contact
surfaces 32 and 34, which are activated by pressing on a
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selected membrane switch 30 with tip ~5 of pen 28 such
that contact surfaces 32 and 34 come into contact
completing an electrical circuit. Membrane switches 30
are arranged around a centre point 16 in order to limit
the movement required by pen 28 and provide a surface
upon which to rest pen 28 between character input
strokes. In order further miniaturize character input
device 10, membrane switches 30 may be placed on a
vertical plane with respect to cen~re point 16, as i5
illustrated in FIGURES 14 and 15. Membrane switches 30
10 can also be activated by disk 22, as is illustrated in
FIGUR~S 16 and 17.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention as
illustrated in FIGURES 18 and 19, shows a character
15 input device 10 which uses two strain gauges 38 and 40
which are mounted to a elastic material 42 which rests
upon and is affixed to the edges 44 of a supporting
surface 46. Strain gauges 38 and 40 are arranged such
that strain gauge 38 measures forces applied in a
20 direction which is perpendicular to the forces measured
by strain gauge 40. Arranging strain gauges 38 and 40
to measure forces in differing directions allows the
division of the surface of elastic material 42 into
zones. Each of the zones represents a selection option.
25 As will be apparent to one skilled in the art the use of
strain gauges 38 and 40 can be used to create four 7ones
with four selection options. In order that tip 26 of
pen 28 may be used to make selections without damaging
elastic material 42 a reinforced opening 48 is
30positioned on elastic material 42. When tip 26 of pen
28 is inserted into and applies a force in the direction
of one of the zones to reinforced opPning 48 strain
gauges 38 and 40 measure the direction and threshold
magnitu e of the force to determine whether a selection
35has been ~ade.
~L27~
Another preferred embodiment of the invention is
illustrated in FIGURES 20 and 21 shows a character input
device 10 which is comprised of a cantilever beam 50
having one end 52 fixed to a base 54 and an opposed end
56 extending vertically from base 54. Two strain gauge~
38 and 40 ar~ mounted to sides 58 and 60 re~pectively of
cantilever beam 50 ~uch that they measure forces applied
in differiny directions in relation to the vertical
orientation of cantilever beam 50. A disk 22 is
positioned on opposed end 56 o~ cantilever beam 50.
10 Disk 22 has an indentation 36 which is adapted to
receive tip 26 of pen 28 in order that a force may be
exerted to cantilever beam 50 to make a selection.
5train gauges 38 and 40 measure the direction and
threshold magnitude of movement of cantilever beam 50 to
15 determine whether a selection has been made.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention is
illustrated in FIGURES 24 and 25, which shows a
character input device 10 comprised of four conductive
20 plates 18 surrounding a charged centre plate 20. Each
of conductive plates 18 have a thin insulating coating
64. A disk 22 having a conductive bottom surface 24 is
centred upon and movable about centre plate 20 whereby
changes in capacitance may be effected by movement of
25 disk 22 toward one of conductive plates 18. ~hen a tip
26 of pen 28 is inserted into indentation 36 of disk 22
and force is exerted to move disk 22 in a selected
direction the threshold magnitude of changes in
capacitance is measured in relation to a starting
30 capacitance level when disk 22 is centred on platP 20 to
determine whether a selection has been made. In order
to further miniaturize character input device 10,
conductive plates 18 with insulating coating 64 may be
placed on a vertical plane with respect to disk 22 as
35illustrated in FIGURES 26 and 27. Disk 22 has
conductive side surfaces 62 and is prevented from comin~
into contact with conductive plates 18 by insulating
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coating 64. Insulating coating 64 is elastic such ~ha~
disk 22 can move toward conductive plates 1~ to create a
change in capacitance.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention is
illustrated in FIGURES 28 and 29, which shows a
character input device 10 comprised of four membrane
capacitors 66. Each of membrane capacitors 66 have
contact surfaces 68 and 70 separated by a thin
insulating material 72. Membrane capacitors 66 are
10 activated by pressing on a selected membrane capacitor
66 with the tip 26 of a pen 28 to move contact surfaces
68 and 70 closer together and thereby increase the
capacitance in the selected membrane capacitor 66. The
threshold magnitude of changes in capacitance when
1~ contact surfaces 68 and 70 come closer together is
measured to determine whether a selection has been made.
In order to further miniaturlze character input device
10 membrane capacitors 66 can be placed on a vertical
plane in relation to a centre point 16, which is
20 provided to rest tip 26 of pen 28 between character
input strokes, as is illustrated in FIGURES 30 and 31.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention is
illustrated in FIGURES 32 and 33, which shows a
25character input device 10 comprised of four hall effect
sensors 90. A movable disk 22 having a magnetic bottom
surface 74 is positioned at a centre point 16 between
hall effect sensors 90. Changes in voltage may be
effected upon movement of disk 22 toward one of hall
30effect sensors 90. The threshold magnitude of changes
in voltage upon movement of disk 22, in relation to a
starting voltage level, is measured to determine whether
a selection has been made. In order to further
miniaturize character input d~vic~ 10, hall effect
35sensors 90 may be placed on a vertical plane in relation
- to disk 22, as is illustrated in FIGURES 34 and 35.
When hall effect sensors 90 are placed on a vertical
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plane, side surfaces 76 of disk 22 should be magnetic in
order for the desired change in voltage to be achieved.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention
i5 illustrated in FIGURES 36 and 37, which 3hows a
6 character input device 10 comprised of four photo-
transistors 78 surrounding a light emitting diode 80. A
disk 22 having a concave reflective bottom surface 82 i8
centred upon and movable about diode 80 such that as
disk 22 i5 moved toward one of photo-transistors 78
10 light is reflected by reflective bottom surface 82 of
disk 22 from diode 80 to one of photo-tran~istors 78
thereby increasing the voltage in photo-transistor 78.
The threshold magnitude of changes in voltage upon
movement of disk 22, in relation to a starting voltage
15 level when disk 22 is centred on diode 80, is measured
to detarmine whether a selection has been made.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention is
illustrated in FIGURES 38 and 39, which shows a
20 character input device 10 comprised of four photo-
transistors 78 and light emitting diode 80 pairs. Pairs
78 and 80 are arranged such that a beam of light from
each of diodes 80 is focused on one of photo-
transistors 78. A movable disk 22 i5 adjacent the beams
25 of light such that movement of disk 22 results in the
beam of light between one photo-transistor 78 and light
emitting diode 80 pair being disrupted.
Another preferred embodim~nt of the invention is as
30 illustrated in FIGURES 40 and 41, which shows a
character input device 10 comprised of four conductive
plates 18 surrounding a charged centre plate 20. A disk
22 i5 centred upon and movable about centre plate 20.
Disk 22 is encased in a thin sheet of carbon impregnated
35 elastomer material 86 which is bonded to conductive
plates 18 at points 88. When a force is applied by tip
26 of pen 28 to indentat:ion 36 of disk 22, elastomer
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material 86 is compressed pe-rmitting disk 22 to move
closer to one of conductive plates 18. The movement of
disk 22 effects a change in voltage. The threshold
magnitude of changes in voltage in relat ion to
starting voltage level with disk 22 centred on centre
plate 20, is measured to determine whether a selection
has been made. In order to further miniaturize
character input device 10, conductive plates may be
placed in a vertical plane in relation to centre plate
20, as is illustrated in FIGUR~S 42 and 43.
