Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
201~788
UlMPROVED CATALYST AND PROCESS FOR
SWEETENING A SOUR HYDROCARBON STREAMR
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Processes for the treatment of a sour hydrocarbon fraction where the
5 fraction is treated by contacting it with an oxidation catalyst and an alkaline
agent in the presence of an oxidizing agent at reaction conditions have become
well known and widely practiced in the petroleum refining industry. These pro-
cesses are typically designed to effect the oxidation of offensive mercaptans
contained in a sour hydrocarbon fraction to innocuous disulfides - a process
o commonly referred to as sweetening. The oxidizing agent is most often air.
Gasoline, including natural, straight run and cracked gasolines, is the most fre-
quently treated sour hydrocarbon fraction. Other sour hydrocarbon fractions
which can be treated include the normally gaseous petroleum fraction as well as
naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, fuel oil, and the like.
A commonly used continuous process for treating sour hydrocarbon
fractions entails contacting the fraction with a metal phthalocyanine catalyst
dispersed in an aqueous caustic solution to yield a doctor sweet product. The
sour fraction and the catalyst containing aqueous caustic solution provide a
liquid-liquid system wherein mercaptans are converted to disulfides at the inter-
20 face of the immiscible solutions in the presence of an oxidizing agent--usually
air. Sour hydrocarbon fractions containing more difficult to oxidize mercaptans
are more effectively treated in contact with a metal cheiate catalyst dispersed on
a high surface area adsorptive support--usually a metal phthalocyanine on an
activated charcoal. The fraction is treated by contacting it with the supported
25 metal chelate catalyst at oxidation conditions in the presence of an alkalineagent. One such process is described in U.S. Patent No. 2,988,500. The oxi-
dizing agent is most often air admixed with the fraction to be treated, and the al-
kaline agent is most often an aqueous caustic solution charged continuously to
the process or intermittently as required to maintain the catalyst in the caustic-
3 0 wetted state.
The prior art shows that the usual practice of catalytically treating a sourhydrocarbon fraction containing mercaptans involves the introduction of alka-
2 201 ~78~
line agents, usually sodium hydroxide, into the sour hydrocarbon fraction prior
to or during the treating operation. See U.S. Patent Nos. 3,108,081 and
4,1~6,641. The prior art also discloses that quaternary ammonium compounds
can improve the activity of these catalytic systems. For example, see U.S.
Patent Nos. 4,29û,913 and 4,337,147. In these patents the catalytic composite
comprises a metal chelate, an aikali metai hydroxide and a quaternary ammo-
nium hydroxide dispersed on an adsorptive support.
The prior art also discloses the use of other nitrogen-containing com-
pounds as promoters for me!captan sweetening. For example, U.S. Patent No.
o 4,207,173 discloses the use of guanidine as a promoter for mercaptan oxida-
tion. Further, U.S. Patent No. 4,753,722 discloses a large number of nitrogen-
containing compounds as promoters. These compounds are classified as het-
erocyclic compounds, substituted homocyclic compounds and aliphatic com-
pounds.
In contrast to this prior art, it has now been found that a dipolar com-
pound can greatly promote the oxidation of mercaptans in both liquid-liquid and
fixed bed processes. A dipolar compound is an organic compound which has a
positively charged atom and an electronegative group in the same structure. A
preferred class of dipolar compounds are betaines which have the general for-
2 O mula
(R' ) 3NCH2COo
where R' is an alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkyl group. An especially pre-
ferred dipolar compound is ephedrine which has the formula
2 5 ~--CH--CH--N--CH3
OH CH3 H
and in which the hydroxyl group is capable of being deprotonated. There is no
mention in the prior art that such dipolar compounds would be effective pro-
3 0 moters for the oxidation of mercaptans. Further, it has now been found that thedipolar compounds are much more active promoters than quaternary ammo-
nium compounds.
3 2~1978~
The dipolar compounds of this invention can have the structural forrnula
H R2 H R2
(A) Rl--C--R-z+--R4X or (B) RiC~--Z+--R4
YH R3 Y R3
o where Z is nitrogen or phosphorus, R, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are groups as defined
herein and X is halogen or hydroxide. It is no~ed that these compounds can be
considered quaternary ammonium compounds (when Z is nitrogen), especially
formula (A). However, there is no mention in the prior art that quaternary am-
monium compounds can have an electronegative group as a moiety in the
15 structure. Further, there is no indication in the prior art that a quaternary am-
monium compound containing an electronegative group would be a better
promoter than a quaternary ammonium compound without an electronegative
group. This unexpected result is a principal finding of the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is a broad obiective of this invention to present improved processes
and catalysts for treating a sour hydrocarbon fraction containing mercaptans.
