Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
- t 338242
This ap~lication is a di~isional of application
serial number 534,325, filed April 9, 1987.
This invention relates to transparent plastic
printin~ films, specifically, to transparent plastic
printing films sui~able for lithographic
offset or letterpress printing in which oil inks
of the oxidative polymerization type are used.
Printing or patterning of plastic films has
conventionally been conducted by gravure printing,
flexogravure printing, screen printing or the like,
which permits selection of a printing ink having good
compatibility with the plastic films from a wide range
of printing inks. These printing processes are however
accompanied by one or more drawbacks such that the
production of printing plates is costly, the work-
ability is insufficient, the tone reproduction of
printed marks is poor, and marks tend to lack
vividness.
In contrast to the above-described printing
processes, lithographic offset enjoys a low
cost for the production of printing plates, easy
practice, good tone reproduction of marks, and high
vividness. It has hence been desired to print plastic
fi~lS ~y lithographic offset enjoys.
~- ~ 33~4~
Solvent inks or water inks are used in many instances
for the printing or patterning of impervious materials
such as plastics, since the printing media do not
permit penetration of printing inks. Ultraviolet
curable inks or electron beam curable inks may also be
used, although not very often.
Oil inks are generally employed in lithographic
offset and letterpress printing. In order
to modify the imperviousness of materials, it is hence
necessary to provide ink-setting layers on the surfaces
of the materials so that layers facilitating the
penetration and setting of such inks are formed. The
term "oil ink" as used herein means an ink the vehicle
components of which include one or more oil components.
An oil ink useful in lithographic offset or
letterpress printing contains a colorant, resin, drying
oil and high boiling-point petroleum solvent as
principal components and additives such as wax compound
and dryer are added further. It undergoes oxidative
polymerization by oxygen in the air.
When a solvent ink or water ink is employed,
problems arise that the environment of the printing
workshop is aggravated and a long period of time is
required for drying the ink.
When an ultraviolet curable ink or electron beam
curable ink is used, the drying time of the ink is
- - 1 33~242
short but an expensive apparatus such as ultraviolet
ray radiation apparatus or electron beam radiation
apparatus is indispensable. Many of ultraviolet
curable inks involve problems in both safety and health
aspects, because they have specific offensive odor due
to the influence of a reaction initiator and remaining
monomers even after their drying.
Use of an oil ink can significantly minimize
problems such as those mentioned above. In order to
print an impervious material such as a plastic, it is
necessary to form a modified microporous layer as an
ink-setting layer on at least one surface so that the
ink is allowed to penetrate and is set (hereinafter
called "ink-setting") there. However, this ink-setting
layer is opaque. Corollary to this, those obtained by
conducting lithographic offset or letter-
press printing on transparent plastic sheets with oil
inks were opaque. When it was necessary to print
transparent plastic films like food bags and the like
whlle retaining their transparency, a printing process
making use of the above-mentioned solvent ink or water
ink was employed.
In lithographic offset or letter-
press printing on the other hand, films in the form of
sheets are printed. This printing is accompanied by
such problems that while the drying and curing of the
1 3J~2~2
ink through its oxidative polymerization has not been
completed, films are superposed one over another and
are hence smeared due to set off and bleeding of
the ink. In an extreme instance, the blocking
phenomenon takes place.
The following process has been employed in order
to avoid the above-mentioned problems. Namely, plastic
films are subjected to lithographic offset
with an ultraviolet curable ink or electron beam
curable ink. Immediately after their printing, they
are exposed to ultraviolet or electron beams to cure
the ink. This process however requires an expensive
apparatus such as ultraviolet ray radiation apparatus
or electron beam radiation apparatus. In the case of
simultaneous multicolor printing in particular, one
ultraviolet ray radiation apparatus must be provided
for the printing of each color. The use of such many
ultraviolet ray radiation apparatus however reduces the
merit of lithographic offset that it can be
practiced economically. Further, many of ultraviolet
curable inks involve problems in both safety and health
aspects, because they have specific offensive odor due
to the influence of a reaction initiator and remaining
monomers even af ~er their drying.
~ hen p~astic f~ms in the form of sheets are
subjected to lithographic offset, it is
- - 1 3 3 8 2 4 2
necessary as general properties in addition to taking
the above-mentioned ink absorption and dry durability
into consideration that stacked films are fed one after
one smoothly to a printing machine, fed with good
accuracy of register, ejected and then stacked in
complete registration (pile-up). Namely, the films
must have good running property. For this purpose, it
is necessary to prevent the triboelectrification and
tacking of the stacked films and to lower their surface~
friction coefficient as well as to avoid blocking due
to exposure to heat and moisture during the storage of
the films. An underpaper has conventionally been
brought into a contiguous relation with the back side
of each film. To prevent the the film and its
associated underpaper from slipping off from each other
in the course of their running, they are temporarily
put together at some locations with an adhesive, self-
adhesive, double-tack tape, or the like. Their
temporary holding and subsequent separation work is
irksome and moreover, requires the underpaper addi-
tionally.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 96590/1979
discloses to the effect that a polyester film obtained
by coating its surface with an acrylic copolymer, which
is soluble in water or a lower aliphatic alcohol and
has quaterna~y am~onium groups as salt-forming groups
1 33~242
on side chains, is suitable for lithographic
offset. According to a reproduction of the above
invention by the present inventors, the polyester film
coated with the above-described copolymer was however
found to have a slow ink drying and setting velocity.
In addition, acrylic copolymers containing quaternary
ammonium salts such as that disclosed in the above
patent publication are poor in moisture and heat
resistance. The present inventors conducted an
experiment, in which sheets of polyester films coated
with the above-described copolymer were stored in a
stacked form. As a result, it was found that they
absorbed moisture and induced blocking problems,
namely, they tended to perform poor running even in a
room of normal temperature. They are not satisfactory
in general properties required for printing films, such
as damage resistance, abrasion resistance and the like.
An object of this invention is therefore to
provide a transparent plastic sheet which can be
printed, without losing its transparency, with an oil
ink of the oxidative polymerization type by
lithographic offset or letterpress printing.
Another object of this invention is to provide a
transparent plastic film which can perform smooth
running in sheet-fed printing and neither induces
blocking n~r ~ndergoes tacking, damagesr abrasion, etc.
