Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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TITLE OF THE INVENTION
Press
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a press for
press-working a long plate member which is introduced
between an upper die and a lower die by approaching the
upper and lower dies to each other, and more particularly,
it relates to a press which can correctly conform the
speed for feeding the long plate member to that of the
press operation.
Description of the Background Art
Pig. 6 illustrates a transfer press which has a first
working station 1 and a second wor~ing station 2. This
transfer press is adapted to draw a long plate member 9 in
the first working station 1 as shown in Fig. 7, and then
cut and separate a drawn product 9a in the second working
station 2 as shown in Fig. 8.
The first working station 1 is provided with an upper
die 3 and a lower die 4 for drawing the long plate member
9. The upper die 3 linearly vertically moves to perform
desired drawing operation.
The second working station 2 is provided with an
upper die 5 and a lower die 6 for cutting and separating
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the product 9a. The upper die 5 has a cutter 5a in its
lower peripheral edge. This upper die 5 linearly
vertically moves to perform desired cutting and separating
operation.
A pair of feed rolls 7 are provided in front of the
first working station 1, and another pair of feed rolls 8
are provided at the back of the second working station 2.
The long plate member 9 is fed by rotation of the feed
rolls 7 and 8.
The feed rolls 7 and 8 are not continuously but
intermittently driven to rotate. When the long plate
member 9 is being press-worked by the upper dies 3 and 5,
the feed rolls 7 and 8 are stopped in order to hold the
long plate member 9 in a stopped state. On the other
hand, the feed rolls 7 and 8 are driven when the upper
dies 3 and 5 are separated from the lower dies 4 and 6, to
feed the long plate member 9 by a prescribed distance.
The feed operation made by the feed rolls 7 and 8 must be
correctly synchronized with the press operation made by
the upper dies 3 and 5.
In a press for high-speed press operation, the upper
dies 3 and 5 vertically move in high-speed cycles.
Consequently, the feed rolls 7 and 8 are driven to rotate
in high-speed intermittent cycles.
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In a conventional press, a driving mechanism for the
vertical movement of the upper dies 3 and 5 is independent
of a driving mechanism for the rotation of the feed rolls
7 and 8. Particularly in a press for high-speed press
operation, therefore, it is difficult to correctly
synchronize the press operation of the upper dies 3 and S
with the feed operation of the feed rolls 7 and 8.
SU~IMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been proposed to solve the
aforementioned problem, and an object thereof is to
provide a press which can correctly synchronize operation
for feeding a long plate member with press operation made
by dies.
The invention defined in claim 1 is directed to a
press for pre~s-working a long plate member which is
introduced between an upper die and a lower die by
approarhing the upper and lower dies to each other. The
press operation of at least a first one of the dies is
made by a circular motion rotating along a direction for
discharging the long plate member, while the other die is
associated with the operation of the first die.
The invention defined in claim 7 is directed to a
press for performing first-stage press working on a long
plate member with a first die unit which is provided in a
first working station and then performing second-stage
press working on the long plate member with a second die
unit which is provided in a second working station. The
first and second die units are adapted to press the long
plate member by circular motions rotating along a
direction for discharging the long plate member, while the
same are so associated with each other as to make the
press operation at a phase angle of 180.
According to the invention defined in claim l, the
press operation of at least one of the dies is performed
by a circular motion rotating along the direction for
discharging the long plate member, whereby the long plate
member, being press-worked by the dies, is fed in a
prescribed direction by the first die. Th~s, it is
possible to correctly synchronize the operation for
feeding the long plate member with the press operation
made by the dies.
The invention defined in claim 7 can attain a working
effect which is similar to that of the invention defined
in claim 1. The first and second die units are so
associated with each other as to press the long plate
member at a phase angle of 180, whereby inertial forces
caused by actions of the die units are mutually cancelled
to keep the press in good balance.
