Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~U05,'::1.'3
BACKG~Ol1ND OF Tl~E INVENTION
1. ~'i~ld oL th~ Inventlon
This invention relates to methods for waterproofing
or dampproofing various water-penetrable construction
materials in which improved, pre-formed, flexible
sheet-like waterproofing laminates are applied to
structures. Included in this invention are improved, pre-
formed, flexible sheet-like waterproofing laminates which
can be applied at low temperatureq and which can ~e a?plied
primerless at temperatures of 40~ F and above to various
buildings and other civil engineering structures.
2. Description of Related Art
Various materials used in building construction and
other civil engineering projects such as roads, bridges,
builclinys, ~oundations, and plaz.l d~cks are suscep~ible to
water penetration resulting, in part, from their inherent
properties. Reducing or eliminating water penetration
through structures formed of these materials often is
desirable and may be critical in certain structures such
as those housing sensitive electronic equipment or tunnels
moving vehicular or pedestrian traffic under bodies of
water. For many years, flexible, sheet-like waterproofing
laminates of support films and bituminous layers
pre-formed in a factory have been employed as water-
proofing agents.
Although pre-formed, flexible sheet-like water-
proofing laminates of support films and bituminous layers
have been used for many years, use of these laminates
contlnues to be limited by the widely recognized but unmet
need for laminates which can be applied confidently at
~,(1(~5Z~'~
cold temperatures and can be applied at higher temperatures
without a primer. Thus, when ambient temperatures fall
below about 40~F, particularly below 25~F, application of
waterproofing laminates generally is abandoned and
replaced by hot applied waterproofing agents. Weak lap
adhesion, i.e., laminate to laminate adhesion at joints
between laminate sections, is the primary factor
restricting low temperature application. Even specialized
laminates recommended for application at temperatures
below 40~F are not applied at temperatures below 25~F
because of weak lap adhesion.
~005'~9
For example, waterproofing laminates applied
to vertical aspects of structures, such as subterranean
basements, must adhere to the structure without additional
support for the time interval between application and
backfill and, thereafter, must remain securely bonded to
the structure to preven migration of any water that might
enter through damaged areas of the waterproofing laminate.
Also, even though resistance to gravity is not a factor in
horizontal applications, waterproofing laminates applied
to horizontal surfaces must remain securely bonded to
prevent migration of any water that might contact these
surfaces. Despite the costs, delays, and safety concerns
associated with primer application, however, sufficient
adherence to structures using currently available
waterproofing laminates, at least at application
temperatures of about 40~F to 70~F, requires initial
structure priming.
Flexible, pre~formed laminates of the type mentioned
above and their use to form waterproofing layers in
various kinds of building structures are described in, for
example, U.S. Patent Numbers 3,741,856; 3,583,682; and
3,900,102 to ~lurst. U.S. Patent No. 4,172,830 to
Rosenberg et al. is another of many examples disclosing
sheet-like flexible materials used for waterproofing.
U.S. Patent 4,755,545 to Lalwani describes a
self-sealing roofing adhesive blend including 50-95~ by
weight of a bituminous component, 4-40% by weight of an
inert filler, and 1-6% by weight of a thermoplastic
block polymer of styrene and butadiene monomers.
U.S. Patent 4,547,399 to Fujihara et al. discloses a
composition effective for sealing cracks and joints in
asphalt and concrete streets and highways that includes
paving grade asphalt, process oil (not over 32~), and
styrene-butadiene rubber or rubbers.
CA 0200~219 1998-10-09
U.S. Patents 4,328,147 and 4,3~2,989 to Chang et al.
describe asphaltic compositions useful as roofing asphalts
which include 3~-~9% by weight of oxidized asphalt and
from 1-8% oxidized polyethylene.