1 33~242
-
In the first aspect of this invention, there is
thus provided a transparent plastic printing film
suitable for printing with an oil ink of the oxidative
polymerization type, which comprises a transparent
plastic film and an ink-setting layer composed
principally of a rubbery resin and/or styrene resin and
provided on at least one side of the transparent
plastic film. The transparent plastic printing film
still retains transparency, features fast ink-setting, ~
and provides a print having excellent print strength
and scrateh resistance. The rubbery resin may
preferably be a resin which contains at least one
polymer selected from styrene-butadiene copolymers,
acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers, methacrylic
ester-butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene-
butadiene copolymers, methacrylic ester-styrene-
butadiene copolymers and substituted derivatives
thereof. The styrene resin may preferably be a resin
which contains at least one polymer selected from
styrenated alkyd resins, styrene-acrylic ester
copolymers, styrene-methacrylic ester copolymers and
substituted derivatives thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, fine ruggedness may
be formed on at least one side of the transparent film,
for example, by incorporating particles such as silica
powder or e~ssing said at ~east one side. This
1 33824~
allows air to remain within the spacing of the rugged
surface so that the oxidative polymerization of the oil
ink is promoted and the sheet running property, heat
resistance and moisture resistance are improved to
avoid the occurrence of blocking.
In ancther preferred embodiment, an antistatic
treatment may be applied by mixing a conductive resin
or antistatic agent or depositing a metal oxide on the
surface of the film, whereby the transparent printing
film is prevented from undergoing tacking due to static
electricity.
In the second aspect of this invention, there is
also provided a transparent plastic printing film
suitable for printing with an oil ink of the oxidative
polymerization type, comprising a transparent plastic
film and an ink-setting layer provided on at lest one
side of the transparent plastic film by coating said at
least one side of the transparent plastic film with a
mixture of (i~ a solution formed principally of a
rubbery resin and/or styrene resin and (ii) a silica
sol. The scratch resistance, heat blocking resistance
and moisture blocking resistance of the transparent
plastic printing film according to the second aspect of
this invention have been improved further. Owing to
the addition of the silica sol, the surface electrical
resistance of the plastic film according to the second
1 3382~2
aspect of this invention has been reduced to 1/10 -
1/100 of that of the plastic film according to the
first aspect of this invention. In the second aspect
of this invention, the rubbery resin and styrene resin
may be similar to those employed in the first aspect of
this invent~on. A transparent printing film having
still better properties may also be obtained by forming
fine ruggedness on the surface of the film or applying
an antistatic treatment as described above with
reference to the first aspect of this invention.
The transparent plastic printing film according
to the first aspect of this invention is provided on at
least one side thereof an ink-setting layer composed
principally of a rubbery resin and/or styrene resin.
The rubbery resin forming the ink-setting layer
may be, for example, a styrene-butadiene copolymer,
acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, methacrylic
ester-butadiene copolymer, acrylonitrile-styrene-
butadiene copolymer or methacrylic ester-styrene-
butadiene copolymer or a substituted derivativethereof. As illustrative examples of the substituted
derivative, may be mentioned carboxylated derivatives
or those obtained by rendering these ca~oxylated
deri~ati~es copolymers reacti~e to alkalis. These
polymers may be used either singly or in combination.
1 338~4~
As an illustrative example of the styrene resin
forming the ink-setting layer, may be mentioned a
styrenated alkyd resin, styrene-acrylic ester copolymer
or styrene-methacrylic ester copolymer or a substituted
derivative thereof. Illustrative examples of the
substituted derivative may include carboxylated
derivatives or those obtained by rendering these
carboxylated derivatives copolymers reactive to alkalis. These
polymers may be used either singly or in combination.
The thickness of the ink-setting layer should be
at least 1 ~m with above 3 - 10 ~ being preferred.
The principal component or components of the ink-
setting layer are a rubbery resin and/or styrene resin
as described above. Depending on required degrees of
heat resistance, scratch resistance and the like, one or
more other resin components (for example, polyester
resins, polyvinyl alcohols, cellulose derivatives) may
also be added.
In order to prevent films from being firmly
cohered upon their stacking, fine ruggedness may
preferably be formed in the films. Such ruggedness may
be formed by providing particles on the films.
Ruggedness can be provided on one side of a film, said
side bearing an ink-setting layer, when particles
having a particle size greater than the thickness of
the ink-setting lay~r are mixed in a resin to be
-- 10 --
1 338242
employed to form the ink-setting layer. Such particles
may also be mixed in a resin composition and then
coated on the side opposite to the ink-setting layer so
as to form ruggedness on that side. Both sides of a
film may also be rendered rugged with particles by
applying both methods.
As exemplary particles, may be mentioned silicon
dioxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, zinc
oxide, aluminum hydroxide, titanium oxide, calcium
silicate, aluminum silicate, mica, clay, talc, alumina,
zinc stearate, calcium stearate, molybdenum disulfide,
starch, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene,
acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, tetrafluoro-
ethylene, ethylene-acrylic ester copolymers, and
pigments such as Phthalocyanine Blue and red iron
oxide. They may be used either singly or in
combination.
Leaf-like particles are inconvenient because
they are brought into face-to-face contact with
adjacent films when the films are stacked. A spherical
or like shape is preferred. The average particle size
of the particles may preferably be about twice the
thickness of the ink-setting layer. Particles of the
same shape may be used. Particles of plural different
shapes may also ~e used alternatively.
-- 11 --
1 338242
The amount of particles to be coated varies
depending of their material. In the case of silica for
example, it is sufficient if silica is applied in an
amount of 5 mg/m2 or more. When the total coat
weight of particles applied on both sides of a film
increases, the resulting film becomes translucent or
opaque.
The fine ruggedness may also be formed by
processing one or both sides of a film. Ruggedness may
be formed, for example, by embossing the film or
subjecting one or both sides of the film to sand
blasting.
Since a plastic film is electrically an
insulator, it is liable to triboelectrification. The
lower the surface electric resistance, the less the
triboelectrification and the more suitable as a
printing film. As a matter of fact, electrical
charging occurs little and substantially no tacking
ta~es place provided that the surface electric
resistance is below 1012Q/o in the surrounding
environment (normally, at room temperature of 20C and
relative humidity of 60%). Actual effects do not
change substantially e~en if the surface electric
resistance is lowered f~rther to 108Q/o or lower.
