Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
2142637
- JOG-00 1
INVESTMENl CASTING METHOD AND APPARATUS
Back~round of the Inventior~
This invention relates to a metal casting process and to apparatuses
utili7.ed in such a process. More particularly, the invention relates to investment
casting processes.
Various metal casting processes are well known. Investment casting (or
lost wax casting) is commonly used to fabricate metal parts. This process requires
several steps, the first of which is to fabricate a pattern that is used to form a master
mold. The master mold is then used to form solid wax p~ttern.~ that resemble the part
to be manufactured. Typically, several wax patterns are joined together in a wax tree
to enable the simultaneous m~nl~f~ctllre of several parts. The wax tree is a solid wax
tube that has side walls upon which a stem of the solid patterns are joined. Once all
solid patterns are joined to the wax tree, the entire assembly is coated with one or
more coats of a refractory. After drying, the assembly is heated and fired and the solid
wax patterns and the wax tree are removed, yielding a shel!. Molten metal is then
poured into the shell so that it fills each of the cavities formerly occupied by the wax
patterns and the wax tree. Upon drying, the refractory is fractured and removed and
the metal parts are severed from the metal tree.
Investment casting is advantageous because it facilitates the manufacture
of metal parts having complex shapes and accurate dimensions. This type of casting
process is particularly useful in manufacturing orthopedic implants.
One of the drawbacks of the investment casting process, as it is currently
practiced, is the use of the wax tree which has inherently low structural strength. As a
result, the wax tree alone can not adequately support the solid patterns, and several
relatively thick coats of refractory are normally required to provide additionalstructural support. In addition, the application of a greater number of refractory coats
requires longer drying periods between coating applications. This in turn leads to
significant time increases in the overall casting process.
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- Further, a wax tree having a relatively large diameter is often required to
provide sufficient structural strength to support the solid patterns. Relatively large
volumes of molten metal are thus used in each c~stin~ run to fill the molds and the
space formerly occupied by the large diameter wax tree. This substantially increases
the cost of the casting process, particularly when articles are to be cast usingexpensive metals or metal alloys.
The use of the wax tree also leads to additional processing delays and
safety risks in post-casting procedures. The low structural strength of the wax tree
necessitates the use of relatively large gates connecting the wax patterns to the wax
tree. Following casting, the metal within the gates solidifies and it is generally of such
diameter that the cast part cannot be easily separated from the stem. Rather, the part
must be cut from the stem using a specialized cutting process. This cutting stepobviously requires a significant amount of post-processing time and poses a safety risk
to the individuals using the cutting equipment.
There is thus a need for an improved investment casting process that can
combine the traditional advantages of investment casting while elimin~ting some of its
disadvantages. Such an improved process would be particularly applicable to the
casting of expensive metals and metal alloys such as those used to manufacture
orthopedic implants.
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide an improved
investment casting process that is more cost effective and that requires less time for
the production of metal components. It is also an object of the invention to facilitate
the production of metal parts in a more cost effective manner. A further object of the
invention is to provide an investment casting process that is well suited to themanufacture of orthopedic implants. It is another object of the invention to provide
apparatuses that can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of investment casting
processes. These and other objects will be ap~arent from the description that follows.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improved investment casting process
that enables the production of cast parts with more economical use of metal and with
fewer post-casting procedures.
.
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- In one embodiment the invention comprises an investment casting
process that elimin~tes the need to use the traditional wax tree. The casting process of
the present invention utilizes a hollow, structurally sound riser tube having one or
more orifices extending through the wall of the riser tube. The riser tube is typically
made from a ceramic material that is able to withstand the temperatures encountered
during casting processes.
According to the process of the invention, one or more heat disposable
solid patterns of an article to be cast are mounted to the riser tube. The solid patterns
are mounted by adhering at least one gate on each solid pattern to a matching orifice
on the riser tube to yield a cluster. A refractory is then applied to the cluster in one or
more coats to form an investment assembly. The refractory can be applied by a
variety of known techniques, including dipping and spraying.
Once the investment assembly is formed, the solid patterns are removed
by heating the investment assembly to a temperature sufficient to melt or otherwise
destroy of the solid, heat disposable material that forms the solid patterns. In some
embodiments, the molten heat disposable material is allowed to flow out of the
investment assembly. In other instances the heat disposable material is destroyed by
flash firing. After melting or destroying the heat disposable material there remains a
shell having one or more cavities that represent negatives of the part to be cast. The
shell is then filled with a molten casting material, such as a metal or metal alloy, that
is poured through the riser tube. The molten casting material fills the cavities in the
shell and, after cooling, forms the desired cast articles.