U.S. Patent 4,45g,157 to Koons describes a
composition of an asphalt blend in which a butadiene-
styrene elastomeric block copolymer is dispersed and
contains 5-45% by weight of catalytic petroleum cracker
bottoms oil. This composition is characterized further by
a low asphaltene content.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods for
waterproofing certain water-penetrable construction
materials comprising application of improved pre-formed,
flexible, sheet-like, primerless waterproofing l~m;n~tes
to structures. The improved pre-formed, flexible,
sheet-like laminates used in the invented methods are
comprised of support films and bituminous layers in
which the bituminous component includes a thermoplastic
block polymer of styrene and butadiene monomers.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Optimum waterproofing of structures such as
buildin~s, bridges, roads, tunnels, foundations, and plaza
decks using pre-formed, flexible, sheet-like laminates of
film and bituminous layers requires bonds between the
structure and waterproofing laminate which endure
essentially for the life of the structure. Such enduring
~ U 0~ 3
bonds even are important in applications such as
subterranean basements, where backfill would hold the
waterproofing laminate in place and horizontal
applications where gravity would hold the waterproofing
laminate in place to prevent migration along the structure
surface of water which may enter through any damaged areas
of the waterproofing laminate. To achieve enduring bonds
between structures and currently available waterproofing
laminates, primers must be applied prior to application of
the waterproofing laminate.
., r ~ ~~ n ~ v c~ n l: l o tl r o .~ k] c~ o d i ~l ~ ov ~ r y c~ ~i
improved wa~erproofing laminates having a bituminous layer
compris~d of about 29 to 5~ by weight ~sphalt, about 25
to SOY by weight process oil, and about 16 to 35% by
we;~JI~t of ~ thermoplastic b~ock polym~r oi styrene and
butadiene monomers. As used herein, the weight percent of
asphalt, process oil, and thermoplastic block polymer of
butadiene and styrene is calculated based on the total of
these components not including fillers or any other
components. At temperatures as low as about 0~F these
laminates form sufficiently strong and enduring laminate-
to-laminate bonds to enable application of the improved
waterproofing laminates at these low temperatures.
Further, at least at temperatures between
about 40~F and 70~F and above, because application of such
laminates to structures yields sufficiently strong and
enduring laminate-structure bonds even without prior
primer application, use of the improved waterproofing
laminates obviates the necessity and disadvantages of
prior primer application. Thus, the invented waterproofing
laminates are waterproofing
laminates which form sufficiently strong and enduring
laminate-to-laminate bonds to make possible application of
waterproofing laminates at temperatures as low as about
0~F, especially between 0~F and 25~F, most especially
between 10~F and 20~F, which meet relevant construction
industry specifications and standards.
'~0~3~Z~3
The invented waterproofing laminates can also be applied
to unprimed structures at temperatures above 40~ F,
preferably from 40~ F to 70~F, more ~referably 40~ F to
60~F. The specifications and standards are known by and
readily accessible to those skilled in the art. Moreover, the
~00521~
-- 7
inverted waterproofing laminates retain
sufficient high temperature flow resistance to enable
application w~lere temperatures may exceed 140~F such as on
plaza decks of buildings located in hot climates.
As used herein, waterproofing laminates are flexible,
sheet-like materials comprising a bituminous layer such as
asphalt, rubberized asphalt, or e~uivalent materials, and
a support material, preferably a film of a synthetic
polymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene or other
polyolcfin; polyamide polyester, e.g., polyethylene
terephthalate, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride; a
copolymer or vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride;
synthetic rubber such as polychloroprene or butyl rubber;
or other similar materials. Preferably, the bituminous
layer is at least 25 mils thick, more preferably from
50-60 mil thic);. Thus, waterproofing laminates do not
include materials such as roofing felts wherein a
bituminous material is impregnated into a support mat made
of, for example, fiberglass, cellulosic materials, organic
polymers, felt, or other materials to which asphalt will
adhere. As used herein, waterproofing laminate primers
are compositions which are applied to a structure prior to
application of waterproofing laminates and which are
intended to leave a residue on the structure. Such
primers include known waterproofing laminate primers such
as compositions of asphalt cutbacks, natural or synthetic
rubbers, and diluent or filler resins in organic solvents,
and primer application refers to application of such
primers to a structure before application of a water~
proofing laminate. Removing dirt or other foreign matter
from the structure by mechanical means or using a solvent
that leaves no substantial residue present when the
waterproofing laminate is applied is not primer
application or priming as used herein.