The surface ~lectrical resistance is a value measured
ih accord~nce with the method prescribed in JIS
- 12 -
~ 1 3 3 ~ 2 4 2
(Japanese Industrial Standard). Namely, it is a value
obtained by firmly applying two electrodes (1 cm long)
wlth an interval of 1 cm in a mutually-opposed relation
on a surface to be measured and then measuring the
electric resistance between the two electrodes.
In order to reduce the surface electric
resistance of the film, a resin with an antistatic
agent mixed therein or a conductive paint may be coated
by way of example on one side of the film which side is
opposite to the ink-fixing layer. A conductive resin,
for example, an anionic conductive resin with a metal
salt of sulfonic or carboxylic acid incorporated
therein, a cationic resin with a quaternary ammonium
salt mixed therein or a siloxane-type resin may be
coated on a film to provide an electrically conductive
layer on the surface of the film. When ruggedness is
applied to one side of a film, said one side being
opposite to the associated ink-setting layer, by
coating a resin composition with particles mixed
therein, an antistatic agent or the like may preferably
be kneaded in the resin composition. In order to lower
the electric resistance of one side of a film which
side bears the associated ink-setting layer, an
antistatic agent or the like may be kneaded in a resin
composition adapted to form the ink-setting layer.
Although such an antistatic ~reatment may be applied to
- 13 -
1 338242
both sides of a film, it may be applied to only side of
the film because when films are stacked, one side of
each film which side has not been subjected to any
antistatic treatment is brought into a contiguous
relation with the antistatic side of its adjacent film
and electrons charged in the former side are released
through the latter side. An antistatic agent or the
like may also be kneaded in a film itself in order to
lower the surface electric resistance of the film
The film becomes translucent like frosted glass
if its total luminous transmittance and haze are both
high. If the total luminous transmittance and haze are
both low, the film becomes transparent like smoked
glass but is dark as a whole. In order to obtain
transparent appearance, it is necessary to control the
total luminous transmittance above 80% and the haze below
15%. The control of the total Luminous transmittance and
haze at such values can be achieved by adjusting the
fine ruggedness to be formed in the film.
When forming fine ruggedness with particles
applied on a film, the total luminous transmittance and
haze vary in accordance with the size, amount, shape
and optical properties (i.e., the l~minous transmi.tance
of the particles themselves, the relative refractive
index to the resin composition in which the particles
are mixedJ of t~e particles. The smaller the particle
- 14 -
1 33~242
size of the particles, the lower the haze. ~uggedness
is however not formed unless the particles protrude
from the ink-setting layer (or the resin component of
the binder). The particles should therefore have at
least such a particle size. As the shape of the
particles becomes closer to a sphere, the haze becomes
lower. A high total luminous transmission can be imparted
if the luminous transmission of the particles per se
is high. However, the haze becomes higher when the
relative refractive index is great.
When fine ruggedness is formed by processing one
or both sides of a film itself, the total luminous
transmittance and haze vary in accordance with the
degree, shape and density of the ruggedness. In the
case of a film bearing embossed ruggedness for example,
the total luminous transmittance de~reases as the density
of bosses increases. The haze can be maintained small
so long as the degree of ruggedness is small and the
bosses and lands are semispherical. The total luminous
transmittance and haze are determined by the
measurement methods prescribed in ASTM D1003-61.
The printing film according to the second aspect
of this invention includes on at least one side thereof
an ink-setting layer formed by coating said at least
one side with a mixture of (i) a solution formed
principally of a rubbery resin and/or styrene resin and
- 15 -
1 33~24~
(ii) a silica sol having a particle size of 3 - 100
m~m preferably.
In the second aspect of this invention, the
plastic film as the base material and the material
forming the ink-setting layer may be the same as those
employed in the first aspect of this invention. The
silica sol has been added in the second aspect of this
invention in order to improve the the heat blocking
resistance, moisture blocking resistance and scratch
resistance achieved by the first aspect of this
invention.
Silica sol is also called colloidal silica. The
particle size of silica ranges 3 to 100 m~m. Silica
particles undergo dehydration and condensation to form
siloxane bonds, so that while forming a microporous
structure, the hardness of the coating film increases
to improve the scratch resistance of the surface of the
resulting ink-setting layer. The heat blocking
resistance and moisture blocking resistance of the
surface of the ink-setting layer are both improved by
the incorporation of the silica sol. The silica sol
also serves to lower the surface electric resistance so
that it is also effective for the prevention of tribo-
electrification. There are two types of silica sols,
one being an aqueous silica sol in which silica par-
ticles are dispersed in water and are stabilized with
- 16 -
1 33~242
cations such as sodium ions and the other organo sol in
which the surfaces of silica particles have been
rendered hydrophobic and hence soluble in an organic
solvent. A suitable silica sol may be selected from
these silica sols in accordance with the type of the
coating formulation.
The silica sol may be incorporated in the form
of a composite material bonded chemically with the
rubbery resin and/or styrene resin, which are employed -
for the formation of the ink-setting layer, by
introducing hydroxyl groups into the rubbery resin
and/or styrene resin and inducinq, for example,
dehydration and condensation between the silica sol and
the rubbery resin and/or styrene resin to form Si-O-R
(R: organic resin).
The weight ratio of the rubbery resin and/or
styrene resin to the silica particles in the silica sol
may preferably be 100 : 15-200. If the content of
silica particles is 15 parts by weight per 100 parts by
weight of the resin component or components, substan-
tially no additional effects can be brought about by
the addition of the silica sol. Any contents of silica
particles above 250 parts by weight per 100 parts by
weight of the resin component or components, the
resultant ink-setting layer may be whitened or may
develop cracks s~ that the coating formulation may not
1 33~242
be formed successfully into a film and the resultant
coating film may hence be weak. In addition, the
dampening water compatibility may be deteriorated and
the ink-setting time may be prolonged, thereby
impairing the printability.
