GELS RICH IN HYDROCARBONS

GELS RICHES EN HYDROCARBURES

English Abstract

23233-250
ABSTRACT
Novel gels rich in hydrocarbons and consisting of 50 to
99.5% by weight of a hydrocarbon or an oil, 0.005 to 20% by weight
of a surfactant, 0.49 to 49.99% by weight of water and 0.005 to
20% by weight of a water-soluble polymer. The gels show improved
rheological properties and heat stability compared with gels
which do not contain a water-soluble polymer in the aqueous phase.
The gels are useful as fracturing fluids in the tertiary recovery
of petroleum and natural gas and as medicinal or cosmetic
preparations.

Claims

- 17 - 23233-250
THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A gel rich in hydrocarbons and consisting of 50 to 99.5%
by weight of a hydrocarbon or an oil, 0. 005 to 20% by weight of
a surfactant and 0.49 to 49.99% by weight of water, wherein the
aqueous phase contains a water-soluble polymer.
2. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim l, wherein
the weight proportion of the water-soluble polymer is 0.005 to
20%.
3. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim l, and
consisting of 70 to 99. 5% by weight of hydrocarbon or oil, 0.01
to 15% by weight of surfactant, 0.49 to 30% by weight of water
and 0.01 to 15% by weight of water-soluble polymer.
4. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, and
consisting of 85 to 99.3% by weight of hydrocarbon or oil, 0.01
to 2% by weight of surfactant, 0.68 to 10% by weight of water and
0.01 to 3% by weight of water-soluble polymer.
5. A A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, 2, 3
or 4, wherein the hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting
of n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane,
n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane, cyclo-
octane, benzene, toluene, kerosene, benzine, unleaded petrol and
diesel oil.
6. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, 2, 3
or 4, wherein the oil is a natural plant or animal oil.

- 18 - 23233-250
7. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 6, wherein
the plant oil is selected from the group consisting of wheatgerm
oil, soya bean oil, avocado oil and coconut oil.
8. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, 2, 3
or 4, wherein the oil is a synthetic oil.
9. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 8, wherein
the synthetic oil is selected from the group consisting of fatty
acid esters, liquid fatty alcohols, paraffin oils of low viscosity,
esters of polyhydric alcohols and polyethylene glycols.
10. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 9, wherein
the fatty acid esters are selected from the group consisting of
isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate,
glycerides of oleic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic
acid, stearic acid and mixtures thereof.
11. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, 2, 3
or 4, wherein the oil is a skin oil.
12. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 11,
wherein the skin oil comprises components selected from the group
consisting of liquid fatty acid esters, silicone oils, aceto-
glycerides, liquid wool fat derivatives and mixtures thereof.
13. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, 2, 3
or 4, wherein the surfactant is an anionic, cationic or nonionic
surfactant.

- 19 - 23233-250
14. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according -to claim 1 or 2,
which contains as the surfactant,
C12H25OSO3?NaG?
<IMG>
where x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 23, 30, or
<IMG>
15. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, 2, 3
or 4, wherein the water-soluble polymer is selected from the
group consisting of water-soluble homo- and copolymers of
olefinically unsaturated acid, hydrophilic water-soluble poly-
esters, polyvinyl alcohol, water-soluble cellulose derivatives
and water-soluble starch derivatives.
16. A gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, 2, 3
or 4, wherein the water-soluble polymer is selected from the
group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, poly-2-
acrylamino-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid, poly-N-vinyl-N-methyl-
acetamide, polyvinyl formamide, copolymers of acrylic acid and
vinyl acetate, copolymers of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-
sulphonic acid, acrylamide and N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide and
copolyesters of polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols and
terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and 1,4-benzenedisulphonic
or 1,3-benzenedisulphonic acids.