Thus, one broad embodiment of the invention is a process for treating a sour
hydrocarbon fraction containing mercaptans comprising contacting the hydro-
carbon fraction in the presence of an oxidizing agent with a basic solution con-taining a metal chelate effective in oxidizing said mercaptans to disulfides,
wherein the improvement comprises adding a dipolar compound to the basic
solution, the dipolar compound having the structural formula (A) or (B) where:
H R2
(A) Rl--C--R--Z+ R4X
3 5 YH R3
and Z is nitrogen or phosphorus, R is a linear alkyl group having from one to
about 18 carbon atoms, R1 and R2 are each individually hydrogen or a hy-
drocarbon group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, ar-
alkyl and cycloalkyl, R3 and R4 are each individually a hydrocarbon group se-
4 2~1~78~
lected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and ~ycloalkyl, YHis an electronegative group selected from the group consisting of OH, SH,
COOH, SO3H and NH2, the etectronegative group characterized in that it is ca-
pable of being deprotonated in a basic solution, and X is an anion selected from the group consisting of the halogens and hydroxide; and wherein:
(B) Rl-C-R-Z+-R4
10 Y R3
and Y~ is the deprotonated form of YH.
Another embodiment of the invention is a process for treating a sou,r hy-
drocarbon fraction containing mercaptans comprising contacting the hydrocar-
bon fraction in the presence of an oxidizing agent with a basic solution con-
taining a metal chelate effective in oxidizing said mercaptans to disuNides,
wherein the improvement comprises adding a dipolar compound to the baslc
solution, the dipolar compound selected from the group consisting of an
ephedrine compound, an ephedrine salt and mixtures thereof, where the
ephedrine compound has the structural formula
~ - CH - fH -N-CH3
25 OH CH3 R5
where R5 is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to about 25 carbon
atoms and the ephedrine salt has the structural formula
R6
H - CH l+- CH3-X
OH CH3 R5
where R5 is as defined above, R6 is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group having from 1
to about 25 carbon atoms and X is an anion selected from the group consisting
of hydroxide, chloride and bromide.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is a process for treating a sour
hydrocarbon fraction containing mercaptans comprising contacting the hydro-
20197~
carbon fraction in the presence of an oxidizing agent and of a basic agent with acatalyst effective in oxidizing the mercaptans to disulfldes, wherein the im-
provement comprises utilizing a catalyst comprising an adsorbent support
having dispersed thereon a metal chelate and a dipolar compound having the
5 structural formula (A) or (B) where:
H R2
10 (A) Rl I --R I R4X
YH R3
and Z is nitrogen or phosphorus, R is a linear alkyl group having from one to
about 18 carbon atoms, R1 and R2 are each individually hydrogen or a hy-
15 drocarbon group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, ar-
alkyl and cycloalkyl, R3 and R4 are each individually a hydrocarbon group se-
lected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkyl, YH
is an electronegative group selected from the group consisting of OH, SH,
COOH, SO3 H and NH2, the electronegative group characterized in that it is
20 capable of being deprotonated in a basic solution, and X is an anion selected from the group consisting of the halogens and hydroxide; and where:
1 2
( B) Rl--C--R--Z--R4
l- 13
and Y~ is the deprotonated form of YH.
Still another embodiment of the invention is a catalyst effective in
oxidizing mercaptans to disulfides, comprising an adsorbent support having
30 dispersed thereon a metal chelate and a dipolar compound having the
structural formula (A) or (B). A preferred catalyst is obtained when the dipolarcompound is selected from the group consisting of an ephedrine compound,
an ephedrine salt or a mixture thereof as described above.
A further broad embodiment of the invention is a catalyst effective for
35 oxidizing mercaptans present in a sour hydrocarbon fraction comprising a basic
solution containing a metal chelate and a promoter which is a dipolar com-
pound having the structural formula (A) or (B) as hereinbefore specified.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is a catalyst effective for oxidiz-
40 ing mercaptans in a sour hydrocarbon fraction comprising a basic solution
6 20~97~
containing a metal chelate and a dipolar compound selected from the group
consisting of an ephedrine compound, an ephedrine salt and mixtures thereof
as described above.