In the second aspect of this invention, a silica
sol is mixed in a coating formulation which is adapted
to form an ink-setting layer. When the coating
formulation is dried into a coating film, hydroxyl
groups of the silica sol undergo mutual dehydration and
condensation so that siloxane bonds Si-O-Si are formed
to establish a strong three-dimensional network
structure. As a consequence, the hardness of the
coating film on the surface of the ink-setting layer is
increased to improve the scratch resistance. Owing to
the inclusion of the silica sol in the ink-setting
layer, the resultant printing films do not stick one
another and are hence free from blocking problem even
when they are left over in a large quantity for a long
period of time in an environment of high temperature
and humidity. As mentioned above, the heat resistance
and moisture resistance have been improved significant-
ly. In addition, the addition of the silica sol has
made it possible to reduce the electric resistance of
the surface of the ink-setting layer to 1/10 - 1/100,
thereby successfully avoiding possible problems which
- 18 -
-
- 1 338242
would otherwise be caused by static electricity to be
produced by triboelectrification. The thus-added
silica sol is as small as 3 - 100 m~m in particle size
and forms a microporous structure. The particle size
of the silica sol is therefore sufficiently small
compared with the wavelength of the visible range,
i.e., 400 - 700 m~m, thereby bringing about another
advantage that the transparency of the coating film is
not lowered by scattered light. The silica sol is
excellent particularly when employed in an ink-setting
layer of a transparent printing film.
The present invention will hereinafter be
described by the following Examples.
Example 1:
A bonding-facilitated transparent polyester film
of 100 ~m thick ("Melinex 505", trade name; product of
ICI, England) was coated on one side thereof with a
latex ~solid content: 30 wt.%) of a methyl
methacrylate-butadiene copolymer by a reverse roll
coater, followed by drying for 1 minute in a drying
oven of 120C. The resultant film was provided with a
7-~m thick ink-setting layer of the methyl
methacrylate-butadiene copolymer.
Example 2:
A transparent triacetate film having a thickness
of 125 ~m was coated on one side thereof with a
-- 19 --
1 338242
coating formulation, which had been obtained by
diluting a rubbery resin having a solid content of 20%
("SF-105" trade name; product of DAINIPPON INK &
CHEMICALS, INC.) to a solid content of 10% with ethyl
acetate, by a bar coater which was wound by a wire
having a diameter of 0.5 mm. The thus-coated film was
dried by blowing hot air of 110C for 1 minute against
same. The resultant film was provided with a 4-~m
thick ink-setting layer of the rubbery resin.
Example 3:
A cellophane film having a thickness of 70 ~m
was coated on one side thereof with a latex (solid
content: 25%) of a carboxy-modified styrene-butadiene
copolymer. The thus-coated film was then dried by
blowing air against same. The resultant film was
provided with a 10-~m thick ink-setting layer of the
carboxy-modified styrene-butadiene copolymer.
Example 4:
A bonding-facilitated transparent polyester film
of 75 ~m thick ("Lumilar Q-80", trade name; product of
TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. ) was coated on one side thereof
with a coating formulation, which had been obtained by
diluting a styrene-acrylic ester copolymer ("Movinyl
860", product of Hoechst Gosei K.K.) with water to a
solid content of 3~%, ~y a wire bar coater. The
thus-coate~ f}lm was dried by blowing air against same.
- 20 -
1 33~242
The resultant film was provided with a 10-~m thick
ink-setting layer of the styrene-acrylic ester
copolymer. The other side of the film, which was
opposite to the side on which the ink-setting layer had
been formed, was coated with a coating formulation of
the following composition by a reverse roll coater.
~ parts by weight
Nitrocellulose resin 15
Sodium dodecylphosphate 0.4
Ethyl acetate 45
Toluene 45
The thus-coated film was dried by blowing air
against same, thereby obtaining an antistatic layer of
3 ~m thick. The surface electric resistance of the
antistatic layer was 7 x 101Q/o at 20C and 60% RH.
Comparative Example 1:
h t~ansparent polyester film having a thickness
of 100 ~m was coated on one side thereof with a
coating formulation, which had been obtained by
dissolving a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer in
a mixed solvent of methyl ethyl ketone and toluene and
had a solid content of 15%, by a reverse roll coater.
The thus-coated film was then dried by blowing air
against same. The resultant film was provided with an
8-~m thick layer of the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate
copolymer.
1 33~242
Example 5:
A bonding-facilitated transparent polyester film
of 100 ~m thick ("Melinex 505", trade name; product of
ICI, England) was coated on one side thereof with a
mixture of a latex ~solid content: 30 wt.~) of a methyl
methacrylate-butadiene copolymer and 0.1 wt.~ of silica
powder (average particle size: 10~m) by a reverse roll
coater, followed by drying for 1 minute in a drying
oven of 120C. The resultant film was provided with a
7-~m thick ink-setting layer of the methyl
methacrylate-butadiene copolymer. Silica particles
protruded from the ink-setting layer so that ruggedness
was presented over the entire surface.
parts by weight
Cellulose acetate proprlonate 10
"Syloyd 244" (trade name; 0.04
synthetic silica produced
by Fuji-Davison Chemical,
Ltd.; particle size: 3.5 ~m)
Methyl Cellosolve (Cellosolve is 40
tradem~rk)
Toluene 40
Air of 120C was blown for 1 minute against the
coated surface to fix the ruggedness of the synthetic
silica particles.
Example 6:
One side of a transparent polyester film having
a thickness of 100 ~m ("Lumilar Q-80", trade name;
product of TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.) was embossed by a
- 22 -
-
1 338242
finely-textured roll. The opposite side of the film
was then coated with a latex (solid content: 30 wt.%)
of a methyl methacrylate-butadiene copolymer by a
reverse roll coater, followed by drying for 1 minute in
a drying oven of 120C to form an ink-setting layer.
Ruggedness had been formed on the opposite side by the
embossing processing.
Example 7:
A bonding-facilitated transparent polyester film-
of 75 ~m thick ("Lumilar Q-80", trade name; product of
TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. ) was coated on one side thereof
with a coating formulation, which had been obtained by
diluting a styrene-acrylic ester copolymer ("Movinyl
860", product of Hoechst Gosei K.K.) with water to a
solid content of 30%, by a wire bar coater. The thus-
coated film was dried by blowing air against same. The
resultant film was provided with a 10-~m thick
ink-setting layer of the styrene-acrylic ester
copolymer. The other side of the film, which was
opposite to the side on which the ink-setting layer had
been formed, was coated with a coating formulation of
the following composition by a reverse roll coater.
