METHOD OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF AN ELECTRICAL GENERATOR (COMBINATION SLIS/E-SLIS)

METHODE POUR ACCROITRE LE RENDEMENT D'UNE GENERATRICE

English Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method of increasing
the efficiency of an electrical generator of the type that
generates real output power by a change of the reluctance of
the magnetic flux path. The efficiency is improved by
providing specific components, features and characteristics
of the generator in combination in acccordance with a
specific relationship so as to reduce the relative effect of
the load. Also, the efficiency is improved by recognizing
and reducing the effect of an alternating current
superimposed on the excitation current.

Claims

- 17 -
The embodiments of the invention in which an
exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as
follows:
1. A method of increasing the efficiency of an electrical
generator for use in association with a generator having
a magnetic flux path having a reluctance wherein the
generator generates real output power by a change of the
reluctance of the magnetic flux path; the method
comprising:
providing the following components, features and
characteristics of the generator:
(a) number of turns [N1] of excitation coils of an
excitation circuit around the magnetic flux path;
(b) number of turns [N2] of load coils around the magnetic
flux path;
(c) number of poles [p] of a reluctance-changing part;
(d) revolutions per minute [n] of the reluctance-changing
part;
(e) average reluctance [Ra] of the magnetic flux path; and
(f) amplitude of change [Rc] of the reluctance of the
magnetic flux path:
in a combination so as to reduce the relative effect of

- 18 -
a load [RL ohms] in the load coil in the following
relationship:
<IMG>
where <IMG>.
2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the components,
features and characteristics are provided such that the
magnitude of:
<IMG>
approaches zero by increasing the product N2 w by
increasing the number of turns N2 and/or w, or both, and
the ratio of N1/N2 does not decrease substantially.
3. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the ratio of
N1/N2 increases substantially when N2 is increased by
further increasing N1.
4. The method as defined in claim 1 for use in association
with the generator which further has an alternating
current superimposed on an excitation current in the

- 19 -
excitation coil which has an effect of reducing current
passing through the load coils, the method further
comprising reducing the effect of the alternating
current.
5. The method as defined in claim 4 wherein the effect of
the alternating current is reduced by inserting in the
excitation coil a reducing circuit.
6. The method as defined in claim 5 wherein the reducing
circuit comprises:
(a) comparator means for comparing varying amplitude of the
excitation current to an amplitude of a d.c. current;
and
(b) reduction means for reducing the difference between the
varying amplitude of the excitation current and the
amplitude of the d.c. current.
7. The method as defined in claim 6 wherein the comparator
means and the reducing means are comprised of logic and
thyristor circuits.
8. The method of claim 4 wherein the effect of the
alternating current is reduced by providing a common
d.c. supply to excite the first generator and to excite
a second generator, wherein the second generator is
either:

- 20 -
(a) constructed together with the first generator having a
common stator or rotor; or
(b) constructed separately from the first generator and
substantially identical to the first generator.
9. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the reluctance-
changing part is a moving part of the magnetic flux
path.
10. The method as defined in claim 9 wherein the components,
features and characteristics are provided such that the
magnitude of:
<IMG>
approaches zero by increasing the product N2 w by
increasing the number of turns N2 and/or w, or both, and
the ratio of N1/N2 does not decrease substantially.
11. The method as defined in claim 9 wherein the ratio of
N1/N2 increases substantially when N2 is increased by
further increasing N1.
12. The method as defined in claim 9 for use in association
with the generator which further has an alternating
current superimposed on an excitation current in the
excitation coil which has an effect of reducing current
passing through the load coils, the method further

- 21 -
comprising reducing the effect of the alternating
current.
13. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the effect of
the alternating current is reduced by inserting in the
excitation coil a reducing circuit.
14. The method as defined in claim 13 wherein the reducing
circuit comprises:
(a) comparator means for comparing varying amplitude of the
excitation current to an amplitude of a d.c. current;
and
(b) reduction means for reducing the difference between the
varying amplitude of the excitation current and the
amplitude of the d.c. current.
15. The method as defined in claim 14 wherein the comparator
means and the reducing means are comprised of logic and
thyristor circuits.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein the effect of the
alternating current is reduced by providing a common
d.c. supply to excite the first generator and to excite
a second generator, wherein the second generator is
either:
(a) constructed together with the first generator having a
common stator or rotor; or

- 22 -
(b) constructed separately from the first generator and
substantially identical to the first generator.
17. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the reluctance-
changing part is a rotor of the magnetic flux path.
18. The method as defined in claim 17 wherein the
components, features and characteristics are provided
such that the magnitude of:
<IMG>
approaches zero by increasing the product N2 w by
increasing the number of turns N2 and/or w, or both, and
the ratio of N1/N2 does not decrease substantially.
19. The method as defined in claim 17 wherein the ratio of
N1/N2 increases substantially when N2 is increased by
further increasing N1.
20. The method as defined in claim 17 for use in association
with the generator which further has an alternating
current superimposed on an excitation current in the
excitation coil which has an effect of reducing current
passing through the load coils, the method further
comprising reducing the effect of the alternating
current.