Other objects and embodiments of this invention will become apparent in
5 the following detailed description of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to improved processes and catalysts for treating a
sour hydrocarbon fraction. The process comprises contacting a sour
hydrocarbon fraction in the presence of an oxidizing agent with a catalyst. The
10 catalyst can be present either in a liquid phase (liquid-liquid sweetening) or as a
solid phase (fixed bed sweetening).
The liquid-liquid process comprises contacting the sour hydrocarbon
fraction with a basic solution containing a metal chelate and a dipolar com-
pound. The basic solution is an aqueous solution containing from 0.1 to 25
15 weight percent, preferably from 0.1 to 10 weight percent, and most preferably from 0.5 to 7 weight percent of an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonium
hydroxide. Of the alkali metal hydroxides, sodium and potassium hydroxides
are preferred, although lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide and cesium
hydroxide may also be used. The metal chelate employed in the practice of this
2 o invention can be any of the various metal chelates known to the art as effective
in catalyzing the oxidation of mercaptans contained in a sour petroleum distil-
late, to disulfides or polysulfides. The metal chelates include the metal com-
pounds of tetrapyridinoporphyrazine described in U.S. Patent No. 3,980,582,
e.g., cobalt tetrapyridinoporphyrazine; porphyrin and metaloporphyrin catalysts
25 as described in U.S. Patent No. 2,966,453, e.g., cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin sul-
fonate; corrinoid catalysts as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,252,892, e.g.,
cobalt corrin sulfonate; chelate organometallic catalysts such as described in
U.S. Patent No. 2,918,426, e.g., the condensation product of an aminophenol
and a metal of Group Vlll; the metal phthalocyanines as described in U.S.
30 Patent No. 4,290,913, etc. As stated in U.S. Patent 4,290,913, metal phthalo-cyanines are a preferred class of metal chelates. All the above-named patents
are incorporated herein by reference.
The metal phthalocyanines which can be employed in the basic solution
to catalyze ~he oxidation of mercaptans generally include magnesium phthalo-
35 cyanine, titanium phthalocyanine, hafnium phthalocyanine, vanadium phthalo-
7 "Olg7~
cyanine, tantalum phthalocyanine, molybdenum phthalocyanine, manganesephthalocyanine, iron phthalocyanine, cobalt phthalocyanine, platinum phthalo-
cyanine, palladium phthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine, silver phthal~
cyanine, zinc phthalocyanine, tin phthalocyanine, and the like. Cobalt phthal~
5 cyanine and vanadium phthalocyanine are particularly preferred. The ring su~
stituted metal phthalocyanines are generally employed in preference to the un-
substituted metal phthalocyanine (see U.S. Patent 4,290,913), with the sul-
fonated metal phthalocyanine being especially preferred, e.g., cobalt phthalo-
cyanine monosulfate, cobalt phthalocyanine disulfonate, etc. The suHonated
o derivatives may be prepared, for exarrlple, by reacting cobalt, vanadium or
other metal phthalocyanine with fuming sulfuric acid. While the sulfonated
derivatives are preferred, it is understood that other derivatives, particularly the
carboxylated derivatives, may be employed. The carboxylated derivatives are
readily prepared by the action of trichloroacetic acid on the metal phthalo-
15 cyanine. The concentration of metal chelate in general and metal phthalo-
cyanine in specific in the basic solution can vary from 0.1 to 2000 wt. ppm and
preferably from 50 to 800 weight ppm.