These and other objects, features, aspects and
advantages of the present invention will become more
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apparent from the following detailed description of the
present invention when taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the present
invention;
Figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E illustrate press
operation made by an upper die 11 and a lower die 12 shown
in Fig. 1 in sequence;
Fig. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the present
invention;
Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D illustrate press operation
made by an upper die 41 and a lower die 42 shown in Fig. 3
in sequence;
Fig. 5 illustrates still another embodiment of the
present invention;
Fig. 6 illustrates a conventional press;
Fig. 7 is a sectional view showing a drawn long plate
member 9;
Fig. 8 is a sectional view showing a product 9a which
is cut and separated after drawing;
Fig. 9 illustrates a further embodiment of the
present invention; and
Fig. 10 is a diagram for illustrating general
operation of the embodiment shown in Fig. 5.
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Fig. 1 illustrates an essential part of a press
according to an embodiment of the present invention. The
press shown in Fig. 1 comprises an upper die 11 and a
lower die 12 for drawing a long plate member 9. The upper
and lower dies 11 and 12 press the long plate member 9 by
cixcular motions rotating along a direction for
discharging the long plate member 9 respectively. In
order to implement such operation, the press shown in Fig.
1 comprises a plurality of gears 13, 16, 19, 21, 24 and
27, belts 29, 32 and 35, and pulleys 30 and 33.
First, note a structure which is related to the upper
die 11. The gear 13 i8 rotatably mounted on the press
body through a center shaft 14. This gear 13 is connected
with the upper die 11 through a connecting shaft 15. Upon
rotation of the gear 13, the connecting shaft 15
circularly moves about the center shaft 14. The gear 16
is also rotatably mounted on the press body through a
center shaft 17. This gear 16 is connected with the upper
die 11 through a connecting shaft 18. ~pon rotation of
the gear 16, the connecting shaft 18 circularly moves
about the center shaft 17. The gears 13 and 16 are
identical in size and number of teeth to each other. The
center shafts 14 and 17 and the connecting shafts 15 and
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18 are arranged in positional relation capable of defining
a parallelogram.
In the state shown in Fig. 1, the connecting shafts
15 and 18 are in lowermost positions. In other words, the
upper die 11 is in its lowermost position. From the state
shown in Fig. 1, the gears 13 and 16 so anticlockwisely
rotate that the connecting shafts 15 and 18 circularly
move about the center shafts 14 and 17 respectively,
whereby the upper die 11 also circularly moves while
keeping its attitude.
The gear 19 is rotatably mounted on the press body
through a centex shaft 20, to engage with the two gears 13
and 16. This gear 19 is dri~en to rotate by a motor, for
example.
Now, note a structure which is related to the lower
die 12. The gears 21 and 24 are rotatably mounted on the
press body through center shafts 22 and 25 respectively.
The gear 21 is connected to the lower die 12 through a
connecting shaft 23, while the other gear 24 is also
connected to the lower die 12 through a connecting shaft
26. The center shafts 22 and 25 and the connecting shafts
23 and 26 are arranged in positional relation for defining
a parallelogram. The two gears 21 and 24 are identical in
size and number of teeth to each other.
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In the state shown in Fig. l, the connecting shafts
23 and 26 are in uppermost positions. In other words, the
lower die 12 is brought into its uppermost position. Upon
rotation of the gears 21 and 24, the connecting shafts 23
and 26 circularly move about the center shafts 22 and 25
respectively, whereby the lower die 12 also circularly
moves.
The gear 27 is also rotatably mounted on the press
body through a center shaft 28, to engage with the gears
21 and 24.
In order to associate press operation of the upper
die 11 with that of the lower die 12, the pulleys 30 and
33 are rotatably mounted on the press body through center
~hafts 31 and 34 respecti~ely. The rotation of the gear
19 is transferred to the pulley 30 through the belt 29.
The gear 19 and the pulley 30 rotate in the same
direction. The rotation of the pulley 30 is transferred
to the pulley 33 through the belt 32. The belt 32 is
extended along the pulleys 30 and 33 with an intermediate
twist, as shown in Fig. l. Thus, the pulleys 30 and 33
rotate in opposite directions. The rotation of the pulley
33 is transferred to the gear 27 through the belt 35. The
pulley 33 and the gear 27 rotate in the same direction.
The operation of this embodiment is now described.
The gear l9 is driven by a motor, for example, to
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rotate in the clockwise direction, whereby the gears 13
and 16 engaging with the gear 19 rotate in the
anticlockwise direction. Consequently, the upper die ll
circularly moves to rotate in the anticlockwise direction.