- 20 - 23233-250
17. Use of the gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1,
2, 3 or 4, as fracturing fluids in the tertiary recovery of
petroleum and natural gas.
18. A fracturing fluid which contains 40 to 99.9% by weight
of a gel rich in hydrocarbons and 0.1 to 60% by weight of a
support according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4.
19. Use of the gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim l,
2, 3 or 4, as medicinal or cosmetic preparations.
20. A medicinal or cosmetic preparation which contains a
gel rich in hydrocarbons according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 and one
or more medicinally or cosmetically active compounds.

Description

J ~
~e~. 3453
Dr.My/siO183
Gels rich in hydrocarbons
The present invention relates to novel gels rich in
5 hydrocarbons, to a process for their preparation and to their use
as fracturing fluids and as medicinal or cosmetic preparations.
A gel rich in hydrocarbons is understood to mean a system
which consists of polyhedra formed by a surfactant and filled
with hydrocarbon, as a result of which water forms a continuous
phase in the narrow interstices between the polyhedra. Systems of
this type are known and described in Angew. Chem. 100 933 (1988)
and Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 1158 (1988).
Gels rich in hydrocarbons are distinguished by a number
of rheological properties. For example, oscillation experiments
show the dominance of elastic properties over viscous behaviour,
the elasticity remaining constant over a frequency range of
4 decades. Increasing the amount of hydrocarbon while keeping the
amount of aqueous surfactant solution constant results in an
increase in elasticity. ~he viscosity increases with increasing
volume proportion of hydrocarbon.
Gels rich in hydrocarbons are also distinguished by the
presence of a yield point. This yield point has been reached when
the gel no longer withstands an exerted stress (shearing,
deformation) and starts to flow. Below the yield point, the ~el
structures have the properties of a solid and obey Hook's law.
Above the yield point, the system corresponds in the ideal case
to a Newtonian fluid.
Moreover, the sy tems show good heat stabiIity between 5
and 120C.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that the rheoIogical
properties and the heat stability of gels rich in hydrocarbons
can be substantially improved if the aqueous phase additionally
contains a water-soluble polymer.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a gel rich
in hydrocarbons and consisting of 50 to 99.5~ by weight of
hydrocarbon, 0~005 to 20% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to
49.99% by weight of water, characterised in that the aqueous
phase contains a water-soluble polymer.
The weight proportion of the water-soluble polymer is

preferably 0.005 to 20% by weight. ~ V
A particularly preferred gel according to the invention
and rich in hydrocarbons consists of 70 to 99.5% by weight of
hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant, 0.49 to 30% by
weight o~ water and 0.01 to 15% by weight o~ water-soluble
polymer.
A gel according to the invention, rich in hydrocarbons
and consisting of 85 to 99.3% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to
2% by weight of surfactant, 0.68 to 10% by weight of water and
0.01 to 3% by weight of water-soluble polymer is very particu-
larly preferred.
The gels according to the invention and rich in hydro-
carbons contain, as the hydrocarbon component, for example,
saturated or unsaturated aliphatics or aromatics. Hydrocarbon
lS mixtures of any desired mixing ratios are also suitable.
Preferred hydrocarbons are n-pentane, n-hexane,
n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n~dodecane,
n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane, benzene,
toluene, kerosene, benzine, unleaded petrol and diesel oil.
However, the hydrocarbons mentioned can, if desired, also
be replaced by other substances having the same or similar
properties compared with the systems according to the invention.
Thus, instead of a hydrocarbon, it is also possible to
use oils, which is advantageous if a medicinal or cosmetic
~5 preparation is to be prepared. These oils are water-insoluble
organic compounds which are liquid at room temperature and have a
relatively low vapour pressure, it being possible for both native
and synthetic compounds to be used.
Native oils are almost exclusively glycerol esters of
higher even-numbered fatty acids, which can be of plant or animal
origin.
Preferred animal oils are in particular the mixed
glycerides o~ palmitic, stearic and oleic acid. Preferred plant
oils are wheatgerm oil, soya bean oil, avocado oil and coconut
oil.
Oil~ of synthetic origin are preferably liquid fatty acid
esters, liquid fatty alcohols, paraffin oils of low viscosity,
esters of polyhydric alcohols and polyethylene glycols.
Particularly preferred fatty acid esters are isopropyl
-- 2 --

myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate and glycerides
of oleic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic
acid and mixtures of the compounds mentioned.
In particular for cosmetic applications, skin oils are
also used preferably. Skin oils is the name for solutions con-
sisting of liquid ~ats which have low viscosity and are generally
slightly perfumed. Preferred components are liquid fatty acid
esters, silicone oils, acetoglycerides, liquid wool fat deriva-
tives or mixtures of these components.
The gels rich in hydrocarbons preferably contain, as the
surfactant component, sur~actants having a chain length of the
aliphatic (hydrophobic) molecule portion of 4 to 20 hydrocarbon
atoms, it being possible for the hydrophilic head group to be
anionic, cationic or even nonionic. Particularly preferred
surfactants are the compounds of the following structures:
3~=~ 3
4 9 2!4'~ >)1 C5FIl~OOH
0~)
C6F13CHZCoo~ C8fl7COONH~
Cg F 19 COOH Cg F l g COt)NH ( CH3 ) 3
~ 0~
C9Fl9COON(CH3)4 CgFlgCOONH4
9~ 0~
C9F17cooNH3(czHs~ ~ gFl7cooNH3cH3
/ \ ~ 3C (CHz)11)2-N-(cH3)2gr
H3C-(CH2)7 CH3
(C1oH21N ~ )Cl Cl0H2lso~Na0
lZ Z3 ~ 2)7 .SO3 0 0

.` `` 2 ~
Cl 2Hz3~ Cl C 1 2H23N~ 8r~3
HO
C12HZ3N~_y(CHZ)6--509 Cl2H23N(cH3)~3ooc
C~H23,~1~cH3)2_(cH~)8_5(~) Cl2H23N~cH3)3~r~
1 ~ ' 2 9 N t C H 3 ) 3 R r 2 ~ 5\~N/ ' ~3
3 t 2 ) 7 C H 3
C . ~, H g N~,/,~ C i 1 4 2 9 ~Y 3 ~ ' 9 3
I /~ Z 9 3 ) 3 ~ C C H 3 ~ C l
C! 6H33N ( CH3 )3Cl~ 16 33N~ Cl
(C16H33N~ ) <~50~3 (C~6H33N~cH3~3)3Po4
-
-- 4 --
:

~ '3
very particularly preferred surfactants are
C 1 2 H 2 5 (~ S 0 3 N a
9 19~--( C H~--CH20~XH
where x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 23, 30 and
CH3 CH~
H3c--f--CH2--~r~--~ CHz--CH2--n~ oH
CH3 3
The water-soluble polymers dissolved in the aqueous phase
o~ the gels according to the invention and rich in hydrocarbons
S are preferably water-soluble homo- and copolymers based on
olefinically unsaturated acids, such as, for example,
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid, acrylic acid, meth-
acrylic acid, maleic acid, styrenesulphonic acid, vinylsulphonic
acid, crotonic acid, and salts and hydrophilic esters thereof;
hydrophilic water-soluble polyesters, polyvinyl alcohol, water-
soluble cellulose derivatives (for example carboxymethylcellulose
or hydroxyethylcellulose), and the corresponding starch
derivatives.
Particular preference is given to polyacrylic acid,
polyacrylamide, poly-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid,
poly-N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, polyvinylformamide, copolymers of
acrylic acid and vinyl acetate, copolymers of 2-acrylamido-2-
methylpropanesulphonic acid, acrylamide and N-vinyl-N-
methylacetamide and copolyesters of polyethylene glycols,
polypropylene glycols and terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and
1,4-benzenedisulphonic or l,~-benzenedisulphonic acids.
The gels according to the invention and rich in hydro-
carbons can be prepared by adding the polymers in aqueous
solution to the gels prepared according to Ber. Bunsenges. Phys.
Chem. 92 1158 (1988).
Compared with the previously known systems, the gels
according to the invention and rich in hydrocarbons have con-
siderable advantages, as can be seen ~rom the test results
described below.
_ 5 _