A11 of the devices illustrated in FIGUR~S 8 through
43, operate with a reduced base character set being used
for input purposes. The reduced base character sets are
of such importance to the operation of the device that
15 copies of character sets from base 2 to base 8, are
contained in TABLES 1 through 7, respectively, which are
annexed as a schedule to this specification in order to
make a complete disclosure of the invention. The
character sets contained in TABLES 1 throuyh 7 are
20 derived by a conversion of the positional value of the
ASCII character set to the selected base character set.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that the
reduced character set can be optimised by ensuring that
25 the minimum number of input strokes are required for the
most used characters. As part of the optimization
process the relationship between certain characters must
be rationalized. An example of this is the relationship
between uppercase and lower case lettering. In an
30 optimised system the upper and lower case input for a
character of the alphabet bear a close resemblance so
the operator may more readily commit the codes to
memory. Optimised character sets for the preferred base
systems, base 3 and base 5 are contained in TABLES 8 and
9, respectively. The human memory only has a capacity
to readily recall a limited number of characters; by
optimising the character set it facilitates memorization
~:7~)2
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which enhances input speed. The characters contained in
TABLES 1 through 9, have been assigned base 10 numb~rs,
in order that one skilled in the art may review the
steps which were taken in optimizing TABLPS 8 and 9.
It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that
once the underlying principle of a reduc2d character ~et
i5 known, and the operation of the preferred embodiments
is understood numerous variations may be made to the
configuration and operation of the preferred embodiments
10 without departing from the substance of the invention.
A description of the operation of the prefsrred
embodiment will now be given using the optimised base 3
character set as illustrated in TABLE 3. The operation
15 described is the same for any one of the preferred
embodiments illustrated in FIGUR~S 8 through 43. For
the purpose o~ our description we will assign to our
four switches or selection zones the symbols 0, +, !,
and send. Using these switches to input the word
20 "Canada", we first position the tip 26 of pen 28. This
will place tip 26 at centre point 16, in indentation 36
of disk 22 or reinforced opening 48 of elastic material
42, depending upon the embodiment selected. By applying
a force to pen 28 we make a selection of one of the
25 three available characters, O, +, !. The first letter
o~ our word "Canada" requires an upper case "C". This
requires an input of 0!!!, as set forth in TABLE 8.
Once tha selections are made ~or the upper case "C", the
send switch is selected to signal to the computer the
30 end of the transmission se~uence. The balance of the
word would thus be entered, "a" ~ send, "n" - ++~
- send, "a" - !!! - send, "d" - !+! - send, and "a"-
!!! - send. A selection + - send, would then be made to
leave a space prior to entering the next word of the
35 sentence.
~27~
TABL~ 1
For a BASE 2 or blnary sy~te~ ~we ~hall repre~nt our BASE 2
aracters a~ 'O ) we wlll have o~e 8wl tch tor each of
the blnary character3 pIu8 one SEND swlt~h for a total of three
8W~ tches.
DEC BINARY ASCIl DECIMAL BlNhRY ASC11
BASE BASE BASE SYMBOL BASE 8ASE BASE SY~BOL
2 128 DESCRIPTION 10 2 128 DESCRIPTION
_______________________________________________________________________
O O NULL NVLL 64 !00 0000 ~ AT SIGN
1 ! Ctrl A CONTROL A 65 !00 000l A UPPERCASE A
2 !0 Ctrl B CONTROL B 66 !00 00!0 B UPPERCASE B
3 !! Ctrl C CONTROL C 67 !00 00!! C UPPeRCASE C
4 !00 Ctrl D CONTROL D 68 !00 0!00 D UPPERCASE D
5 !0! Ctrl E CONTROL E 69 !00 0!0! E UPPeRCASE E
6 !!0 Ctrl F CONTROL F 70 !00 0l!0 ~ VPPERCASE P
7 !!! <BELL> CONTROL G 71 !00 0!!! G UPPERCASE G
8!000 <BS> BACXSPACE 72 !00 tOOO H UPPERCASE H
9lOO! <HTAB> HORIZONTAL TAB 73 !00 !00l 1 UPPERCASE I
10!0l0 <LF> LINEPEED 74 !00 !0!0 J UPPERCASE J
11!0!! <VTAB> VERTICAL TAB 75 !00 !0!! N UPPERCASE K
12!!00 <E~> EORM~EED 76 !00 !!00 L UPPERCASE L
13!!0! <CR~ CARRIAGE RETURN 77 !00 !!0! M UPPERCASE M
14!!!0 Ctrl N CONTROL N 78 !00 !!!0 N UPPERCASE N
15 !!!! Ctrl O CONTROL O 79 !00 !!!l O UPPERCASE O
16! 0000 Ctrl P CONTROL P 80 !0! 0000 P UPPERCASE P
17! 000! Ctrl Q CONTROL Q 81 !0! 000! Q UPPERCASE Q
18! 00!0 Ctrl R CONTROL R 82 !0! 00!0 R UPPERCASE R
19! 00!! Ctrl S CONTROL S 83 !0! 00!! S UPPERCASE S
20! 0!00 Ctrl T CONTROL T 84 !0! 0!00 T UPPERCASE T
21! 0!0! Ctrl U CONTROL U 85 !0! 0!0! U UPPERCASE U
22! 0!!0 Ctrl V CONTROL V 86 !0! 0!l0 V UPPERCASE Y
23 ! 0!!! Ctrl W CONTROL W 87 !0! O~ W UPPERCASE W
24! !000 Ctrl X CONTROL X 88 !0! !000 X UPPERCASE X
25! !00! Ctrl Y CONTROL Y 89 !0! !00! Y UPPERCASE Y
26! !0!0 <EOF> CONTROL Z ~0 !0! !0l0 Z UPPERCASE Z
271 !0!! <ESC> ESCAPE 91 !0! !0!! l LE~T BRACKET
28! !iOO Ctrl \ CONTROL BACKSLASN 92 !0! !!00 \ BACKSLASH
29 ! !!0! Ctrl ] CONTROL RGHT BRCKT g3 !0! !!0! l RIGHT BRACKET
30 ! !!!0 Ctrl 6 CONTROL SIX ~ !O! !!!O CARET
31 ! !!!! Ctrl - CONTROL DASH 95 !0! !!!! - UNDERLINE
32!0 0000 <SP> SPACE 96 !!0 0000 ` SNGL BACKQUOTE
33!0 000! ! EXCLAMATION MARK 97 !lO 000! a LOWERCASE A
34!0 00!0 " DOUBLE QUOTE g8 !!0 00l0 b LOWERCASE B
35!0 00!! # NUM8ER SIGN 99 !!0 00!! c LOWERCASE C
36!0 0!00 $ DOLLAR SIGN 100 !!0 0~00 d LOWERCASE D
37!0 0!0! ~ PERCENT / MODULUS SIGN 101 !!0 oio! e LOWERCASE E
38!0 0!!0 ~ AMPERSAND 102 !!0 0!!0 f LOWERCASE F
3~ ~O O!!! ' SINGLE QUOTE 103 !!0 0!!! ~ LOWERCASE G
40 !0 lOOO ( LEFT PARENTHESIS 104 !!0 !000 h LOWERCASE H
41 !0 !00! ) RIGHT PARENTHESIS 105 !!0 !00! i LOWERCASE I
42 !0 !0!0 ~ STAR / MULTIPLY SIGN 106 !!0 !0!0 ~ LO~ERCASE J
43 !0 !0!! + PLUS SIGN 107 !!0 !0!! k LOWERCASE K
44 !0 llOO , COMMA 108 l!O !lOO l LOWERCASE L
45 !0 !lO! - DASH / MINUS SIGN 109 llO llOI ~ LOWERCASE M
46 lO lllO . PERIOD 1~0 !!0 !!lO n LOWERCASE N
47 lO lll! / SLASH / DIYIDE SIGN 111 !!0 !!l! o LOWERCASE O
48!! 0000 0 ZERO 112 !!! 0000 p LO~ERCASE P
4~!! 000! 1 ONE 118 !!! 000! q LOWERCASE Q
50!! 00!0 2 TWO 114 !!! 00!0 r LOWERCASE R
S1!! 00!! 3 THREE 115 !!! 00!! ~ LOWERCASE S
52!! 0!00 4 FOUR 116 !!! 0!00 t LOWERCASE T
53!! 0!0! 5 PIVE 11~ !!! 0!0! u LO~ERCASE U
54!! 0!!0 6 SIX 118 !!l 0!!0 v LO~ERCASE V
55!! 0!!! 7 SEVEN 119 !!! 0!!! ~ LO~ERCASE W
56!! !000 8 EIGHT 120 !!! !000 x LOWERCASE X
57!! !00! ~ NINE 121 !!! !00! y LOWERCASE Y
58!! !0!0 : CGLON 12 !!! !0!0 z LOWERCASE Z
59!! !0!! : SEMI-COLON 123 !!! !0!! { LfiET BRACE
60!! !!00 < LESS THAN SIGN 124 !!! !!00 J VERTICAL BAR
~1 !! !!0! = EQUAL SIGN 125 !!! !!0! l RIGHT BRACE
62 !! !!!0 > GREATER THAN SIGN 126 !!! !!!0 TILDE
~3 !! !!!! ? QUESTION MARK 127 !!! !!!! FF
~ ~7~L~O~
TABL~ 2
Por a BASE 3 or trlnary ayste~ (~e shall represent our
~ASE 3 characters as ' ! ', '+' ,'0') ~e wlll have one swltch ~or
- ~ch of the trlnary ch~racter~ plu~ one SEND s~ltch ~or a ~otal
.' ~our swltche3.
