Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
Z008136
PROCESS FOR THE COMPLEX PROCESSING OF FAT-CONTAINI~G
MATERIALS OF PLANT OR ANIMAL ORIGIN, PARTICULARLY FOR
PREPARING OILY AND/OR FATTY COMPOSITIONS AND USE OF THE
PRODUCTS OBTAINED
This invention relates to a process for the ~ -
complex processing of fat-containing (i.e. oily or fatty)
fresh, frozen or dried materials or their mixtures of ~ ",
10 plant or animal origin, particularly for preparing oily
and/or fatty compositions as well as to the use of these
compositions as ingredients in the food, paint and g
detergent industries, therapeutics, cosmetics and fodders. - ~ -
Oils and fats contain unsaturated fatty acids,
15 lecithin, phospholipids, choline and fat-soluble vitamins
such as the vitamin E of antioxidant character, which
inhibit the decomposition and rancidification of foods
and preserve vitamins and fats. `~
The oils and fats being rich in unsaturated fatty ~ 9
20 acids, lecithin and vitamins protect the living organism, ; ~-~
contribute to maintain the protective capacity, protect
and preserve the good state of blood vessels and
epithelium and protect the skin from infections; they - ~ -
exert an antiinflammatory action and play a role in the
haemotopoiesis. Their supply is of particular importance
for patients suffering from chronic diseases or from
malnutrition; as well as for drug-abusers and
convalescents; furthermore in the nutrition of children,
old people and sportsmen.
According to the state of the art fats and oils
have been recovered from fresh or roasted seeds by cold
pressing or following a heat treatment by hot pressing or
by solvent extraction /The Merck Index, Ninth Edition: an `~
67620-10257 GA-sch
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Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs, Merck and Co. Inc.
Rah~ay N. J. USA, 1976, pages 349, 6687, 6853, 7363,
8006, and 8502; M. Jaky et al.: Production Experience
of Plant Oils and Animal Fats (in Hungarian), Élelmiszer-
ipari Konyv és Lapkiado Vallalat, Budapest, 1952, page
209; E. W. Eckey: Vegetable Fats and Oils, Reinhold, .
New York, 1954, pages 200 to 250, 291 to 293, 535 to ~;
547 and 742 to 777).
In the course of cold pressing or solvent extrac-
10 tion, poisonous or antinutritive substances can also ~ ;
get to the product; thus a further purification is
needed whereby the quality of fat is deteriorated, less
vitamin gets into the oil and the taste and colour of
the oil are altered, the rancidification of the oil be-
comes more rapid.
In the course of a heat-treatment, roasting or
fermentation the colour and taste of the fat are also ^
altered and its protein content is also deteriorated.
In each case a further purification is necessary which
is expensive and diminishes the biological value of the
oil.
In various inventions it is set as an aim to
increase the vitamin E content of the oil by adding ~
vitamin E or by improving the recovery of vitamin E ~ -
from seeds in the processing of fats of plant and
animal origin.
According to the Hungarian patent specification
No. 181,040 fat-containing proteins of plant and animal
origin are treated together on a high temperature under -
a pressure of 1 to 2 atmospheres, the plant seeds are
treated without roasting, then a hydration is carried
out and a composition is prepared by flocculation which
is a useful fodder ingredient. ~-
According to the Hungarian patent specification :. .
No. 181,249 fat combinations with a high phosphatide
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content are prepared from oil-containing seeds and
animal fats under a high pressure on a high temperature.
The oil is separated by centrifugation, vitamin E-
-containing oil, milk, corn-grits, soy flour and protein -
of animal origin are added and after spray-drying it is
granulated. According to the Hungarian patent specifica- -~
tion No. 181,760 the fat-containing materials are
converted to grains of microdimension, are mixed with ~ - h~ ; -
lyophilic materials of carbohydrate-base, milk, egg -~
powder, organic acids, sugar and emulsifying agents,
powdered and the fat is recovered by freezing contrac-
tion.
According to the Hungarian patent specification
No. 185,149 the seeds are roasted on a high temperature,
then pressed under high pressure and an additional amount
of oil is recovered from the residue by hydration and
treatment on high temperature then pressing. ; ~r.
The oils and fats recovered by known processes ~-
contain low amounts of vitamins, antioxidants, lecithin
20 and unsaturated fatty acids and the efficiency of their .~
extraction is unsatisfactory. - ~ .