~3~
The following water-soluble polymers were investigaked:
Polymer 1: Copolymer of acrylic acid (80~) and ~inyl acetake
(20%)
Polymer 2: Copolymer of 2-acrylamido-2 methylpropanesulphonic
acid t65%), acrylamide (15%) and ~-vinyl-N-methyl-
acetamide (20%)
Polymer 3: Copolyester of the structure
L il ll L 2 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ s-n ~ (c~ ~ -o
where X = 88.75%, Y = 11.25-~, n D l (80%) and n = 2 (20%).
Polymer 4: Copolyester of the structure
H3C--o--(CH2-CH2(~)Xt ~11 IH3 }D c--(--(CH2-CH20),<--CH3
where n = 1.25 and x = 16
The yield point is expressed as the shear ~tress in the
unit Pa at which the gel no longer behaves like an elastic solid
but starts to flow. It was determined in a Bohlin CS rheometer,
using the plate/plate system (diameter 2 cm, distance of the
plates 1 mm) as the measuring system. The shear stress which is
applied to the gel system by means of the upper plate was
increased stepwise. The response of the system, which was also
registered by the upper plate, was recorded as shear rate in
sec~l. The shear StrQSS at which the upper plate star~s to rotate,
i.e. at which the gel no longer withstands the stress, was
determined as yield point. The systems measured had the compo-
sition 0.5 g of 10% strength aqueous sodium dodecylsulphate
solution, 40 g of n-hexane, 0.5 g of X% strength aqueous polymer
solution (x = 0.5, 10, 20~, the percentage of the polymer
component in the agueous phase being listed in Table 1.
-- 6 --

Table 1
olymer _ PercentaqeYield point in (Pa)
1 0 5
2.5 12
2 0 5
2.5 17
3 0 5
2.5 15
34
79
4 0 5
2.5 11
24
56
The modulus of elasticity was determined by oscillation
experiments in which the gel was exposed to sinusoidal
deformation. The amplitude of deformation was kept constant at
0.4%, while the frequency was varied within 4 decades. The
results are shown in Table 2, the system used consisting of 0.5 g
of 10% strength sodium dodecylsulphate solution, 40 g of n-hexane
and 0.5 g of X% strength aqueous polymer solution. The percentage
of polymer in the aqueous phase is listed in the table.
Tab~le ?
Polymer _ PercentageModulus of elasticity in (Pa
without
addition of
polymer 75
1 5 160
2 2 220
3 5 160
4 5 130
Investigations on the temperature stability show a
surprising stability of gel systems containing polymer at
- 7 -

temperatureS below zero. While systems of the prior art are only
stable down to ~emperatures o~ around 5~C, gel systems containing
polymer can be supercooled to -10C without disintegration of the
system. The stated s~ability is neither dependent on the
percentage nor type of the polymer added.
The gels according to the invention and rich in hydro-
carbons are highly suitable as fracturing fluids in the tertiary
recovery of petroleum and natural gas.
The gels can be used ~or this purpose as such or, prefer-
ably, in a mixture with so-called supports.
Accordingly, the present invention also relates to frac-
turing fluids, characterised in that they contain
a) 40 to 99.9% by weight of a gel rich in hydrocarbons and con-
sisting of 50 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0;005 to
20% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 49.99% by weight of
water, the aqueous phase containing a water-soluble polymer,
and
b) 0.1 to 60~ by weight of a support.
Preferred fracturing fluids contain 4g to 55% by weight
of gel rich in hydrocarbons and 45 to 55% by weight of support.
In preferred fracturing fluids, the gel riah in hydro-
carbons contains 0.005 to 20% by weight o~ water-soluble polymer.
In particularly preferred fracturing fluids, the gel rich
in hydrocarbons consists of 70 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon,
0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant, 0.49 to 30% by weight of
water and 0.01 to 15~ by weight of water-soluble polymer.
In very particularly preferred fracturing fluids, the gel
rich in hydrocarbons consists of 85 to 99.3% by weight of hydro-
carbon, 0.01 to 2% by weight of surfactant, 0.68 to 10% by weight
of water and 0.01 to 3% by weight of water-soluble polymer.
Supports are in particular the supports customary in
recovery technology and Xnown to one skilled in the art. Sand and
bentonite are preferred.
Fracturing liquids containing supports can be obtained in
a simple manner by mixing the gels rich in hydrocarbons with the
corresponding amount of the support.
The gels according to the invention and rich in hydro-
carbons are furthermore highly suitable as medicinal or cosmetic
preparations.