Due to the clockwise rotation of the gear 19, the
pulleys 30 and 33 rotate clockwisely and anticlockwisely
respectively. The rotation of the pulley 33 is
transferred to the gear 27 through the belt 35. Namely,
the gear 27 rotates in the anticlockwise direction so that
the gears 21 and 24 engaging with the gear 27 rotate
clockwisely. Consequently, the lower die 12 circularly
moves to rotate in the clockwise direction. The circular
motions of the upper and lower dies 11 and 12 must be made
in the ~ame radii at the ~ame angular velocity. When the
upper die 12 is in its lowermost position, the lower die
12 is brought into its uppermost position.
Figs. 2A to 2E illustrate the press operation
performed by the upper and lower dies 11 and 12 in
sequence. In each figure, a center line C corresponds to
a line connecting the center shafts 20 and 28 shown in
Fig. 1 with each other.
In the state shown in Fig. 2A, the upper die 11 is in
its uppermost position and the lower die 12 is in its
lowermost position. The long plate member 9 is located
between the upper and lower dies 11 and 12. From this
state, the gear 19 (Fig. l) is driven to rotate in the
clockwise direction, whereby the upper die 11 moves along
an arrow A and the lower die 12 moves along an arrow B.
Fig. 2B shows such a state that both the upper and
lower dies 11 and 12 are in leftmost positions. The lower
end surface of the upper die ll is in contact with the
upper surface of the long plate member 9. From the state
shown in Fig. 2B, the upper die 11 further moves along an
arrow B, and the lower die 12 moves along an arrow E.
Fig. 2C shows a state after the upper and lower dies ll
and 12 slightly move from the state shown in Fig. 2B.
In the state shown in Fig. 2B, the long plate member
9 is held and slightly drawn between a projecting part of
the upper die 11 and a depressed part of the lower die 12.
From the state shown in Fig. 2C, the upper die 11 moves
along an arrow F and the lower die 12 moves along an arrow
G, whereby the vertical spacing between the upper and
lower dies 11 and 12 is gradually reduced to increase the
amount of drawing of the long plate member 9. At this
time, both the upper and lower dies 11 and 12 move
rightwardly in the figure, whereby the long plate member 9
held by the upper and lower dies 11 and 12 also moves in
the rightward direction. As hereinabove described, the
circular motions of the upper and lower dies 11 and 12 are
identical in dimension and velocity to each other, whereby
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the upper and lower dies 11 and 12 rightwardly move by the
same distance.
Fig. 2D shows such a state that the upper die 11 is
in its lowermost position and the lower die 12 is in its
uppermost position. Drawing of the long plate member 9 is
completed in this state. From the state shown in Fig. 2D,
the upper die 11 moves along an arrow H and the lower die
12 moves along an arrow I, to increase the vertical
spacing between the upper and lower dies 11 and 12. At
this time, the long plate member 9 is pulled by the upper
and lower dies 11 and 12 and fed in the rightward
direction.
Fig. 2E shows such a state that the upper and lower
dies 11 and 12 are in rightmost positions. From the state
shown in Fig. 2E, the upper die 11 moves along an arrow J,
and the lower die 12 moves along an arrow K.
The operation shown in Figs. 2A to 2E is so repeated
as to continuously draw the long plate member 9. The
upper and lower dies 11 and 12 feed the long plate member
9 in a prescribed direction while drawing the same,
whereby the operation for feeding the long plate member 9
is correctly synchronized with the press operation
performed by the upper and lower dies 11 and 12. Further,
there is no need to provide a specific mechanism, such as
the feed rolls 7 and 8 shown in Fig. 6, for feeding the
long plate member 9 in a prescribed direction.
The amount of feed of the long plate member 9 can be
properly adjusted by changing the amounts of the circular
motions of the upper and lower dies 11 and 12, for
example.
Fig. 3 illustrates an essential part of a press
according to another embodiment of the present invention.
The press shown in Fig. 3 comprises an upper die 41 and a
lower die 42 for press working.