- 23 -
21. The method as defined in claim 20 wherein the effect of
the alternating current is reduced by inserting in the
excitation coil a reducing circuit.
22. The method as defined in claim 21 wherein the reducing
circuit comprises:
(a) comparator means for comparing varying amplitude of the
excitation current to an amplitude of a d.c. current;
and
(b) reduction means for reducing the difference between the
varying amplitude of the excitation current and the
amplitude of the d.c. current.
23. The method as defined in claim 22 wherein the comparator
means and the reducing means are comprised of logic and
thyristor circuits.
24. The method of claim 20 wherein the effect of the
alternating current is reduced by providing a common
d.c. supply to excite the first generator and to excite
a second generator, wherein the second generator is
either:
(a) constructed together with the first generator having a
common stator or rotor; or
(b) constructed separately from the first generator and
substantially identical to the first generator.

- 24 -
25. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the reluctance-
changing part is a second magnetic flux path having a
portion common to the first magnetic flux path and
wherein the common portion is periodically magnetically
saturated.
26. The method as defined in claim 25 wherein the
components, features and characteristics are provided
such that the magnitude of:
<IMG>
approaches zero by increasing the product N2 w by
increasing the number of turns N2 and/or w, or both, and
the ratio of N1/N2 does not decrease substantially.
27. The method as defined in claim 25 wherein the ratio of
N1/N2 increases substantially when N2 is increased by
further increasing N1.
28. The method as defined in claim 25 for use in association
with the generator which further has an alternating
current superimposed on an excitation current in the
excitation coil which has an effect of reducing current
passing through the load coils, the method further
comprising reducing the effect of the alternating
current.

- 25 -
29. The method as defined in claim 28 wherein the effect of
the alternating current is reduced by inserting in the
excitation coil a reducing circuit.
30. The method as defined in claim 29 wherein the reducing
circuit comprises:
(a) comparator means for comparing varying amplitude of the
excitation current to an amplitude of a d.c. current;
and
(b) reduction means for reducing the difference between the
varying amplitude of the excitation current and the
amplitude of the d.c. current.
31. The method as defined in claim 30 wherein the comparator
means and the reducing means are comprised of logic and
thyristor circuits.
32. The method of claim 28 wherein the effect of the
alternating current is reduced by providing a common
d.c. supply to excite the first generator and to excite
a second generator, wherein the second generator is
either:
(a) constructed together with the first generator having a
common stator or rotor; or
(b) constructed separately from the first generator and
substantially identical to the first generator.

Description

~ 2~3~ ~ $~
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method of increasing the
efficiency of an electrical generator which generates real ~-~
power by a change of the reluctance in the magnetic flux path
through the generator. In particular, this invention relates
to a method of increasing the efficiency of such generators by
providing specific components, features and characteristics of -;
the generator in a combination so as to reduce the relative
effect of the load on the generator.
In the past, electrical generators of the type
described herein have been subject to inefficiencies. One of
the difficulties was that as the real output power was ;
increased, there was a concomitant increase in the real input
power. As the load on the generator increased, there was the
concomitant increase in real input power, but the output
current was low.
Also, in generators of this type, the inventor has
discovered that during operation there is an alternating
current superimposed on the excitation current in the
excitation coil of the prior art generators. This alternating
current has the effect of reducing current passing through the
load, which has the tendency of reducing the efficiency of the
generator.
:-. ,: : . . . : . . .~ : .. : :: :. : .