Accordingly, the present invention also relates to
medicinal or cosmetic preparations, which are characterised in
that they contain a gel rich in hydrocarbons and consisting of 50
to 99.5~ by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.005 to 20% by weight of
surfactant and 0.49 to 49.99% by weight of water, the aqueous
phase containing a water-soluble polymer, and one or more
medicinal or cosmetic active compounds.
In preferred preparations, ~he gel rich in hydrocarbons
contains 0.05 to 20% by weight of water-soluble polymer.
In particularly preferred preparations, the gel rich in
hydrocarbons consists of 70 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon,
0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant, 0.49 to 30~ by weight of
water and 0.01 to 15% by weight of water-soluble polymer.
In very particularly preferred preparations, the gel rich
in hydrocarbons consists of 85 to 99.3% by weight of hydrocarbon,
0.01 to 2~ by weight of surfactant, 0.68 ~o 10% by weight of
water and 0.01 to 3% by weight of water-soluble polymer.
It is particularly advantageous to replace the hydro-
carbons in the preparations according to the invention by oils,
in particular those of the abovementioned type, or other pharma-
ceutically acceptable substances which fulfil the desired
function.
The preparations according to the invention are suitable
in particular for topical application, i.e. for application to
the skin or the mucous membrane.
Accordingly, the preparations can contain in particular
all active compounds which can be administered via the skin or
mucous membrane.
Dermatologically and/or cosmetically activa compounds are
preferred. They can be prepared synthetically or can be natural
substances, for example also plant extracts, and can be water-
soluble or water-insoluble, water insoluble compounds being
preferred.
The amounts of active compounds used for this are prefer-
ably between 0.1 and 50% by weight, particularly preferably
between 1 and 20% by weight.
If desired, the preparations according to the invention
can also contain customary auxiliaries, for example stabilising,
preserving, sweetening, colouring, flavouring or aromatising

~ ,?~ J~
23233-250
agents.
; The preparations according to the invention can be
prepared by mixing the active compounds and, if desired, further
auxiliarie~ in a s~mple manner with the gel rich in hydrocarbons.
However, it is also possible to dissolve the active compounds and
auxiliaries, depending on the solubility, in the hydrocarbon or
water phase and only then to prepare the gel rich in
hydrocarbons.
Example 1
A ~olution of 20 mg of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) in
170 mg of water is initially introduced at room temperature and
vigorously shaken by means of a Vortex Genie mixer. The resulting
extensive foaming observed of the surfactant solution is a neces-
~ary prerequisite for the later gel formation.
While the shaking in the mixer i8 continued, 9.56 g of
pentane are then incorporated a~ the oil phase in this
extensively fo~ning, initially-introduced olution. In this
proce~s, the hydrophobic pha~e i~ firs~ added dropwise, and,
after gel formation o~ a total amoun of about 3 g ha~ taken
place, i~ added in larger amounts (ml amounts) all at once. If
the mixer i~ no longer strong enough to incorporate the oil phase
in the highly viscous gel, the preparation of the gel i8
completed by shaking manually.
The preparation of the gel is complete when the entire
amount of hydrocarbon has been converted into the gel form. A
solution of 10 mg of pol~ner 2 in 240 mg of H20 i~ added to this
finished gel rich in hydrocarbon~ all at once, and the system is
thoroughly shaken manually.
Analogou~ly to Example 1, the following gel~ accord~ng to
the invention of Example~ 2 to 97 can be prepared. Polymers 1, 2,
3 and 4 are understood to mean the polymers already mentioned
above.
Trade-mark
- 10 -