~(~or~
The asphalt used in the invented, improved
waterproofing laminates has the following alumina
s~ t.io~ ST~l D4124) ranges ~nd pre~rred range~;:
RangePreferred Range
Sa~urates 5-25~, 8-15%
Naphthenic Aromatics20-40~ 32-40%
Pol.ar ~romatics 30-S0~, 40-46
Asphaltenes 5-20% 8-15~
The process oil used in the bituminous layer of the
presently invented waterproofing laminates is operative
process oil defined as a generally naphthenic, aliphatic,
or naphthenic-aliphatic oil which has the following clay
g~l separation (ASTM D2007) range:
Saturates 10-30~
Polar Compounds 10-20%
Aromatics 50-85~
Asphaltenes , 0- 0.5%
The thermoplastic block polymer of styrene and
butadiene monomers is selected using known procedures so
that the resulting bituminous layer has sufficient
strength and tackiness to produce primerless waterproofing
laminates which can be used at low temperatures and which
when used at higher temperatures, can be used without a
primer. Preferred thermoplastic block polymers of
styrene and butadiene monomers are mixtures of polymers
having a butadiene:styrene ratio of about 70:30 and a
block polystyrene content of about 30% (high molecular
weight polymer) and polymers having a butadiene:styrene
ratio of about 75:25 and a block polystyrene content of
about 18% ~low molecular weight polymer). More preferred
are polymers in which the ratio of the low molecular
weight polymer to the high molecular weight polymer is in
the range of 5:1 to 1:1. Most preferred arç polymers
wherein the ratio of the low molecular weight polymer to
the high molecular weight polymer is about 4:1 or 2:1.
~005Z~
g
In one aspect, waterprooEing laminates of this
invention include a bituminous layer comprising about 36
to 51 weight percent, more preferably about 39 to 43
we:Lght percent asphalt; about 25 to 40 weight percent, more
pre~erably about 30 to 40 weight percent process oil; and
about 16-35 welght percent, more preferably about 16-25
weig}lt perccnt thermonlastic bloclc polymer of styrene and
butadiene monomers.
In another aspect, waterproofing laminates of
this invention
~OQI~Zl!3
-- 10 --
include a bituminous layer comprising about 41-54 weight
percent, more preferably about 47-52 weight percent
asphalt; 30-40 weigh, percent, more preferably about
30-35 weight percent process oil; and about 18-35 weight
percent, more preferably about 18-25 weight percent
Lll~r~ ts~ic ~lock poly~ r of Y~yrcll~ allcl but~cli~nc~
monomers.
Fillers are optional ingredients in the bituminous
layer of the invented waterproofing laminates. Useful
fillers include stone dust, lime stone, ground glass
fibers, wollastonite, sand, talc, mica, vermiculite,
carbon black, and titanium dioxide. Addition of fillers
and various other optional ingredients, however, may
reduce the ability of the invented waterprooflng laminates
to form ~ufficientl~r ~trong and durahle la? ~ond~ at
joints between sections of laminate when applied at
selected temperatures below 40~F and
to adhere to unprimed structures. Thus, the types and
amounts of fillers are selected so that the waterproofing
laminate forms sufficiently strong and enduring bonds with
the substrate when applied at temperatures as low as
about 0~F and when applied without primer as determined
by the testing procedures described below.
A presently preferred composition for the bituminous
layer of waterproofing laminates for low temperature
application comprises about 41 weight percent asphalt
having the above described alumina separation range, about
38 weight percent process oil having the above described
clay gel separation range, about 21 weight percent
thermoplastic block polymer of styrene and butadiene
monomers, and up to 5 weight percent filler. More
preferred is this composition wherein the thermoplastic
block polymer is an about 2:1 ratio of the low molecular
weight and high molecular weight polymers.
~00521~3
A presently preferred composition for the bituminous
layer of waterproofing laminates for primerless
application comprises about 4~ weiyht percent asphalt
having the above described alumina separation range, about
:1(1 w~ L ~ LC'(~ .)COU~I c)ll IlclvlllCJ ~Ilc' CII~OVC~ C~?UCr.~clay gel separation range, about 21 weight percent
thermoplastic block polymer of styrene and butadiene
monomers, and up to S weight percent filler. More
preferred is this composition wherein the thermoplastic
block polymer is an about 2:1 ratio of the low molecular
weight and high molecular weight polymers.
Another presently preferred composition for the
bituminous layer of waterproofing laminates for primerless
application comprises about 48 weight percent asphalt
~00~9
- 12 -
having th~ ~bove described alumina separation range, about
32.7~ weigllt percent procesC oil having the above
described clay gel separation range, and about 19.25
weight percent thermoplastic block polymer of styrene and
butadiene monomers wherein the thermoplastic block polymer
is nn ~I~OUt 3.8:1 ratio of the low to high molecular
weight polymers.
Various civil engineering s~ructures including, for
example, buildings, bridges, roads,tunnels and foundations,
are made waterproof using the pre~ent invention. As used
h~r~in, mak.in~ ~ st~lctur~ t~ ro~F~ Tne~n.q r~ i.n~ r
eliminating the ability of water to penetrate the
structure. The presently invented waterproofing laminates
are used to make waterproof structures constructed of
matc~l-i.als which are water-~enetrahle cithex inherently or
as a result of imperfections such as cracks or pores. The
types of water-penetrable materials with which the present
invention is used include brick, stone, exterior gypsum
board, blended cements, pozzolanic cements, or concrete,
preferably Portland cement concrete.
The presently invented waterproofing laminates are
prepared according to the following general procedure.
Previously powdered or ground thermoplastic polymer of
styrene and butadiene monomers is added to process oil
heated to approximately 350-400~F and mixed until no
polymer particles are apparent. Thereafter, asphalt is
added to the polymer-oil blend with mixing until a uniform
composition has formed. This polymer-oil-asphalt
composition then is poured onto release paper and covered
with a support film. ~lternatively, the
polymer-oil-asphalt composition is prepared by adding
thermoplastic polymer to a mixture of process oil and
asphalt heated to about 350~-400~F.
According to the presently invented methods for
waterproofing structures using the invented waterproofing
zoo~ 9
- 13 -
laminates, the waterproofing laminate is
applied to the structure with pressure. Preferably,
pressure greater than hand pressure, for example, using a
roller, is used. In preferred methods the invented
waterproofing laminates are applied to vertical aspects of
structures such as foundations. In other preferred
methods, the invented waterproofing laminates are applied
to horizontal aspects of structures, such as plaza decks.
The structure to which the waterproofing laminate is
applied should not have excessive amounts of mud or other
contaminates. Preferably, prior to application of the
waterproofing laminate, any contaminates on the structure
are removed by, for example, using air, vacuum, or are
removed by mechanical means such as brushing.
Generally, at joints between laminate sections the
bituminous layer of one section is affixed to the support
film of an adjacent section. Optionally, at joints the
support film is removed from the underlying laminate
section so that the bituminous layer of the overlying
laminate section is adhered directly to the bituminous
layer of the underlying laminate section. At joints an
overlap width of about two inches is preferred. Primers
such as mentioned above can be used to form lap
bonds, but pximerless ~ormation of lap bonds is preferred~
As used in the invented methods, application of
waterproofing laminates at temperatures as low as about
0~F, preferably between about 0~F and 25~F, more
preferably between about 10~F and 20~F, results in
laminate-to-laminate bonds that are sufficiently strong
and enduring to prevent entry of water along the
waterproofing laminate section lap edges essentially for
the life of the structure.
ZO()5~ 3
-- 14
As used in the invented methods, application of
waterproofing laminates without primer at temperatures
above 40~F, preferably between about ~0~F and 70~F, more
preferably between about 40~F and 60~F, results i~
~ubstrate-waterproofing laminate bonds that are
s~l~ficiently strong and enduring ko prevent entry of water
along the waterproofing laminate edges and migration of
water entering from any damaged areas of the waterproofing
laminate essentially for the life of the structure. At
some selected application temperatures, for example about
40~F to 70~F, currently available waterproofing laminates
may adhere to structures when applied without primer but
the bonds which form are insufficiently strong and
enduring to prevent water entry or migration for the life
of the structure and often are not strong enough to
support vertically applied waterproofing laminate until
backfilled. Thus, primerless application at least at
temperatures between 40~F and 70~F of currently available
waterproofing laminates does not meet relevant
construction industry specifications and standards.