The dipolar compound which may be used as a promoter along with the
metal chelate in the basic solution has the formula (A) or (B) where:
H R2
~A) Rl--C-R--Z+--R4X
1 1
YH R3
and Z is nitrogen or phosphorus, R is a linear alkyl group having from one to
about 18 carbon atoms, R1 and R2 are each individually hydrogen or a hy-
30 drocarbon group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, ar-
alkyl and cycloalkyl, R3 and R4 are each individually a hydrocarbon group se-
lected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkyl, YH
is an electronegative group selected from the group consisting of OH, SH,
COOH, SO3 H and NH2, the electronegative group characterized in that it is
35 capable of being deprotonated in a basic solution, and X is an anion selected from the group consisting of the halogens and hydroxides; and where
8 201~7g~
1 12
(B) Ri f -R-Z+-R4
Y R3
and Y~ is the deprotonated form of YH. Specifioalty, the deprotonated forms of
the YH groups enumerated above are O~, S~, COO~, S03-, and NH-. A pre-
ferred counter ion, X, is chloride. It should be pointed out that regardless of
which structure the dipolar compound has, when it is dissolved in a basic solu-
tion the dipolar compound exists to at least some measurable extent as struc-
ture (B) or what is usually referred to as an inner salt or a zwitter ion. The
choice of using the dipolar compound in form A or B is merely a choice of con-
venience and availability and does not affect the activity of the dipolar com-
pound. Illustrative examples of the dipolar compounds which can be used to
practice this invention, but which are not intended to limit the scope of this in-
vention are Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R = CH2, R2 = R3 = R4 =
ethyl; Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H,R = CH2,R2 = R3 = R4 = methyl;
Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R = CH2, R2 = hexadecyl, R3 = R4 =
methyl; Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R = (CH2)3,R2 = R3 = R4 =
methyl; Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R = (CH2)3, R2 = decyl, R3 = R4
= methyl; Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R = (CH2)6, R2 = R3 = R4 =
methyl; Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R = CH2,R2 = coco~R3 = R4 =
methyl; Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R = CH2, R2 = tallow, R3 = R4 =
methyl; Z = nitrogen, YH = S03H,R1 = H,R = (CH2)2~ R2 = tallow~ R3 = R4
= methyl, X = Cl; Z = nitrogen, YH = S03H, R1 = H, R = tallow, R2 = R3 =
R4 = methyl, X = Cl; Z = nitrogen, YH = COOH,R1 = H,R = CH2, R2 = tal-
low~R3 = R4 = methyl, X = Cl; Z = nitrogen, YH = OH, R1 = H, R = (CH2)4,
R2 = decyl, R3 = R4 = methyl, X = Cl; Z = phosphorus, Y~ = COO~, R1 =
H, R = CH2,R2 = R3 = R4 = methyl; Z = phosphorus,Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R
= CH2, R2 = decyl, R3 = R4 = methyl; Z = phosphorus, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H,
R = decyl, R2 = R3 = R4 = methyl; Z = phosphorus, YH = COOH,R1 = H,R
= (CH2)3, R2 = R3 = R4 = methyl, X = Cl; Z = phosphorus, YH = COOH,
R1 = H,R = CH2,R2 = coco~R3 = R4 = methyl, X = Cl.
The term coco and tallow refer to a mixture of linear alkyl groups as
shown in Table A. The exact composition of coco and tallow groups may vary
slightly from those shown in Table A depending on the source and purity of the
material.
2~ 7~
Table A
Component Coco Tallow
(%) (%~
_
C8 7.0
C10 6.0
C1 2 48.0
C14 19.0 3.5
C16 9.0 29.5
C18 11.0 67.0
Total 100.0 100.0
Preferred dipolar compounds are ones in which R3and R4 are both a
linear alkyl group containing from about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms. Specific
preferred dipolar compounds are Z = nitrogen, Y~ = COO~, R1 = H, R = CH2,
R2 = R3 = R4 = methyl; and Z = nitrogen, Y = COO~, R1 = H, R = CH2, R2
= R3 = methyl, R4 = tallow.
Another preferred series of dipolar compounds are ephedrine
compounds and ephedrine salts. The ephedrine compounds have the
structural formula
~ TH - CH - N-CH3
OH H3 R5
When R5 is hydrogen, the compound is ephedrine. In addition to R5 being
hydrogen, R5 may also be an alkyl group hav~ng from 1 to about 25 carbon
atoms. Examples of the alkyl group are methyl, ethyl, propyl, decyl, dodecyl,
etc. The ephedrine salts have the structural formula
~ fH - fH -N+--CH3-X
OH CH3 R5
2nls7~
where R5 is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to about 25 carbon
atoms, R6 is an alkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkyl group having from 1 to about 25
carbon atoms and X is an anion selected from the group consisting of
hydroxide, chloride, bromide, iodide and fluoride. Ephedrine is an especially
preferred dipolar compound. Mixtures of the ephedrine compounds and
ephedrine salts may be used in the practice of the invention.
Regardless of the dipolar compound actually used, it is desirable that the
dipolar compound be present in the basic solution in a concentration from
about 0.1 to about 400 ppm, preferably from about 1 to about 1~0 ppm and
most preferably from about 3 to about 20 ppm.
Sweetening of the sour hydrocarbon fraction is effected by oxidation of
mercaptans. Accordingly, an oxidizing agent is necessary for the reaction to
proceed. Air is a preferred oxidizing agent, although oxygen or other oxygen-
containing gases may be used. At least a stoichiometric amount of oxygen
(relative to the concentration of mercaptans) is required to oxidize the mercap-tans to disulfides, although an excess amount of oxygen is usually employed. In
some cases the sour hydrocarbon fraction may contain entrained air or oxygen
in sufficient concentration to accomplish the desired sweetening, but generally it
is preferred to introduce air into the reaction zone.