Ex. Surfactant Hydro- Polymer HC Sur- P (% H20
carbon (~ by factant by ~%
wt.) (% by wt.) by
wt.) wt.)
2 ~ 1 Hexane 3 83.2 2.1 0.813.9
~C, fg ~ CH2 )~ -N~ _l 3
3C5FllCOOH Heptane 4 97.9 0.1 0.3 1.7
4 - " - Octane 4 95.4 0.7 0.1 3.8
- " - Toluene 1 72.4 2.1 0.525.0
6 - " - Heptane 4 80.2 0.1 3.013.7
7C6Fl3cH2cooH Nonane 4 79.6 4.1 0.815.5
8 ~ Decane 2 90.8 1.2 0.2 7.8
9 - " - Pentane 2 83.4 2.0 0.114.5
- " - Hexane 1 64.8 0.3 2.432.5
11C8Fl7COOeNH4 Cyclohexane 4 63.5 0.2 6.0 30.3
12 - " - Heptane 3 82.5 1.5 0.615.4
13 - " - Pentane 2 96.25 0.02 0.023.71
14 n _ Octane 1 95.2 0.1 0.4 4.3
15CgFlgCOOH Nonane 1 72.5 2.1 0.524.9
16 - " - Dodecane 3 83.4 0.5 2.413.7
17 - " - Tetradecane 3 63.4 0.7 4.5 31.4
18 - " - Hexadecane 3 68.9 0.4 5.8 24.9
19CqFlgCOO~NH~
(CH3)3 Hexane 4 94.5 0.1 0.5 4.9
- " - Heptane 2 79.4 0.2 3.017.4
21 - " - Octane 3 82.3 1.1 1.115.5
22 - " - Decane 3 84.2 0.9 2.012.9
23CgFlgCOO ~ H-
(CH3)4 Benzine 4 65.2 0.9 1.832.1
24 - " - Hexane 2 97.86 0.005 0.015 2.12
25CgFlgCOO~NH4 Nonane 1 74.3 3.0 0.422.3
26 - " - Benzene 3 82.1 2.1 0.315.5
27 - " - Dodecane 4 79.7 4.1 0.715.5
28 - " - Heptane 3 86.2 0.2 0.6 3,0
29CgFl7COo~NH3-
(C2Hs) Tolu0ne 3 89.2 1.8 0.2 8.8
- " - Diesel oil 4 76.7 1.2 1.8 20.3