The Example 10 test procedure was selected to predict
actual use requirements and used to identify waterproofing
laminates which when applied at temperatures between about
0~F and 25~F form laminate-to-l~minate bonds of sufficient
strength and duration to meet relevant construction
industry specifications and standards. When measured at
about 5 minutes following application at 20~F, a peel
force of 2.0 pounds per linear inch approximates the
minimum needed for waterproofing laminate-to-laminate
bonds of suffioient strength and duration for the tested
waterproofing laminate to meet relevant construction
industry specifications and standards when applied at
temperatures between about 0~F and 25~F. Waterproofing
laminates which meet or exceed the Example S criterion are
referred to herein as low temperature-applicable
waterproofing laminates.
~oo~z~
_ 15 ~
The Example lltest procedure was selected to predict
actual use requirements an~ used to identify waterproofing
laminates which when applied to structures without primer
yield structure-waterproofing laminate bonds of sufficient
strenyth and duration to meet relevant construction
industry specifications and standards. When measured at
about 15 minutes following application at 40~F to pasted
block, a peel force of 2.0 pounds per linear inch
approximates the minimum needed for waterproofing laminate
structure bonds of sufficient strength and duration for
the tested waterproofing laminate to be primerless.
Contemplated equivalents of the present invention
include waterproofing laminates having similar
asphalt-polymer compositions which at temperatures as low
as about 0~F can be applied to structures
and produce sufficiently strong and enduring
waterproofinq laminate-structure bonds to meet
construction industry waterproofing specifications and
standards, and can meet the said standards ~f
temperatures at about 4~~F - 70~F when used without
primer, Other contemplated equivalents are
waterproofing laminates having a bituminous layer and a
support film wherein some part of the bituminous layer is
impregnated into the support film.
The following examples provide specific illustrations
of the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope
of the invention as described above and claimed below.
Example l
Process oil (228 g) having clay gel separation (ASTM
D2007) range as stated above was heated to 350~F to 400~F
using a heating mantle, Then 42 g of powdered (passes
lO mesh sieve) styrene-butadlene rubber having a 70:30
butadiene-styrene ratio and a block polystyrene content of
30~ was added slowly to avoid lumping and mixed with a
padd]e mixcr. Next, 84 g of ground (passcs 4 mesh sieve)
styrene-butadiene rubber having a 75:25 butadiene:styrene
ril~io ~rl~l cl ~lock polys~yrene ~onten~ Or ~ luwly wa~
.Ick~ n~l mi xe~ for 30 to fiO mi n~ltes . This oi l and rubher
mixture then was mixed until no rubber particles were
apparent, usually from 30 minutes to 3 hours. Then 240 g
asphalt at 300~I' to 350~F WclS added and mixed for 30 to
60 minutes. This rubberized asphalt then was poured onto
release paper at a thickness of approximately 56 mils and
covered with polyethylene film.
Example 2
Process oil (180 g) having clay gel separation (ASTM
D-2007) range as stated above and asphalt ~294 g) having
the alumina separation (ASTM D4124) range stated above was
heated to 350~F to 400~F using a heating mantle. Then
42 g of powdered (passes 10 mesh sieve) styrene-butadiene
rubber having a 70:30 butadiene-styrene ratio and a block
polystyrene content of 30% was added slowly to avoid
lumping and mixed with a paddle mixer. Next 84 g of
ground (passes 4 mesh sieve) styrene-butadiene rubber
having a 75:25 butadiene-styrene ratio and a block
polystyrene content of 184 slowly was added and mixed for
30 to 60 minutes. This rubberized asphalt then was poured
onto release paper at a thickness of approximately 56 mils
and covered with polyethylene film.