2~3'~ ~3 ~:
- 2 -
S~MMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to at
least partially overcome the disadvantages of the prior art.
Also, it is an object of this invention to provide an
alternative type of electrical generator in which the relative
effect of the load is reduced. And, it is a further object of
this invention to reduce the effect of the alternating current
that is superimposed on the excitation current of such
generators.
Accordingly, in one of its broad aspects, this ~-
invention resides in providing a method of increasing the
efficiency of an electrical generator for use in association
with a generator which generates real output power by a change
of the reluctance of the magnetic flux path; the method
comprising: providing the following components, features and ~-
characteristics of the generator: -
(a) number of turns [Nl] of excitation coils of an excitation
circuit around the magnetic flux path;
(b) number of turns [N2] of load coils around the magnetic flux
path;
(c) number of poles [p] of the reluctance-changing part;
(d) revolutions per minute [n] of the reluctance-changing part;
(e) average reluctance ~Ra] of the magnetic flux path; and
(f) amplitude of change [Rc] of the reluctance of the magnetic
flux path:
in a combination so as to reduce the relative effect of a load
., .
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~ 3 ~ 203~163 ~ ~
;: ,.
[RL ohms] in the load coil in the ~ollowing relationship:
(Nl/N2) x Iex
~: ~
Rc
1 + jRL
_
Ra N22w
where w = 2~rnp = 2 f, where f = np.
Further aspects of the invention reside in providing
methods and means for reducing the effect of the alternating :
cuerent which is superimposed on the excitation coil.
Further aspects of the invention reside in providing
an electrical generator without a rotor or other moving part of
the magnetic flux path of the generator by which the reluctance
is changed. ~
Further aspects of the invention will become apparent :: :
upon reading the following detailed description and the ~ ~
drawings which illustrate the invention and preferred ;:
embod1ments of the invention.
::
'~
,

203~
- 4 - :
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS ..
In the drawings: :
Figure 1 is a schematic, perspecti.ve view of a
preferred embodiment of the invention;
Figure 2 is a preferred embodiment oE a reducing
circuit of the invention;
Figure 3 is a schematic drawing of a preferred
embodiment of the logic and thyristor circuits of a reducing
circuit of the invention; :~
Figure 4 is a schematic, perspective view of two
generators of the invention having common stator and rotor;
Figure 5 is a schematic, perspective view of two
generators of the invention constructed substantially
identically;
Figure 6 is a schematic, perspective view of a ~-
further embodiment of the invention;
Figure 7 is a schematic, perspective view of a
further embodiment of the invention;
Figure 8 is a schematic, perspective view of a
further embodiment of the invention.
Figure 9 is a schematic, perspective view of a ; ~
further embodiment of the invention; and ;~.
Figure 10 is a schematic, perspective view of a ~ .
further embodiment of the invention.~
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., .; " , ~ .; . . . - . - . : ~

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
OF THE I~VENTION
Shown in Figure 1 is a simplified generator 10 of the
type that generates real output power Por by change of the
reluctance R in a magnetic flux path 12. The generator 10 as
shown has a stator 14 and a rotor 16 which form the magnetic
flux path 12. Rotor 16 is rotated by shaft 18. Shaft 18 is
driven by input power Pi. Shaft 18 and, therefore, rotor 16
rotate at a rate of "n" revolutions per minute.
When rotor 16 is in position 16A as shown in -~
Figure 1, the reluctance R of the magnetic flux path 12 is
maximum. When the rotor 16 is in position 16B as shown by
dashed lines in Figure 1, the reluctance R is a minimum. The
average reluctance "Ra" of the magnetic flux path 12 can be
determined with respect to time. Also, the amplitude of change ~
"Rc" of the reluctance R of the magnetic flux path 12 can be ~ ~;
determined with respect to time. In this embodiment, the -
reluctance-changing part is the rotor 16.
As shown in Figure 1, the number of poles "ptl of
rotor 16 is two poles, pl and p2. However, it is possible for
the rotor 16 to have a greater number of poles as is
practical. In practical generators, the number of poles p
would usually be in the range of about 2 to 36.;~
Excitation circuit 20 has an excitation source 22
which is a d.c. or a.c. source. The excitation source 22
supplies excitation current Iex through excitation colls 24,