~ J '
Ex. Surfactant Hydro- Poly~er HC Sur- P (% HzO
carbon (~ by factant by (%
wt,) (% by wt.) by
wt.) wt.)
31 - ~ Hexane 1 89.2 1.3 0.78.8
32 - ~ Cyclohexane 2 82.3 0.22.0 15.5
33 CgFl7COO ~ H3-
CH3 Heptane 2 96.5 0.1 0.52.9
34 - " - Octane 1 79.6 4.1 0.815.5
- " - Hexane 3 73.5 2.1 0.523.9
36 - ~ Heptane 3 79.7 3.9 0.915.5
37 - " - Decane 3 93.2 0.5 0.36.0
[ C H _~3~=~ ] H 2 98.2 0.1 0.4 2.1
39 - " - Octane 1 94.5 0.2 0.35.0
- " - Dodecane 2 78.9 1.33.9 15.9
41 - " - Cyclooctane 4 65.8 1.54.5 28.2
42 - " - Decane 3 69.5 0.2 7.123.2
43 Cl0H2lSO43Na3 Benzine 3 83.4 3.0 0.313.3
44 - " - Dodecane 3 95.6 0.60.8 3.0
- " - Hexane 1 89.2 1.8 0.28.8
46 - ~ Heptane 2 79.7 2.3 2.515.5
47 - " - Benzene 4 63.4 2.1 3.131.4
48
12 23 ~ 2~7 3 Pentane 3 61.4 2.9 4.1 31.6
49 - " - Hexane 4 79.6 3.0 1.915.5
- " - Toluene 4 81.0 2.1 2.814.1
51 - " - Dodecane 2 94.5 0.20.4 4.9
52 C12H23~NH3Cl Hexane 1 93.2 0.1 0.7 6.0
53 - " - Heptane 1 94.9 0.01 0.04 5.05
54 - " - Octane 1 65.2 1.2 2.631.0
12 23 N ~ Cl Heptane 1 74.3 1.1 2.322.3
56 - " - Octane 3 95.6 1.0 0.~3.0
57 - " - Cyclooctane 2 92.4 0.3 0.7 6.6
58 - " - Toluene 4 79.7 4.8 0.515.0
- 12 -

Ex. Surfactant Hyd~o- Polymer HC Sur- P (X H20
carbon (% by factant by (%
wt,) (% by wt.) by
wt.) wt.)
l2 23 ~ Octane 1 84.2 0.015 0.005 1.94
- " - Nonane 3 76.7 1.5 1.520.3
61 - " - Tetradecane 1 82.5 O.l2.0 15.4
62 - " - Unleaded 2 66.3 1.53.3 28.9
petrol
63 ~ _ Kerosene 4 96.5 0.20.4 2.9
64 ~r=~ Hexane 3 82.3 O.3 1.915.5
C12H~3--N~ (CH2~6--SO~
65 - " - Heptane 3 81.0 2.9 2.1 14.0
66 - " - Decane 4 68.9 0.5 5.5 25.1
67 - " - Dodecane 2 97.8 0.5 0.5 1.2
68 H0 ~
l?H~3~(C~3)3 0()C~ ~ Ddecane 1 74.3 1.4 2.0 22.3
69 - " - Benzene 2 82.1 1.0 0.8 16.1
70 Pentane 1 84.5 1.2 2.0 12.3
CI~H73~(cH3)2-(cH2l8 53
71- " - Decane 3 66.2 1.3 4.0 28.5
72- " - Heptane 3 86.2 1.3 1.1 11.4
73- " - Octane 2 84.3 1.1 1.5 13.1
74Cl~H23~(CH3)3sr9 Decane 4 94.5 O.l 0.5 4.9
75~ " - Hexadecane 2 84.8 1.0 1.9 12.3
76- " - Hexane 1 87.5 1.3 1.3 9.9
77Cl2HzsS3qNa~ Heptane 2 94.9 0.05 1.0 4.05
78 n Octane 3 83.5 1.4 1.5 13.6
79- " - Hexane 3 79.7 2.0 2.8 15.5
80- " - Heptane 3 97.5 0.4 O.l 2.0
81Cl~H29~lcH3l3~3r3 Kerosene 2 69.5 2.3 5.0 23.2
82- " - Benzine 1 72.5 1.1 1.5 24.9
83_ ~ _ Hexane 2 90.6 1.0 0.4 8.0
84 n Heptane 1 82.3 1.2 1.0 15.5
85 CI~H~9~l ~ )3Cl~ Octane 4 74.3 1.5 1.9 22.3
- 13 -

