Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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SMOKEALAR~ AND AnRCLEANrNG DEVICE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to smoke detectors and air cleaning devices used in forced
recirc~ ting air conditioning systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of smoke alarms in recirculating air conditioning systems is well known.The smoke alarms are normally mounted near or on the ceilings in various rooms serviced
by the recirculating system or mounted adjacent to ducts within the system. Whenmounted in proximity to a duct, smoke alarms typically require an opening in the duct to
sample the air or transmit some form of electromagnetic radiation through the air of the
duct to detect smoke. While these types of smoke alarms are effective for generating
alarms when smoke is detected in a room or duct, they usually require mountings,installation, and maintenance separate and distinct from the other components in the
system.
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For example, U.S. Patent No. 3,369,346 shows a smoke alarm
mounted in an auxiliary duct for a fiber carrying airstream. A portion or' the fiber
carrying airstream is diverted into the auxiliary duct so the smoke alarm can sense
smoke in the diverted airstream. The smoke alarm of U.S. Patent No. 2,474,221
uses retlected light to detect smoke within a duct. The smoke alarm of this '221patent is mounted directly to the outside of one wall of the duct. An opening inthe duct is required so a photoelectric sensor connected to the alarm can extendinto the airflow. Light is injected into the duct through the opening by the alarm
and the sensor detects reflected light from the particulate in the duct. The
apparatus of U.S. Patent No. 3,885,162 also uses optical techniques to detect
smoke but does not include a sensor that extends into the airflow. Rather, a
second opening is cut in the duct which opposes the light source of the alarm.
The operational components of the above described devices and
other similar devices are mounted to the duct in a manner that facilitates theirmaintenance and keeps the components in a relatively clean operating
environment. Environmental considerations for the electronics are important, forexample, suspended particulate in the air flow may disable certain types of sensors
by blocking the flow of air through the sensor. These and other requirements
have placed limitations on the development of devices for smoke detection in
domestic and industrial buildings.
There is a continuing need for improvements in a forced
recirculating air conditioning system that detects smoke in the air flow promptly
and effectively.
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The smoke alarm and air cleaning device of U.S. Patent 5,182,542 disclosed an
integrated smoke alarm and air cleaner for use in a forced air recirc~ ting system. One
limitation of that device was the presentation of the air sample to the smoke detector
within the module housing of that device. Specifically, air flow within the recirculating
air system may affect the sensitivity of the smoke detector. Consequently, there is a need
for controlling the rate of the air flow to the smoke detector within the module housing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, an air cleaning and
smoke alarm appaldlus is provided for a forced recirculating air conditioning system. The
apparatus is located in the system to intercept all recirculating air within the system to
clean the air and detect smoke. Thus, in contrast to known devices of the types described
in the above background, the inventive device prolllplly samples all the air recirculating in
the system for smoke detection. The device also enables a smoke detector and alarm to
be installed in a very convenient manner in association with an air cleaner without special
mountings or adaptations of conventional systems. Considerable economies are involved
in the application of the principles of this invention.
In one form of the invention, the air cleaning and smoke alarm apparatus is
provided as an integral unit. To achieve this end, a housing for a smoke alarm
frictionally fits within the frame of an air cleaner mounted in a duct of a forced air
system. One advantage of this apparatus is that it may be installed in proximity to the
blower in the system that is located at the center or heart of the system to intercept all of
the recirculating air in the system at one location.
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In another form. the air cleaning and smoke alarm apparatus has
an air cleaner that may be serviced to renew its air cleaning ability. To
accomplish this object, a triboelectric air cleaner is used for the air cleaningdevice. One advantage of using a triboelectric air cleaner is its increased air
cleaning effectiveness over that of passive air filters, such as those using spun
glass, without the energy costs associated with active air cleaners such as
electrostatic air cleaners.
In another alternative form, the smoke detector may be substituted
with a carbon monoxide detector, natural gas detector, or radon detector. In fact,
any sensor capable of detecting gas or particulate within the airflow of the system
may be used since the integral air cleaner and detector unit is located at a central
location within the system.
Another object of the present invention is to make the air cleaning
and smoke alarm device free of any external electrical connections for its opera-
tion. To this end, the smoke alarm of the apparatus is powered by a battery which
may be mounted within the smoke alarm housing.
The components of the apparatus may be monitored to detect their
deterioration before complete failure. To achieve this end, an air cleaner
functionality detector and a low battery detector are provided in the apparatus.The air cleaner functionality detector is mounted in proximity to the air cleaner to
detect diminished air flow through the air cleaner. In a preferred embodiment ofthe invention. a pressure differential switch compares the difference in air
pressures on the upstream and downstream sides of the air cleaner to a
predetermined threshold to monitor the air cleaner. The low battery detector
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periodically tests the energy capacity of the battery to determine whether it retains
sufficient energy to reliably operate the apparatus. Both the cleaner functionality
and low batterv detectors are connected to the alarm generator for the smoke to
generate different alarms in response to either detected condition. One advantage
S of this device is the elimination of redundant alarm generators for each type of
detector.
In another embodiment of the invention, the functionality detector
for the air cleaner includes a pressure sensor and a memory element. At
installation, the detector reads the pressure differential across the air cleaner
sensed by the sensor a predetermined number of times and calculates an average of
the readings to establish a reference differential pressure. The functionality
detector calculates a dirty filter threshold value by adding a predetermined
differential pressure value to the reference differential pressure and stores the
calculated threshold value in the memory element. When the pressure sensor
senses a differential pressure corresponding to the stored predetermined threshold
value. the detector provides a signal to the alarm generator which in turn generates
an alarm indicative of the functional failure of the air cleaner.
In another embodiment, the functionality detector provides a signal
to the alarm generator after the expiration of a predetermined time interval. The
~0 predetermined time interval is selectively set by the user and measurement of the
predetermined time interval commences with the installation of the integral
functionality detector and smoke alarm unit. Once the predetermined time interval
expires, the functionality detector provides a signal to the alarm unit which sounds
an audible alarm to attract attention.
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ln another embodiment of the invention, the housing encloses a
receptacle in which a functionality detector, a smoke detector, and a power source
are mounted. The housing has a front surface, a rear surface, and an edge
interposed between the front and rear surfaces and the front and rear surfaces are
S adapted to be engaged within a frame of an air cleaner. An airflow path isprovided through the housing into the receptacle so that an air sample is provided
to the smoke detector and the pressure differential across the air cleaner may be
sensed. The airflow path includes a stall chamber and an expansion chamber to
control the velocity of the airflow prior to entering the receptacle. The controlled
airflow rate presents an air sample to the smoke detector at a rate within a range
suitable for its effective operation.
Preferably, the stall chamber communicates with air flowing through
the air cleaner via an inlet. Passageways lead from the stall chamber to an
expansion chamber. Preferably, the passageways have a total cross sectional areagreater than the inlet and are U-shaped. The expansion chamber permits the air to
expand and enter the receptacle at a reduced airflow rate. The reduced airflow
rate presents particulate to the smoke detector so it may be properly sensed.
It is also an object of the present invention to control the
recirculating air conditioning system with the air cleaner and smoke alarm device.
To this end, the smoke detector generates a control signal that causes an actionwithin the system, such as shutting otf the blower or closing a ventilation opening
when smoke is detected in the air flow. One advantage of this system is its
ability to react to a fire situation by changing airflow conditions which may becontributing to the fire.
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Another embodiment of the present invention provides a furnace
controller that responds to the audible alarms generated by the smoke alarm unit of
the present invention. The controller includes a sensor, a filter circuit, a
discriminator circuit, and a control circuit. The sensor receives the acousticalalarms generated by the controller and converts the acoustical alarm to an
electrical signal. The electrical signal is filtered to generate a filtered electrical
signal when the acoustical signal has frequency components in the range of the
acoustical alarms from the smoke alarm unit which have an amplitude above a
predetermined threshold. The discriminator circuit determines the duration of the
filtered electrical signal to distinguish the low battery, air cleaner failure, and
smoke alarms generated by the smoke alarm unit. The control circuit responds to
a signal by identifying the type of alarm received from the smoke alarm unit andby performing a control action corresponding to the type of alarm. For example,
the control circuit removes electrical power to the furnace in response when a
smoke alarm sounds for an appropriate duration.