1 338242
parts by weight
Nitrocellulose resin 15
Sodium dodecylphosphate 0.4
crosslinked spherical polystyrene
particles (average particle
size: 6~m; "Fine Pearl 3000sp",
trade name; product of SUMITOMO
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.)
Ethyl acetate 45
Toluene 45
The thus-coated film was dried by blowing air
against same, thereby obtaining an antistatic layer of
3 ~m thick. The surface electric resistance of the
antistatic layer was 7 x 10 Q/~ at 20C and 60% RH.
The crosslinked spherical polystyrene particles
protruded from the antistatic layer, thereby presenting
ruggedness.
Example 8:
A cellophane film having a thickness of 70 ~m
was coated on one side thereof with a mixture of a
latex (solid content: 25%) of a carboxy-modified
styrene-butadiene copolymer and 2 wt.% of silica powder
(average particle size: 10~m). The thus-coated film
was then dried by blowing air against same. The
resultant film was provided with a 6-~m thick ink-
setting layer of the carboxy-modified styrene-butadiene
copolymer ~r~m wh~ch silica particles protruded.
- 24 -
- 1 3~8242
The opposite side of the film was then coated by
a reverse roll coater with a coating formulation of the
following composition:
parts by weight
Quaternary ammonium salt 30
of cationic acrylic resin
("Cebien A830", trade name;
solid content: 30 wt.%;
product of DAICEL CHEMICAL
CO., LTD.)
Fine spherical particles of 0.2
polymethyl methacrylate
(average particle size: 6~m)
Methanol 70
Air of 120C was blown for 1 minute against the
coated side to obtain an antistatic layer presenting
ruggedness of the particles of the polymethyl
methacrylate. The surface electric resistance of the
antistatic layer was 5 x 10 n/L at 20C and 60% RH.
Comparative Example 3:
A transparent polyester film having a thickness
of 100 ~m was coated on one side thereof with a
coating formulation, which had been obtained by
dissolving a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer in
a mixed solvent of methyl ethyl ketone and toluene and
adding 0.2 parts by weight of silica powder (average
particle size: 10 ~m) had a solid content of 15%, by a
reverse roll coater. The thus-coated film was then
dried by blowing air against same. The resultant film
- 25 -
1 338242
was provided with an 8-~m thick layer of the vinyl
chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
Example 9:
A bonding-facilitated transparent polyester film
of 100 ~m thick ~"Melinex 505", trade name; product of
ICI, England) was coated on one side thereof with a
mixture of a latex lsolid content: 30 wt.%) of a methyl
methacrylate-butadiene copolymer and 8 wt.% of
crosslinked polystyrene beads (average particle size:
15~m; "Fine Pearl PB 300", trade name; product of
SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO., LTD.) by a reverse roll coater,
followed by drying for 1 minute in a drying oven of
120C. The resultant film was provided with an ink-
setting layer of the methyl methacrylate-butadiene
copolymer. The crosslinked polystyrene beads were
dispersed at a rate of 0.7 g/m2 in the ink-setting
layer and protruded from the ink-setting layer, thereby
presenting ruggedness. The total luminous transmittance
and haze of the film were 90.3% and 12.0% respectively.
Example 10:
A transparent triacetate film having a thickness
of 125 ~m was coa~ed on one side thereof with a
coating formulation r which had ~een obtained by
dilutin~ a rubbery resin having a solid content of 20
wt.% ("SF-105" trade name; product of DAINIPPON INK &
CHEMICALS, INC.) to a solid content of 10% with ethyl
- 26 -
1 33~242
-
acetate, by a bar coater which was wound by a wire
having a diameter of 0.5 mm. The thus-coated film was
dried by blowing hot air of 110C for 1 minute against
same. The resultant film was provided with an ink-
setting ~ayer of the rubbery resin.
In order to apply ruggedness to the other side
opposite to the side on which the ink-setting layer had
been formed, the other side was coated with a coating
formulation of the following composition by a wire bar
coater.
parts by weight
Cellulose acetate proprionate 10
"Syloyd 244" (trade name; 0.5
synthetic silica produced
by Fuji-Davison Chemical,
Ltd.; particle size: 3.5 ~m)
Methyl cellosolve 45
Toluene 45
Air of 120C was blown for 1 minute against the
coated surface to fix the ruggedness of the synthetic
silica particles.
The resultant film had the ink-setting layer on
one side thereof and presented on the opposite side
ruggedness of the silica particles dispersed at a rate
of 0.01 g/m . The total luminous transmittance and haze
of the film were 9~.6~ and 4.1% respectively.
Example 1~:
- 27 -
1 338242
A bonding-facilitated transparent polyester film
of 75 ~m thick ("Lumilar Q-80", trade name; product of
TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.) was coated on one side thereof
with a coating formulation, which had been obtained by
diluting a styrene-acrylic ester copolymer ("Movinyl
860", product of Hoechst Gosei K.K.) with water to a
solid content of 30%, by a wire bar coater. The thus-
coated film was dried by blowing air against same. The
resultant film was provided with an ink-setting layer
of the styrene-acrylic ester copolymer. The other side
of the film, which was opposite to the side on which
the ink-setting layer had been formed, was coated with
a coating formulation of the following composition by a
reverse roll coater.
parts by weight
Nitrocellulose resin 10
Sodium dodecylphosphate 0.4
Polyethylene beads
(average particle size: 5~m)
Ethyl acetate 45
Toluene 45
The resultant film had the ink-setting layer on
one side thereof and an antistatic layer on the
opposite side. In the antistatic layer, the poly-
ethylene beads were dispersed at a rate of 0.1 g/m2,
thereby presenting ruggedness. The total luminous
- 28 -
1 3382~2
transmittance and haze of the film were 89.3% and 6.3%
respectively. The surface electric resistance of the
antistatic layer was 7 x l01Q/C at 20C and 60% RH.
Example 12:
A cellophane film having a thickness of 70 ~m
was coated on one side thereof with a mixture of a
latex (solid content: 25%) of a carboxy-modified
styrene-butadiene copolymer and 0.5 wt.~ of talc powder
(average particle size: lO~m). The thus-coated film
was then dried by blowing air against same. The
resultant film was provided with an ink-setting layer
of the carboxy-modified styrene-butadiene copolymer
from which talc particles protruded to present
ruggedness.