~r 5~ -f~
Ex. Surfactant Hydro- Polymer HC Sur- p (X HzO
carbon (% by factant by (%
wt.) (% by wt.) by
w~.) wt.)
,
86 ~I Dodecane 2 83.0 1.12.2 13.7
87
CH3
l~ 29l ~ ¦ Hexane 1 72.5 1.4 1.224.9
CH3 J
88 - " - Heptane 4 76.4 1.02.2 20.4
89 C~6l~33~(CH3j3Cla Heptane 2 96.2 0.2 0.6 3.0
_ n _ Octane 4 83.0 0.3 3.013.7
91 - " - Nonane 4 82.1 1.4 1.015.5
92 C~6H33l ~ Cl~
Hexane 2 96.5 0.1 0.52.9
93 - " - Heptane 2 98.25 0.001 0.02 1.729
94 - " - Octane 4 90.5 0.3 0.98.3
- " - Decane 4 96.2 0.5 0.33.0
[C H 3~CH3~3~3P~
16 Heptane 3 67.8 2.15.0 25.1
97 - " - Decane 2 65.2 1.5 2.331.0
Examples 98 to 109 which follow relate to gels accord-
ing to the invention in which the hydrocarbon component has been
replaced by an oil phase and which can be used as cosmetic
preparations or a~ the base for medicinal preparations. They are
pxepared analogously to Example 1.
- 14 -

Ex. Surfactant Hydro-Polymer HC Sur- P (% H20
carbon(% by factant by (X
wt.) (% by wt.) by
wt,) wt.
.
98 ClOH2lS043Na~ Soya bean 2 90.6 0.6 0.1 8.7
oil
99 ~ Isopropyl 1 95.695 0.1 0.005 4.2
stearate
100 ~ Isopropyl 3 80.698 0.4 0.008 18.896
myristate
~ ~3 3 r ~
Coconut oil 1 85.48 0.3 0.02 14.2
102 Avocado 2 87.6 0.6 0.3 11.5
oil
103 , l , i i`rl ; r~ ~ Isopropyl 1 87.26 0.03 0,01 12.7
palmitate
104 ;.-~.7~ 'l d Soya bean 4 96.535 0.05 0.015 3.4
oil
105 ~i~H~3~iiH~i~fi~ Wheatgerm 2 90.7 0.9 0.9 8.1
oil
106 C '~ ~ ~
3 Isopropyl 2 88.85 0.4 0.05 10.7
palmitate
107 ~H~ l .
~H~gN ~ ¦C1 Coconut oil 1 94.88 0.2 0.07 4.85
3 J
108 Isopropyl 1 92.24 0.6 0.02 7.14
l6H33 ~ />Cl stearate
Cl6H33~CH3]3Cl 4 89.982 0.73 0.138 9.15
oil
Examples 110 to 119 which follow relate to fracturing
fluids according to the invention. They are prepared analogously
to Example 1, the support being added all at once after formation
of the gel and being incorporated in the gel phase by shaking.

Ex. SurfactantHydro- Poly- Sup- HC Sur- P S HzO
carbon ~er port (% by factant(% (X (%
wt.) (% by by by by
wt.) wt.) wt,) wt.)
110 1Hexane 2 Mont- 66.31 0.8 0.09 2012.8
[Clo~ ;`J=~ 3 ~oril-
' lonite
111 CloH2i~o,5Nd3 Heptane 4 Mont- 71.6 0.9 0.8 10 16.7
~oril-
lonite
112 Cyclo- 1 Sand 42.85 0.9 0.05 50 6.2
-(~ exane
113 ;~ 3~qh C! Heptane 3 Sand 60.4 2.3 4.5 17 15.8
114 ; ~) p ~ r~ Decane 1 Sand 51.3 1.8 0,995 11.0
115 ~ 3; ih ) ~ :~ Octane 2 Talc 60.61.3 4.2 15 18.9
116 H0 P ~ Pentane 2 Kaoli-
H~g~-H3)l nite 70.6 0.8 1.2 18 9.4
Cl6H33 ~ Cl Sand 62.9 2.3 4.6 10 20.2
118 C16H33~(CH3~3Cl Dodecane 1 Talc 69.9 3.8 2.4 5 18.5
119 Heptane 3 Sand 61. 51 0 . 29 1.3 31 5.9
Ciil611331~(CH3~3~3po43~
- 16 -