Example 3
Process oil (456 g) having the above clay gel
separation (ASTM D2007) range, 84 g of styrene-butadiene
rubbcr having a 70:30 butadiene-styr~ne ratio and a block
polystyrene content of 30~, and 168 g of a styrene-
but~dicne rubb~r having a 75:25 butadiene-styrene ratio
and a block polystyrene content of 18% was mixed at about
300 to 350~F for about one hour. Thereafter asphalt
~492 g) having the above alumina separation (ASTM D4124)
range was added and mixed for thirty minutes. Mixing i8
performed under argon gas to reduce oxidation. Then, the
rubberized asphalt thus prepred is poured onto release
paper at a thickness of approximately 56 mils and covered
with polyethylene film.
Example 4
Using the process of Example 3, a waterproofing
laminate having a bituminous layer consisting of Process
Oil (360 gj having the above described clay gel separation
(ASTM D2007) range, high molecular weight polymer (84 g),
low molecular weight polymer (168 g), and asphalt (588 g)
having the above described alumina separation (ASTM D4124)
range was prepared.
Example5
Process oil (180g) having clay gel separation (ASTM
D2007) range as stated above and asphalt (294 g) having
the alumina separation (ASTM D4124) range stated above was
heated to 350~F-400~F using a heating mantle. Then 42 g
of powdered jpasses 10 mesh sieve) styrene-butadiene
rubber having a 70:30 butadiene:styrene ratio and a block
Z00521~
poly~ yre~ ont~llt of 30~. wcl.s ad(le(~ slowJy to avo.i(l
lumpinc; al,d nlixed with a paddle mixer. Next, 84 g of
~roun(l ~as.C.-!r; ~I nlesll siev~!) stylene-))uLadiene rul)l~er
having a 75:25 butadiene:styrene ratio and a block
polystyrene content of 18~ slowly was added and mixed for
30-60 minutes. This rubberized asphalt then was poured
onto release paper at a thickness of approximately 56 mils
and covered with polyethylene film.
Example 6
Process oil (228 g) having clay gel separation (ASTM
D2007) range as stated above was heated to 350~F-400~F
using a heating mantle. Then 42 g of powdered (passes
10 mesh sieve) styrene-butadiene rubber having a 70:30
butadiene:styrene ratio and a block polystyrene content of
30~ was added slowly to avoid lumping and mixed with a
paddle mixer. Next, 84 g of ground (passes 4 mesh sieve)
styrene-butadiene rubber having a 75:25 butadiene:styrene
ratio and a block polystyrene content of 18% slowly was
added and mixed for 30-60 minutes. This oil and rubber
mixture then was mixed until no rubber particles were
apparent, usually from ~0 minutes to 3 hours. Then 240 g
asphalt at 300~F-350~F was added and mixed for 30 to 60
minutes. This rubberized asphalt then was poured onto
release paper at a thickness of approximately 56 mils and
covered with polyethylene film.
Example7
Using the process of Example 9, a waterproofing
laminate having a bituminous layer consisting of process
oil (456 g) having the above described clay gel separation
(ASTM D2007) range, high molecular weight polymer (84 g),
;~(i5~
- 19 -
low molecular weight polymer (168 g), and asphalt ~492 g)
having the above described alumina separation (ASTM D4124)
range was prepared.
Example 8
Using the process of Example 9, a waterproofing
laminate having a bituminous layer consisting of process
oil (360 g) having the above described clay gel separation
~ASTM D2007) range, high molecular weight polymer ~84 g),
low molecular weight polymer (168 g), and asphalt (588 g)
havil~g the above described alumina separation (ASl'M D4124)
ran~e was prepared.
Example 9
Process oil (393 g) having the above clay gel
separation (~STM D2007) range, 48 g of styrene-butadiene
rubber having ~ 70 30 butad ene:styrene ratio and a block
polystyrcne content of 30%, and 183 y oL a styrerle-
butadiene rubber having a 75:25 butadiene-styrene ratio
and a block polystyrene content of 18~ was mixed at about
300 to 350~F for about one hour. Thereafter asphalt
(576 g) having the above alumina separation (ASTM D4124)
range was added and mixed for thirty minutes. Mixing is
performed under argon gas to reduce oxidation. Then, the
rubberized asphalt thus prepared is poured onto release
paper at a thickness of approximately 56 mils and covered
with polyethylene film.