The opposite side of the film was then coated by
a reverse roll coater with a coating formulation of the
following composition:
parts by weight
Quaternary ammonium salt 30
of cationic acrylic resin
("Cebien A830", trade name;
solid content: 30 wt.%;
product of DAICEL CHEMICAL
CO., LTD.)
"Syloyd 244" 0.5
Methanol 70
Air of 120C was blown for 1 minute against the
coated side to obtain an antistatic layer presenting
- 29 -
~ -3382~
ruggedness of the particles of the polymethyl
methacrylate. The surface electric resistance of the
antistatic layer was 5 x 108n/o at 20C and 60% RH.
The total luminous transmittance and haze of the film
were 83.2% and 10.3% respectively.
The printing films obtained in the above
Examples were cut into a prescribed size, thereby
providing sheet-like films. The sheet-like films were
separately loaded on a lithographic offset press and
actually subjected to multicolor printing with inks,
"TOYO KING MARK V" (trade name; product of TOYO INK
MFG. CO., LTD.). Results are summarized in Table I.
In the same table, the printing films of Comparative
Examples 2 and 4 were cellophane films having no ink-
setting layer although they have not been described in
detail. Similarly to Comparative Example 3, an ink-
setting layer of a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate
copolymer was formed on a cellophane film, the total
luminous transmittance and haze of which were 83.2% and
6.3~. In the table, the "print strength" was evaluated
by applying an adhesive tape on the printed surface of
each sheet, quickly peeling off the adhesive tape and
observing the degree of separation of the print.
- 30 -
Table I
f
Ink Film Heat Moisture Scratch Print
settingrunningresistanceresistance resistance strength
Example 1 G ~ G O ~
Example 2 C! ~ ~ G O
Example 3 G ~ ~ C' G O
Example 4 0 0 ~ ~ ~
Comp. Ex, 1 X X O O O X
Comp. Ex. 2 X ~ O C O X
Example 5 0 a O O C O
Example 6 0 ~ O O
Example 7 0 C ~ C
Example 8 0 C ~ C C)
Comp. Ex. 3 X ~ O C C X ~
r~'
Example 9 0 ~ O O G O ~
Example 10 0 ~ ~ C ~ C'
Example 11 G G ~ G G O
Example 12 C O ~ C C` O
: superior ~ : not poor X : poor
-
1 3382~
Example 13:
A bonding-facilitated transparent polyester film
of 100 ~m thick (nMelinex 505n, trade name; product of
ICI, England) was coated on one side thereof with an
aqueous coating formulation (solid content: 30 wt.%),
which was a 1:1 (by solid weight ratio) mixture of a
latex of a methyl methacrylate-butadiene copolymer and
aqueous silica sol (average particle size: 12 m~m), by
a reverse roll coater, followed by drying for 1 minute
in a drying oven of 120C. The resultant film was
provided with a 7-~m thick ink-setting layer of the
methyl methacrylate-butadiene copolymer.
Example 14:
A polycarbonate film having a thickness of
100 ~m was coated on one side thereof with a coating
formulation of the following composition by a reverse
roll coater.
parts by weight
Quaternary ammonium salt 30
of cationic acrylic resin
("Cebien A830", trade name;
solid content: 30 wt.~;
product of DAICEL CHEMICAL
CO., LTD.)
Synthetic silica 0.5
( n Syloyd 244 n ~ trade name;
average particle size: 3.5 ~m;
product of Fuji-Davison Chemical,
Ltd.)
Methanol 40
Toluene 30
- 32 -
1 3~8242
Air of 120C was blown for 1 minute against the
coated side to obtain an antistatic layer. The
opposite side was coated by a wire bar coater with an
emulsion coating formulation (solid content: 25%) of a
styrene-acrylic ester-silica sol composite material
(silica sol content: 50 wt.%). Air of 110C was blown
for 1 minute against the coated side to form an ink-
setting layer of 10 ~m thick.
Example 15:
A polycarbonate film having an antistatic layer
on the back side thereof and an ink-setting layer of
10 ~m thick on the front side thereof was obtained in
the same manner as in Example 14 except that the
coating formulation for the formation of the ink-
setting layer was changed to the following composition.
parts by weight
Emulsion of styrene-acrylic 50
ester-silica sol composite
material (solid content: 45%;
silica sol content: 50 wt.% of
the whole solids)
Aqueous silica sol solution 20
(solid content: 40%; average
particle size: 10 m~m)
Water 30
In the ink-setting layer of this Example, 170
parts by weight of silica sol were contained per 100
parts by weight of the styrene-acrylic ester copolymer.
- 33 -
- ~ 1 3 3 824 2
Comparative Example 6:
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except
that the mixing ratio of the latex of the methyl
methacrylate-butadiene copolymer to the aqueous sllica
sol in Example 13 was changed to 9:1, thereby forming a
7-~m thick ink-setting layer composed of the methyl
methacrylate-butadiene copolymer and the aqueous silica
sol at a weight ratio of 9:1.
Comparative Example 7: -
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except
that the mixing ratio of the latex of the methyl
methacrylate-butadiene copolymer to the aqueous silica
sol in Example 13 was changed to 2:8. The coating film
formed on the film was weak and developed cracks
readily. It was not suitable for use.
Comparative Example 8:
The procedure of Example 2 were repeated except
that an emulsion (solid content: 30%) of a styrene-
acrylic ester copolymer was used as the coating
formulation employed in Example 14 for the formation of
the ink-settinq layer, thereby obtaining a polycarbo-
nate film having on the back side an antistatic layer
and on the front side an ink-setting layer of 10 ~m
thick made of the styrene-acrylic ester copolymer.
The printing films obtained above in Examples 13
- 15 and Comparative Examples 6 - 8 were cut into a
- 34 -
- - 1 3~824~
prescribed size, thereby providing sheet-like films.
The sheet-like films were separately loaded on a
lithographic offset press and actually subjected to
multicolor printing with inks, "TOYO KING MARK V"
(trade name; product of TOYO INK MFG. CO., LTD.).
Results are summarized in Table II.
The term "coating film" as will be used in the
table means an ink-setting layer. In the table, the
"print strengthn was evaluated by applying an adhesive
tape on the printed surface of each sheet, quickly
peeling off the adhesive tape and observing the degree
of separation of the print. The "pencil hardness" and
"total luminous transmission and haze" of each coating
film were determined respectively by the measuring
methods prescribed in JIS K5400 and JIS K7105 (which
corresponds to ASTM D1003-61). The "surface electric
resistance" of each coating film was measured as a
l-minute value under a voltage of 100 V after allowing
each sample to stand for 24 hours at 20C and 65% RH.