~ 6 - 2 0 3 ~
which are coiled around the magnetic ~lux path 12. The number
of excitation coils 24 i8 "Nl". As shown for simplicity in
Figure 1, Nl is three. However, in practical generators, Nl
would usually be in the range of about 3 to several thousands,
say to about 50,000.
Also shown in Figure 1 a load circuit 26. Load
circuit 26 has a load "RL" which is connected to load coils 28
which are coiled around the magnetic flux path 12. The number
of load coils 28 is "N2". As shown for simplicity in Figure 1,
N2 is five. However, in practical generators, N2 would usually
be in the range of about 3 to several thousands, say to about
45,000.
It has been discovered, recognized and determined by
the present inventor that the base harmonic of the effective
current Ieff passing through the load circuit 26, and thus the
load RL, is proportional to the following relationship (where
the symbols have the meanings as given above):
(Nl/N2) x Iex
Rc
1 + jRL
Ra N22w
where w = 2~ np.
Equation 1
:: . : , . - : . ~

f'", ' .
~ ` ~ 2 ~ 3 ~
By recognizing that the real output power Por of the
generator 10 is defined by the following relationship: -
Por = (Ieff) x RL ~
Equation 2 ~; ;
the present inventor has recognized that the effect of the load
RL on the real input power requirement can be reduced by
reducing the relative effect of the load RL in Equation 1
above.
The relative effect of the load RL in Equation 1 can
be reduced by providing the generator 10 with a combination of
components, features and characteristics C so as to increase
the value of Equation 1 for a given load RL, or even an
increased load RL, without decreasing the load RL itself.
Particularily, this task is accomplished by providing the
following components, features and characteristics (referred to
collectively as components C) of the generator 10 in a ~;
combination so as to reduce the relative effect of the load RL
in the relationship as de~ined by Equation 1.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the
components C are provided such that the value of:
" `; `
RL
N22W
Equation 3 ~;
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' . - .,: ' ' : ' , ' :' ' ~ -'~' '.. '' .'' . - '. . ': ,. ' ' . `

'-' 203l~3 ; ~ ,
- 8 -
approaches zero by increasing the product N2 w by increasing
the number of turns N2 of the load coils 28 and/or w, or both,
and the ratio of Nl/N2 does decrease substantially.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention,
the ratio ~l/N2 increases substantially when the number of
turns N2 of the load coils 28 is increased by further
increasing the number of turns Nl of the excitation coils 24.
The present inventor has also discovered, recognized
and determined that during operation of the generators of the
type as described herein, there is an alternating current Is
which is superimposed on the excitation current Iex in the
excitation coils 24 of excitation circuit 20. This
superimposed current Is has an effect of reducing the effective
current Ieff passing through the load coils 28 and the load
RL. Thus, having discovered, recognized and determined the
.
existence of this deleterious superimposed current Is, it is
recognized that the effect of the superimposed current Is
should be reduced.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention. the
effect of the superimposed current Is is reduced by inserting
in the excitation circuit 20 a reducing circuit 30 as shown
generally in Figure 1. Preferrably, as shown in Figure 2, the
reducing circuit 30 comprises a comparator means 32 for
comparing the varying amplitude Iex-amp of the excitation
current Iex to an amplitude Idc-amp of a d.c. current Idc. The
reducing circuit 30 also comprises a reduction means 34 for
reducing the difference D between the varying amplitude Iex-amp
,.
. .. .. . . . .. : ~ .- .

-` 2 ~ 3 ~
of the excitation current Iex and the amplitude Idc-amp of the
d.c. current Idc.
Preferably, the comparator means 32 and the reducing ?
means 34 are comprised of logic and thyristor circuits which
could be designed, constructed and implemented by those skilled
in the art of electronic circuitry. An example of s~ch circuits
is shown in Figure 3.
In another preferred embodiment for reducing the
effect of the superimposed current Is, the effect of the ;~-
superimposed current Is is reduced by providing a common
d.c, supply 50 to excite the first generator 10 and to
excite a second generator 100. The second generator 100 may
be constructed together with the first generator 10, and
having a common rotor 16, as shown in Figure 4, or a common
stator (not shown). Alternatively, the second generator ;i~
100' may be constructed separately from the first generator
10 and substantially identical to the first generator 10, as
shown in Figure 5.
Althouth the invention has been described thus far
with respect to a specific form of generator which generates
electrical power by periodically changing the reluctance of
the magnetic flux path of the generator, the invention is
applicable to other specific forms of such generators. One ;~
such generator is shown in Figure 6 as generator 40. In ;;
this embodiment, the generator 40 is substantially the same
as generator 10 as described above, except that instead of
the rotor as the reluctance-changing part, generator 40 has
~: . . . . .
.: - . .
.. , . . , . . ~ .