Other reatures, objects and advantages of the present invention shall
be made apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed
description thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings~ which are incorporated and constitute
a part of the specification, illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention and,
together with the general description given above, and the detailed description of
the embodiment given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Fig. 1 is a plan view of a smoke detector and air cleaning
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apparatus built in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view, partially in cross-section, of
the upper right hand corner of the apparatus shown in Fig. l;
Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken on line 3-3 of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken on line 4-4 of Fig. 2;
Fig. 5 is a block diagram depiction of the electronic circuitry in the
invention;
Fig. 6 is an electrical schematic diagram of the components used in
the preferred embodiment of the present invention:
Fig. 7 is a block diagram of a control signal generator;
Fig. 8 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the module
housing of the apparatus of Fig. 1 demonstrating how the housing fits within theair cleaner frame;
Fig. 9 is a block diagram depiction of an embodiment of a furnace
controller that operates in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
Fig. 10 is an electrical schematic diagram of the circuitry used to
implement the fumace controller shown in Fig. 10; and
Fig. 11 is an electrical schematic diagram of an embodiment of a
functionality detector that operates in a timed manner in accordance with tlle
principle of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A preferred embodiment of an air cleaner constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention is shown in Fig. 1. Cleaner 10 includes
an air cleaner 12 mounted within a frame 14 with a smoke alarm module 16
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partially exposed in one corner thereof. A pressure opening 11 is located in cover plate
22 of module 16 that faces the airflow within the duct of a forced air recirculating system.
Module 16 is shown in Fig. 2 with cleaner 12 and cover 22 partially broken away
to reveal smoke alarm unit 18, smoke sensor 38, battery 25, LED 126 and cleaner
functionality detector 24. These components are mounted to mounting plate 26.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, air cleaner 12 is a
triboelectric air cleaner such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,115,082 which is
assigned to the assignee of the present application. Although cleaner 12 is preferably a
triboelectric cleaner, other filters and cleaners maybe used such as passive fiber filters or
electrostatic cleaners. Cleaner 12 has a fibrous layer 21 that overlies cleaning media 15
and rods 23 that are inserted in bottom wall 19 of cover 22.
Ventilation openings 13 in side wall 8 of cover 22 permit air to flow from cleaner
12 into module 16, through smoke sensor 38, and exit via grille 61 (Fig. 3) in plate 26.
Pressure intake 67 of functionality detector 24 intersects conduit 69 leading from pressure
opening 11 in cover 22 to provide the intake sample. Opening 11 is sealed with agrommet or the like to prevent air from entering module 16 through the opening.
Reference pressure intake 70 is open to sample the pressure within module 16. The
relative air tightness of module 16 permits functionality detector 24 to sample the air
impinging on the upstream side of cleaner 12 and the air in module 12 that has passed
through cleaner 12. The
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relative difference between these two samples is indicative of the functionalitylevel of cleaner 12. This is done without blocking the air through sensor 38 that
permits it to detect smoke in the duct.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention represented in Fig. 2,
functionality detector 24 is a pressure differential switch which samples the air
pressure on the upstream and downstream side of cleaner 12. Switch 24
generates a signal when the pressure difference between the upstream and down-
stream side of cleaner 12 exceeds a predetermined threshold. The switch can be
selectively set at different predetermined thresholds so the cleaner can be
configured for use in different systems. Such switches are well known within theart. The signal generated by the switch 24 when the threshold pressure is
exceeded activates a cleaner functionality alarm generating circuit.
While the preferred functionality detector is a pressure differential
switch, other devices that measure a property of the air that differs on either side
of cleaner 12 because of the action of cleaner may be used. For example. a
device that measures the amount of particulate remaining in the air after passing
through the cleaner may be used. For another example, the functionality detector24 may be a pressure transducer which is interfaced with a memory element. At
the installation of the module 16 in the air circulating system, the pressure
transducer measures the pressure differential across the air cleaner 12 for a
predetermined number of times and calculates an average to establish a differential
pressure reference. A predetermined pressure differential value corresponding toan increase in pressure across the cleaner 12 that indicates a functionality failure is
added to the differential pressure reference to establish a threshold value which is
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stored in the memory element. The pressure transducer generates a signal to
activate a functional alarm when the pressure differential value sensed across the
cleaner 12 is approximately equal to or greater than the predetermined thresholdvalue .
S As shown in Fig. 3, mounting plate 26 snaps within cover 22 so
plate 26 and the mounted components may be removed from device 10 so air
cleaner 12 can be cleaned. Mounting flange 17 formed by cover 22 and plate 26
is captured between channels 71, which hold the t'ront and rear fibrous layers 21
of cleaner 12, and flanges 20 of frame 14. Fig. 4 shows the construction of
cleaner 12 in the area outside module 16. Channels 71 are clamped over a fibrouslayer and placed on either side of cleaning media 15. Rods 23 are secured withinmember 73 and extend downwardly through media 15.
The apparatus constructed in accordance with the principles of the
present invention minimizes the area of the air cleaner affected by the inct~ tion
of module 16 so the operational life of the cleaner is virtually unaltered. This is
accomplished by reducing the size of module 16 that extends beyond frame 14 so
it constitutes a negligible portion of the surface area of the media used in cleaner
12. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the surface area of media 12 is
approximately 400 square inches and the surface area of module 16 is
approximately 12 square inches.
The housing of module 16 is also ventilated with openings 13 and
grille 61 that permit the flow of air through the module. The section of cleaner 12
adjacent openings 13 clean the flow of air through module 16 that aids in
dissipating heat from the electronic components and that provides the smoke sensor
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with air to sample for smoke particulate. Thus. the operating environment withinmodule 16 is not destructive to the components and the air cleaner efficiency isrelatively unat'fected.
The components ot smoke alarm module 16 are integrated with the
cleaning function of cleaner 12 to make device 10 a cohesively functional unit.
Cleaner 12 provides an airflow through module 16 that reduces the harshness of
the duct environment to electronics and smoke sensors. The effectiveness of the
cle~ner is monitored by functionality detector 24 that detects the functional
degradation ot the cleaner betore the environment within module 16 is adversely
affected. Smoke alarm unit 18 periodically tests battery 25 by connecting LED
126 as a test load and determines the battery capacity. Smoke alarm unit 18 alsoprovides an alarm actuator that generates an alarm for service personnel when
cleaner 12 or the power source for module 16 are failing functionally.
As shown by Figs. 1, 2 and 3, module 16 does not alter the
dimensions of the air cleaner used in device 10. Thus, the device may be slid
into and removed from a filter mounting slot in a typical duct of a t'orced
recirculating air conditioning system. The mounting of module 16 within cleaner
12 and frame 14 eliminates the need for special access openings and external
mounting structures.
Fig. 8 shows the interconnection of an embodiment of a housing
200 of module 16 in a frame sleeve 210 of an air cleaner 202. The air cleaner
202 is pret~erably of the triboelectric type previously discussed and includes a front
filter 204, rear tilter 206, and preferably an electrostatic rod assembly 208 held
together by a frame sleeve 210. The filters 204, 206 are made from polymeric
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sheets 212 which are gripped at their outboard edges by a U-shaped channel 214.
Using like numbers for elements discussed with reference to other Figs., the
electrostatic rod assembly 208 includes a framing member 73 in which the ends ofthe electrostatic rods 23 are secured. Interposed between and about the
S electrostatic rods 23 is the cleaning media lS. To form the air cleaner 202, the
electrostatic assembly 208 is placed between the front and rear filters 204, 206 and
the frame sleeve 210 is frictionally snapped about U-shaped channels 214 to secure
the filters about the assembly 208.
An opening 220 is provided in one corner of the triboelectric air
cleaner 202 shown in Fig. 8. Mounted within the opening 220 is a mounting
sleeve 222 having a front flange 223 and a rear flange (not shown) that are
gripped by the biasing action of the sleeve 222 against the U-shaped channels 214.
Preferably, front tlange 2 3 is not as wide as the rear flange so air flowing past
the front flange is blocked by the rear flange near the edges of the module housing
200 adjacent the cleaning media 15. The mounting sleeve 222 includes an upper
(not shown) and a lower indent 224 in which biasing members 226 and 228,
respectively, reside when the module housing 200 is placed within the opening
220. Key 232 is provided along one side of the mounting sleeve 222 to activate areset switch for the module electronics when the module is installed within the air
cleaner 202. Key 232 also prevents the improper placement of the module
housing 200 within the opening 220 because slot 234 that receives key 232 is only
provided along one side of module housing 200.