The present invention also provides a novel investment assembly useful
in practicing the method of the invention. The investment assembly comprises a
hollow, structurally sound, elongate riser tube, heat disposable patterns mounted by
their gates to orifices in the side wall of the riser tube, and a refractory that fully coats
the riser tube and the adhered patterns. The riser tube preferably is made of ceramic,
and can be of any suitable cross sectional shape. In one preferred embodiment the
riser tube has a circular cross section.
Rrief Description of Drawin~
For a fuller understanding ofthe nature and objects ofthe invention,
reference should be made to the following detailed description and the accompanying
drawings, in which:
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FIGURES lA - lJ show successive stages in the casting process in
accordance with features of the invention;
FIGURE 2 is a perspective view illustrating the formation of a cluster by
attaching heat disposable patterns to a riser tube; and
FIGURE 3 is a perspective view, partly cut away, of an investment
assembly.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Referring to Figures 1 through 3, wherein like reference numerals refer
to like parts, there is illustrated an investment assembly and successive stages in the
casting process in accordance with the features of the invention.
Figures lA through lJ illustrate sequential steps of a process according
to the invention for casting desired articles 62.
Figure lA shows a hollow riser tube 10 having one or more orifices 12.
At least one heat disposable solid pattern 14 is mounted to the riser tube 10 byattaching at least one gate 16 of the pattern to a corresponding orifice on the riser tube.
The attachment of patterns to the riser tube forms a cluster assembly 18. Each gate 16
can be secured to the riser tube by inserting it into the orifice 12 where it is held in
place by friction between the orifice and stem. More preferably, however, the gate is
secured to the orifice by heating the stem until it reaches a molten state and then
allowing the gate to solidify and bond to the orifice. It is understood that each pattern
may have more than one gate that is used to join the pattern to the riser tube.
Preferably, riser tube 10 has one closed end 22. In one embodiment,
shown in Figure lB, a plug 20 can be used to close end 22 of the riser tube.
The refractory can be applied to the cluster assembly 18 by a number of
known techniques. Figures lC and lD i11ustrate alternative methods of applying arefractory binder material to the cluster assembly 18. In both methods, the refractory
preferably is applied in layers that fully coat the cluster assembly 18, with drying
cycles provided between each application of refractory. As understood by those
having ordinary skill in the art, primary layers are typically applied before the
21~2637
application of one or more backup layers of refractory. Primary coats of refractory
tend to be finer as they must accurately adhere to the contours of the solid patterns 14.
Backup coats of refractory tend to be more coarse as they are primarily intended to
impart structural strength. The application of refractory to the cluster assembly 18
forms an investment assembly 30.
In the binder application process illustrated in Figure l C, a dipping
apparatus 32 holds cluster 18 over vessel 34 that contains a refractory 36 used in
forming primary layers of refractory. The dipping apparatus lowers cluster assembly
18 into vessel 34 until the entire cluster assembly is submerged and fully coated with
refractory 36. The apparatus 34 lifts the cluster from the vessel after the coating
process is complete and the applied refractory is allowed to dry and form a primary
layer 38. These steps are repeated until a desired number of primary layers of adesired thickness form on the cluster assembly. A similar apparatus and process can
be used to apply backup refractory layers to the cluster.
Figure lD illustrates an alternative method by which a refractory can be
sprayed upon cluster assembly 18 to fully coat the cluster assembly. After spraying,
the refractory is allowed to dry and form primary refractory layer 38. Spray
applications can be repeated until the desired number of layers and/or the desired
thickness of refractory primary coat forms on the cluster assembly. The cluster
assembly can then be sprayed with a refractory backup coat and allowed to dry toform backup layer 40. These steps can be repeated until the backup layers are present
at a desired number of layers and/or at a desired thickness.
Figure lE illustrates an investment assembly 30 in which a dry
refractory 38, 40 fully coats the riser tube 10 and joined patterns 14.
After forming the investment assembly 30, the heat disposable matter
42, which forms patterns 14, can be extracted by a number of known techniques.