DEC TRINARY ASCII DECIMAL TRINARY ASCI1
BASE 8ASE BASE SYMBOL BASE BASE BASE SYMBOL
3 128 DESCRIPTION 10 3 128 DZSCRIRTIO~i
O NULL NULL 64 !00 ! ~ AT SIGN
I ! Ctrl A CONTROL A 65 lOO+ A UPPERCASE A
2 + Ctrl 8 CONTROL B 66 !000 B UPPERCASE 3
3 0 Ctrl C CONTROL C 67 +!!! C UPPeRCASE C
4 !! Ctrl D CONTROL D 68 +!!+ D UPPERCASE D
!+ Ctrl E CONTROL E 69 +!lO E UPPRRCASE e
6 !0 C~rl P CONTROL E 70 ~!+l P UPPERCASE P
7 +! <BELL> CONTROL G 71 +!++ G UPPeRCASE G
8 +~ <BS> BACKSPACE 72 +!+0 H UPPeRCASE H
9 +0 <HTAB> HORIZONTAL TAB 73 +!0l I UPPERCASE I
0! <LP> LINEEEED 74 +!Of J UPPERCASE J
ll O+ <VTAB> YERTICAL TAB 75 +!00 K uppaRcAsE K
12 00 <PP> FORM~EED 76 ++!! L UPPERCASE L
13 !!! <CR> CARRIAGE RETURN77 ++!+ M UPPeRCASE
14 !!+ Ctrl N CONTROL N 7B ++!O N UPPERCASE N
!!0 Ctrl O CONTROL O 79 f++l O UPPERCASE O
16 !+! Ctrl P CONTROL P 80 ++++ P UPPERCASE P
17 !++ Ctrl Q CONTROL Q 81 +++0 Q UPPERCASE Q
18 !+0 Ctrl R CONTROL R 82 ++0l R UPPERCASE R
lg !O! Ctrl S CONTROL S 83 ++0+ S UPPERCASE S
!0+ Ctrl T CONTROL T 84 ++00 T UPPeRCASE T
21 !00 Ctrl U CONTROL U 85 +0!! U UPPeRCASE U
22 +!! Ctrl V CONTROL V 86 +0!+ Y UPPERCASE V
23 +!+ Ctrl W CONTROL W 87 ~0l0 W UPPERCASE W
24 +lO Ctrl X CONTROL X 88 +0+! X UPPERCASE X
++! Ctrl Y CONTROL Y 89 +0++ Y UPPERCASE Y
26 +++ <EOP> CONTROL Z 90 +0+0 Z UPPERCASE Z
27 ++0 <ESC> ESCAP~ 91 +00! [ LEPT BRACKET
28 +0! Ctrl \ CONTROL BACXSLASH 92 tOO+ \ BACXSLASH
29 +0+ Ctrl ] CONTROL RGHT BRCKT 93 +000 ~ RIGHT BRACKET
+00 Ctrl 6 CONTROL SIX 94 0!!l CARET
31 0ll Ctrl - CONTROL DASN 95 0!!+ - UNDERLINE
32 0!+ <SP> SPACE 96 0!!0 ` SINGLE BACXQUOT
33 0!0 ! EXCLAMATION MARK 97 0!+! a LOWERCASE A
34 0+! " DOUBLE QUOTE ~8 O!++ b LOWERCASE B
0++ ~ NUM8ER SIGN 99 0!+0 c LOWERCASE C
36 0+0 S DOLLAR SIGN 100 0!0! d LO~ERCASE D
37 00! X PERCENT / MODULUS SIGN 101 0!0+ e LOWERCASE E
38 00+ ~ AMPERSAND 102 0!00 f LOWERCASE F
39 000 ' SINGLE QUOTE 103 0+!! e LOWERCASE G
!!!! ( LEET PARENTHESIS 104 0+!+ ~ LOWERCASE
41 !!!+ I RIGHT PARENTHESIS105 0+!0 i LO~ERCASE I
42 !!!0 ~ STAR / MULTIPLY SIGN 106 0++! ~ LOWERCASE J
43 !!+! + PLUS SIGN 107 O+++ k LO~ERCASE
44 !!++ , ~OMMA 108 0++0 l LOWERCASE L
!!+0 - DASH / MINUS SIGN 109 0+0l ~ LOWERCASE M
4B IJO! . PERIOD 110 0+0+ n LOWERCASE N
47 I!O+ / SLASH / DIVIDE SIGN 111 0+00 o LOWERCASE O
48 !!00 0 ZERO 112 00ll p LOWERCASE P
49 !+!! 1 ONE 113 00ll q LO~ERCASE Q
!+!+ 2 TWO 114 00!0 r LOWERCASE R
51 !+!0 3 T~REe 115 00+! ~ LO~ERCASE S
52 !++! 4 POUR 116 00++ t LO~ERCASE T
53 !+++ 5 PIVE 117 00+0 u LO~ERCASE U
54 !++0 6 SIX 118 000! v LOWERCASE V
!+0! 7 SEVEN 119 000+ ~ LOWERCASE W
6~ !+0+ 8 EIGHT 120 0000 x LOWERCASE X
57 1+00 ~ NINE 121 !!!!l y LOWERCASE Y
58 !0!! : COLON 122 ~ z LO~ERCASE Z
59 !0!+ ; SEMI-COLON 123 il! io ~ LEFT 3RACE
BO !0!0 < LESS THAN SIGN 124 1 I!tl I VERTICAL BAR
~1 lO+! = EQUAL SIGN 125 !!l++ ~ RIGHT BRACE
~2 lO++ > GREATER THAN SIGN126 l!l+O TILDE
~3 !0+0 ? Q~eSTION MARK 127 !!!0l ~P
~7
TABL~ 3 ~ ~ 74 ~ ~ ~
Por a BASE 4 or quadrlnary ~y~tem lwe ~hall reDre~ent qur
BASE 4 ch~racter~ a~ ' ! ', '+', '~', 'O') ~e wl11 have one
~wltch for each of the quadrlnary character~ plus one SEND 3wlt~h
~or a total of flv~ ~wltches
DEC QUADRA ASCII DECIMAL QUADRA ASCII
BASE BASE BASE SYMBOL BASE BASE BASE SY~BOL
4 128 DESCRIPTION 10 4 128 DESCRIP-}O`.