Located in the edge 240 of the mounting sleeve 222 is an expansion
chamber 242. Expansion chamber 242 is cut into edge 240 with the dimensions of
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approximatelv 0.8" by 0.5". Also provided in edge 240 is an air stall chamber
244. Air stall chamber 244 communicates with the fibrous media 15 in the air
cleaner 202 by means of an inlet 246. The inlet 246 is preferably at a diameter of
0.160" and the air stall chamber 244 preferably has the dimensions of 0.4" by
0.5". Both the air stall chamber and the expansion chamber have a depth of
approximately 0.080". Cut within bridge 248 which separates stall chamber 244
from expansion chamber 242 are a plurality of passageways 250. These
passageways are preferably sized such that the totality of their cross sectional areas
is greater than the cross sectional area of inlet 246 to expand the airflow volume
and reduce the airflow velocity from the stall chamber 244 to the expansion
chamber 242.
Module housing 200 encloses a receptacle in which a functionality
detector such as a pressure differential transducer, a smoke detector, a piezo
electric buzzer, and a power source such as an alkaline battery are mounted as an
lS integral unit. The slotted opening 260 is provided behind a resonating chamber
(not shown) in the rear surface of module housing 200 to emit a sound generated
by the piezoelectric buzzer. The horizontal slots 262 are provided in the vicinity
of the pressure differential transducer so air may flow through the module housing
200, preferably, past the smoke sensor 38 for sampling purposes and exit in the
vicinity of the pressure differential transducer so a pressure difference across the
air cleaner may be sensed. Aperture 264 is provided in the rear of module
housing 200 so an LED on a circuit board within the housing may be viewed.
The LED periodically loads the battery to verify battery operation and residual
capacity. Preferably, the LED loads the battery approximately at 40 second
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intervals for 10 milliseconds at 10 milliamps, and provides a visual verification
that the batterv is still operational. Aperture 265 provides access to a threshold
adjustment for the pressure differential transducer.
Air entry ports 270 are provided along the edge of the module
S housing 200 between its front surface 272 and rear surface 274. These entry ports
are placed in the edge of the module housing 200 so they communicate with the
expansion chamber 242. Thus, when the module housing 200 is inserted within
mounting sleeve 222 and the biasing tabs 226, 228 are released into the latchingposition. the module housing 200 is held within mounting sleeve 222.
With the module housing 200 latched within the mounting sleeve
222, air passes through the front filter 204 of air cleaner 202 and into the cleaning
media 15. The air from media lS enters inlet 246 because there is a pressure
differential between the air within the cleaning media 15 and the air within
housing 200. The air entering the inlet 246 impinges on the floor formed in the
stall chamber 244 and passes through the passageways 250 to enter the expansion
chamber 242. The stall chamber 244 and passageways 250 reduce the amount of
heavy particulate in the airflow which may erode the effectiveness of the smoke
sensor of the smoke detector if it were otherwise permitted to enter the housing200. The expansion chamber 242 reduces the rate of air flow within the chamber
242 so the remaining particulate is presented to the smoke detector in a manner
effective for sensing. The pressure gradient between the higher pressure air
within module housing 200 and lower pressure air in the expansion chamber 242
moves air through the entry ports 270 and into the receptacle enclosed in the
module housing 200. The air continues past the smoke detector 38 and exits the
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receptacle of the module housing 200 through the horizontal slots 262 in the rear
surface 274 of the module housing.
Clearly, the module housing constructed in accordance with the
principles of the present invention integrates an air cleaner and electronics unit so
the housing of the electronics may be removably mounted within the air cleaner
without interfering with the cleaning of the air flow. Thus, the module housing
and electronics may be selectively removed for the servicing of the air cleaner. In
an alternative embodiment, the air entry ports, air stall chamber, constricted
passageways, inlet chamber and inlet may be integrally formed in the edge of themodule housing 200.
A block diagram of the electronics within the smoke alarm module
16 is shown in Fig. 5. The electronic components of the smoke alarm module are
powered by a power source 25, which in the preferred embodiment of the
invention is a 9 volt dry cell battery. Functionality detector 24 along with thecleaner functionality alarm generating circuit components -- counter 28,
multiplexer 30, logic gates 32, and timer control 36 -- provide a signal to smoke
alarm unit 18 which indicates the functionality of the air cleaner has fallen below a
predetermined threshold. Smoke alarm unit 18 drives alarm generator 40 in
response to a signal from the cleaner functionality alarm generating circuit, a
smoke detected signal from sensor 38, and a low battery signal. In the preferredembodiment of the invention, the alarm generator driving signal varies the alarmgenerated from each signal.
Functionality detector 24 generates a signal when the et'fectiveness
of cleaner 12 falls below a predetermined threshold. The signal activates
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oscillator/counter 28. which internally generates a timing signal which is counted
by a binary counter within the integrated circuit. Binary digits from the counter
output are provided to multiplexer 30 which selects predetermined digits of the
counter output to pass to logic circuit 32. Logic circuit 32 sends a cleaner failure
signal to smoke detector 18 in accordance with the digits passed by multiplexer
30. Logic circuit 32 also sends control signals back to multiplexer 30 which select
the binary digits of the counter output that are passed through multiplexer 30. The
timing duration of the cleaner failure signal to smoke alarm unit 18 is determined
by timer control 36. The repetition rate ot' the cleaner tailure signal is determined
by the binary counter digits passed through multiplexer 30.
Smoke alarm unit 18 performs three functions -- smoke detecting,
battery capacity testing, and alarm driving. Smoke alarm unit 18 detects smoke
particulate in the air flow through sensor 38 of module 16. Power trom source 25is periodically monitored within smoke alarm unit 18 to determine if the capacity
of source 25 has tallen below a predetermined level. when smoke is detected or
the battery capacity talls below the predetermined level, smoke unit 18 drives
alarm generator 40 with a driving signal to generate an audible alarm or report.Unit 18 produces one driving signal when smoke is detected and a second driving
signal when the battery is low so the alarms generated from the two driving
signals are distinguishable from one another.
The cleaner failure signal from logic circuit 32 has its frequency and
duration altered by timer control 36 and the timing digits passed by multiplexer30. The cleaner failure signal modifies the reference voltage that unit 18 uses to
detect a smoke condition trom sensor 38. Altering the reterence voltage causes
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unit 18 to generate a smoke alarm driving signal but the duration and repetition of the
cleaner failure signal controls the duration and repetition of the generated alarm. Thus,
the resulting alarm or report is distinguishable from both the smoke alarm and low battery
alarm. By driving alarm generator 40 with different signals, the service personnel can
distinguish between a smoke alarm, low battery alarm, and a cleaner functionality failure
alarm.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, smoke alarm unit 18 is a
Jameson Code One~-2000 Model C manufactured by Jameson Home Products of Downers
Grove, IL. The unit uses a MotorolalU 14467-1 integrated circuit m~m]f~ctured byMotorola, Inc. of Phoenix, AZ. The smoke alarm unit of the preferred embodiment uses
an ionization sensor to detect smoke in the air flow of the duct. Other smoke alarm units
may be used that utilize other smoke detection methods such as optical sensors or the like.
The integration of the functionality alarm with the smoke alarm made possible byvarying the alarm driving signal from unit 18, contributes to the downsizing of module 16
since recllln-l~nt alarm generators are elimin~ted. The reduced package size elimin~tes
false smoke alarms caused by the accelerated deterioration of the cleaning media.
Blockage of a large area increases the cleaning requirements for the unblocked portion of
the cleaner and decreases the operational life of the media. Without more frequent
servicing, the air is not cleaned as well and the amount of particulate rem~ining in the air
increases. This increased particulate may be sensed as smoke by the detector which
erroneously generates a smoke alarm. These false alarms are virtually elimin~ted by the
minim~l impact module 16 has on the area of cleaner 12 and by cleaner
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maintenance pertormed in response to the cleaner functionality alarms generated
by the present invention.
Other embodiments of the smoke alarm module 16 may be
constructed by substituting other types of air quality alarm units for the smokeS alarm unit 18. For example, smoke alarm unit 18 may be replaced by a radonalarm unit, a carbon monoxide alarm unit or a natural gas alarm unit. All that is
required for the air quality detector is a suitable sensor that generates a signal in
response to the detection of a particulate or gas in the air flow through the module
and an alarm generator that responds to the detection signal from the sensor.
Furnace control 41 of Fig. S operates elements of the furnace in the
forced air system using the cleaning device of the present invention. These
control operations may be performed by control 41 in response to the wiring of the
alarm driving signal to control 41, the detection of an acoustical signal generated
by alarm generator 40, or the transmission of an alarm signal by a radio
transmitter or the like connected to the alarm driving signal. Control 41 may
include a computer operated control system or a simple relay that is energized by
the signal. Control 41 may close ventilation openings, shut off the blower, divert
airflow through different ducts or other system related actions.
A block diagram of a plerelled furnace control signal generator is
shown in Fig. 7. A sensor 2 detects a signal such as, the alarm driving signal, an
acoustic alarm, radio signal or the like. A discriminator 3 verifies that the signal
is indicative of a condition detected by device 10 that requires a control action. A
plurality of discriminators may be used to distinguish the different types of alarms
from one another and execute different control actions for each type of alarm.
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The discriminated signal is rectified by t'ull wave rectifier 4 and fed by resistor S,
capacitor 6 combination to a comparator 7. The resistor-capacitor combination
requires the received signal to be present t'or at least one charging time constant to
prevent control actions from transient signals. Comparator 7 compares the signalto a reference voltage and generates a control signal when it is greater than the
ret'erence voltage. The control signal may then be used to close a relay, interrupt
a control processor, or the like. For example, the control signal could energize a
relay to open or close an input power connection to an output power connection.
A block diagram ot an embodiment of a t'urnace controller
responsive to an acoustic alarm built in accordance with the principles of the
present invention is depicted in Fig. 9. The controller 400 includes a sensor 402,
a filter circuit 404, an alarm signal generator 406 and a control circuit 408. The
sensor 402 receives an acoustical signal and converts it into an electrical signal.
The filter circuit 404 attenuates the frequency components of the electrical signal
IS from the sensor 402 so the amplitude of the filtered electrical signal is above a
predetermined threshold in response to an acoustical signal having trequency
components in the range ot the acoustical alarm generated by the smoke alarm
module 16. The alarm signal generator 406 determines whether the duration of
the filtered electrical signal corresponds to that of valid acoustical alarm generated
by the smoke alarm module 16. If the alarm signal generator 406 determines a
valid acoustical alarm has been received then an alarm signal is generated which is
coupled to the control circuit 408 which performs a control action with respect to
the operation of the furnace.
An electrical schematic of a preferred embodiment of the furnace
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controller 400 is shown in Fig. 1(). Generally, the controller 400 includes a power
supply 412, a microphone 420, an automatic gain control circuit (AGC) 422 a
band pass filter 424. a low pass filter 426, a discriminator circuit 428 and a
control circuit 430. Microphone 420 receives an acoustic signal and converts it to
S an electrical signal which is amplified by the AGC circuit 422. The amplified
electrical signal is filtered by the bandpass filter 424 which produces a filtered
electrical signal corresponding to an amplified electrical signal having frequency
components within a predetermined range. The amplified electrical signal is alsofiltered by the lowpass filter 426 which produces a filtered electrical signal
iO corresponding to an amplified electrical signal having frequency components which
are less than a predetermined frequency.
The discriminator circuit 428 generates an alarm signal in response
to a filtered electrical signal from the bandpass filter 424 which is greater than a
predetermined threshold and a filtered electrical signal from the lowpass filter 426
which less than the predetermined threshold. Additionally, the discriminator
circuit 428 has a binary counter 522 which is used to verify the filtered electrical
signals are at the above described states for a predetermined time before
generating the alarm signal to verify receipt of a valid acoustical alarm from the
smoke alarm module 16. The control circuit 430 selectively de-energizes the coil432 of a relay which terminates the flow of power to the furnace in response to a
smoke alarm and provides a visual indication of a low battery condition and dirty
filter condition at LEDs 716 and 736, respectively.
With further reference to Fig. 10, power supply 412 receives power
from the transformer (not shown) of the furnace. The secondary high tap 434 and
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secondary low tap common connection 436 from the transformer are coupled to the inputs
of a full wave rectifier 440. A Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) 442 such as a PanasonicTM
ZNR-1 may be coupled between the high secondary tap 434 and the low secondary tap
common connection 436 of the transformer to suppress noise in the input power to the
supply 412. The high secondary tap 436 of the transformer is coupled through normally
closed contacts ~1~4 to power the furnace. Control of the coil 432 via transistor 446 of
the control circuit 430 opens the contacts 444 to remove power from the furnace in
response to a valid smoke alarm signal as discussed in more detail below.
The secondary high tap 434 of the transformer is coupled through the contacts 444,
LED 450 and resistor 452 to the anode of a diode 454 within opto-coupler 456. The
cathode of diode 454 is coupled to the common connection 436 from the transformer and
one of the inputs to the full wave rectifier 440. A diode 458 and a capacitor 460 are
coupled between the resistor 452 and the common connection 436 of the transformer.
Two things are accomplished by this circuit. First, the input of the transformer power to
the full wave rectifier 440 provides a rectified DC output to the input of a voltage
regulator 470. Secondly, the AC input of the transformer power through the diode 454 of
the opto-coupler 456 provides a periodic signal to the base of the transistor of the
opto-coupler 456.
This causes the transistor of the opto-coupler 456 to conduct the power supply
voltage +V to electrical ground through resistor 472 in synchronization with the signal
through the diode 454 of the opto-coupler 456. The operation of the opto-coupler 456
produces a clock signal at the input 474 of Schmitt trigger NAND gate 476 for purposes
discussed below. Preferably the transformer supplies 24
VLS :jj
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
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VAC at a frequency of 60 Hz. although other voltages and frequencies are
possible. Thus~ once power from the transformer is applied to the controller 400and the contacts 444 close. a 60 Hz clock signal is provided to the NAND gate
476. Additionally, the trequency of the transformer input alternately conducts
S through the LED 450 to provide a visual indication that the furnace controller 400
IS operatlng.
The t'ull wave rectified power trom the rectifier 440 is smoothed by
capacitor 480 and coupled to voltage regulator 470. Capacitors 484, 486 are
coupled between the input and output of the regulator 470 and electrical ground,respectively, to suppress high frequency noise. The regulated voltage output of
the regulator 470 is coupled to relay coil 432, voltage divider 488 and to othercomponents in the controller 400 as power supply V+. The relay coil 432 is
coupled through a diode 490 and a PNP transistor 446 to electrical ground such
that when transformer power is applied, coil 432 is coupled to ground because the
signal at the base of the transistor 446 is a logic low. Thus, coil 432 is energized
and the contacts 444 close to provide transtormer power to the furnace and to the
opto-coupler 456. The output of the voltage divider 488 provides a reference
voltage, approximately half of the regulated DC voltage V+, to the non-invertinginput of the operational amplifier 496. The amplifier 496 is configured as a
voltage follower so that its output is maintained at a level approximate that of the
voltage divider 488 over a wide range of low level current. The output of the
amplifier 496 thus provides a virtual ground reference to the electrical components
in the sensor, AGC, and filter circuits. Provision for such virtual ground permits
the operational amplifiers of the sensor, AGC. and filter circuits to be coupled to
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
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AC signals such that the outputs of all the amplifiers are centered at the midpoint
voltage in the DC voltage range of the power supply 412.
Again with reference to Fig. 10~ the virtual ground from the output
of the amplifier 496 is also coupled to the non-inverting input of comparator 498
S which has its inverting input coupled to an external reset circuit 500. The
regulated voltage V+ is provided through resistor 502 to the inverting input of the
comparator 498, the cathode of a diode 504, one side of capacitor 506 and a
resistor 508 which is coupled to electrical ground through a momentary switch
510. When the controller 400 is first powered, the regulated voltage V+ is
provided to the inverting input of the comparator 498. As long as this voltage
remains at the inverting input of the comparator 498, the output of the comparator
remains a logical low. When the momentary switch 510 is depressed, the V+
voltage is dropped across a voltage divider comprised of resistors 502 and 508 so
that the voltage supplied to the inverting input of the comparator 498 changes.
Resistor 508 is significantly smaller than resistor 502 so the voltage at the
inverting input is very close to zero when switch 510 is depressed. When this
occurs, the output of the comparator 498 goes high to provide a reset pulse. Thereset pulse is coupled through resistor 512 to reset the counters 516, 518, and
through diode 520 to reset binary counter 522.
'0 With reference to Fig. 10, the sensor circuitry 548 is discussed in
more detail. The sensor is preferably a electret microphone 420 manut'actured byPanasonic of Japan and is designated as Part No. WM54GT. The voltage V+ is
supplied to the microphone 420 through a resistor 552. The sensor circuitry 548
converts an acoustical signal received by the microphone 420 to an electrical signal
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
which is amplified by the amplifier 560 and provided to an AGC circuit 422.
The microphone 420 is also pret'erably coupled to virtual electrical ground to
reduce noise induced by ground currents whenever microphone 420 is coupled to
electrical ground and the other components of the sensor circuitry are coupled to
S virtual ground. Microphone 420 converts an acoustical signal to an electrical
signal that is conditioned by the resistor and capacitor combination 556 and 558.
The conditioned electrical signal is coupled to the inverting input of amplifier 560.
The non-inverting differential input ot the amplifier 560 is coupled to the virtual
ground. The output of the amplifier 560 is fedback to its inverting input through
resistor 562 and variable resistor 564. By varying the resistor 564 the gain
through the amplifier may be adjusted to set a primary sensitivity threshold for the
sensor circuitry 548 yet additional, automatic gain control is provided by means of
AGC circuit 422.
The output of the amplifier 560 is provided to the AGC circuit 422.
The AGC circuit 422 includes operational amplifier 570 and transistors 572 and
574. Preferably, transistor 572 is a PNP transistor and transistor 574 is a JFETtransistor. The output of the operational amplifier 560 is coupled to the non-
inverting input of the operational amplifier 570 and to the drain of the transistor
574. The source of transistor 574 is coupled to the virtual ground through a
limiting resistor 576. The inverting input of the amplifier 570 is coupled to the
virtual ground through resistor 578 and a feedback resistor 579 is provided
between the output of the amplifier 570 and the junction of the resistor 578 andthe inverting input of the amplifier 570. The divided circuit so formed by resistor
pairs 579 and 578 sets the primary gain for the amplifier 570 The output of the
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amplifier 570 is also coupled to the base of the transistor 572 through a resistor
582. The collector of the transistor 572 is coupled to the virtual ground through
resistor 584 and the emitter of the transistor 572 is coupled to the gate of
transistor 574. The resistors 586. 588 and capacitor 590 form a network 592
which is coupled between electrical ground and the emitter to gate coupling of the
transistors 572, 574 to cooperate with transistor 572 in the control of transistor
574.
The AGC circuit 422 amplifies the output of the amplifier 560 in
accordance with the voltage divider formed by resistors 579 and 578 and
attenuates its own input under the control of the transistors 572 and 574.
Specifically, the output of the amplifier 570 provided to the base of the transistor
572 normally causes the transistor 572 to conduct and couple the gate of the
transistor 574 to the virtual ground. In this state, transistor 574 does not conduct
and transistor 574 acts as a high impedance to virtual ground for the output of
amplifier 560 so the input to amplifier 570 is virtually unaffected. As the output
of amplifier 570 increases, transistor 572 decreases in its coupling of the gate of
transistor 574 to the virtual ground. As this occurs, the resistor and capacitive
network 592 discharges and the gate of transistor 574 is coupled to electrical
ground through the resistor pair 586,588. This causes transistor 574 to begin toconduct and decrease in impedance to the output of amplifier 560. As a result, the
signal provided to the non-inverting input of the amplifier 570 is decreased and the
amplitude of the output of the amplifier 570 correspondingly decreases.
The output of the amplifier 570 is input to a filter circuit 596 which
includes a lowpass filter 426 and a bandpass filter 424. The lowpass filter 426
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
includes an operational amplifier 600 which is coupled to the output of the
amplifier 570 through a resistor pair 602 and 604. Coupled to virtual ground
between the resistor pair 602. 604 is a capacitor 606. Resistor 608 is coupled
between the junction of resistor 602 and 604 to one side of capacitor 610 and the
S other side of the capacitor 610 is coupled to the inverting input of the amplifier
600. The junction of resistor 608 and capacitor 610 is coupled to the output of the
amplifier 600. The values or' the resistors and capacitors coupled directly and
indirectly to the inverting input of the amplifier 600 are preferably selected to
operate amplifier 600 as a lilter having a gain of 1, a cut-off frequency 970 Hz,
and a Q of 2. The slope or the roll-off, Q, from the cut-off frequency is
preferably selected to be gradual to permit the lowpass filter 426 to generate afiltered signal corresponding to frequency components in the acoustical signal
which approach the lower limit of the bandpass filter 424.
The bandpass filter 424 includes an operational amplifier 620 having
its inverting input coupled to the output of the operational amplifier 570 through
resistor 622 and capacitor 624. The junction of resistor 622 and capacitor 624 is
coupled to electrical ground through resistor 626. Also coupled to the junction of
resistor 622 and capacitor 624 is a capacitor 628 having one side coupled to theinverting input of the amplifier 620 through a resistor 630. The junction of thecapacitor 628 and resistor 630 is coupled to the output of the amplifier 620. The
resistors and capacitors coupled directly and indirectly to the inverting input of the
amplifier 620 are selected so the bandpass filter 424 has a gain of approximately
1, a center frequency of 3,410 Hz, and a Q of approximately 5. The slope or the
roll-off, Q, of the bandpass filter is preferably selected to be relatively steep so the
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bandpass filter only outputs a liltered signal in response to an acoustical signal in
the frequency range of the acoustical alarm generated by the smoke alarm module
16.
The discriminator circuit 428 determines whether a valid acoustical
alarm from the smoke alarm module 16 has been received by the controller 400
and preferably, determines the type of alarm being received. Preferably, when analarm condition is sensed, the smoke alarm module 16 sounds a lO millisecond
chirp every 40 seconds for low battery alarm, a tone of approximately 4 seconds
in duration at varying intervals for a dirty filter alarm, and a comparatively
continuous tone. e.g. greater than 30 seconds for a smoke alarm. The
discriminator circuit 428 includes a set of comparators 640, a NAND gate 642,
binary counters 516, 518, 522, a set of NOR gates 644 and a set of AND gates
646. The comparators 640 and the NAND gate 642 generate the signal indicating
an alarm has been detected and that the alarm is a valid alarm signal. The counter
522, NOR gates 644, and AND gates 646 are used to distinguish between the
various types of alarms. The counters 516 and 518 are used to reduce the
opportunity of reporting false alarms.
In more detail the discriminator circuit 428 has the non-inverting
input of a comparator 650 coupled to the voltage derived by voltage divider 652.In a similar manner, the comparator 654 has its inverting input coupled to the
output of a voltage divider 656. Preferably, the output of the voltage dividers
656, 652 is approximately one-third of the regulated voltage, but they may be
chosen at other values as dictated by the acoustic environment. These voltages are
provided to the comparators 650, 654 as reference voltages. Tlle inverting input
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of comparator 650 is coupled to the output of the bandpass filter 424 and the non-
inverting input ot the comparator 654 is coupled to the output of the lowpass filter
426. In the absence of any sound, the outputs of both the bandpass filter 424 and
the lowpass filter 426 will be at virtual ground of the audio circuit, i.e., 2 .
S The output of the comparator 650 generates a logic high signalwhenever a signal is received from the bandpass filter 424 which is above the
reference voltage on the non-inverting input and the comparator 654 outputs a
logic level low signal whenever the output ot' the lowpass filter 426 is above the
reference voltage on the inverting input. This configuration means that loud
signals in the bandpass 424 cause the comparator 650 to go high and the absence
of signals in the lowpass 426 cause the output of 654 to go high. The output of
the comparator 650 is coupled through a diode 660 and resistor 662 to one input
of NAND gate 642. The regulated voltage is coupled to the output of the
comparator 650 through resistor 664 to pull up the output of the comparator 650.IS The parallel resistor-capacitor combination of resistor 666 and capacitor 668 is
coupled to electrical ground to sustain any pulse output by the comparator 650 that
is approximately 10 milliseconds in length to a pulse width of approximately 1
second in length. This resistor-capacitor combination ensures that a short
acoustical alarm such as is generated to indicate a low battery condition is not~0 missed by the circuit.
The output of the comparator 654 is coupled through resistor 670,
diode 672, and resistor 674 to the other input of the NAND gate 642. A similar
sustaining circuit comprised of capacitor 675 and resistor 676 is coupled between
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
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the regulated power and the output of comparator 654 at the cathode of diode 672.
The regulated power is also coupled through a resistor 680 and LED 682 to the
output of the NAND gate 642. NAND gate 642 is preferably a Schmitt triggered
NAND gate to prevent an unstable output from the NAND gate caused by inputs
to the NAND gate which tluctuate about the threshold level. When the output of
the comparator 650 is a logic high to indicate a bandpass filter is present and the
output of the comparator 654 is a logic high to indicate no signal is being input
from the lowpass tilter, the output of the NAND gate 642 goes to a logic low.
This causes the LED 682 to be grounded and provides a visual indication that an
alarm has been detected.
The output of the NAND gate 642 is also coupled to the inverting
input of comparator 686 and to one input of the AND gate 690 for purposes to be
discussed below. The non-inverting input of comparator 686 is coupled to virtualground. Thus, when an alarm is detected, the output of the comparator 686 goes
to a logic high. The output of the comparator 686 is coupled to an input of the
NAND gate 476 which enables clock pulses to be provided to the clock input of
the binary counter 522. The output of the comparator 686 is also sustained by the
resistor-capacitor combination of resistor 692 and capacitor 694 having their output
coupled through resistor 696 to the non-inverting input of comparator 700. The
inverting input of the comparator 700 is coupled to virtual ground. As a result,when a valid alarm is detected and a logic high is present on the non-inverting
input of the comparator 700, the output of the comparator goes high to provide areset signal through resistor 702 to the binary counter 522.
As long as a valid alarm is detected and NAND gate 476 is enabled,
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clock signals are counted by the binary counter 522 and the binary count is output
on the Q6 through Q12 outputs of the counter. The NOR gate 704is coupled to
the Q7,Q8, and Q9 outputs of the binary counter 522. Thus, only when each of
these inputs is logic low will the output of NOR gate 704 be a logic high which
S enables AND gate 690. The Q6 output of the binary counter 522is coupled toanother input of the AND gate 690. The output of the NAND gate 642is also
coupled to one of the inputs of the AND gate 690 and the last input of AND gate
690is coupled to the output of NOR gate 708 whose output only goes high when
its inputs coupled to Q10 and Ql 1 are at a logic low. Thus, the output of AND
gate 690 only goes to a logic high when the counter has a counted a sufficient
number of pulses to set Q6output at a logic high and not a large enough number
of pulses which would set high any of the Q7-Qll outputs. Preferably, the Q6
output going high before the Q7-Qll outputs do so corresponds to a window of
approximately a half of second to less than one second, to indicate an acoustical
signal having a duration of approximately that period of time has been received.As such, when the output of AND gate 690is a logic high, a low battery alarm is
indicated.
The output of AND gate 690is coupled through resistor 710 to the
clock input of a counter 516. Counter 516is configured so the Q6 output of the
counter is coupled through a resistor 712 and the diode of the opto-coupler 714 to
the anode of a LED 716 having its cathode coupled to electrical ground. The Q6
output of the counter is also coupled to the clock input of the counter through a
diode 720. After counter 516 counts 26 or 64 acoustical signals, such as an alarm
or randomly occurring signal such as a "pop" or "click", the Q6 output goes to a
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
logic high to drive the transistor of the opto-coupler 714 and light the LED 716.
The low battery event occurring with regularity at 40 seconds intervals dominates
such counting and minimi7es the chances a low battery condition is falsely
indicated. The opto-coupler 714 may be used to perform some other control
S action for the furnace in response to the low battery alarm. The output of a logic
high on the Q6 output of the counter 516 forward biases the diode 720 to hold the
clock input at a logic high and thus the counter 516 no longer counts battery
alarms. This prevents the counter 516 from continuing to count and roll over
which would disable the low battery control action.
Still with reference to Fig. 10, AND gate 726 preferably operates in
a similar manner to provide a control action for a dirty filter indication.
Specifically, one input of the AND gate 726 is coupled to the output of NOR gate708. Another input of AND gate 726 is coupled the Q9 output of the counter 522.
Another input of AND gate 726 is coupled to the output of NAND gate 642 and
the remaining input of AND gate 726 is coupled to a logic high. As a
consequence, the output of AND gate 726 only goes to a logic high when the
counter 522 has counted a sufficient number of pulses when the Q9 output is a
logic high and the Q10, Qll outputs are a logic low. Preferably, the Q9 output
going high before the Q10, Q11 outputs do so corresponds to a window
approximately greater than 4 seconds and less than 8 seconds to indicate an
acoustical signal of that duration has been received. Preferably, when the output
of the AND gate 726 is a logic high, an air cleaner functional alarm is indicated.
The output of the AND gate 726 is coupled through resistor 730 to
the clock input of counter 518. The Q2 output of the counter 518 is coupled
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
through a resistor 732. opto-coupler 734, and LED 736 in a manner similar to that
discussed with respect to the counter 516. The Q2 output of the counter 518 is
also coupled through a diode 740 to the clock input of the counter 518. Thus, the
counter 518 is configured in a manner like that of counter 516. Thus, the counter
518 preferably counts 22 or 4 air cleaner functional alarms before initiating a
control action through opto-coupler 734. A lower number of counts is required tominimize false alarms for dirty filters because the relatively long (4 second)
duration is more distinct from its environment than is the low battery alarm short
duration.
In the event the smoke alarm module 16 sounds a smoke alarm
which is preferably continuous, the output of the NAND gate 642 remains a logic
low and counter 522 continues to count clock pulses from NAND gate 476. As
the count of clock pulses accumulates, the Q12 output of the counter 522 goes to a
logic high to disable the coupling of electrical ground to the coil 432 through
transistor 446. This action causes the contacts 444 to open and power to the
control portion of furnace is terminated. The presence of a logic high on Q12 also
turns on transistor 524 which couples electrical the cathodes of the diodes 741,742 which disable the clock pulses and counter 522 reset, respectively.
A schematic diagram of the electrical components in the preferred
embodiment of the present invention is shown in Fig. 6. Battery 25 is connected
to input power pin 6 of smoke alarm integrated circuit (IC) 45; to pressure
differential switch 24; logic gates 32; and to sensor 38 via resistor 27. Switch 24
selectively connects power through resistor 33 to collector 47 and base 43 of
transistor 31. Collector 47 is connected through resistor 29 to input pin 8 of logic
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gate 44. Resistor 29 and capacitor 39, connected between the low potential side of
resistor 29 and ground. absorb any signals from switch 24 caused by transient
closings. The output ot' gate 44 is provided to input pin 9 to latch the closed
switch signal through the gate. This signal provides counter 28 and multiplexer 30
S with electrical power. capacitor 50 and resistor 52 are connected to the output of
gate 44 to provide a delayed reset pulse to reset input 51 of counter 28.
The output of gate 44 is also tied to base S9 of transistor 37 through
resistor 34. Transistor 37 has its emitter 53 grounded and its collector 60 tied to
the low potential ot resistor 33. The output of gate 44 turns on transistor 37 to
remove the voltage on the base of transistor 31 that turns off transistor 31. The
current drain on battery 25 is much lower through transistor 37 than transistor 31
since resistor 33 is several orders of magnitude greater than resistor 35. In the
plefelled embodiment of the invention, resistor 33 is l megohm and resistor 35 is
100 ohms, although other values may be used.
IS In the preferred embodim'ent of the present invention,
counter/oscillator 28 is a CDl4060 manufactured by Motorola of Phoenix, AZ,
although other similar devices could be used. Resistors 54, 56 and capacitor 58
are connected to counter 28 to control the frequency of the timing signal generated
by the internal oscillator of counter 28. Output pins 4, 6, 14 and 13 of the
counter which count the timing signal within counter 28 are connected to input
pins 11, lS, 14 and 12, respectively, of multiplexer 30. Output pins 2 and 3 of
the counter are connected to input pins 2 and 6, respectively, of OR gates 64 and
66, respectively, of the quad OR gate logic circuit. In the preferred embodimentof the present invention, multiplexer 30 is a CDl4052 and logic circuit 32 is a
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
CD14071. both produced by Motorola of Phoenix, AZ. The three components 28,
30 and 32 are all CMOS devices in the preterred embodiment of the present
invention to take advantage of the low power consumption of such devices and to
provide logical compatibility with the CMOS smoke alarm IC in the preferred
S embodiment.