Figure lF illustrates the extraction of heat disposable matter 42 by placing theinvestment assembly 30 in a heated, pressurizable chamber or oven 44. According to
known techniques, heat and/or pressure are applied to such a degree that the heat
disposable matter 42 forming the solid patterns 14 and the stems 16 melts and flows
out of the invest~ent assembly 30. One preferred embodiment utilizes a steam
autoclave, at a temperature in a range of about 31 5F to 340F and at a ples~uie of
2142637
about 100 to 150 psi, to extract the heat disposable matter. In some embodimentssolid patterns are made from higher melting polymeric materials that are destroyed by
flash finng at temperatures sufficient to rapidly vaporize the solid pattern. In one
embodiment, flash firing is conducted at temperatures of about 1900F.
Removal or destruction of the heat disposable matter from investment
assembly 30 yields a shell 46 having cavities 48 formerly occupied by the heat
disposable patterns. The cavities 48 form the negative image of the desired articles to
be manufactured.
Shell 46 can be heated and fired, as illustrated in Figure lG, to impart
increased strength to the shell and to remove any residual heat disposable matter. The
shell 46 preferably is fired at a temperature typically in the range of about 1,400F to
2,000F for approximately one-half hour or more. The shell 46 is then ready to accept
molten casting material 50, which is poured into shell 46, as illustrated in Figure lH,
to form solid, cast articles. Preferably, molten casting material 50, such as a metal or
metal alloy, is poured from a container 52 into the shell through opening 22 in riser
tube 10. The metal fills the riser tube 10 and passes through orifices 12 and gates 16
to fill cavities 48. Once the cavities are filled, the molten metal is allowed to cool and
solidify. Thereafter, the refractory shell 46 is fractured and removed, as illustrated in
Figure lI, leaving behind riser tube 10 with gates 60 extending from orifices 12 and
the desired solid, cast articles 62 attached to the end of the gates opposite the orifices.
As illustrated in Figure lJ, the cast articles 62 can be removed from the gates 60
simply by manually fracturing the stems.
Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary riser tube 10, elongated along a vertical
axis 11, that is useful with the casting process of the invention. The riser tube 10 is
hollow and has an outer wall 13 that defines an interior space 15. One end of the riser
tube, preferably top end 23, remains open to allow communication of molten metal to
the riser tube's interior space 15. The other end 22 remains closed. The riser tube 10
contains one or more orifices 12 that extend through the wall 13 to which heat
disposable solid patterns 14 are secured. Riser tube 10 can have a variety of suitable
cross sectional shapes, including circular, ovoid, triangular, and square.
- Figure 3 illustrates an investment assembly 30 having a ceramic riser
tube -10, heat disposable p~ttern~ 14 joined to orifices 12 by gates 16, and refractory
binder material 38, 40.
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The riser tube is manufactured from virtually any inert, solid, rigid
material that is able to withstand contact with molten metal and temperatures in excess
of about 3200F. Suitable materials include high purity alumina, magnesium oxide,
ceramic refractory, and silica.
The dimensions of riser tube 10 depend upon the identify of articles to
be cast and the number of articles to be formed in a single casting operation. The
inner diameter or dimensions of riser tube 10 need only be large enough to
accommodate the flow of molten material during a casting process. These dimensions
can be as small as 0.0625 inch or less. Generally, the range of the inner dimensions
(e.g., diameter) of riser tube 10 is approximately 0.0625 inch to 2 inches. Riser tubes
with smaller interior dimensions are preferred whenever possible so as to conserve the
amount of casting material used in a casting process. The outer diameter or dimension
of the riser tube 10 is not critical and it can be varied depending upon the structural
strength required of the riser tube.
The use of solid, heat disposable patterns is well known in the art of
investment casting. Suitable materials that can be used to form heat disposable
patterns are those that are solid at room temperature and melt at elevated temperatures
(e.g., about 150F and higher). Suitable heat disposable materials include knowncasting waxes and polymers. Exemplary polymers include polystyrene as well as
photocurble polymers such as a blend of epoxy resin and acrylate ester. An
exemplary, commercially available photocurable pol~mer is sold by Ciba-Geigy
Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, as product name ~ 5170. Casting waxes tend to meltin the range of about 150 - 160F while photocurable polymers have a much highermelting range. Photocurable polymers normally must be extracted by flash firing at
tempeldlules of about 1900F to rapidly vaporize the solid polymer.