The object of the invention is to obtain oily or
fatty compositions with good yield from materials of
plant or animal origin which compositions contain also ~-
25 other valuable, biologically active and/or nutritively :~
useful constituents of the processed material in addition
to the fat or oil.
The invention is based on the recognition that
essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine and
cysteine which are present in the raw material and are
otherwise liable to decomposition, can be recovered
without decomposition by treating the oil- or fat-
-containing materials with vapours of formic acid. -
The invention is further based on the recognition
that the recovery of oil becomes more effective and
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simultaneously the biologically active ingredient
content of the oil or fat is increased if the oil-
-containing seeds or other materials of plant or animal
origin are digested with steam or water vapours con-
taining formic or carbonic acid before roasting orbefore extracting the oil, respectively. This process is
useful also for processing raw materials containing
heat-sensitive antinutritive substances.
The invention is further based on the recognition -
10 that the recovery of oil or fat, respectively, from .
materials with a low oil or fat content can be carried
out with a higher efficiency by adding oil or fat to
the material to be processed before pressing, freezing-
-out or separation by steaming the oil. -
The invention is based on the further recognition
that the oily composition obtained becomes easier to be
preserved and on the other hand it adopts other biological
effects of the plant additionally used if the materials
to be processed are selected in such a way that the oil-
or fat-containing material is processed together with
plant materials containing flavonoids and/or hydro-
quinone.
The process according to the invention comprises,
streaming steam or vapours of acidic water preferably of
water containing formic or carbbnic acid, or vapours of an
organic solvent through a dried, frozen or fresh
material of plant and/or animal origin, wherein the
dry material is used in a prewetted form, or boiling
the material with water, aqueous formic or carbonic acid ~ s~
solution, milk, sweet cream or with an organic solvent
in a microwave oven and before or after the above
treatment, if desired, adding additives commonly used
to the material to be processed, and if desired extract-
ing the mixture with water, with an aqueous solution or
with water-miscible solvents, then treating the solid
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material by heat at 85 to 200 C, optionally roasting
it, and separating the oily or fatty phase from it in
. - .~
a manner known per se, e.g. by pressing, freezing, - : -
solvent extraction or centrifuging and, if desired, -
adding at least 5% of oil to the material to be
processed before any step of the processing but by all
means before separating the oily or fatty phase and, if
desired, working up also the aqueous phase, carrying out
also an oxidation for the recovery of amino acids and
if desired transforming the oil and the product of the
aqueous phase to compositions if desired by mixing them ~ -
with further additives and active agents.
The advantage of the process according to the
invention consists therein that, in addition to the .
higher yields of extraction of the oils and fats in
comparison to the known processes, other valuable ;
substances such as amino acids, water- and fat-soluble
vitamins etc. can also be recovered.
Suitable solvents for extracting the oils are e.g.:
n-hexane, cyclohexane, gasoline, ethyl ether, dichloro~
ethane, trichloroethane, carbon disulfide, carbon tetra-
chloride, dichloromethane, petroleum ether and a 3
mixture by volume of chloroform/isopropanol.
For the extraction or in the pretreatments before ;
the extraction, the additives listed hereinafter may
e.g. be used:
- for the digestion by steam or microwave treatment
and for stabilization of the amino acids: milk,
sweet cream, formic acid, propionic acid, lactic
acid or carbonic acid;
- for promoting the digestion: glycerol, sugars,
propylene glycol, alcohols and alcohol-containing
materials such as wine;
- for promoting the separation of the oil: acids such
as lemon juice, citric acid, sulfuric acid,
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phosphoric acid as well as salts such as sodium
chloride, vanadium chloride or nickel sulfate.
~ -Cyclodextrin, glucose, amylopectin, starch,
various kinds of materials of carbohydrate base,
cellulose and the like are suitable adsorbents for
converting the separated oil to an oil powder. -
The oil can be purified in a known way, e.g. by
using activated carbon, talc, Fuller's earth, kaolin or ;
sulfuric acid.
lû Hydrogen peroxide or sodium peroxide may e.g. be ~ -
used as oxidizing agents in the recovery of essential
amino acids after stabilization by formic acid. --
The process according to the invention is useful
to dissolve water-soluble active ingredients such as ~ ~ -
vitamin C, amino acids and the like from the raw
material before the recovery of oil- and fat-soluble
vitamins and other fat-soluble utilizable substances.