` 2~3~3
- 1 0 - , ,
a moving part 42 through which the magnetic flux path 12
passes as the reluctance-changing part.
The magnetic reluctance R can be changed
periodically by moving the part 42 of the magnetic flux path
12 in a generally in and out direction as indicated
generally as A, or in a generally to and ~ro direction as
indicated generally as B.
In this embodiment, the "number of poles -pll of
the reluctance-changing part" should be considered to be 2,
and the "revolutions per minute 'In" of the reluctance~
changing part" should be considered to be one half the
number of times per minute that the reluctance R
periodically changes as a result of the movement of the
part 42.
In another form of generator 50, as shown in : :~
Figure 7, there is a plurality of parts 52 which are mounted
.:,,
on a rotating body 54 tpartially shown) such that the parts
52 are rotated past the ends 56A and 56B of the stationary
part 58 of the magnetic flux path 12 of the generator 50 so
as to periodically change the reluctance R of the magnetic
flux path 12. In this embodiment, the reluctance-changing
part is the part 52 and, therefore, the "number of poles "p
on the reluctance-changing part" should be considered to be
the number of parts 52 mounted on the rotating body 54, and :
the "revolutions per minute nn" of the reluctance-changing
part" should be considered to be the revolutions per minute
of the rotating body 54.

~ ~ 3 ~
-- 1 1 --
In yet another embodiment of the invention, the ''~';
reluctance of the magnetic flux path is changed without the
necessity of rotating a rotor or spatially moving a part of .
the magnetic flux path. The change in reluct:ance is
~ : .
obtained by magnetically saturating or nearly saturating a ~ ~;
portion of the magnetic flux path of the generator. ~ ,
In this form of generator, as shown in Figure 8,
generator 60 has a flrst or primary magnetic flux path 12, a
stator portion 14, excitation circuit 20 with excitation
source 22 and load circuit 26 all as described above with ~
respect to generator 10. However, instead of having rotor i.-
16 or moving parts 42 or 52, generator 60 has a common ,
region 62 and a secondary magnetic flux path 64 which passes ~
through the common region 62. The first or primary magnetic .' ',
flux path 12 also passes through the common region 62. The ~ ,
secondary magnetic flux path 64 may also be referred to as '~
the efficiency-improving magnetic flux path 64. ;~
The excitation circuit 20 includes the excitation ~ ,,.
current Iex which may also be referred to as the primary
current Ip. The primary current induces the primary
magnetic flux Fp which follows the primary magnetic flux
path 12.
The efficiency-improving magnetic flux path 64 is
positioned and configured with respect to the first magnetic
~ .
flux path 12 such that,there is a first region 12' of the ;~,
first magnetic flux path 12 that extends between the Pirst ::
portion 12A of the first magnetic path 12 and the second
.,.. . . . -. ....... . . , , . , , . ,. ~ ,
;:.:: . , ,

-`` 2~3~1 ~3 ~-~
- 12 -
portion 12B of the first magnetic path 12 not in the common
region 62 but in the stator portion 14. There is also a
second region 12'' of the first magnetic flux path 12 that
extends between the first portion 12A of the ~irst magnetic
flux path 12 and the second portion 12B of the first
magnetic flux path 12 that is in the common region 62.
The second region 12'' is the common region 62.
This region is common to both the ~irst magnetic flux path
12 and the efficiency-improving magnetic flux path 64. ~;
The efficiency-improving magnetlc flux path 64 has ~
a magnetic reluctance MR2, and a first end portion 64A and a : .
second end portion 64B. The first end portion 64A is
magnetically connected, preferably through an optional gap
66A, to a first portion 12A of the first magnetic path 12 .
and the second end portion 64B is magnetically connected,
preferably through an optional gap 66B, to a second portion :
12B of the first magnetic path 12. In this embodiment, the
portions 12A and 12B are located on the the common .
region 62.
The first region 12' has a magnetic reluctance MR'
and the second region 12" has a magnetic reluctance MR". :
The magnetic reluctance MR" of the common region 62 is
greater when saturated, and preferably much greater, than .;
the magnetic reluctance MR' of the first region 12'. This
can be readily accomplished by having the common region 62
periodically saturated by means 70. ~
- .
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:; - . :~, . , ~ . . . :, .. :: :. :