The following procedure was used to test concrete
adhesion of the waterproofing laminate of this example and
Examples 7 and 8 In this testing procedure, 3.75" wide x
7.5" long x 2.25" high porous extruded concrete blocks are
used as the testing structure. Waterproofing laminate
~005219
- 20 -
samples are cu~ into approximately 3" x 7'' strips. About
1" of the release paper is removed from one of thc shorter
ed~es and replaced by masking tape. Then the laminate
samples and blocks are stored for about two hours at the
adhesion testing temperature.
Release paper then is removed from the samples, and
these sample~ are applied smoothly to the testing blocks.
The samples next are rolled three times with a 5" wide,
28 pound steel roller. Then the blocks with laminate
samples attached are stored at the testing temperature.
Next, the mechanical jaws of a physical tester
(Instron(~)) are attached to the laminate sample taped
tabs and the tester is run crosshead (90~) at 2 inches per
minute. The average force (pounds/inch width of laminate)
then is computed and displayed in Table I:
TABLE I
Sample Peel Force (lb/in)
40~F 100~F
Example 7 0.8 1.9
Exam~le 8 1.5 1.0
Example 9 1.6 2.4
~)()52~
- 21
~xample lO
Lap Adhesiorl Testinq
Th~ followillg procedure is used ~o measure bond
strength of joints between two sections of waterproofing
laminates. Waterproofing laminates with release paper
attached was cut in sections of about 2" by 7". Using a
scalpel 1" of the release paper is removed from one of the
2" edges of each section of waterproofing laminate. The
area where the release paper was removed then is covered
with masking tape to form a tab. Polyethylene film
sections of 3" wide by 7" long also are prepared.
For two hours prior to testing, the waterproofing
laminate sections and polyethylene film sections are
maintained at the temperature selected for lap adhesion
testing. The release paper then is removed from the
laminate samples and a laminate sample is affixed to a
section of polyethylene film, and rolled three times with
a 2 7/8" wide, twenty-poùnd steel roller. After
five minutes, the laminate-film samples are placed in the
mechanical jaws of a physical tester (Sintech(R)), and the
physical tester crosshead is moved at 2" min. The force
required to peel (180~) apart the laminate and film
sections then is computed and displayed as Peel Force in
pounds per inch width of laminate.
Testing using this procedure yielded the data in
TableII, below. In the Table, Controls l and 2 are
commercially available waterproofing laminates having a
bituminous layer containing process oil, asphalt,
rubber, and filler. Control 2 also is a commercially
available product recommended for application down to
25~F.
Z()05X19
- 22 -
TABLE II
Peel Force (lbs/in)
Sample 0~F 20~F 40~F 73~F
Example 12.2 6.1 4.2 1.4
Example 2~l.0 5.4 5.9 3.1
Control l0.0 ~1.0 1.2 1.6
Control 20.0 ~1.0 2.1 2.6
Examplell
Adhesion Testing
The following procedure also was used to measure
waterproofing laminate adhesion to structures. In this
procedure, porous block and pasted block were used as
testing structures. Porous block is porous extruded
concrete block 3 3/4" wide x 7~" long x 2~" high. Pasted
block is porous block coated with a cement paste
consisting of l part ordinary Portland cement mixed with
20Q5~9
_ 23 -
;2 parts water. l'he cement paste is brushed on the porous
hlock forming a smooth surface. The pasted blocks then
are mois~ cured for seven days ~nd room-dried for at least
~v~ ay~.
Waterproofing laminate samples containing a
bi~Ulllill~US l~ly~r h~vill~ r~ as~ l)ap~ fixed on one
m~jor-surface and support film affixed on the other major
surface is cut in strips appro~imately 2" x 7".
Approximately 1" of the release paper is removed from one
of the shorter edges and replaced by masking tape to form
a tab. The laminate samples and blocks then are aged for
two hours at the temperature at which adhesion testing is
to be performed.