A variety of refractory materials well lmown for use in investment
casting processes can be used with the process of the present invention. Examples of
suitable refractory materials include those that utilize colloidal silica binder, alcohol
based binder, latex binder additive, and colloidal silica binder with a latex additive. A
preferred primary refractory is a fine stucco with a high percentage of zircon.
Preferred backup coats are generally more coarse than the primary coat and typically
use colloidal silica binder with fused silica.
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By way of example, a ceramic riser tube can be used in a process to cast
femoral components of artificial knee joints. A single riser tube can be used to cast
from one to as many as about seventy two knee femoral components. Preferably,
twelve knee femoral components are cast using a single riser tube. A riser tube
suitable for casting twelve knee femoral components typically has a length of about 12
inches, an outside diameter of about 0.75 inch, and an inside diameter of about 0.375
inch. Further, the riser tube preferably has two orifices per article representing a
positive model of the article to be cast. Each orifice may be circular in shape having a
diameter of about 0.375 inch.
It is understood that riser tubes used according to the present invention,
and the components thereof, may have shapes and sizes other than those recited in this
exemplary description. For example, the size and shape of the orifices may vary
depending upon the requirements of a given casting operation.
The use of the solid, rigid riser tube according to the present casting
process has several advantages over the traditional wax trees that these riser tubes
replace. The riser tube used according to the invention has sufficient rigidity and
structural strength to enable its inside diameter to be substantially smaller than the
diameters typically required of a wax tree used for a similar casting operation. This
enables a smaller volume of molten metal to be used in casting processes, thus
achieving significant cost savings and improved filling of the investment assembly.
Further, the structural strength of the riser tube enables the gates used with the riser
tube to be substantially smaller than gates used with wax trees. This provides an
important safety advantage as the cast articles can simply be snapped away from the
riser tube; they do not have to be mechanically sawed as do the gates that are formed
through a casting process that utilizes a wax tree.
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The riser tube of the invention is also advantageous because it possesses
good thermal insulation properties. An investment assembly formed in a casting
process using the riser tube of the present invention derives in~ tion from the riser
tube itself as well as from the refractory. When molten material flows into the cavities
from the riser tube, the molten material immediately undergoes progressive
solidification. The metal first forms a skin corresponding to exterior regions of the
article, and solidification progresses thereafter from the exterior regions of the article
to interior regions. Due to the insulating properties of the riser tube, casting material
(e.g., metal) within the riser tube remains in its molten state longer than the material
within the mold cavities. This feature contributes to better mold filling properties
during the casting process.
A further unexpected advantage achieved through the use of riser tubes
accordingly to the present invention is a significant reduction in material waste.
Investment casting processes that use wax trees tend to have yields of about 36%.
That is, a given casting operation will utilize 36% of the casting material (e.g., metal)
to form castings and 64% of the casting material will be waste that forms in the gates
and the area once occupied by the wax tree. In contrast, the process of the present
invention, lltili7ing a solid riser tube, achieves as much as about a 93% yield. That is,
93% of the casting material forms castings while only 7% of the casting materialrepresents waste components.
The present invention is applicable to the manufacture of virtually any
article that can be cast. The cast article can be made from materials that are typically
used in casting processes. Such materials include metals, metal alloys, stainless steel,
ferrous alloys, and non-ferrous alloys.
EXAMP~ li
Metal usage was col~lpa~cd between casting processes using the solid
riser tube of the invention and the conventional wax tree system. In both processes
thirty-six 10 ounce knee femorals were cast. The actual metal usage for both
processes together with the casting yield are illustrated below in Table 1.
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TABLE 1
Method Actual Metal Metal Usage Casting
Usage per Cast Part Yield
Casting with Solid Riser Tube 27 Ibs 12 ounces 83%
Casting with Wax Tree 63 lbs 28 ounces 36%
The data illustrated above indicates the improved efficiency of the
present casting process. This improved efficiency trAn~lAtes to a substantial cost
savings as a great deal of metal can be conserved using the process of this invention.
The foregoing description of methods of manufacture and the illustrative
embodiment is presented to indicate the range of constructions to which the invention
applies. Variations in the casting process of the invention and the materials to be used
in the casting process of the invention will be readily a~arent to those having
ordinary skill in the art. Such variations are considered to be within the scope of the
invention in which patent rights are asserted, as set forth in the claims appended
hereto.
What is claimed is:
