Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
WO 93/22936 ~13 5 ~ 2 1 PCI'/AU93/00213
- ~ Feed ConYersion
T~hnlcal Field
Th.s invendon r~l~tes to techniques for in~roving the efficiency of feed conversion,
orowth ~d yield of ~neat from runlinant livestocl~
s E~ackground Al t
The competitivcness of world becf market~ is presenting pl~oduc~s w~th ~ncre~sing
prcssur-s ~o a~hicvc more effiuent feed con~e~ion by ~imals durine the ~rowing and
fattening phases of their developmcnt. As diotary ingredien~s account for appro%ima~ely
70æ of the costs associatcd with fe~d30~dng of runlinants, small increases in the efficiency
~ of feed con~ersion, growth ratc and nleat yield ~an have siOniflcant effccts on the overall
economic ~rofitability of feedlot operations. At the same ~ime, there aJe w}der marlcet
opportunides for producers who are able to ~nanipulatc ca~cass cha~actensdcs to mect
v,arious nadonal prefcrences.
Hithcno. both thc q~landtalive and qualitadve aspects of beef production have
; generally been approached by providin~ c~efully regu~ated diets based on ~raditional
feetstuffs, and by the adoption of controlled nlanagcment pr~cdces, such as fcedlotting.
It has, howe~cr~ been recogniscd si~lce the latc 196~s that by fecding prot~ins or lipids
-- - uhich are protected from deg~adation in the ~men but ~vailable fo~ absorpuon from the
abomasum and lower digestive tract, it is pos~ible to improve woo1, meat or mil~;
2~ production! and to modif~ carcass fat con~position, in particular to increase the
unsa;urated fa~ty acit content ~f the fat.
US Pa~ent 3 ~0~ 662 concerns a feed supp1emen~ in whi~h the protein content is
primari1y protectct frorn rumen deoratation by cross-lin~in~ with natural tannins. The
specification incl~ldes cxamples showing that the protein is indeed, protected but there is
~3 no exemplification of body wcioht responsc.
US Patent 3 541 204 conc~rn~ ~he encapsul2tion of bio10gically active subssancessuch as amino acids, vitamins and drugs with hydro~enated fats tO protect them from
rumen degradation. ~ccording tO one example, finishin~ stecrs f~d encapsulated
methioninc oYer a I0 wee3c pesiod exhibited weight ga~ns which were o~ ti)e order of 2~
30 better th~n thos~ of animals on an unprotected cont~ol diet~ In another ex~mple involving
~rowing/~attening steers, feeding encapsulated methionine ov~r 30 days resulted in w~igh~
gains approximatdy 14~ be~tcr than those of a~imals on the ~on~rol diet.
Australian Patent ~02 712 discloscs a supplomont in which the proteln, by treatment
~ith an altehyde, is rendercd insolublc in the rumen but solublc in the abomasum. The
lS invcntion is particularly directed to incscasing wool ~rowth in sheep, however, onc
cxannple inticatcs tbat shcet fed the supplcment were likely to experience a 6 so 8 % bet~er
body wei~h~ response than ~heet fed sn unsupplcmonted diet.
,
WO 93/22936 _ 1 3 5 G ~ 4 pcrlAu93/oozl3
Australian Pstent 4S0 530 concorns a supplement ~ which thc lipid Component is
cn~apsulated within aldehyde cross-linked prolein to preve~t reaction with rumencontents. Thc su~plemcnt is designed to pe~nit modification (in particular to incrc~se the
u~satu~don }oYd) of rumlnant meat and milk fat, and thc feeding `of high energy diets
s without diecsti~e disturbance, The patent does not re~eal that the supplemcnt has any
cffect on erowth ~tc.
~ orc recendy, International Patent Applica~on Publication W091/05482 describes
a ruminant supplement in which a protcctiYe enc~psulating medi~lm ~s cross-11nked usin&
the Maillard browning reac~ion. The examples demonstrate higher polyunsaturation in the
~at of animals ~d the supplement, but th~e is no rcfcrence to any effc~t on body wdgh~,
The prior artl then, has focussed on the gains from feedin~ a protccted protein or
from ~ceting protccted Upid, but has not considered ~hc consequcnces when an animal has
access to both such materials. . .~..
The present invenio~ akes use of nutritional matenals protcct~d aoains~ rumen
15 deeradation, but offers ~he possibility of achiwing food conve~s~on sign~can~ly In exce~s
of tlhat prcvious}y reponed. Additionàlly, the invention offer3 considerable scope f~r
rnodifyin~ carca~ fat/protein rados to mect ma~ket re~uircment~. It is based on the
discovery that simultane~us focding of controllcd amounts of ps~tccted protcin and
protected lipid results in lncre~es in feed conversion, growth rate alld carcass yidd,
20 ~vhich are greata than an~rthing that mieht rcasonably have been cxpected f~om past
exponcnces of feedin~ such supplements indcpendently, io. thcre is a s)~ner~is~ic effec~
~oxover thc increases are of a magn}tude which. will almost certainly prove
economically attracdve to thc producer.
BrIcf Description of the l~rawin~s
~5 Fi~ure I ~hows the relationship between body wdgh~ and the weieht of ~ass
protein and fat for beef cattle. The period A is the period of maxlmum muscular
devclopment, that is, when ~vdght ~ain derives mainly from p~otein production ~ often
called the "growing phasen. Foltowing what 1~ ca}led the ~breakpointU (B~ there is a
penod (C) of even ~reater ~owth rate w~ich can be attrlbuted to increasing fat
3t~ deposition, ie. a ~fattenin~ phase".
Dl~clo~ure of th~ Invontion
Accordin~ to the b~oadest aspect of thi5 invcntion there is provided a n-ethod of
improving the growth rate and modifyin~ the c~ss qu~lity of rum~t 1{vestock, which
comprise~ simultaneously fccdln~ to the livestocl~, protccted protcin ~nd protcctcd lipid in
35 ratios sdected to meet protdn and energy rcquir~ments favourable to the achievcment of
desircd c~cass charactcnstics.
According to another aspect of th~s invcntion there is providcd a method of
improvin~ thc grow~h rate and modifying the carcass quali~ of ruminant livestock, ~hich
.
~o 93t22936 ,'. 1 3 S ~ 2 4 PCr/~U93~00~13
.. , . comprises simultaneously fecding to tbe livestock, protected protein and protected lipid in
r~tios varying from about 3:1 to about 1:1 du~ the erowine ph~se to about 1:1 to about
1:3 during the fattenm3 phasc.
~ccordin~ to another aspect of this invention there is provided a method of
5 improvin~ the growth rate and motifying the ca~cass 4uality of ruminant livcstock, which
compnses ssmult~neously feeding to thc lives~ock, p~otccte~ protein and protected lipst in
ratios substantially thc samc as the carc~ss proteln/fat rauos indicated in Figure 1.
Dofinition~
In th~s specification the t~rnl "stml~kaneous" i5 used tO n~ t heding within a putod
of about 24 hours, ie, to realise thc benefits of the invention it is not essential tha~ thc
intake of protccted pr~tein and psotectec3 lipid takes place at the same time, rather it is
important that ~lthin a gi~en 24 hour period the animals blood plasma is enri~hed witll
both protein ant 3ipid constituents by absorptlon f~om the abomasum or 30wer digestive
tract.
s By "p~v~ecrct" we mcan treated so as no~ to be fully cxposcd to the degradad~caction ~f th~ rumen environmcnt, but available for absorption from the abomasum or
lower digestive tract. As will be apparcnt fron~ discussion of the pAor art earlier in this
spccification, a range of tuhniques have been devdoped for achicving such protcction.
Suitable tcchniqucs ~hould allow accuratc control of the amount of crass~linking that
.20 occurs bdwcen the protein fecdstum and the aldehydo; this may bc achicvcd ~y varying
: . ~he anlount of aldehyde relative to lhe pr~tdn content and ~ts amino ae~d composition, so
that the protein ~ optimally "protcctet" from rumen degradalion, but may be completcly
tieested and absorbed from thc sn~ll intestlne. For the purposes of this invcntion the
opdmal de~xe of rumen prolection lics in the range 50 tP 70%, ie. 50 to 709~ of the
z~ protein contcnt of the supplen ent will pass undcgraded t~rough the rumen. Likewise,
diewy fats an be protected from ru~ninal metibolism b~r encapsulation ~n a matrix of
cross-linked proteins, and here Ihe prcfcrrcd windo~v of protection ran~es from 6~% to
90%, especially 15~ to 90~ ~or fats derived from various sources; ie. 75g6 to ~û% of
thc fa~s will pass unde~raded through the rumen~
Best Modes of Carrying Out the ~n~ntion
In pcrfo~tnance of this invention it is likely to be nlOst practical to fccd ani~nals a
supplement which combines a protected prote~n ~nd a protec~od lipid. ~ypically those
supplcments will ~o fed a~ the rato of abo~lt 20% of the total feedlot ration, and the ratio
o~.proteoted protein to protec~ed ht will /asy dependin~ upon the s~eo of ~rowth and
3~ fatton~ng. An economic~lly vi~ble sourco of both protdn and lipid is likely so bc o;l sced
(c~. cotton, sunflower, canola), howe~er it is also fcasiblc to u~e protcins and fats de~ived
from animal sources (eg~ casein, sallow, lard) and this offers thc flexibility to select
J wO g3t22936 ~ 13 ~ 6 2 4 PCI~AU93/00213
components of the protein-lipid mix accorting to the re~ative pnces and availability of raw
naterials.
Regartless of whether the adopted tiet involvc~ the supply of protected protein and
protected lipld sepa~tely or in combination, the invent~on is not to be constnued as
requinng the continual, simultaneous feedins of protected protein and protected lipid
throughout the gro~ng andlor fattening phases. Clearly thc benefits possiblc from
practisine this invention can be expec~ed to bc relatcd to the oontinuity and pcriod of
f~eding the protectcd mater~als, and to a nounts fed, but other factors such as target
markets and cattle specificatio~ls, e~. genotype, age, and physiolo~ical condition; the
10 environmental situation (temperatu~e, hunlidity), should also be taken ~nto account when
dcciding on the feeding regime to be adopted.
Thus, for the Australias~ markets, where there is a preference for li~htcr cattle, cg.
havinp a body wdoht at slaughter of approximately 3SOk~ to 400kg, the fceding ofpTotccted protein and protected lipid in the pro~o~tions of about 3:1 to about 1:1 for
approximately 90 to 100 da~s would bc recommendcd for optimum fecd conYersion,
growth rate and carcass yidd. ~hereas in some of the Asian markets, ee. ~apan, whcrc
meat containin~ a lli~hcr an~ount of fat and rep~oducible organolcptic characteristics ~eg.
texture, fl~vour) is prcfet~ed, thc better procedure ~vould be to change the propo~on of
protected protein to protectcd lipid from about 1:1 to ~bout 1:3 as the body wcight of the
20 animal increases fTom 400kg to 700k~ during a 150 day fe~dlot period. Hencc, the
invendon embodies a practical feeding stra~egy with considerablc flexibility to satlsfy the
various phases of g~owth and fanening.
Practicc of this invention c~n bo expected to of~er econornic bencfits irrespecti~e of
tho typc of animal in guestion, however, a partlcutar beneflt will be obser~ed with what
25 might be called "high weight" steen, ie. stecrs above about 400k~. In a trial ~see
Example I~) with ~lereford cross stecrs of ave~a~e weight 470kg; the fecting of protected
- protein/lipid supplements dur~ng the "fattening" phase resulted in about a 20æ
hnprovement in feed conv6rsion, an i~crease in dressing pcrcentago from S9.7 to 60.7,
and, in the case of aninlals fed the high fat supplement (Group Ill), the fat contcnt of the
30 carcasS was incrcased by abo~lt loæ. ("~rcss~g pcrcen~a~c" is thc ratio of hot drosscd
wdght, fat ren~oved, to final livo wcight reduced by 4% to allow for shrinkage)~Thc provision of protected feedstuffs in accordance ullith this in~cntion, should not
be secn as associated ~vith any particular ration o~ dictary oomponent, the invent;on does,
howovcr, offer unexpected additional benofits in certain circumstances. Thus (see
3S Exa~hplc V) thc carcasses of anima~s fed an oat concentrato ration to~ethcr with protected
protcin/lipid supplcments during the ~rowin~ period had IS % less fat content than similar
~ima~s fcd a barley concentrate and protected supp~eme~ts, bu~ without any sign~ficant
reduction in ~verayc livc weight g~in or fecd con~crsion. This can be commercially
important bccausc oats can cost up Io SAU40.00 per tonne less than barley~ and also
.