O NULL NULL 64 *~0 ~ AT S15.Y
1 ! Ctrl A CO~ S_ A 6~ *0! A UPPERCASE ~
2 + Ct~l B CONTROL B 66 *0+ B UPPERCASE B
3 ~ Ct~l C CONTROL C 67 ~0* C UPPERCASE C
4 0 Ctrl D CONTROL D 68 ~00 D UPPERCASE D
!! Ctrl E CONTROL E 69 0!! E UPPERCASE E
6 !+ Ctrl F CONTROL F 70 0!+ P UPPERCASE P
7 !h <BELL> CONTROL G 71 0!~ G UPPERCASE G
8 !0 <BS> BACRSPACE 72 0!0 H UPPERCASE H
9 ~! cHTAB> HORIZONTAL TAB 73 0~ I UPP~RCASE I
++ <LP> LINEPEED 74 0++ J UPPERCASE J
Il +* <VTAB> VERTICAL TAB75 0+* K UPPERCASE K
12 fO ~FF> FORMFEED 76 0+0 L UPPERCASE L
13 *! <CR> CARRIAGE RETURN 77 0~ M UPPERCASE ~
14 ~+ Ctrl N CONTROL N 7B O*+ N UPPERCASE N
*~ Ctrl O CONTROL O 79 0~$ 0 UPPERCASE O
16 *0 Ctrl PCONTROL P 80 0#0 P UPPERCASE P
17 0! Ctrl QCONTROL Q 81 00! Q UPPERCASE Q
18 0+ Ctrl RCONTROL R 82 00+ R UPPERCASE R
19 0~ Ctrl SCONTROL S 83 00* S UPPERCASE S
00 Ctrl TCONTROL T 84 000 T UPPERCASE T
21 !!! Ctrl U CONTROL U 85 !!!! U UPPE2CASE U
22 ! !+ Ctrl V CONTROL V 86 !ll+ V UPPERCASE V
23 !! 5 Ctrl W CONTROL W 87 !ii~ W UPPERCASE W
24 !!0 Ctrl X CONTROL X 88 !!!0 X UPPERCASE X
!+! Ctrl Y CONTROL Y 89 !!+! Y UPPERCASE Y
26 !++ <EOF> CONTROL Z 90 !!++ Z UPPERCASE Z
27 !+~ <ESC> ESCAPE 91 ll+~ [ LEFT BRACKET
28 !+0 Ctrl \ CONTROL BACKSLASH g2 ii+O \ BAC~SLASH
29 !*! Ctrl ] CONTROL RGHT BRCKT 93 !!*! I RIGHT BRACKET
!*+ Ctrl 6 CONTROL SIX94 !!~+ CARET
31 !~* Ctrl - CONTROL DASH95 !!** - UNDERLINE
32 !~0 ~SP> SPACE 96 ~0 ` SINGLE BACKQUOTE
33 !0! ! EXCLAMATION MARK97 iio! a LO~ERCASE A
34 !0+ " DOUBLE QUOTE 98 !!0+ b LOWERCASE B
!0* # NUMBER SIGN 99 !lO* c LOWERCASE C
36 !00 $ DOLLAR SIGN 100 !lOO d LOWERCASE D
37 +!! % PERCENT ~ MODULUS SIGN 101 !+!! e LOWERCASE E
38 +!+ * AMPERSAND 102 !+!+ f LOWERCASE F
39 +!~ ' SINGLE QUOTE 103 !+!~ ~ LOWERCASE G
+!0 ( LEFT PARENTHESIS 104 !+!0 h LO~ERCASE H
~1 ++! ) RIG~T PARENTHESIS 105 I++l i LOWERCASE I
42 +++ * STAR / MULTIPLY SIGN 106 !+++ 1 LOWERCASE J
43 ++~ + PLUS SIGN 107 !++~ ~ LOWERCASE K
44 ++0 , COMMA ~ 108 !++0 l LOWERCASE L
+*! - DASH / MINUS SIGN109 !+~l ~ LONERCASE M
46 +*+ . PERIOD 110 '+*+ n LOWERCASE N
47 ~ / SLASH / DIVID~ SIG~111 i+** o LOWERCASE O
48 +~0 0 ZERO 112 !+~0 p LOWERCASE P
49 +0! 1 ONE 113 !+0! q LO~ERCASE Q
+0+ 2 TWO 114 !+0+ r LO~ERCASE R
51 +0* 3 THREE 115 !+0* s LOWERCASE S
52 +00 4 FOUR 116 !+00 t LO~ERCASE T
53 ~!! 5 PIYE 117 !~!l u LOWERCASE U
54 ~!+ ~ SIX 118 ~+ v LOWERCASE V
5~ ~!* 7 SEVEN 119 i~i* w LOWERCASE W
I ~ *!0 8 ElGHT 120 !~!0 x LO~ERCASE X
5. *+! 9 NINE 121 !~+! y LOWERCASE Y
58 ~++ : COLON 122 !~++ z LOWERCASE Z
59 *+~ ; SEMI-COLON 123 !*+* ~ LEFT BRACE
*+0 < LESS THAN SIGN 124 !~+0 ! VERTICAL BAR
~1 **! = EQUAL SIGN 125 !~*! ~ RIGHT BRACE
62 *~+ > GREATER THAN SIGN126 !*~+ TILDE
~3 *~* ? QUESTION MARK 127 !*** FF
/~
~7~ 2
TABLE 4
For a ~ASE 5 or qulnary syste~ ~e shall represent our BASE
5 characters ~8 ' ! ', '+', '', '~', O') w~ wlll have one swltch
^or each of the quinary character~ plu8 one SEND s~ltch ~or a
otal o~ 8ix 8wl tches.
DEC QUINT ASCII DECIMAL QUINT ASCII
BASE BASE BASE SYMBOL BASE BASE BASE SYMBOL
128 DESCRIPTION 10 5 128 DESCRIPTIO!i
_________________________________________________________________~_____
O NULL NULL 64 ++~ ~ AT SIGN
1 ! Ctrl A CONTROL A 85 ++0 A UPPeRCASE a
2 + Ctrl B CONTROL B 66 +~! B UPPERCASE B
3 * Ctrl C CONTROL C 67 +*+ C UPPERCASE C
4 # Ctrl D CONTROL D 68 +*~ D UPPeRCASE D
0 Ctrl E CONTROL E ~9 +~ E UPPERCASe E
6 !! Ctrl F CONTROL P 70 ~0 P UPPERCASE P
7 !+ <BLL> CONTROL G 71 +~l G UPPERCASE G
8 !~ <BS> BACKSPACE 72 ~+ H UPPeRCASE H
9 !# <HTAB> HORIZONTAL TAB 73 +~ I UPPeRCASE I
!0 ~LP> LINEPEeD 74 +~ J UPPeRCASE J
ll ~! <VTAB> VERTICAL TAB 75 f~O K UPPERCASE K
12 ++ <PP> FORMPEED 76 +0! L UPPERCASE L
13 +* <CR> CARRIAGE RETURN 77 +0+ M UPP~RCASE M
14 ~ Ctrl N CONTROL N 78 +0* N UPPERCASE N
~0 Ctrl O CONTROL O 79 +0~ 0 UPP~RCASE O
16 ~! Ctrl P CONTROL P 80 +00 P UPPERCASE P
17 *+ Ctrl Q CONTROL Q 81 ~!! Q UPPRCASE Q
18 ~ Ctrl R CONTROL R 82 *!+ R UPPERCASr R
19 *# Ctrl S CONTROL S 83 *!~ S UPPERCASE S
*0 Ctrl T CONTROL T 84 *!~ T UPPERCASE T
21 ~! Ctrl U CONTROL U 85 ~!0 U UPPERCASE U
22 ~+ Ctrl V CONTROL Y 86 ~+ ! V UPPERCASE V
23 ~ Ctrl W CONTROL W 87 ~++ W UPPEXCASE W
24 3~ Ctrl X CONTROL X 88 ~+~ X UPPERCASE X
#0 Ctrl Y CONTROL Y 89 ~+~ Y UPPERCASE Y
26 0! <EO~ CONTROL Z 90 ~+0 Z UPPERCASE Z
27 0+ CESC> ESCAPE 91 ~ ! l LepT BRACRET
28 0* Ctrl \ CONTROL BACXSLASH ~2 *~+ \ BACNSLASH
29 0~ Ctrl ~ CONTROL RGHT BRCKT 93 ~ RIGHT BRACKET
00 Ctrl 6 CONTROL SIX94 *$~ CARET
31 !!! Ctrl - CONTROL DASH95 *~0 ~ UNDERLINE