A structure related to the upper die 41 is
substantially identical to that of the embodiment shown in
Fig. 1. In more concrete terms, gears 43 and 46 are
rotatably mounted on the pres~ body through center shafts
44 and 47 respectively. These gears 43 and 46 are
connected to the upper die 41 through connecting shafts 4S
and 48 respectively. Further, a gear 49 is rotatably
mounted on the press body through a center shaft 50, to
engage with the gears 43 and 46. This gear 49 is driven
to rotate by a motor, for example. When the ~ear 49 is
driven to rotate, the upper die 41 circularly moves
similarly to that of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1.
While the lower die 12 also circularly moves in the
embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the lower die 42 of the
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embodiment shown in Fig. 3 linearly reciprocates along a
direction for feeding a long plate member.
A mechanism for driving the lower die 42 is as
follows: Gears 51 and 56 are rotatably mounted on the
press body through center shafts 52 and 57 respectively.
These gears Sl and 56 are upwardly provided with shafts 53
and 58 in eccentric positions respectively. Further,
guide members 54 and S9 are fixed to/mounted on the lower
die 42. The first guide member 54 has a vertically
extending flute 55, which receives the shaft 53. The
second guide member 59 also has a vertically extending
flute 60, which receives the shaft 58. The center shafts
52 and 57 and the shafts 53 and 58 are arranged in
positional relation for defining a parallelogram.
A gear 61 i3 rotatably mounted on the press body
through a center shaft 62 to engage with the gears 51 and
56. The press further comprises pulleys 64 and 65 and
belts 66, 67 and 68 in order to associate motions of the
upper and lower dies 41 and 42 with each other. The
rotation of the gear 49, which is driven by a motor, is
transferred to the pulley 64 through the belt 66. The
gear 4g and the pulley 64 rotate in the samé direction.
The rotation of the pulley 64 is transferred to the pulley
65 through the belt 67. The belt 67 is extended along the
pulleys 64 and 65 with an intermediate twist, as shown in
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Fig. 3. Thus, the pulleys 64 and 65 rotate in opposite
directions. The rotation of the pulley 65 is transferred
to the gear 61 through the belt 68. The pulley 65 and the
gear 61 rotate in the same direction.
In the state shown in Fig. 3, the upper die 41 is
brought into its lowermost position. On the other hand,
the lower die 42 simply reciprocates along the direction
for feeding the long plate member, with no vertical
motion. In the state shown in Fig. 3, the lower die 42 is
in an intermediate position of its movement stroke. In
other words, the shafts 53 and 58, which are upwardly
provided on the gears 51 and 56, are in uppermost
positions respectively.
The operation of this embodiment is now described.
Similarly to the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the gear
49 is driven by a motor to rotate clockwisely, so that the
upper die 41 circularly moves in the anticlockwise
direction. The rotation of the gear 49 is transferred to
the gear 61 through the pulleys 64 and 65 and the belts
66, 67 and 68. Consequently, the gears 51 and 56 engaging
with the gear 61 rotate clockwisely. In response to this,
the shafts 53 and 58, which are upwardly provided on the
gears 51 and 56, circularly mova about the center shafts
52 and 57 respectively. Since the shafts 53 and 58 are
received in the flutes 55 and 60 of the guide members 54
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and 59, the lower die 42 horizontally reciprocates upon
such circular motions of the shafts 53 and 58.
Figs. 4A to 4D illustrate press operation performed
by the upper and lower dies 41 and 42 in sequence. In
each figure, a center line C corresponds to a line
connecting the center shafts 50 and 62 of the gears 49 and
61 shown in Fig. 3 with each other.
In the state shown in Fig. 4A, the upper die 41 is in
its uppermost position, while the lower die 42 is in the
intermediate position of its movement stroke. A long
plate member 9 is located between the upper-and lower dies
41 and 42. Holding rollers 69 and 60 are arranged in
front and at the back o~ the dies 41 and 42, in order to
hold the long plate member 9 in a constant vertical
position. From the state shown in Fig. 4A, the upper die
41 circularly moves along an arrow L, and the lower die 42
linearly moves along an arrow M.
In the state shown in Fig. 4B, the upper and lower
dies 41 and 42 are in leftmost positions. At this time,
the long plate member 9 is held and grasped between the
upper and lower dies 41 and 42. From the state shown in
Fig. 4B, the upper die 41 circularly moves along an arrow
N, and the lower die 42 linearly moves along an arrow P.