Multiplexer 30 has two 4 to 1 channels with input pins 1, 5, and 2
of the second channel connected to ground and pins 4 and 16 are connected to
output pin 10 of logic gate 44. Input pins 11, 12, 14, and 15 of the first channel
are tied to the output of counter 28 as disclosed above. Output 13 of the first
channel is connected to input pin 13 of OR gate 72 through capacitor 74 of timercontrol 36. Diode 76 and resistor 78 ground the line between capacitor 74 and
input pin 13. Output pin 3 of the second multiplexer channel is connected to input
pins 1 and 5 of gates 64, 66, respectively, through resistor 88. Capacitor 90
connects the line between resistor 88 and gate input pins 1 and 5 to ground.
Gate input pin 12 is tied to ground to improve electrical noise immunity.
Output pins 3 and 4 of gates 64, 66 are tied to the input channel
select pins 10 and 9 of multiplexer 30 to control the input channel selection asexplained below. Output pin 11 of gate 72 is connected via diode 108 to voltage
divider 110 which provides the smoke reference voltage to alarm IC 45. The
remaining components connected to alarm IC 45 interface the alarm IC to alarm
generator 40 and smoke sensor 38. The circuit comprised of resistors 112, 114,
116 and 118. capacitor 120 transistor 122, and momentary switch 124 is for
manually testing the smoke detector. Likewise, LED 126 is connected to alarm
IC 45 to provide a test load for battery 25 and a visual indication that alarm IC 45
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
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is periodically performing the battery test.
The electronics are powered by battery 25 which drives smoke
alarm IC 45 and logic gates 32 directly and provides the operational power for
counter 28 and multiplexer 30 through gate 44. As previously discussed, switch
24 closes when the pressure difference monitored by the switch exceeds the
predetermined threshold to provide an activating current to base 43 of transistor 31
through resistor 33. Switch 24 also provides a voltage on collector 47. Since the
voltage at base 43 is dropped across resistor 33 and emitter 57 is tied to ground
through the relatively low resistance of resistor 35, the base to emitter voltage is
forward biased and the base to collector is reverse biased causing transistor 31 to
conduct current from the collector to the emitter. Resistor 35 is sized sufficiently
small to pull a large enough current through the contacts of switch 24 to burn
through any oxidation that may accumulate on the contacts. In the preferred
embodiment of the present invention, the current pulled through the switch
l S contacts is 10 ma.
Part of the current at collector 47 charges capacitor 39 through
resistor 29. When capacitor 39 is sufficiently charged, input pin 8 of OR gate 44
goes high and output 10 is driven high. The output of gate 44 is fed to input pin 9
to latch the switch signal. Output 10 now remains high and supplies power to
counter/oscillator 28 and multiplexer 30. Resistor 29 and capacitor 39 require the
signal from switch 24 to be present for at least one charging period of capacitor 39
through resistor 29. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the minimum
time period is 6.8 seconds. If the pressure differential drops below the threshold
before capacitor 39 is charged, input pin 8 does not go high and turn on output pin
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10 of gate 44 to power components 28 and 30. The resistor, capacitor
combination prevents false alarms from transient blockage of switch 24.
Once output l0 is high, a voltage is dropped across resistor 34 to
base 59 of transistor 37 causing transistor 37 to conduct the voltage dropped
across resistor 33 at collector 60 to the ground connection at emitter 53. This
conduction removes the base current from base 43 and transistor 31 turns off.
Current is now conducted through the relatively high resistance of resistor 33 to
the ground connection at emitter 53 and the current through switch 24 drops to alevel substantiallv less than the initial current drawn by transistor 37. The
reduction in current through switch 24 preserves the capacity of battery 25 and
increases its operational life.
The battery power is also supplied to the reset 51 on counter 28
through capacitor 50. When power is first applied to capacitor 50, it acts as anelectrical short and the battery voltage is present on reset 51. As capacitor 50accumulates charge, the voltage on reset 51 drops to a logic low. The high to low
transition on reset 51 resets counter 28. The RC time constant of resistor 52 and
capacitor 50 is such that counter 28 resets after the other components have settled
to their initial state after power up. Once counter 28 is powered on and its
internal oscillator begins to operate, the timing of the oscillator is determined by
external resistors 54~ resistor 56 and capacitor 58. In the preferred embodiment,
these components are selected to produce counts the generated timing signal to
produce a binary output count, Q ,-Q,4 with Q, being the least significant binary
digit. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, Q6, Q~, Q8 and Q9
are provided on output pins 4, 6, 14 and 13 of counter 28 and represent,
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
respectively, the one hour. two hour. four hour, and eight hour timing counts.
These four lines are input to the first channel of multiplexer 30 which selects one
of the four lines according to the status of control input pins 10 and 9.
Following power-up, output pins 3 and 4 of gates 64, 66 are
S logically low and channels one and two of multiplexer 30 pass the inputs on pins
12 and 1, respectively, to the channel outputs. Since pin 12 is connected to output
pin 13, output pin 13 of channel one is a logic low for the first 8 hours following
switch 24 closure and then is a logic high for the next 8 hours. When output pin13 first goes high, capacitor 74 acts as an electrical short and the logic high of
output pin 13 drives output pin 11 of gate 72 high. As capacitor 74 charges, thevoltage at input pin 13 drops until it falls below the threshold of gate 72 and
output pin 11 falls to a logic low. The values of resistor 78 and capacitor 74
determine the time it takes capacitor 74 to charge and thus the period that output
pin 11 of gate 72 remains high. In the preferred embodiment of the present
IS invention, this timing period is approximately 2.5 seconds.
During this period, the voltage from output pin 11 is presented to
the reference voltage input of alarm IC 45. This voltage raises the reference
voltage to a value that is very nearly the voltage that alarm IC 45 receives from
sensor 38. These voltages are close enough that the voltage comparator within
alarm IC 45 generates an alarm signal to drive alarm generator 40 for the pulse
period. Once output pin 11 of gate 72 drops, the reference voltage returns to the
voltage present between resistor 107, 109 of voltage divider 1 10 which is
substantially less than the voltage trom sensor 38 when no smoke is present.
Unless smoke has altered the voltage output by sensor 38, the voltage comparator
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
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of alarm lC 45 no longer generates the alarm signal.
After counter 28 has counted another 8 hours, output pin 13 of
multiplexer 30 follows output pin 13 of counter 28 and drops low. This causes
capacitor 74 to discharge through resistor 78 which presents a pulse to input pin
13 of gate 72. This pulse again causes alarm ~C 45 to drive alarm generator 40
for the duration of the period to produce an alarm. Thus, an alarm is produced by
generator 40 every 8 hours. This periodic alarm continues until output pin 2 of
counter 28 goes high. As pin 2 goes high so does input pin 2 of gate 64 which
drives its output pin 3 and channel select pin 10 high. This causes multiplexer 30
to select channel input pins 14 and 5 for channels 1 and 2, respectively. Since pin
S is grounded, the outputs of gates 64, 66 remain unaffected and the channel select
lines remain the same. The change of channel 1 input to pin 14 causes output pin13 to follow counter output pin 14 which has a frequency one-half that of counter
pin 13. This causes alarm generator 40 to alarm for the duration of the pulse
from output pin 11 of gate 72 every 4 hours. The doubling of the alarm frequencyindicates that the cleaner 12 continues to deteriorate and provides an increasedurgency for its remedial maintenance.
The 4 hour periodic alarms continue for another 128 hours until
counter output pin 2 goes low and counter pin 3 goes high. This transition occurs
as counter 28 continues to count the internal timing signal. Pin 2 dropping low
causes output pin 3 of gate 64 to drop low and pin 3 going high causes output pin
4 of gate 66 to go high. This change on channel S select pins 10, 9 moves the
input channel select for channel 1 to pin 15 and for channel 2 to pin 2. Becausemultiplexer pin 2 is grounded. channel select pins 10, 9 are unaffected.