32 !!+ <SP> SPACE ~6 ~ ! SINGLE BACRQUOT
33 !!* ! EXCLAMATION MARK97 *~t a LOWERCASE A
34 !!~ " DOUBLE QUOTE 38 ~ b LOWERCASE B
!!0 * NUMBER SIGN 99 ~ c LO~ERCASE C
36 !+! S DOLLAR SIGN 100 ~0 d LOWERCASE D
37 !++ ~ PERCENT / MODULUS SIGN 101 ~0! e LOWERCASE E
38 !+* ~ AMPERSAND 102 *0+ f LOWERCASE ~
39 !+~ ' SINGLE QVOTE 103 ~0* ~ LOWeRCASE C
!+0 ( LEPT PARENTHESIS 104 ~0~ h LOWERCASE H
41 !*! l RIGBT PARENTHESIS 105 ~00 i LOWERCASE I
42 !*+ STAR / ~ULTIPLY SIGN 106 ~ LOWERCASE J
43 !** + PLUS SIGN 107 ~!+ k LOWERCASE K
44 !*~ , COMMA 108 ~!* l LOWERCASE L
!~0 - DASH / MINUS SIGN109 ~l4 ~ LO~ERCASE M
46 !~! . PERIOD 110 ~lO n LOWERCASE N
47 !~+ / SLASH ~ DIVIDE SIGN 111 ~+! o LOWERCASE O
48 !~ O ZERO 112 ~++ p LOWERCASE P
4~ 1 ONE 113 ~+~ q LOWERCASE Q
5Q !~0 2 TWO 114 ~+~ r LOWERCASE R
51 !0! 3 THREE 115 ~+0 9 LOWERCASE S
52 !0+ 4 ~OUR 11~ ~l t LOWERCASE T
53 !0* 5 PIVE 117 ~*+ u LOWERCASE U
S4 10~ 6 SIX 118 ~ v LO~ERCASE V
!00 7 SEYEN 119 ~ LOWERCASE W
S6 +!1 8 EIGHT 120 ~0 x LO~ERCASE X
57 +!+ 3 NINE 121 ~! y LOWERCASE Y
S8 +!~ : COLON 122 ~+ z LOWERCASE Z
5~ +!* ; SE~I-COLON 123 ~ ( LEPT BRACE
~0 +!0 < LESS THAN SIGN12g ~ ! VERTICAL BAR
81 ++! = EQUAL SIGN 125 ~0 ~ RIGHT BRACE
~2 +++ > GREATER TNAN SIGN 126 ~0! TILDE
~3 ++~ ? QUESTION MARK 127 ~0+ PF
/~
TABL~ 5 ~74~Z
` Eor a BASE 6 or hex~l sy~ter ~ sh~]] represent our BASE 6
character~ ~8 ' ! ', '~ ', 't', '%', '0'~ we ~lll have one
iech for e~ch of the h~xal character~ plu~ on~ SEND ~wltch ~or
tot~l of sev~n swlt~hes.
~EC HEXAL ASCI~ DECIMAL HEXAL ASCII
BASE BASE BASE SYM~OL BASE BASE BABE SYMBOL
6 128 DESCRIPTION 10 6 128 DESCRIPTlO'i
O NULL NULL 64 !#X ~ AT SIGN
1 ! Ctrl A CONTROL A 65 !~X A UPPERCASE A
2 + Ctrl B CONTROL B 66 !~0 B UPPERCAS2 B
3 * Ctrl C CONTROL C 67 I%! C uppeRcAse C
4 X Ctrl D CONTROL D 68 !%+ D UPPERCASE D
X Ctrl E CONTROL E 69 !%~ E UPPERCASE E
6 0 Ctrl F CONTROL ~ 70 !%~ P UPPERCASE E
7 !! <BELL> CONTROL G 71 !X% G UPPERCASE G
8 !+ <BS> BACKSPACE 72 !%0 H UPPERCASE H
9 !~ <HTAB> HORIZONTAL TAB 73 !0! I UPPERCASE I
!# <LP> LINEPEED 74 !0+ J UPPeRCASE J
11 ++ <VTAB> VERTICAL TAB75 !0~ K UPPERCASE K
12 !0 cEF> FORM~EED 76 !0# L UPPERChSE L
13 +! <CR> CARRIAGE RETURh 77 !0% M UPPERCASE M
14 ++ Ct~l N CONTROL N 78 !00 N UPPERCASE N
+~ Ctrl O CONTROL O 79 +!! O UPPERCASe O
16 +# Ctrl P CONTROL P 80 +!+ P UPPERCASE P
1q +~ Ctrl Q CONTROL Q 81 +!* Q UPPERCASE Q
18 ~0 C~rl R CONTROL R 82 ~!# R UPPERCASE R
19 *! Ctrl S CONTROL S 83 +!S S UPPERCASE S
~+ Ctrl T CONTROL T 84 +!0 T UPPERCASE T
21 ~ Ctrl U CONTROL U 85 ++l U UPPERCASE U
Z2 *~ Ctrl V CONTROL V 86 +++ V UPPERCASE V
23 *~ Ctrl W CONTROL W 87 ++~ W UPPERCASE
24 *0 Ctrl X CONTROL X 88 ++$ X UPPERCASE X
#! Ctrl Y CONTROL Y 89 ++X Y UPPERCASE Y
26 ~+ <EOP> CONTROL Z 90 ++0 Z UPPERCASE Z
27 ~ ~ESC> ESCAPE 91 +~! [ LEFT BRACKET
28 ~ Ctrl \ CONTROL LACKSLASH 92 +*+ \ BACKSLASN
29 ~ Ctrl ] CONTROL RGHT BRC~T 93 +~* ~ RIGNT B2ACKET
~0 Ctrl 6 CONTROL SIX94 +** CARET
31 %! Ctrl - CONTROL DASH95 +*% - UNDERLiNE
32 %+ ~SP> SPACE 96 +40 ` SINGLE BACKQUOTE
33 %* ! EXCLAMATION MARX97 +~! a LOWERCASE A
34 %$ " DOUBLE QUOTE 98 +~+ b LOWERCASE B
%% ~ NUMBER SIGN 99 l~* c LO~ERCASE C
36 %0 S DOLLAR SIGN 100 +~# d LOWERCASE D
37 0! ~ PERCENT / MODULUS SIGN 101 +~X e LOWERCASE E
38 0+ * AMPERSAND 102 +~0 f LOWERCASE F
39 0* ' SINGLE QUOTE 103 +%! e LO~ERCASE G
0~ ( LEFT PARENTHESIS104 +~+ h LOWERCASE H
41 % l RIGHT PARENTHESIS105 +%* i LO~ERCASE I
42 00 STAR / MULTIPLY SIGN 106 +%* ~ LOWERCAS J
43 !!! + PLUS SIGN 107 +%S k LOWERCASE K
44 !!+ , COMMA 108 +XO l LOWERCASE L
!!* - DASH / MINUS SIGN109 +0! a LOWERCASE M
46 !!~ . PERIOD 110 +0+ n LOWERCASE N
47 !!% / SLASH / DIVIDE SIGN 111 +0~ o LO~ERCASE O
48 !!0 0 ZERO 112 +0~ p LO~ERCASE P
49 !+! 1 ONE 113 ~0% q LO~ERCASE Q
!++ 2 TWO 114 +00 r LO~RCASE R
51 !+* 3 THREE 115 *!! ~ LONERCASE S
52 !+# 4 EOUR 116 ~!~ t LOWERCASE T
53 !+X 5 FIVE 117 ~! t u LO~ERCASE U
54 !+0 6 SIX 118 *!~ v LO~ERCASE Y
!~! r SEVEN 119 ~!~ w LOWERCAS W
56 !~+ 8 EIGHT 120 ~!0 x LOWERCASE X
57 !~* 9 NINE 121 8~! y LOWERCASE Y
58 !*# : COLON 122 *++ z LO~ERCASE Z
5~ !~X , SEMI-COLON 123 ~+~ I LEFT BRACE
!*0 < LESS THAN SIGN124 ~+~ ! VERTICAL BAR
61 !~! = EQUAL SIGN 125 ~+X ~ RIGHT BRACE
62 !~+ > GREATER THAN SIGN 126 ~+U TILDE
63 !~ ? QUESTION MARK 127 ~! F~
o~ D
TABL~ 6 ~:274~2
Por a ~ASE 7 or heptsl syste~ (we shall re~resent our BASE 7
~aract~rs a~ ' ! ', '+', '~'. 't', '~', '=', O')) we ~lll have
e ~wltch ~or e~ch of the heptal characters plu8 one SEND awltcb
1or a total of elght swltch~s.
DEC HEPTAL ASCII DECIMAL HEPTAL ASCII
BASE BASE BASE SYM80L BASE BASE BASE SYM~OL
10 7 128 DESCRIPTION 10 7 128 DESCRIPTIO.Y
_____________________________ ____ ____________________________________
O NULL NVLL 64 ~+I ~ AT SI~N
I I Ctrl a CONTROL A ~5 1++ A UPPERCASE A
2 + Ctrl B CONTROL B 66 1 +3 B UPPERCAS~ B
3 ~ Ctrl C CONTROL C B7 !+# C UPPERCASB Ç
4 ~ Ctrl D CONTROL D 68 !+X D UPPeRCASE D
S Ctrl E CONTROL E 69 !+- e UPPeRCASE E
6 = Ctrl ~ CONTROL F 70 t+O ~ UPPERCASB P
7 o CaELL> CONTROL G 71 l~l 9 UPPeRCASE G
8 !! <BS> BACKSPACE 72 l*+ H UPPeRCASE H
~ !+ cHTAB> HORIZONTAL TAB 73 !s* I UPPeRCASE I
!* <LF> LINEFEED 74 !*# J UPPERCASE J
11 !~ cVTAB> VERTICAL TAB 7S !*% K UPPeRCASE K
12 !% <FP> FORMPEED 76 !*= L UPPERCASE L
13 != c~R> CARRIAGE RETURN 77 !~0 M UPPERCASE M
14 !0 Ctrl N CONTROL N 78 !~! N UPPERCASE N
+! Ctrl O CONTROL O 79 !~+ O UPPERCASE O
16 ~+ Ctrl P CONTROL P 80 ~ l~* P UPPERCASE P
17 + r Ctrl Q CONTROL Q 81 !#~ Q UPPeRCASe Q
18 +# Ctrl R CONTROL R 82 !#% R UPPERCASE R
19 +X Ctrl S CONTROL S 83 !~= S UPPeRCASE S
+= Ctrl T CONTROL T 84 !#0 T UPPERCASE T
21 ~0 Ctrl U CONTROL U 85 !X! U UPPERCASE U
22 ~! Ctrl V CONT~OL Y 86 I%+ V UPPERCASE Y
23 ~+ Ctrl W CONTROL W 87 !%* W UPPERCASE
24 *~ Ctrl X CONTROL X 88 !X~ X UPPERCASE X
~ Ctrl Y CONTROL Y 89 I%% Y UPPeRCASE Y
2~ ~% <EOP> CONTROL Z 90 !%= Z UPPERCASE Z
27 ~= <ESC> ESCAPE 91 I%O [ LEFT BRACRET
28 *0 Ctrl \ CONTROL BACKSLASH 92 I=l \ BACKSLASH
2~ ~! Ctrl ~ CONTROL RGHT 8RCKT 93 !=+ l RIGHT BRAC~ET
~+ Ctrl 6 CONTROL SIX 94 I=* CARET
31 ~* Ctrl - CONTROL DASH 95 !-~ - uNDeRLINE
32 ~# <SP> SPACE 96 I=X ` SINGLE BACXQUO~
33 ~% I EXCLA~ATION MARX 97 ! 2- a LOWERCASE A
34 ~= " DOUBLE QUOTE 98 !~0 b LO~BRCASE B
~0 # NUMBER SIGN 99 !0! c LONERCASE C
36 %! $ DOLLAR SIGN 100 !0+ d LO~ERCASE D
37 %+ ~ PERCENT ~ MODULUS SIGN 101 10$ ~ LOWERCASE E
38 %~ & AMPERSAND 102 lO~ ~ LOWERCASE P
39 %~ ' SINGLE QUOTE 103 IOX e LOWERCASE G
%% ( LE~T PARENTHESIS 104 IO= ~ LO~ERCASE H
41 ~= RIGHT PARENTHESIS 105 100 l LO~ERCASE I
42 ~0 STAR / MULTIPLY SIGN 106 +ll ~ LOWERCASE J
43 =l + PLUS SIGN 107 +l+ ~ LOWERCASE K
44 =+ , CO~MA 108 +l~ l LOWERCAS T.
-~ - DASH / MINUS SIGN 109 +l~ n LO~ERCASE
46 =~ . PERIOD 110 +IX n LOWERCASE N
47 ~% / SLASH / DIVIDE SIGN 111 ~l~ o LO~RCASE O
48 == O ZERO 112 +lO p LO~ERCASE P
4~ =0 1 ONE 113 ++l q LO~ERCASE Q
SO 0! 2 T~O 114 +~+ r LO~ERCASE R
51 0+ 3 THREE 115 ++~ 8 LOWERCASE S
52 0* 4 FOUR 116 ++~ t LOW~RCASE T
53 0~ 5 FIVE 117 ++% u LOWERCASE U
OX 6 Sl~ 118 +~= v LOWERCASE V
0= 7 SEVEN 119 ++0 ~ LO~ERSASE
S~ 00 8 EIGHT 120 +~l x LO~ERCASE X
57 ! ! ! 9 NINE 121 +~+ y LO~ERCASE Y
58 !!+ : COLON 12~ +*~ z LO~ERCASE Z
59 I!* ; SEMI-COLON 123 +~ { LEFT BRACE
~0 !!~ < LESS THAN SIGN 124 +~% I YERTICAL BAR
C1 !!% = EQUAL SIGN 125 +~= 2 RIGHT BRACE
~2 !!= > GREATER THAN SIGN 126 +~0 TILDE
~3 !!0 ? QUBSTION MARK 127 +~! FF
.
~/
2~
TABL~ 7
Eor a BASE 8 or octal 3ystem ~e sha]~ repre~ent vur BASE 8
aracters as ' ! ', '+', '~ ', '=', '?', 'O') we w~ll
..dve one ~wlt~h for each of the octal characters plu8 one SE.~D
swltch for a to~al of nlne swltches.