- wo 93t22g36 i I ~ 5 6 2 4 Pt~ U93~00213
bccausc of increasing market intcrest in low fat me~t. Further, ionop~horcs, such as
moncnsin, are widdy used in the feetlot intust~y to impro~e fecd conversion. We b~ve
- found (see Example ~I) that the feedin~ of ptotected proteln/llpid supplements in
associadon with ionophares during the growing phase can effcct dramadc (up to 409~)
a dec~cascs in carcass fat cont~nt-again without any ddetesious af~ct {n carcass ~veight.
Thc invcntiDn will now be dacribcd in greator dcsail by rcference to specific
examples.
Examplel: Prepar~tlonofSupplanents
~ .
: (a) Prote~ted Protein.
.o Protccted prote;n was prepar~d by spraying 37% (W/V) formaldehyde at the rate of
0.7~ formaldehyde per le crudc protein into a rapid mixin~ dcvicc containin$ millcd
sunflowcr seed mcal ~38% crude protein?. Tlhis matcrial ~as then transferrcd to scale~
stora~e ~or lO days to ~ive a supplement 6~96 resistant to protcolysis in the rumen.
tb) Protected Lipid.
Canola oilseed ~as coarscly comminuted ln a hammer mill and mixed u~ith
ethoxyquin (lSOppnl on an oil bas~s). Thi~ matffial was ther~ mixed with water to
prod~cc a slur y and, after emulsificadon of the oil and protcin in a colloid stone mill, the
caustic soda was added to solubilisc the oilseot protcin. The pro~ein cons~ituents of the
hornoycnised oil secd ~vere cross-linked with 37% (~v/Y) formaldchydc at the ratc of 2.7g
20 formaldehyde per lOOg crude portion to form a sd which was then dried in a pneumatic
drl with an average hot ai~ tempcrature of 300'C to completo the reaction and producè a
protected lipid that was 8S~ resistant to metabolism in the rumcn in v~t~o~
Ex~nlpl~
Fifty ~ére~ord cro5s ste~rs, averago wei~ht of 290k~, were assi~ne~ to S ~roups of
25 10 and Fed the followin~ barley based concentratc rations for 133 days. The rcsults of the
trial tre sho~c~!~ ~ __
Group I Comrol ll lll IV V
115% SSM) 15% PSM10% PCS15% PSM 15% PSI~-l
I 10% ~CS ~ l'CS
n"~ 1.32 _ 1.26 ~.32 1.32 _ 1.28
3~1~L 7.Ss 7.67 7 03 _:8~ 6.99
C~c~s tr~k~ _ _ _
Warm w~L 247 1 247 2S2 2S7 2S7
. Dr~ne wrcert SS.6 ~:~ S6.8 ~7,7 S7.6
SSM - ~unflowor ~d n~l ~NOT prole i~
PSM - PP~aed ~flow~r ~J mwt
~Cs ~ Protcct~ c~ola oil ~1
~o ln groups IV and V the synergistic effecu of fccdin~ protectcd prouin tl5% ofration) and protected lipid (10 to 15% of ~ation) on w~rm Ca~'cas5 wàght and drcssing
W0 9~22936 ~ 1 3 ~) 6 X I pcr/~u93/oo213
pcrcent ~e cle ~y demonstratcd. The~ vas also a 9 to 10% improvcment in feed
con~ sion (feed ~ain), ~hich was morc pr~nounced in ~roup IV, k. whcrc lS%
protectet protein and 10% protectcd lipid was fed.