Sweetening of the sour hydrocarbon fraction may be effected in any
suitable manner well known in the art and may be in a batch or continuous pro-
cess. In a batch process the sour hydrocarbon fraction is introduced into a re-
action zone containing the basic solution which contains the metal chelate and
the dipolar compound. Air is introduced therein or passed therethrough.
Preferably the reaction zone is equipped with suitable stirrers or other mixing
devices to obtain intimate mixing. In a continuous process the basic solution
containing the metal chelate catalyst and the dipolar compounds is passed
countercurrently or concurrently with the sour hydrocarbon fraction in the
presence of a continuous stream of air. In a mixed type process, the reaction
zone contains the basic solution~ metal chelate and dipolar compound, and
gasoline and air are continuous!y passed therethrough and removed generally
from the upper portion of the reaction zone. For specific examples of apparatus
used to carry out a liquid/liquid process, see U.S. Patent Nos. 4,019,869,
4,201,626 and 4,234,544 which are incorporated by reference.
In general the process is usually effected at ambient temperatures, al-
though elevated temperatures may be employed and generally will be in the
2~ ~78~
11
range of from about 38 to 204c (100 to 400F), depending upon the
pressure utilized therein, but usually below that at which substantial vaporization
occurs. Pressures of up to 6890 kPa (1,000 psi) or more are operable although
atmospheric or substantially atmospheric pressures are suitable.
The process may also be carried out by contacting the sour hydrocar-
bon fraction with a catalyst comprising a metal chelate and a dipolar compound
dispersed on an adsorbent support. This is referred to as fixed bed
sweetening. The adsorbent support which may be used in the practice of this
invention can be any of the well known adsorbent materials generally utilized asa catalyst support or carrier material. Preferred adsorbent materials include the
various charcoals produced by the destructive distillation of wood, peat, lignite,
nutshells, bones, and other carbonaceous matter, and preferably such
charcoals as have been heat-treated or chemically treated or both, to form a
highly porous particle structure of increased adsorbent capacity, and generally
defined as activated carbon or charcoal. Said adsorbent materials also include
the naturally occurring clays and silicates, e.g., diatomaceous earth, fuller's
earth, kieselguhr, attapulgus clay, feldspar, montorillonite, halloysite, kaolin, and
the like, and also the naturally occurring or synthetically prepared refractory
inorganic oxides such as alumina, silica, zirconia, thoria, boria, etc., or
combinations thereof like silica-alumina, silica-zirconia, alumina-zirconia, etc.
The adsorbent support should be insoluble in, and otherwise inert to, the
petroleum distillate at the alkaline reaction conditions existing in the treating
zone. Charcoal, and particularly activated charcoal, is preferred because of itscapacity for metal chelates, and because of its stability under treating
2 5 conditions.
The metal chelates which can be deposited on the support are the ones
that have been described above for the liquid-liquid process. Likewise, the
dipolar compounds are the same as described above including ephedrine
compounds and ephedrine salts.
The metal chelate component and dipolar compound can be dispersed
on the adsorbent support in any conventional or otherwise convenient manner.
The components can be dispersed on the support simultaneously from a
common aqueous or alcoholic solution and/or dispersion thereof or separately
and in any desired sequence. The dispersion process can be effected utilizing
conventional techniques whereby the support in the form of spheres, pills,
pellets, granules or other particles of uniform or irregular size or shape, is
12 2~78
soaked, suspended, dipped one or more times, or otherwise immersed in an
aqueous or alcoholic solution and/or dispersion to disperse a given quantity of
the dipolar compound and metal chelate components. Typically, the dipolar
compound will be present in a concentration of 0.01 to 5 weight percent of the
5 catalyst and preferably from 0.1 to 3 weight percent. In general, the amount of
metal chelate and metal phthalocyanine in particular which can be adsorbed on
the solid adsorbent support and still form a stable catalyst is up to 25 weight
percent of the catalyst. A lesser amount in the range of from 0.1 to 10 weight
percent of the catalyst generally forms a suitably active catalyst.
One preferred method of preparation involves the use of a steamjack-
eted rotary dryer. The adsorbent support is immersed in the impregnating s~
lution and/or dispersion containing the desired components contained in the
dryer and the support is tumbled therein by the rotating motion of the dryer.