Release paper then is removed from the laminate
samples, and these samples are applied smoothly to one of
the testing blocks. After block application the laminate
samples are rolled three times with a 2 7/8" wide 20-pound
steel roller, The blocks with laminate samples attached
then are aged for 15 minutes at the testing temperature.
Next, the mechanical jaws of a physical tester
(Sintech(R)) are attached to the laminate sample tabs and
the physical tester is run crosshead (90~) at 2"/min.
Then the average force (pounds/inch width of laminate
sample) at which the laminate sample is peeled from the
block is computed.
Testing using this procedure yielded the data in
TableIII,below. In the Table, Controls 1 and 2 are
commercially available waterproofing laminates having a
bituminous layer comprising asphalt, process oil, rubber,
and filler,
20052~9
-- 24 --
TAB~,E I II
Peel Forcc (lb/in)
S.~mrl~ Structure 200r ~no~ fiO~ 80~F
Example 5 Pasted Block 1.9 3.4 4.1 4 . 0
Porous Block 1.0 2.3 4.8 4.8
Example 6 Pasted Block 5.2 3.6 4 . 2 3.6
Porous Block 2.1 2.2 3.6 4.7
Con~rol 1 Pasted Block 0.6 0.9 2 7 3 0
Porous Block 0.2 0.3 1.3 2.3
Control 2 Pasted Block 0.3 1.3 1.3 3.8
Porous Block 0.3 0.6 1.1 2.1
Data not available
Example12
High Temperature Flow Resistance
The following procedure was used to test high
temperature flow resistance of the invented
waterproofiny laminates. Initially, 2" wide, 3" long,
56 mil thick samples of the bituminous layer (without
support film) of the waterproofing laminates was affixed
to 20 gauge steel sheet. Then the steel sheet with
bituminous layer affixed is conditioned horizontally at
test temperature for one hour. Thereafter, the steel
sheet is maintained vertically at testing temperatures for
the test. After the test, the maximum sag or drippage
point at the bottom of each sample is measured.
Z0052~1
~r~
TA~LE ~V
Temperature/Time (cm)
24 llours 48 llours
',ample 160~F 180~F 160~F
,
13xample 1 1.1 6.9 i.l
Example 2 0.0 0,7 0.0
Control 1* 3.6 15+ 6.8
Control 2* 2.7 15t 5.5
*Controls 1 and 2 are the same as Example 5
20()~ C~
- 2G -
TABLE V
Temperature/Time (cm)
24 Hours 48 Hours
';ample 160~F180~F 160~F
Example l 0.00.7 0.0
~x~ l.l6.9 l.l
Con~rol l* 3.6~15.4 6.8
Control 2~ 2.7>15.4 5.5
*Controls l and 2 are the same as in Example 7
Example13
Slow Peel Testing
A section of galvanized steel is sprayed with a spray
adhesive, and a piece of cross-laminated polyethylene film
is placed on the adhesive. The steel with film attached
then is allowed to dry overnight. A 56 mil thick section
of a waterproofing laminate bituminous layer is applied to
a backing material and cut in about 3" wide x 7" long
strips. A 1 inch wide piece of tape is affixed to one of
the 3" wide edges. This bituminous layer test sample then
is applied to the polyethylene film attached to the steel
and rolled three times with a 28-pound steel roller. The
steel with bituminous layer attached then is maintained
horizontally for one hour. Thereafter, the sample is
placed vertically with the taped tab at the top, a lO0 g
weight is attached to the tab, and the sample is
maintained at 120~F for the testing period. Testing of
the hituminous layers of Examples 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 yieldcd
the data in Table VI and VII:
~00~ 3
-- 27 --
TABLE V I
',ample
Fxample 3 Peel Distance (cm) at 1 hr.
Fxample 4 1. 6
2.7
200~ s~
- 28 -
TABL~ VII
',an;llle Peel Distance (cm~ at 1 hr.
F'Y.amljle 7 1.6
Fxample 8 2,7
E'xamp]e 9 0 4
I'he preferred embodiments of the invention are
illustrated by the above. However, the invention is not
limited to the instructions disclosed h~rein, ~nd the
right to all modifications within the scope of the
following claims is reserved.