DEC OCTAL ASCli DECIMAL OCTAL ASCII
BASE BASE BASE SYMBOL BASE BASE BASE SYMBOL
10 8 128 DESCRIPTION 10 8 128 DES5RIPTIOIJ
__________________________________ __________________________________ _
O NULL NULL 64 ?0 ~ AT SIGN
1 ! Ctr~ A CONTROL A 65 0! A UPPERC~SE A
2 + Ctrl B CONTROL ~ 66 0+ B UPPERCASE a
3 ~ Ctrl C CONTROL C 67 0~ C UPPERCASE C
4 # Ctrl D CONTROL D 68 0~ D UPPERCASE D
% Ctrl E CONTROL E 69 OX E UPPERCASE E
6 = Ctrl P CONTROL P 70 0= P UPPERCASE ~
7 ? <BELL> CONTROL G 71 0? G UPPeRCASE G
8 0 <~S> ~ACXSPACE 72 00 H UPPERCASE H
9 !! <HTAB> HORIZONTAL TAB 73 !!! I UPPERCASe I
!+ <LP> LINEFEED 74 !!+ J UPPERCASE J
11 !~ <VTAB> VERTICAL TAB75 !! 3 K UPPeRCASE X
12 !# <FP> PORMPEED 76 !!# L UPPERCASe L
13 !% <CR> CARRIAGE RETURN 77 !!% M UPPeRCASE M
14 != Ctrl N CONTROL N 78 !!= N UPPERCASE ~
!? Ctrl O CONTROL O 79 !!? O UPPERCASE O
16 !0 Ctrl P CONTROL P 80 !!0 P UPPERCASE P
17 +! Ctrl Q CONTROL Q 81 !+! Q UPPERCASE Q
18 ++ Ctrl R CONTROL R 82 !++ R ~PPERCASE R
19 +~ Ctrl S CONTROL S 83 !+* S UPPeRCASE S
+X Ctrl T CONTROL T 84 ! +# T UPPERCASE J
21 +% Ctrl U CONTROL U 85 !~ U UPPERCASE U
22 += Ctrl V CONTROL V 86 !+= Y UPPERCASE V
23 +~ Ctrl W CONTROL W 87 !+? W UPPERCASE
24 +0 Ctrl X CONTROL X 88 !+0 X UPPERCASE X
~! Ctrl Y CONTROL Y 89 !~! Y UPPERCASE Y
26 ~+ ~EOF> CONTROL Z 90 !~ Z UPPERCASE Z
27 ~ <ESC> ESCAPE 51 !** [ LEFT BRACKET
28 ~# Ctrl \ CONTROL BACRSLASH 92 !~ \ BACKSLASH
29 *~ Ctrl ] CONTROL RGHT BRCRT 93 !~% ~ RIGHT BRACKET
~= Ctrl 6 CONTROL SIX9~ !*= CARET
31 ~? Ctrl - CONTROL DASH95 !4? - UND~RLINE
32 ~0 <SP> SPACE 96 !*0 ` SINGLE BACXQUO
33 #! ! &XCLAMATION MARK97 !~! a LOWERCASE A
34 #+ " DOU~LE QUOTE 98 !~+ b LOWERCASE B
#~ ~ NUMBER SIGN 9~ !~* c LO~ERCASE C
36 ~# $ DOLLAR SIGN 100 !~ d LOWERCASE D
37 ~% ~ PERCENT / MODULUS SIGN 101 I~X e LOWERCASE E
38 ~= & AMPERSAND 102 !~= f LO~ERCASE ~
39 ~? ' SINGLE QUOTE 103 I~? ~ LOWERCASE G
~0 LEPT PARENTNESIS 104 !~0 h LO~ERCASE
41 X! RIGHT PARENTHESIS 105 !%l i LOWERCASE ;
42 %+ STAR / MULTIPLY SIGN 106 !X+ ~ LO~ERCASE J
43 %~ + PLUS SIGN 107 !X~ k LO~ERCASE K
44 %# , COMMA 108 !%# 1 LOWERCASE :
~S - DASH / MINUS SIGN109 !%% ~ LOWERCASE M
46 X= . PERIOD 110 !%= n LO~ERCASE N
47 X? / SLASH / DIVIDE SIGN 111 !%? o LO~ERCASE O
48 %0 0 ZERO 112 !%0 p LOWERCASE P
49 =l 1 ONE 113 !-l q LO~eRCASE Q
=+ 2 TWO 114 !=+ r LOWERCASE R
51 =~ 3 THREE 115 !-$ s LOWERCAS S
52 =~ 4 POUR 116 !=~ t LOWERCASE T
53 =% 5 FIVE 117 !=S u LO~ERCASE U
54 == 6 SIX 118 !== v LOWERCASE V
=? 7 SEVEN 119 !=? w LOWERCASE
56 =0 8 E~GHT 120 !=0 x LOWERCASE X
57 ?! ~ NINE 121 !?! y LO~fiRCASE Y
58 ?~ : COLON 122 !?+ z LO~ERCASE Z
59 ?~ , SEMI-COLON 123 !?~ ~ LEFT BRACE
?$ c LESS THAN SIGN 124 !?~ ! VERTICAL BAR
61 ?X = EQUAL SIGN 125 !?% ~ RIGHT BRACE
62 ?= > GREATER THAN SIGN126 !?= TILDE
63 ?? ? QUESTION MARK 127 !?? FF
'7
2~
TA~L~ 8
~ 8XAMPL~ Or an OPTIMlZ~D BAS~ 3 or trln~rY ~y~t~ ¦He ~hall
r~prz nt our BASe 3 (RADIX 3) ch~r~cter~ as ' I ' '+' 'O') ln ~hlch
the ~d~ u~d char~ctcrs are organlzed t~ rBqulre thc ~al~a~t nu~ber
roduc~d set char~ct0r~.
~C TRINARY ASCII D~CI~AL TRINARY ASCII
BA~ BASE BASe SYPtLOL BAS~ BA8R BASB SYMBOL
3 128 DLSCRIPTION 19 3 12~ D~SCRIPTION
______________________________________________________________________
8 i ~S ~ACKSPAC~ 8~ l+OI V UPP~RCAS~ V
32 ~ SPC spAce 87 ++01 W UPPRRCASe W
0 CR ~NT~R 88 0+01 X UPP~RCA8~ X
49 11 1 ONE 8D 1001 Y UPPERCA8g Y
~0 +l 2 TWO ~0 +001 Z UPP~RCA8~ Z
~1 01 3 THR~ 3 0001 ^C CONTROL C (~C)
B2 1+ 4 ~OUR 47 11l+ / 3LASH / DIVIDe 5IaN
~3 ~ 6 PIVe 40 +11~ LePT PAR~NTHB5I5
64 0+ ~ ~IX 123 011+ LLPT BRACe
5~ lO 7 S~VeN 91 l+l~ LePT BRACKgT
~B +0 8 RIGHT BO ~+1+ LLS8 THAN 5IGN
~7 00 9 NINE 33 0+l~ 1 ~XCLAMATION KA~X
~7 1ll a LOW~RCA~ A 44 101+ , CO~MA
~8 ~11 b LOWeRCA~ B 3~ +01~ ~ NUPtBeR 8IGN
~a ol I c LO~LRCA8e C ~4 001+ ~ AT 8IGN
100 l~t d LOW~RCAS~ D ~5 I J+t - DA8H / MINUS SlGN
~01 t+ I e LOW~RCAS~ ~ 9~ ~l++ ^ CAR~
102 0+l ~ LO~RCASE ~ 42 Ot+~ 8 STA~ / ~ULTlPLY SIGN
103 lOI ~ LOW~RCAS~ B ~3 1++~ + PLUS SIGN
104 +0l h LoweRcAse H Bl ++/+ - ~QUAL SIGN
~05 00l 1 L0~8RCAS~ I 12~ 0+++ ~ T~LDE
10~ ll+ 1 LO~BRCAS~ J 37 lO++ % PBRCBNS / ~ODULUS SIG
107 +1+ ~ LO~RCAS8 K 36 -~0++ S DOLLAR 8IGN
108 0l+ l LOWERCA~ L 38 00++ ~ A~PRRSAND
10~ l*~ ~ LO~ERCAS8 ~ 124 llO+ l VERTICAL BAR
110 ++f n LOW~RCAS~ N 9~ +lO~ SIN~L8 BAC~QUOT~
111 0++ o LO~RCAS~ O 34 0l0l n DOUBL8 ~UOTE