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
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Connecting input pin 15 to channel 1 output pin 13 makes pin 13 follow output pin
6 of counter 28 which is one half the frequency of pin 14. Smoke alarm IC 45,
consequently, drives alarm generator 40 every two hours to further provide a more
urgent indicator that cleaner 12 needs servicing.
At the conclusion of another 128 hour period, pin 2 of counter 28
goes high. With both pin 2 and 3 high, gates 64, 66 both produce logic highs on
output pins 3 and 4 to drive channel select pins 10, 9 high. Channels 1 and 2 now
pass pins 11 and 4 respectively. Pin 4 is tied to the supply voltage and is
shunted to ground through resistor 88 at first because capacitor 90 acts as an
electrical short. After, capacitor 90 charges, the battery voltage remains at input
pins 1 and 5 of gates 64, 66 to keep output pins 3 and 4 high. This remains trueeven though counter output pins 2 and 3 go to a logic low at the end of the next128 hour period causing gate input pins 1 and 5 to go low. However, gate output
pins 3 and 4 remain high because input pins I and 5 are held high by output pin 3
on the output of channel 2. Thus, channels 1 and 2 remain connected to input pins
11 and 4. Pin 11 is connected to counter output pin 4 which has a frequency one-half of pin 6. The appearance output of pin 4 on the channel 1 output causes alarm
generator 40 to alarm for the duration of the pulse every hour. Because channel
one remains connected to pin 4 of counter 28, the 1 hour periodic alarms continue
'O indefinitely. After servicing cleaner 12, the counting circuit may be reset by
disconnecting and reconnecting the battery.
Another embodiment which provides the functionality detector and
smoke alarm unit of the present invention is shown in Fig. 11. The functionalitydetector of this embodiment differs from the embodiment previously discussed in
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
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that an alarm tor indicating to a user that the air cleaner needs servicing is
generated after a predetermined time period has elapsed from installation of the air
cleaner rather than from a sensed condition of the air flow through the air cleaner.
This embodiment includes a timing circuit 800 and a timing control circuit 802
both of which interface with a multiplexer 804 which is of the same type as the
multiplexer 30 discussed in the previous embodiment. The timing control circuit
802 generates a service signal at its output to pin 2 of the smoke alarm IC 808
which drives the piezo electric buzzer 810 to sound a air cleaner service alarm.In the embodiment of Fig. 11, smoke alarm IC 808 is manut'actured by Motorola
and designated by part No. MC14468. All of the components coupled to the
smoke alarm IC 808 are substantially the same as those coupled to the IC 45 in the
embodiment shown in Fig. 6. For this reason, this interface shall not be discussed
further. Of primary importance in the embodiment depicted in Fig. 11 is the
generation of the service alarm signal.
The timing circuit 802 shown in Fig. 11 includes a reset circuit 812.
The reset circuit 812 includes a momentary switch 814 which is coupled to the
battery 25 through diode 816 and resistor 818. Capacitor 820 is coupled between
diode 816 and resistor 818 to reduce high frequency transient noise. The other
side of the momentary switch 814 is coupled through resistor 824 to the reset
inputs of counters 840 and 842. The parallel resistor-capacitor combination of
resistor 832 and capacitor 834 coupled between resistor 824, switch 814 and
electrical ground preferably ensures a reset pulse width of one-tenth of a second.
The clock input of counter 840 is coupled to pin 5 of the smoke alarm IC. Pin 5
of the smoke alarm IC pret'erably grounds the cathode of LED 843 periodically,
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whieh is preferably a period of every 40 seconds. Thus, after the reset switeh is
depressed to reset the counters, counter 840 begins eounting the clock pulses
provided at its input. The output of the counter 840 is provided on the Q outputs
in a binary format.
S The Q7 output of the counter 840 shown in Fig. 11 is provided toone input of the OR gate 850. When Q7 goes to a logic high, the output of OR
gate 850 goes high and outputs a logie high to the cloek input of the counter 842.
As a eonsequence, every 27 or 128 pulses of the cloek from pin 5 of the smoke
alarm IC eauses a change in the logic level of the eloek signal to the eounter 842.
The Q8 and Q9 outputs ot the counter 842 are eoupled to the ehannel seleetion
inputs of the multiplexer 804. As eounter 842 continues counting the pulses
provided through OR gate 850, the outputs of the multiplexer are varied. The X0,X1 and X2 inputs of the multiplexer are coupled to electrieal ground and the X3
input of the multiplexer is coupled to the battery 25. Inputs Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3are coupled to the Q11, Q10, Q9, and Q8 outputs of the counter 840.
The Q10 output of the counter 842 is coupled to one connection of a
multi-position switch 860 and to one input of AND gate 862. The Ql l output of
the counter 842 is coupled to another conneetion of the multi-position switeh 860
and to the other input of the AND gate 862. The Q12 output of the counter 842 iscoupled to another connection of the multi-position switeh 860 and to one input of
the OR gate 864. The output of the AND gate 862 is coupled to the remaining
conneetion of the multi-position switch 860. The logic signal at eaeh of the
connections of the multi-position switch 860 correspond to a different elapsed time
the user may seleet for aetivation of the air eleaner serviee alarm. Preferably, the
CA 02113974 1997-10-28
connection coupled to Q10 corresponds to approximately thirty days (30), the
connection coupled to Ql l corresponds to approximately sixty days (60), the
connection coupled to the output of AND gate 862 corresponds to approximately
ninety days (90), and the connection coupled to Q12 corresponds to approximatelyS a hundred and twenty days (120). The Q12 output is coupled to the input of OR
gate 864 as a default time period should switch 860 fail.
The output of selectable switch 860 is coupled to a resistor-capacitor
combination of resistor 888 and capacitor 890 which sustain the pulse coupled
through the switch 860. The output of the switch 860 is also coupled to an inputof the OR gate 864. The output of OR gate 864 is coupled through resistor 892 toone input of the AND gate 894 and AND gate 896. The X channel output of the
multiplexer 804 is coupled through resistor 898 to one input of AND gate 894 andthe Y channel output of the multiplexer 804 is coupled through resistor 902 to one
input of AND gate 896. The output of gate 896 is coupled through capacitor 906
and resistor 908 to one input of AND gate 900. Coupled to electrical ground
between the junction of the capacitor 906 and resistor 908 is a resistor 904. The
function of the resistors 908, 904 and capacitor 906 is discussed below.
When the output states of Q8, Q9 of counter 840 are such that X3
and Y3 are selected for output on the X channel and Y channel outputs of the
multiplexer 804, the output of AND gate 894 goes to a logic high if the elapsed
time has expired which was selected in switch 860. This causes the output of OR
gate 850 to go to a logic high which holds the clock input to counter 842 at a logic
high. This effectively freezes the output states of the counter 842 which also
treezes the channel selections for the X and Y channels of the multiplexer 804 to
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X3 and Y3, respectively. Because Y3 is coupled to Q8 of the counter 840, a logichigh is output at the Y channel output of the multiplexer 804 in accordance withthe counting of the clock signal from pin S of the IC 808. The positive level
output by the Y channel of the multiplexer drives the output of gate 896 high since
the output of OR gate 846 is a logic high as a result of the elapsed time periodcorresponding to the setting of switch 860. The output of AND gate 896 is
coupled to an input of AND gate 900 through a capacitor 906 and a resistors 908,904. Because the other input of AND gate 900 is coupled to a logic high, the
output of gate 900 follows the output of gate 896. A logic high from gate 896 isdifferentiated by the capacitor-resistor network coupled between gates 896 and 900
so a positive going pulse is generated and coupled through diode 910 to the input
at pin 2 of the smoke alarm IC. The values of the resistors and capacitor in thecapacitor-resistor network are preferably selected to produce a pulse of
approximately 4 seconds. This pulse causes the smoke alarm IC to drive the
piezo electric buzzer and generate an audible alarm indicating the air cleaner needs
servicing.
While the present invention has been illustrated by the description of
the preferred embodiment and while the preferred embodiment has been described
in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or any way
limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages andmodifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. The invention in its
broader aspects is therefore not limited to the specific details, representativeapparatus, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly,
departures may be made from such details without departing from the scope or
spirit of applicant's general inventive concept.