Evaporation of the solution in contact with the tumbling support is expedited byapplying steam to the dryer jacket. In any case, the resuiting composite is al-
lowed to dry under ambient temperature conditions, or dried at an elevated
temperature in an oven, or in a flow of hot gases, or in any other suitable man-ner to yield a suitable catalyst.
An alternative and convenient method for dispersing the dipolar com-
2 o pound and metal chelate components on the solid adsorbent support
comprises predisposing the support in a sour hydrocarbon fraction treating
zone or chamber as a fixed bed and passing a metal chelate and dipolar
compound solution and/or dispersion through the bed in order to form the
catalytic composite in sltu. This method allows the solution and/or dispersion
to be recycled one or more times to achieve a desired concentration of the
dipolar compound and metal chelate components on the adsorbent support. In
still another alternative method, the adsorbent support may be predisposed in
said treating zone or chamber, and the zone or chamber thereafter filled with
the solution and/or dispersion to soak the support for a predetermined period.
3 o Processes for sweetening a sour hydrocarbon fraction using a fixed bed
catalyst are described in the prior art. Specifically, temperature and pressure
conditions are the same as stated for the liquid-liquid process described above.The prior art also discloses (see U.S. Patent Nos. 4,033,860 and 4,337,147) thatthe hydrocarbon fraction can be treated in the presence of a basic agent, usu-
ally an alkaline agent. Thus, a supported catalyst is typically initially saturated
with an aqueous solution of an alkaline agent (as described above) and the al-
20~978~
13
kaline agent thereafter passed in contact with the catalyst bed continuously or
intermittently as required, admixed with the sour hydrocarbon fraction. An
aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution (as describsd above) may be used in
place of the alkaline solution. The aqueous solution may further contain a solu-
5 bilizer to promote mercaptan solubility, e.g., alcohol, and especially methanol,ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, etc., and also phenols, cresols, and the like.
The solubilizer, when employed, is preferably methanol, and the alkaline solu-
tion may suitably contain from 2 to 10 volume percent thereof. Examples of
specific arrangements to carry out the treating process may be found in U.S.
lO Patent Nos. 4,490,246 and 4,753,722 which are incorporated by reference.
The following examples are presented in illustration of this invention and
are not intended as undue limitations on the generally broad scope of the in-
vention as set out in the appended claims.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
15 A stirred contactor which consisted of a cylindrical glass container mea-
suring 89 mm (3.5 in) in diameter by 152 mm (6 in) high and which contained 4
baffles that are at 90 angles to the side walls was used. An air driven motor
was used to power a paddle stirrer positioned in the center of the apparatus.
When turning, the stirrer paddles passed within 12.7 mm (1/2 in) of the bames.
2 o This resulted in a very efficient, pure type of mixing.
To the above apparatus there were added 50 milliliters of an 8% aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution which contained 30 weight ppm of a caustic soluble
tetrasulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine and 200 milliliters of isooctane which
contained 1,300 weight ppm of mercaptan sulfur as n-octylmercaptan. To this
25 mixture 20 weight ppm of a mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds
composed of alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and dialkylmethylbsnzyl
ammonium chloride obtained from the Mason Chemical Co. as Maquat FL-76,
was added and the mixture was stirred. Periodically stirring was stopped and a
sample was withdrawn from the isooctane layer with a pipette. These samplss
30 were analyzed for mercaptan by titration and are presented in the second
column of Table 1.
201978~
14
E)CAMPLE 1
The test described in Comparative Example 1 was carried out in
accordance with the present invention with a fresh sampie of isooctane, cobalt
phthalocyanine and alkaline solution, but instead of the quaternary ammonium
5 compound, 20 weight ppm of ephedrine was added. These results are also
presented in the third column of Table 1.
EXAMPLE 2
The test described in Comparative Example 1 was carried out in
accordance with the present invention with a fresh sample of isooctane, cobalt
o phthalocyanine and alkaline solution, but instead of the quaternary ammonium
compound, 2Q weight ppm of a betaine having the structural formula
H CH3
l l
HC--CH2--N+--CH3
C00 CH3
20 obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. was added. These results are also pre-
sented in the fourth column of Table 1.
201978~
Table 1
Effsct of Dipolar Compounds on Mercaptan Oxidation
Contact nme Mercaptan Conversion. %
5 (Minutes) Quat OH Ephedrine Betaine
14 37 67
100
31 100 100
100 100
48 100 100
56 100 100
The data clearly show the superior promotion effect of dipolar compounds such
as ephedrine and betaine.