112 lO+ p LO~RCAS~ P 3~ l+O~ ' SINGL QuoTe
~ 0+ q LOW~RCASB Q 58 ~0~ : COLO~
11~ 00+ r LOWeRCASE R 59 0~0+ SB~I-COLON
115 llO 8 LOWERCASE S ~3 lOO~ ? QUBSTION MARR
llB +10 t LOWRRCASE T ~5 +00+ ~ND~RLINe
117 010 u LOWBRCAS~ U 2q 000-~ ~SC ESCAPE
118 l+O v LOWeRCAS~ V 92 lllO \ 9ACKSLAS~
11~ 4+0 ~ LO~BRCASB ~ 41 +llO RIGHT PAR~NT~LSIS
120 0+0 x LOWeRCASE X1~5 0ll0 RIG~T ~RAC8
121 lOO y LOWBRCASL Y ~8 l+10 RIG~T BRACR~T
122 +00 z LOWERCAS~ Z C2 ~+lO GRgATBR T~AN SI~N
48 000 0 ZERO 0+l0 USPR D~PINBD
~6 llll A UPP~RCAS~ A 48 lOlO . PaRIOD
+lll B UPP~RCABB B ~0l0 US~R DBFI~ED
87 0lll C UPP~RCA8~ C OOJO US~R DB~INBD
~B I ~ I I D UPPBRCAS~ D ll+O USBR D~IN~D
~ UPP~RCA8E ~ 0 U~R DRPIN~D
70 0~ UPP~RCAS~ P 0l+0 US~R DBPI~8D
71 lOI I G UPP~RCAS~ G 9 l~O TAG ~8Y
72 +0ll ~ UPPeRCAS8 ~ +~+0 US8R D~PIN8D
73 00ll I UPP~RCA~ I 0~+0 U8~R D~IN~D
7~ ll+l J UPPERCASg J lOtO U~BR DBPIN~D
7~ ~1+l K UPP8RCASZ K +0+0 U9~R D~YIN~D
7~ 0l+l L VPPERCASB L 00+0 US3R D~PINBD
77 1++1 M UPPBRCA8E1 ~1 1 100 U8E~R DI~PIN~D
7B ~++ I N UPP~RCA88 N ~lOO US8R DK~INED
7~ 0++l 0 UPP8RCAS~ O 0l00 U3~R D~IN~D
80 lO+I P ~PP~RCAS8 P l+OO U8~R DB~IN~D
al +o~ I Q UPP~RCAS8 Q ++00 US~R D8~IN8D
82 00~l R UPP~RCA8B R 0+00 U88R ~ D
83 llOI S UPPBRCAS8 . lOOO U8~R DRPIN8D
8~ +lOI T UPP8RCA58 T +000 US8R D~ D
85 O101 U UPPeRCAS~ U OOOO U83~1R l)~ErINE~D
~3
G~
i TABL~ 9 ~Z7~02
An EXAMPLe of an OPTIMIZED BASE 5 or qulnary ~ste~ (we shall
:~pre~ent our BASe 5 (RADIX5) character~ as '~', 'f',' ','t' ~ 'O') in
whlch the ~o~t used characters are organized to requlre the ~allest
nu~be of reduced set characters.
D~C QUINT ASCII DEC QUlNT ASCII
~ASE BASE BASE SYMBOL BASE BAS BASe SYMBOL
l28 DESCRJPTION IV 5 128 DeSCRlPTJON
______________________________________________________________________
8 ! BS BACKSPACE ~4 ++0 ^ CARET
32 ~ SPC SPACE 59 +~l , SEMI-COLON
13 ~ CR ENTER 43 +~+ + PLUS SIGN
9 ~ <TAB~ TAB 33 +~ I EXCLAMATION MARK
27 0 <ESC> ESCAPE 46 +~ . PeRIOD
49 1l I ONE 9~ +~0 ` ~INGLe BACKQUOTE
~0 t+ 2 TWO 124 +~1 ¦ VERTICAL BAR
51 l* 3 THREE 92 +~+ ~ BACKSLAS~
52 l~ 4 ~OUR 41 +~ RIGHT PAReNTHESIS
53 lO 5 PIVE 125 +~J RIGHT BRACE
54 ~l 6 SIX 93 +~ RIGNT BRACKET
+l 7 SEVEN ~2 +0l > GREATeR TNAN SIGN
5~ +s B EIGHT 27 +0+ esc ESCAPE
57 +~ 9 NINE 36 +0~ S DOLLAR SIGN
48 ~0 0 ZERO 37 +0# X PERCENT / MOD SIGN
~3 ~l : COLON 95 +00 - UNDERLINe
*+ - DASH / MINUS SIG~5 *ll A UPPRRCASE A
63 *~ ? QUESTION MARK 68 ~I+ B UPP8RCASe B
44 ~ , COMMA 67 ~!~ C UPPERCASE C
3~ ~0 ' SINGLE QUOTE 68 ~l~ D UPPERCASE D
34 #l " DOUBLE QUOTE 69 *!0 E UPPERCASE E
47 ~ / SLASH / DIVIDE S70 *+l P UPPERCASE P
~0 ~ LE~T PARENTHESIS 71 ~++ G UPPERCAS~ G
123 ~# LE~T BRACE 72 ~+* H UPPERCASE H
~l ~0 LEET ~RACKeT 73 ~+~ I UPP~RCASE I
~0 Ot LESS THAN SIGN 74 ~+0 J UPPERCASE J
$4 0+ ~ AT SIGN 75 Y*l K UPPeRCASE K
0* # NUMBER SIGN 7B ~+ L UPPRCASE L
42 0~ ~ STAR / MULTIPLY SIGN 77 *~ M UPP~RCASe ~
38 00 ~ AMP~RSAND 78 ~ N UPP~RCASE N
~7 Il! a LOWERCASE A 79 ~0 0 UPPERCASE O
98 ll+ b LOWERCASE B 80 ~l P UPPERCASE P
~ c LOWERCASE C 81 *3+ Q UPPRCASE Q
100 ll~ d LOWERCAS D 82 ~ R UPPERCASE R
101 llO e LOWERCASE fi 83 ~ S UPPERCASE S
102 I+l ~ LOWERCASe F 84 ~0 T UPPERCASE T
103 1++ ~ LOWERCASE G 85 *0l U UPPERCASE U
104 l+~ h LOWERCASE H 86 ~0+ V UPPERCASE V
105 I+# l LOWERCAS~ I 87 ~0~ ~ UPPERCASE W
106 I+O J LOWERCASE J 88 ~0~ X UPPeRCASE X
107 l*l k LOWERCASE K 89 *00 Y UPPERCASE Y
108 I~+ l LOWERCASE L 90 ~ll Z UPPERCASE Z
109 l~ ~ LOWERCASE M 2 #I+ Ctrl B CONTROL B
110 l~ n LOWERCASE N 3 3l~ Ctrl C CONTROL C
11l l~O o LOWERCASE O 4 ~!~ Ctrl D CONTROL D
112 l~l p LOWERCASe P 5 ~lO Ctrl E CONTROL E
113 I~+ q LOWERCASE Q 6 ~+! Ctrl E CONTROL ~
114 l~ r LOWERCASE R 7 ~++ <BELL> CONTROL G
115 !~ 8 LO~ERCASE S 8 ~+~ <BS> BACKSPACE
110 l~O t LOW~RCASE T 9 ~+~ <HTA~> HORIZONTAL TAB
117 lOI u LOW8RCASE U 10 ~+0 <L~> LINEFEED
118 lOf V LOWERCASL V 11 ~! <YTAB> VERTICAL TAB
119 10~ ~ LOWERCASE ff 12 3~+ <PP> PORM~EED
120 lO~ x LOWERCASe X 13 **~ cCR> CARRIAGE RETURN
12~ lOO y LOW8RCASE Y 14 ~ Ctrl N CONTROL N
122 +t! z LO~RCASE Z 15 ~0 Ctrl O CONTROL O
12C +l+ TILDE 16 ~l Ctrl P CONTROL P
23 +l~ Ctrl ~ CONTROL W 17 ~+ Ctrl Q CONTROL Q
24 +l~ Ctrl X CONTROL X 18 ~* Ctrl R CONTROL R
Z5 ~lO Ctrl Y CONTROL Y 1~ Ctrl S CONTROL S
1 +~l Ctrl A CONTROL A 20 ~#0 Ctrl T CONTROL T
28 +~+ ~0~> CORTROL Z 21 ~0l Ctrl U CONTROL U
t-~ useR D~PIN8D 22 ~0+ Ctrl V CONTROL V
++~ USER DePINED
~y