~ple III:
Two hundrcd Hereford ~teers, aver~c we~ght of 280kg, were assigned to t~ro
groups of 100 and recdved the followinE barlcy b~sed concentratc ration. ~he rcsults arc
~h~ ~ =~
t3roup I Cont ol ll
15% S8M 15q~ P8M
0% Upid 09~ U~id
_ _ l
i~ ~ .49 ~ 0.02
C~rc~s~ tr~it~ ,
W_ 221.8 _ 228.7
~~ = ~ 57-4,
SSI I - Sunffoweru~d m~l (~101` p~oted)
PSM ~ Prot~ w~tlow~t ~d moat
10 1n this trial the synerg~stlc effccts of fe ding p~otected pr~tein (lS% of radon) ~d
protccted lipid (10% of ntion) on daily weight gun ~nd dresdn~ pcrccnta~c ~e
demonstrat~t; there was a lO~ ine~ease ~n averaoe da~ly gain and a hi~hly si~nific~nt
increase (P c O.OS) ;n mc~t yidd.
~xample IV:
- One hundred ~nd sixty Hereford steers of avera~e wel~t ~70kg were ass~gned to
threc sroups of IS ~nd fod a barley t559co)lsilage (8æ) ration for 17S days. The results
are show in~ e; ~ _
Group I Colnrol ll lll
10% SSM 10% PSM 10~ PSM
. Offl Lidd ~ t 5~ PCS
Duily ai~ I 1.21 1.31 I.36
Fect/eain (kg/k~ ~:~ 7.6 7.4
--W~ weieht (ke _-- 4 10 406
l Dressin~ L 59.7 60.7 _ 60.4
27.6 27.8 31.0
SSM - S ~flowu ~ m~l tt~OT pro~octod)
PSM ~ Protce~ nnoworr d mul
~0 PCS-- P-oUc~ollcotton~ d~b~llcd)
Thç P8 site ls over the eiihth ri~.
E~alnpl~ V:
One hundred ~nd sixty Hercfort stcers of aves~ge wdght 292k~ were assi~ned to
two groups of 80 and receivod either oats or barley concentrates ~adons supplemented
WO 93/2~936 2 ~L 3 S ~ ~ 4 PCI'~AU93~00213
with protectcd sunflower seed meal ~PS~) 15%, and protect~d cotton seed lipid ~PCS)
lO~o. 1 ~ ~ ~ '
Oats 1 15~6 PSI~I Barl-y ~ 15% PSM
~ ~a! +10% ~CS
DailY ~un (k~) 1.47 l~S7 ;
~ l
C~rc~- tr~ . , l l
Wann wei~ht (kg) _ 210 217
Drcssin~ ~o SS.0 ~!_
~ ~aL=~_ J~}_
PS~l - ro~ d 6u~flow s~ me~l
PCS --pr~ctod cO~tOn s~xl lip~t sl~ppl~ nt
Exan1ple ~1:
T~venty Hereford cross stcers of avcrage wdght 218kg werc assienct to two groupsof 10 ant reecived the following oat-bascd ration supplemented with protected c~tton seed
~10%) with (~) or without (-) 320mg/d monensin. The results are shown in the
~ollo~ Group ~;~7~ 11 or~
15% SCM 1 1~% PSM
.1 10% P~:S I~C~
~(k8~ i 59
~ - .--
Warm w~ght ¦ + ~ 52 5 I _ Sl.
Fat Depth (mm) 9.5 1 9.8
~ 3 ~ + ~ 1~.~
10 SSM Sunflow~r se~ me~l
PSM ~ Prol~ctod ~ m~al
PCS --P~ot~otul cotton ~wd lipi~l supphm0l
Industrial Applicability
The prescnt invention makes ~Ise of nutntional matcnals protcctcd against runlcns degradation, but offers the possibility of achievin~ food conYcrsion s;gnificantly in exccss
of ~hat prcviously repoT~ed. Additionally, the invention of~crs conslderablc scope for
modifying carcass fat/protdn ratios to meet market r~Quirc~ncnts. Practise of this
invcntion can be expected to offe~ econoTnic boncfits irsesptc~ive of the type of animal in
qucs~ion, h~cver, a particular benefit w}ll be obsu~ed with what mieht be callcd "hi~h
20 ~eight" stceT~, ie. steers above about 400k~.