This dissolution can be achieved by extraction with
water and/or with water and a solvent, which extraction
is carried out before or after the digestion by steam,
acidic vapours or solvent vapours or before or after
the digestion in a microwave oven, which exerts an
effect equivalent to the steam-treatment. The heat-
-treatment at 85 to 200 C following the steam treat-
25 ment or boiling in a microwave oven and the optional ;
extraction can be accomplished by any heat-treating
process, e.g. by heating in a water bath or in oil
bath, baking in a baking device heating over a
gas flame or on an electric device or by treatment in -
a microwave oven or the like. Roasting is used in the
processing of oil-containing seeds. - ~ 9
Oil is added to the material to be processed in
the case when the material contains in itself too
little amount of fat but a valuable type of it to be
extracted. The oil added promotes the separation of
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the o~ln fat or oil content of the rau material. In such
cases the oily product obtained contains the fat of the
raw material together with the oil added. (Of course,
the amount of the oil added is taken in account in the ~ .
calculation of yields.)
After separating the oily phase the aqueous phase
may be worked up if desired. The processing ~ .
of aqueous phases obtained from protein- or amino acid- .~ :
-rich raw materials is particularly important. The amino
10 acids of such raw materials are usually stabilized by a ~ .
treatment with acidic, preferably formic acid-containing -
steam or by boiling it with water containing acid,
preferably formic acid in a microwave oven. The amino
acids can be recovered from the solutions treated like
this after oxidation, preferably after oxidation with
hydrogen peroxide. -
If desired, the oils and/or aqueous concentrates
obtained or the powders prepared therefrom can be .
transformed to oil powders by applying them onto
sorbents (by adsorption or by mixing with the sorbents)
and can be utilized in this form. ~-
The oils, aqueous concentrates or powders or their
mixtures prepared according to the invention or
eventually their mixtures containing also ballast
materials can be utilized alone or in admixture with
additional active agents and/or auxiliaries in
therapeutics, cosmetics, food and paint industries and
in fodders.
The process of the invention is illustrated in
detail by the following non limiting Examples.
Example 1
Preparation of an oilv composition
A mixture containing 350 9 of egg yolks, 20 9 of -
wheat germs, 50 9 of corn germs, 50 9 of soy flour, ;~
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Z008~36
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40 9 of royal jelly, 20 9 of cod liver oil and 200 9 of
sunflower seed flour is mixed with an equal amount of
water containing 5~ of lemon juice; 20 9 of 1,2-
-propylene glycol and 20 9 of glycerol and is cooked in -
a Papin's pot under elevated pressure for 30 minutes.
After filtering and pressing 20û ml of water is added
to the residue, the mixture is boiled in a microwave
oven for lû minutes, then 200 9 of sunflower oil is
mixed to it and the mixture is baked in a microwave
oven until the separation of oil. The product obtained
is mixed with 800 ml of 0.25% sodium chloride solution,
heated to the boiling point, then cooled down and the
oil precipitated is frozen out from the aqueous phase. - -
The oil is washed with water until it becomes salt-free, -
15 then dehydrated under reduced pressure and if desired ; ~ ~ -
purified in a known way.
The oil obtained is suitable for the use in
therapeutics, cosmetics, and in food industry, e.g. in - -
sweets industry as well as in the paint industry.
The oil obtained has a high vitamin content and
antioxidant properties; it is useful for increasing the
calcium and phosphorus supply; it improves the ~ i-
haematopoiesis, decreases haemophilia; it is useful for
treating visual disturbances, impairing of the vision,
treating crespuscular blindness; for promoting the
epithelization; for the protection of skin and
epithelium; for treating wounds and burns; as well as
for the use in cosmetical and pharmaceutical composi~
tions.
In the nutrition, it is useful as salad-dressing,
in mayonnaise, as a butter additive, in dietetic food- -~
stuffs, cakes, confectioneries and for improving
chocolate basis.
The extract alone or together with the oil is - ~-
useful for the preparation of pharmaceutical and
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cosmetic compositions as well as foodstuffs.
The residue obtained after recovery of the oil ~ ~ -
may be used in dietetic preparations (compositions),
foodstuffs and as fodder additive.