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The means 70 includes an electric conductor loop
72 with at least one loop 72A around the efficiency-
improving magnetic flux path 64. When tertiary electric ~
current It, which is preferably reactive current or ::~ -
substantially reactive current with a frequency "f", is
caused to flow in the conductor loop 72, for example by
reason of a suitable power source 74, a tertiary varying
magnetic flux Ft with a frequency of "f" can be induced ~:
which will periodically saturate the common region 62. ;
Preferably, the frequency "f" will be within the range of ~ ~
about 5 Hertz to about 1000 MegaHertz. However, the ;
particular frequency selected will depend on the particular
application.
The appropriate selection of tertiary current It ~::
will result in the magnitude and direction of tertiary flux ;~
, .; .: . .
Ft being substantially in the same direction as the primary
flux Fp in the common region 62.
Also included within the invention is means for
subtantially preventing the primary magnetic flux Fp from . .
flowing in the efficiency-improving magnetic flux path 64 : :
that is not in the common region 62. In one embodiment of
the invention, this means comprises the magnetic reluctance ~
MR2 of the efficiency-improving magnetic flux path 64 ~-
outside the common region 62 being substantially greater .
than the magnetic reluctance MR'' of the common region 62.
In another embodiment of the invention, the means
for substantially preventing the p~imary magnetic flux Fp ;~
::,:. ,: . . ,, . : . : ~ . . . . .

2 0 ~ 3
- 14 -
from flowing in the efficiency-improving magnetic ~lux
path 64 outside the common regioin 62 comprises the
magnitude of the tertiary magnetic flux Ft being
substantially greater than the magnitude of t:he primar~y : ~
magnetic flux Fp. .
In another embodiment of the invention, both end
portions 64A, 64B of the efficiency-improving magnetic flux
path 64 are directly connected magnetically to the first .
magnetic flux path 12 by physically connecting the relevant :
end portions 64A, 64B to the relevant first and second ~
portions 12A, 12B of the first magnetic flux path. This . :
embodiment is shown in Figure 9.
In another embodiment of the lnvention, only one
end portion 64A, 64B of the efficiency-improving magnetic
flux path 64 is spatially separated from the first magnetic :
flux path 12 by a gap 66A or 66~.
The gap 66A or 66B may be an air gap or a gap made :
from a material having a magnetic reluctance greater than ~
the magnetic reluctance MR2 of the efficiency-improving ~ ;
magnetic flux path 64 outside the common region 62 or the ~ .
magnetic reluctance MR'' of the.common region 62. .~ .
PreEerably, the common region 62 is spatially
separated from the efficiency-improving magnetic. flux
path 64 outside the common region 62 and from the first
portion 12' of the first magnetic flux path 12 as shown in ~ :
Figure 8. Preferably, the common region 62 is spatially
separated from the first portion 12' of the first magnetic
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.... . . . . . . .
." ' ' . :. '. ' ~ ': '

; - 15 - 2~3~63
flux path 12 by gaps 68A and 68B which may be air gaps or
gaps of other suitable mateeial.
Also, it is possible to have the common region 62
physically connected to the first region 12' either at one
of the regions 12A or 12B, or at both of the 12A and 12B
locations, as shown in Figure 10.
In these embodiments where the change in
reluctance is developed by magnetic saturatio:n, the :
reluctance-changing part is that part of the generator that ~: :
causes the change in the reluctance and, ~herefore, product .:;
"np" which has previously been defined as the "number of .. ~
poles "p" on the reluctance-changing part" multiplied by the ;; :
"revolutions per minute "n" of the reluctance-changing part" ~ ;
should be considered to be the Erequency "f" as described
above multlplied by 60~ or
np = f x 60 ~
Therefore, "n" should be considered to be f divided by p and ` :
multiplied by 60, and "p" should be considered to be f
divided by n and multiplied by 60, such that
n = f x 60 :
p .. ::" :'. '
and p = f x 60
n
In other embodiments of the invention, the
excitation circuit is replaced by a permanent magnet. The :
permanent magnet will produce the primary magnetic flux.
. . . . - . ~ ~.

2 ~ 3 ~
- 16 -
.
Therefore, the product Wl x Iex in Equation l is replaced by
the appropriate equivalent for the particular arrangement of
permanent magnets. It will be understood by those skilled .
in the appropriate arts as to what the appropriate
equivalent ought to be.
It will be understood that, although various . ::
features of the invention have been described with respect
to one or another of the embodiments of the invention, the ;
various features and embodiments of the invention may be ~:~
combined or us~d in conjunction with other features and
embodiments of the invention as described and illustrated : -
herein.
Although this disclosure has described and
illustrated certain preEerred embodiments of the invention, :
it is to be understood that the invention is not restricted
to these particular embodiments. Rather, the invention ~
includes all embodiments which are functional, electrical, ;~:.
magnetic or mechanical equivalents of the specific ` `~
embodiments and features that have been described and
illustrated herein. ;:
`''
. ~
~; . '' .
~', `~ '',

Representative Drawing