The "heat resistance" and "moisture resistance" of each
coating film were evaluated by bringing the front side
of a sheet of the film into contiguous relation with
the back side of another sheet of the same film,
allowing the sheets to stand at 60C and 90% RH for 72
hours under a load of 1 kg~cm2 and then peeling off
the sheets from each other.
- 35 -
1 338242
o
X _,
CL ~ ~ u~ X a~ ~r
O ~
u
X c E ~
O
E o ~
O ~ O
CJ C
o
W 0 Cl O O ~ X
E
U~ ~
_I o
H al --I
E C) C) O O C) C X
.c X
E~ ~
o O
--I ~ o O
6 (~) C) ~ X CD
X ~:
L ..
a
O
E ~ O ~ X a~ _I
X O
C U~
c ~ ~ a~
~ a 4 ( o ~ c ~~1 JJ ~
:>. c c ~ ~ ~ ~ _ C ~- o
C -I C ~ -I C U ~ d C~ C~ O ~ .
~ ~C ~ ~ U~ C S ~ ~ ~ ~ --
J ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ ~ C ~ O
~ aq~ ~ O ~ U~ o
r _E ~ C J~ U ~Q ~ U U~I ~ E a c
~1 , )~ ~ ~ o o o a~ ~~ c ~ o ~ a
O r~ ~ O ~E ~ u P O C~
-- 36 ~
- -- 1 338242
As has been described above, the transparent
plastic printing film of this invention is provided
with an ink-setting layer on at least one side thereof.
The adhesion of a printing ink to the coated side
(namely, the wettability of the coated side with the
printing ink), the absorption of the printing ink in
the coated side and the drying and hardening properties
of the printing ink on the coated side are all
excellent. In the case of a lithographic offset
printing ink by way of example, the drying oil is
believed to undergo oxidative polymerization while the
solvent component of its vehicle is absorbed and/or
caused to evaporate. Air is hence required to bring
the oxidative polymerization to completion and to dry
and harden the ink. This process is certainly time-
consuming. Transparent plastic films of this invention
are however not smeared even when they stacked before
the complete drying and hardening of the ink is
achieved by oxidative polymerization of the drying oil,
since the ink is firmly held on the ink-setting layer
on the surface of each film, the solvent component has
been absorbed in the ink-setting layer and the
viscosity of the ink has increased to a sufficient
extent.
In the preferred embodiment, fine ruggedness is
formed on each film. Air is hence held in spacing in
- 37 -
~ 338242
the rugged surface. Therefore, the printing ink is
exposed to the air and undergoes an oxidative
polymerization reaction to accelerate the drying and
hardening of the ink. When such films are stacked
together, they do not cohere so that they remain
slidable against each other. Owing to this feature,
they can be fed with good accuracy of register into a
printing machine and after printing, they can be piled
up in complete registration. Namely, they have good
running property. The surface electric resistance is
preferably controlled below 1012n/D . In this case,
the electrification of printing films is little and the
running trouble due to tacking can be avoided.
As has been described above, the transparent
plastic printing films of this invention are suitable
for lithographic offset and letterpress
printing where inks of the oxidative polymerization
type are used. By such printing processes, the
transparency of the printing films is not lost. The
present invention can therefore be advantageously
employed in the printing field of transparent plastic
films such as various cards, forms, films for overhead
projectors and bags for foods.
- 38 -
SUPPLEMENTARY DISCLOSURE
1 33~242
An attempt is made to provide a composition
suitable for use as an ink-setting layer of a printing
medium, without degrading inherent transparency of the
printing medium.
The invention also extends to ink-setting
layer compositions or substrates other than
transparent films and to methods for producing such
ink-setting layers.
Thus also according to the invention, there
is provided an ink-setting layer composition for a
substrate to make it suitable for printing thereon,
the layer comprising principally of a rubber like
resin and/or a styrene resin silica sol.
Moreover there is provided a method of
coating a substrate to prepare it for printing
thereon, comprising coating the substrate with a
transparent ink-setting layer with a mixture of (1) a
solution formed principally of a rubbery or rubber
like resin and/or styrene resin and (2) a silica sol.
The rubbery resin may be as previously
described for use in ink-setting compositions for
- 39 -
1 33~2~2
-
transparent film. Thus, the rubbery or rubber like resin
may contain at least one polymer selected from styrene-
butadiene copolymers, methacrylic ester-butadiene
copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymers,
methacrylic ester-styrene-butadiene copolymers and
substituted derivatives thereof.
The inventors have found that these rubbery (i.e.
rubber-like) and styrene resins will have a characteristic
of swelling by absorbing a solvent and/or oily component in
the oil ink. Especially, these resins will swell to a great
extent with a petroleum base solvent having a high boiling
point. Accordingly, when the oil ink is printed on the ink-
setting layer principally consisting of a rubbery and/or
styrene resin, the solvent and/or oily component contained
in the oil ink will immediately be absorbed into the ink-
setting layer to swell the same. At the same time, the oil
ink is thus dehydrated to increase its viscosity and become
gelated, providing the ink set condition or apparent dry
state. Therefore, even when the printed articles are
superposed one over another immediately after printing with
the oil ink, there will never arise smearing and bleeding of
the oil ink. Further, the
~ - 40 -
1 ~3B242
-
oil ink can be well adhered to the said ink-setting layer
after oxidative polymerization. Because the ink-setting
layer according to this invention is transparent due to its
composition and has no micro-void construction as in the
conventional one, it is particularly suitable for printing a
plastic transparent film.
The substrate may be any material on which it is
desired to print, including metal, glass, ceramics, as well
as a plastic film, thereby forming an ink-setting layer for
well setting the oil ink especially of an oxidative
polymerization type. When the substrate is opaque, it may
be a plastic material such as water impervious plastic
material.
All the characteristics, features and advantages
above described with reference to transparent film
substrates are also obtainable for other substrates. Thus,
fine ruggedness of the printing surface may be obtained
through the use of silica sol especially one having a
particle size of 3-100 m~m.