Valuable protein and polysaccharide mixture can be ~
prepared from the aqueous extracts by precipitation - -
with alcohol.
, -
Example 2
250 9 of eggs, 100 9 of beef-tallow, 100 9 of
soybean flour, 40 9 of pollen, 50 9 of honey, 300 9 of
sweet cream, 50 9 of ground hazel-nuts, 50 9 of coco- ~ -
-scrapings, 50 9 of cocoa butter, 50 9 of sesame seeds,
20 9 of ground walnuts, 20 9 of almonds and 50 9 of
crushed raisins are mixed and cooked and then baked in
a microwave oven until the separation of oil. Then the
material is heated to the boiling point with an equal
amount of water containing 5% of lemon juice and 0.25%
of sodium chloride, it is cooled down and centrifuged at
4000 rpm. The oil is washed with water until it becomes
salt-free and then dehydrated under reduced pressure.
The oil and the residue digested may be used in
dietetic foodstuffs and in preparations of the sweets
industry without being separated, or after separation
the oil and the residue is used separately or mixed
with each other.
The purified oil or fat, respectively, can be used
with or without hydrogenation in pharmaceutical or cosmetic
compositions or in preparations of the food industry, e.g. sweets
industry or as an additive in feeds and fodders.
Example 3
Preparation of an antibacterial and fungicidal
wound-healing oil and composition
200 9 of egg yolks, 100 9 of glands of duck-rump,
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100 9 of leaf-lard, 20 9 of beef-tallo~,50 9 of pollen,
150 9 of poplar buds or the extract thereof, 50 9 of
propolis and 50 9 of bee-wax are cooked in a micro~ave
oven with 1000 ml of water containing 1% of citric acid
and 0.9 9 of sodium chloride and then baked there until
the separation of oil. After adding an equal amount of ~
water of 100 C temperature the mixture is cooled down, ~ ~-
the fat is frozen out from it and separated from the
aqueous part. The aqueous part is shaken with a 3:1
volume by volume mixture of chloroform/isopropanol, the
solvent is evaporated from the solution and the residue
is used together with the oily part for the preparation
of a toilet-powder as follows.
250 9 of ~-cyclodextrin, 50 9 of glucose, 50 9 of ~ ,-
15 amylopectin, 10 9 of ascorbic acid, 30 9 of cod liver -~
oil and 10 9 of lactic acid, the above residue of the -~
aqueous phase and the oil are mixed until homogenization,
then dried to a powder in a microwave oven. The product
obtained is formulated to a toilet-powder or ointment
for pharmaceutical or cosmetical purposes.
The composition thus obtained has an anti~
bacterial, fungicidal and antiinflammatory effect; it
increases the capillary resistance, and exerts a
wound-healing and drying action.
Example 4
Preparation of a roborant, antianaemic feed
and fodder additive - -~
A mixture containing 2000 9 of frozen harslet ~ -
of animal origin (liver and blood), 1000 9 of powder
of dried fruits, 1000 9 of vegetables (carrot, red beet,
cabbage leaves, pumpkin, kohlrabi, onion, paprika,
tomato), 1000 9 of plant seeds (bean, pea, lentil, -;~
mustard seed, coriander seed, caraway seed, soybean),
1000 9 of dried powder of fresh plants (nettle, elder-
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2008136
-blossom, clover, mullein, birch leaves, birch bark,
thyme and the like) 500 9 of milk powder and 500 9 of
roasted grape-stone is steamed with the vapours of water
containing 1000 ml of lactic acid and 1000 ml of 80% by
volume formic acid under a pressure of 2 atmospheres,
then the material is baked until the separation of oil.
After adding an equal amount of water the mixture is -
boiled at lûO C for 30 minutes, the ballast substances -
are separated, the oily-aqueous solution is cooled down
and the oil is separated by centrifuging. The oil is
purified and dehydrated. The aqueous phase is evaporated
to one tenth of its original volume, oxidized with 500 ml
of 30% hydrogen peroxide and then dried onto a carbo-
hydrate-base substance.
The oil obtained as described above, the dried
product rich in amino acids recovered from the aqueous
phase and the ballast substances are mixed with an equal
amount of corn-grits; 100 9 of salt mixture and 150 9 of
ground egg-shell are added and the product thus obtained
is used as a fodder additive for feeding animals suffer~
ing from anaemia.