Following such motions of the upper and lower dies 41 and
42, the long plate member 9 also moves along the arrow P.
2 ~
In the state shown in Fig. 4C, the upper die 41 is in
iis lowermost position and the lower die 42 is in the
intermediate position of its movement stroke. The long
plate member 9 is completely drawn in this state. From
the state shown in Fig. 4C, the upper die 41 circularly
moves along an arrow Q, and the lower die 42 linearly
moves along an arrow R. Following such motions of the
upper and lower dies 41 and 42, the long plate member 9
also moves along the arrow R.
In the state shown in Fig. 4D, the upper and lower
dies 41 and 42 are in rightmost positions. At this time,
the long plate member 9 is released from the upper and
lower dies 41 and 42. From the state shown in Fig. 4D,
the upper die 41 circularly moves along an arrow S, and
the lower die 42 linearly mo~es along an arrow T.
The operation shown in Figs. 4A to 4D is so repeated
as to continuously draw the long plate member 9.
Fig. 5 illustrates a press according to still another
embodiment of the present invention. This press is
adapted to draw the long plate member 9 as shown in Fig. 7
in a first working station 81, and then cut and separate
the product 9a as shown in Fig. 8 in a secopd working
station 82. The first working station 81 is provided with
a first upper die 83 for drawing the long plate member 9.
The second working station 82 is provided with a second
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upper die 94, having a cutter 94a, for cutting and
separating the product 9a. Fig. 5 illustrates no lower
dies. Also in the embodiment shown in Fig. 5, the
mechanism shown in Fig. 1 or 3 can be employed for driving
the lower dies (not shown).
First, note a mechanism for driving the first upper
die 83 which is provided in the first working station 81.
Gears 84 and 87 are rotatably mounted on the press body
through center shafts 85 and 88 respectively. These gears
84 and 87 are connected to the first upper die 83 through
connecting shafts 86 and 89 respectively. A gear 90 is
further rotatably mounted on the press body through a
center shaft 91, to engage with the gears 84 and 87. Upon
rotation of the gear 90, the first upper die B3 circularly
moves to perform prescribed press working, similarly to
those of the afo.rementioned embodiments. The lower die
(not shown) provided in the first working station 81 is
associated with the press operation of the first upper die
83, similarly to those of the aforementioned embodiments.
Now, note a driving mechanism for the second upper
die 94 which is provided in the second working station 82.
Gears 9S and 98 are rotatably mounted on the press body
through center shafts 96 and 99 respectively. These gears
9S and 98 are connected to the second upper die 94 through
connecting shafts 97 and 100 respectively. A gear 101 is
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further rotatably mounted on the press body through a
center shaft 102, to engage with the gears 95 and 98.
Upon rotation of the gear 101, the second upper die 94
circularly moves to perform prescribed cutting and
S separating operation, similarly to those of the
aforementioned embodiments. The lower die (not shown)
provided in the second working station 82 is associated
with the operation of the second upper die 94.
In order to associate the press operation of the
first upper die 83 with that of the second upper die 94, a
driving gear 92 is mounted on the press body through a
center shaft 93. The driving gear 92 engages with the
gear 90 for the first upper die 83, a~ well as with the
gear 101 for the second upper die 94. This driving gear
92 is driven to rotate by a motor, for example.
The first and second upper dies 83 and 94 are adapted
to press the long plate member at a phase angle of 180.
In the state shown in Fig. S, the first upper die 83 is in
its lowermost position, while the second upper die 94 is
in its uppermost position.
The operation of this embodiment is now described.
Fig. 5 shows such an instant that the long plate
member 9 is completely drawn by the first upper die 83.
From the sta~e shown in Fig. 5, the driving gear 92 is
driven by a motor to rotate in the anticlockwise
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direction, whereby the first upper die 83 right-upwardly
moves along an arrow V. On the other hand, the second
upper die 94 left-downwardly moves along an arrow W. That
is, the first and second upper dies 83 and 94 operate to
mutually cancel inertial forces thereof, to keep the
entire press in good mass balance.
The press operation of the first and second upper
dies 83 and 94 and operation for feeding the long plate
member 9 are similar to those of the aforementioned
embodiments.
Fig. 10 is a diagram for illustrating general
operation of the embodiment shown in Fig. 5. The general
operation of this embodiment is now described with
reference to Fig, 10. A first lower die 183 provided in
the first working station 81 and a second lower die 194
provided in the second working station 82 circularly move
in association with the first and second upper dies 83 and
94 respectively.
When the first upper die 83 is in its lowermost
position denoted by A1 in Fig. 10, the first lower die 183
is in its uppermost position denoted by al. In this
state, the second upper die 94 is in its uppermost
position denoted by B1 and the second lower die 194 is in
its lowermost position denoted by bl. Rightward forces
FAl and Fal act on the first upper and lower dies 83 and
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183 respectively. Leftward forces FB1 and Fbl act on the
first and second lower dies 94 and 194 respectively.
Thus, rightward inertial forces acting on the first upper
and lower dies 83 and 183 are cancelled by leftward
inertial forces acting on the second upper and lower dies
94 and 194.
Consider that each die moves by an angle of rotation
of 90. This time the first upper die 83 is in a position
denoted by A2 in Fig. 10 and the first lower die 183 is in
a position denoted by a2. The second upper die 94 is in a
position denoted by B2, and the second lower die 194 is in
a position denoted by b2. An upward inertial force FA2
acting on the first upper die 83 is cancelled by a
downward inertial force Fa2 acting on the first lower die
183. Similarly, a downward inertial force FB2 acting on
the second upper die 94 is cancelled by an upward inertial
force Fb2 acting on the second lower die 194.
Consider that each die further moves by an angle of
rotation of 90. This time the first upper die 83 is in a
position denoted by A3 in Fig. 10, and the first lower die
183 is in a position denoted by a3. The second upper die
94 is in a position denoted by B3, and the second lower
die 194 is in a position denoted by b3. Leftward inertial
forces FA3 and Fa3 acting on the first upper and lower
dies 83 and 183 are cancelled by rightward inertial forces
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FB3 and Fb3 acting on the second upper and lower dies 94
and 194.
Consider that each die further moves by an angle of
rotation of 90. This time the first upper die 83 is in a
position denoted by A4 in Fig. 10, and the first lower die
183 is in a position denoted by a4. The second upper die
94 is in a position denoted by B4, and the second lower
die 194 is in a position denoted by b4. A downward
inertial force FA4 acting on the first upper die 83 is
cancelled by an upward inertial force Fa4 acting on the
first lower die 183. An upward inertial force FB4 acting
on the second upper die 94 is cancelled by a downward
inertial force Fb4 acting on the second lower die 194.
As understood from the explanatory diagram shown in
Fig. 10, the inertial forces acting on the respective dies
are mutually cancelled according to the embodiment shown
in Fig. 5, whereby the press can be entirely kept in good
mass balance.
Fig. 9 illustrates a further embodiment of the
present invention. In this embodiment, an upper die 201
circularly moves and a lower die 202 linearly reciprocates
in association with the operation of the upper die 201,
similarly to the embodiment shown in Fig. 3. In more
concrete terms, the lower die 202 is linearly reciprocable
along a stand 203 through rollers 204 or the like. Guide
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posts 205 are fixed to/mounted on the upper die 201. The
lower die 202 is provided with slots 206 for slidably
receiving the guide posts 205. Thus, when the upper die
201 circularly moves through a mechanism such as that
shown in Fig. 3, the lower die 202 linearly reciprocates
on the stand 203 through actions of the guide posts 205
and the slots 206.
Although gears are employed as the mechanisms for
driving the upper and lower dies in the aforementioned
embodiments, the same motions can be implemented by
elements other than the gears, as a matter of course.
According to the present invention, a long plate
member is fed in a prescribed direction through pressing
operation made by upper and lower dies. Therefore, it may
not be necessary to provide a mechanism for feeding the
long plate member, such as the feed rolls 7 and 8 shown in
Fig. 6. However, the inventive press may be provided with
the mechanism for feeding the long plate member, as a
matter of course. In this case, the mechanism for feeding
the long plate member may not intermittently but
continuously feed the long plate member at a feed rate
which is identical to that by press working.
Although the present invention has been described and
illustrated in detail, it is clearly understood that the
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same is by way of illustration and example only and is not
to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and scope of
the present invention being limited only by the terms of
the appended claims.