If it is not desired that the ink-setting layer be
transparent, as is in the case of transparent film
substrates, but possibly unnecessary in the case of opaque
substrates, a filler may be added to the composition.
X - 41 -
- 1 33824~
- The thickness of the ink-setting layer for
general substrates may, as for the case of transparent
film substrates, be at least 1 ~ m with above 3-10 ~ m
being preferred.
Additional treatment of substrates, for
example opaque plastic films, may be as described for
transparent film substrates. Thus, the film itself
may be provided, on one or both sides, with fine
ruggedness as described for transparent film
substrates.
Again, as described for transparent film
substrates, antistatic treatment may be applied as
disclosed if desirable.
Considerations of luminous transmittance and
haze are, however, not relevant when opaque substrates
are to be used. If, however, a transparent substrate
other than a transparent film is used similar
considerations apply to those above described for
transparent films.
When substrates other than transparent films
are used the weight ratio considerations in respect of
the components of the ink-setting layer are similar to
those for use with transparent films. These
considerations are also discussed above.
- 42 -
- 1 338242
~ Com~arative Example 4
The ink-setting layer containing a vinyl
chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer was prepared in the
same manner as in Comparative Example 3 of the main
disclosure but formed a cellophane film having the
total luminous transmittance of 86.1% and haze of 6.3.
ComParative Example 5
A bonding-facilitated transparent polyester
film of 75 m thick ("Lumilar Q-80", trade name;
product of TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.) was coated on one
side thereof with a coating formulation having the
following composition by a reverse roll coater, while
being dispersed with a sand mill. The thus-coated
film was dried by blowing air against same.
parts by weight
Vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer 10
Precipitated calcium carbonate
(average particle size of 3~ m)20
H Syloyd 244" 3
Methyl ethyl ketone 15
20 Toluene 52
The film was then coated with an ink-setting
- 43 -
1 33824~
laYer of 10 ~m thickness thereon, which was prepared
from vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate copolymer and an
inorganic filler in a mixing ration of 1:2:3 in
weight. This film had the total luminous
transmittance of 42.0 and haze of 88.7% and was
white-coloured, i.e. opague.
- 44 -
1 338242
.~
It has been appreciated from the results shown in
Table I of the main disclosure that the oil ink can be well
adhered and deposited onto the ink-setting layer prepared
according to the invention, and the films thus printed can
provide improved strength. Other properties such as film
running, heat resistance, moisture resistance and scratch
resistance can also be kept at a practically satisfactory
level. On the contrary, data of comparative Examples 1 and
3 revealed the fact that the ink-setting layer consisting
essentially of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, which
has typically been employed as a resin component of the
conventional ink-setting layer, was not satisfactory
especially in the ink-setting property and the print
strength. The results of comparative Example 4 (see Table
III) shows that the ink-setting layer of vinyl chloride-
vinyl acetate copolymer can maintain its transparency but
provide degraded ink-setting property and print strength.
When the filler was incorporated into the ink-setting layer
of comparative Example 4 as in comparative Example 5 (see
Table III), the ink-setting property and the print strength
can be improved but the film will become opaque.
Table III
Ink Film Heat Moisture Damage Print
setting runningresistance resistance resistance strength
Comp. Ex. 4 X ~ C G ~ x
Comp. Ex. S O ~ G C ~
a~ ~
o: superior ~ : not poor X : poor
1 33~242
Example 16:
An aluminum foil paper consisting of a lining
paper of 40g/m2 and an aluminum foil of 7~m in thick
superposed on each other was prepared. To the aluminum foil
surface was applied a polyester type primer, which was then
dried to form an anchor coating layer of 2~m in thick on the
aluminum foil surface. The anchor coating layer was then
coated with a coating formulation having the following
composition by a reverse roll coater, followed by drying in
a drying oven of 130C for 2 minutes, to form an ink-setting
layer of 7~m in thick.
parts by weight
Latex of methyl methacrylate-
butadiene copolymer solid
(content: 40~ in weight) 35
Aqueous silica sol solution
(solid content: 40~ in weight;
average particle size: 15~m) 35
Water 30
As apparent from the above, the ink-setting layer
contained methyl methacrylate-butadiene copolymer and silica
sol in a mixing ration of 1.1.
- 47 -
X
1 338242
-
The aluminum foil paper thus prepared was
subjected to multicolor printing utilizing offset printing
process inks of oxidative polymerization type colored in
four different colors, with an offset printing machine. The
color printing was performed for continuous 1,000 sheets of
the paper. The inks were completely set in a short period
of time, namely within 2 hours. No smearing of the inks was
found while storing the aluminum foil paper in a superposed
fashion. After oxidatively polymerized, the ink showed good
adherence to the ink-setting layer and no peeling off of the
ink was found in the peeling-off test utilizing an adhesive
tape, so that a clear printed image was obtained and
maintained. The pencil hardness of the ink-setting layer
thus prepared was determined as "F" in the JIS K5400 method.
Further, the ink-setting layer was well transparent and
provided luster inherent to the aluminum foil material.
As a comparison, an unprocessed aluminum foil
paper was subjected to the offset printing in the same
conditions to find that the inks were still not set in 10
hours after printing. The inks were often smeared to
another, superposed paper.
- 48 -
1 338242
-
Example 17:
A coating formulation prepared by the following
composition was applied to a transparent glass sheet of 3mm
in thickness with a wire bar coater, followed by drying in
an oven of 140C for 2 minutes, to form an ink-setting layer
of 9~m in thickness on a surface of the glass sheet.
parts by weiqht
Emulsion of styrene-acrylic ester-
silica sol composite material
10 (solid content: 45wt.
silica sol content: 50wt.~
of the whole solids 50
Aqueous silica sol solution
(solid content: 40wt.~;
average particle size: 12 m~m 20
Water 30
In the ink-setting layer thus prepared, 126 parts
by weight of silica sol were mixed with 100 parts by weight
of styrene-acrylic copolymer resin.
The ink-setting layer did not change the
transparency of the base bacterial, that is the glass sheet.
The pencil hardness was determined as "3H" and the scratch
resistance property was satisfactory.
- 49 -
1 338242
The glass sheet thus prepared was subjected
to lithographic offset with an ink of oxidative
polymerization type. The ink-setting was completed in
3 hours and a clear image was printed with an improved
adhesiveness.
- 50 -