The oil or the composition containing the oil is
useful for roboration, for improving the appetite and for
salt supplementation; it is effective against anaemia;
and protects the organism from infections. Further~
more, it is suitable for feeding calves, pigs, sheep,
chickens, poultries, domestic animals, dogs, cats, deers
and wild animals.
~: . ,.:
Exmple 5
Recovery of corn oil
1000 9 of corn is steamed with hot steam under a
pressure of 2 atmospheres for 15 minutes, then roasted
at 160 to 180 C, 15% of corn oil is added and the
mixture is heat-treated at 160 C for 2 hours. After
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adding 500 ml of 0.25% aqueous sodium chloride solution
containing 2% of citric acid, the mixture is steamed with
water vapour under a pressure of 2 atmospheres, then
cooled down and the oil is frozen out at 0 to 15 C.
The separated oil is purified by using activated carbon
and talc and then is dehydrated. The oil obtained is ~ --
used for cosmetical purposes or as ingredient of
foodstuffs. - --
Exmple 6
Recovery of egg-oil
2ûO g of egg yolk is boiled with 200 9 of water
in a microwave oven, 50 9 of sunflower oil is added and -~
the material is heat-treated at 160 C for 20 minutes.
The separated oil is mixed with 50 9 of lemon juice and
200 9 of 0.25% aqueous sodium chloride solution,
steamed with hot water, cooled down, extracted with
peroxide-free ethyl ether and separated from the
aqueous phase. The oil is purified by using Fuller's
earth and is dehydrated. The egg-oil obtained can be
used in cosmetical preparations as active ingredient
and for the emulsification of ointments. It is useful - -
as ingredient of foodstuffs, e.g. for flavouring of
mayonnaises and salads as well as in chocolate-base,
cakes, confectioneries and for improving the colour and
consistency of noodles.
From the residue obtained after the recovery of
the oil lecithin is dissolved with ethanol and is used
after purification in roborant compositions improving
the mental activity and in foodstuffs.
Example 7
Recovery of linseed oil -~
200 9 of linseeds is ground, steamed with 200 9
of water vapour at 100 C, then boiled with 400 9 of
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water for 20 minutes, filtered and pressed. The solid
residue is heated in a water bath of 100 C temperature
up to the separation of oil and pressed as hot. The oil ~ ~-
is treated with a 2% sulfuric acid solution and then -~
purified by using 2 to 5% Fuller's earth.
The oil thus obtained can be used in liniments for
treating burns, for purging as well as for the prepara~
tion of rapidly drying paints in the paint industry.
The aqueous extract also exerts an antiinflammatory
effect.
Example 8
Recovery of a colouring substance rich in -
carotenoids
A mixture of 200 9 of tomatoes, 200 9 of bonnet
peppers, 200 9 of Carthamus tinctorius L. seeds and
pistils, 100 9 of carrots and 200 9 of spinach extracted -~
with ethanol is crushed and the crushed material is
treated with steam at 100 C for 20 minutes and is
homogenized. 300 9 of sunflower oil is added to the
homogenate then it is heated to 160 C and treated at
this temperature for 1 hour, the separated oil is
centrifuged and dehydrated to obtain an oily composi- -
tion rich in vitamin E, colouring substances and
25 ~-carotin. This composition is useful for therapeutic -
and cosmetic purposes as well as for colouring and
flavouring foods, cakes, butter, margarine and fodders. ;
The advantages of the process according to the -~
invention are illustrated on the basis of the -~
comparative data as shown in tables 1 and 2, respecti-
vely. -~
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Table 1
Recovery of amino acids by using the process of the
invention (as described in Example 4), taking the
amount of amino acids recovered by the known process
as 100%
Amino acid Recovery % .,~
_________________------------------------------------------------------ -- ,~:,. ~ ~.,-,.
10 Lysine 400
Methionine 150 :
Cysteine 800 :~
Tyrosine 500
Tryptophan 650
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Table 2
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20 Recovery of oil by using the process of the invention :~
taking the amount of oil recovered by the known
process as 100%
-- . ::,, . ~,
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Recovery %
:~
Recovery of corn oil (according to 115
Example 5) :
Recovery of linseed oil (according 120
to Example 7)
Recovery of egg oil (according to 120
Example 6) ::
Recovery of oil from a mixture of 118.5
raw materials of plant and animal ::-
origin (according to Example 2)
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