Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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AGGLOMERATES FOR USE IN MAKING CELLULOSIC PRODUCTS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to mineral products that are used in the
process of making products from cellulosic pulp. ~n particular, the invention
relates to fillers and coatings used in papermaking.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the process of making paper and paper board, mineral particles
10 such as calcium carbonate, dolomite, calcium sulphate, kaolin, talc, titaniumdioxide, kaolinite based pigments or aluminium hydroxide are often used as
fillers and pigments. These inorganic materials are incorporated into the fibrous
web in order to improve the quality of the resulting product. In the absence of
such "fillers" the web or sheet of paper or paper board can have a relatively poor
15 texture due to discontinuities in the fibrous web. The use of fillers is important
in improving the printing characteristics of the paper or board by a mechanism of
improving surface smoothness. Fillers also vastly improve the opacity and
brightness of a sheet of paper of a given weight. The bulk of a sheet of paper is
also very important as paper is sold by area and not weight. Bulky paper can be
20 calendered or "finished" more than thin paper to produce a smoother sheet,
which prints better. The web strength of a sheet of paper generally declines as
filler is substituted for fiber, so a preferred filler would have least impact on
fiber to fiber bonds and m~int~in the strength of the paper web at high filler
levels.
A number of inorganic materials have long been known to be
effective as fillers in the m~nllf~cture of paper related products. Annong the best
of these materials is titanium dioxide, which can be incorporated into the paperin the form of anatase or rutile. Titanium dioxide, which has a higher refractive
index than other naturally occurring minerals, however, is one of the most
expensive materials that can be used for this purpose. It is also very abrasive.
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Thus despite its effectiveness as an opacifying filler, its use is lirnited and
cheaper more satisfactory replacements are much sought after.
The properties which render an inorganic material, or pigment, of
value as a filler are well known. These include low abrasion, as well as high
brightn~ss and opacifying characteristics. The low abrasion is significant in
order to assure that the resultant paper product can be m~nllf~tured and
converted easily with conventional machinery. The bri~htnl-c~ and opacifying
characteristics are important in producing an acceptable sheet of paper, or board,
one which incorporates whiteness, high opacity, good printability, and an
10 optimum bulk/weight ratio. Mineral aspect ratio is also of importance as
pigments with high aspect ratios are known to enhance the surface smoothness
and printability of supercalendered papers and those printed by the rotogravure
process.
The brightness and opacifying characteristics of a pigment when
15 incorporated as a filler in a sheet of paper, may be qll~ntit~tively related to a
property of the filler identified as the "scattering coefficient, S". The scattering
coefficient, S, of a given filler pigment is a property well known and extensively
utilized in papermaking and has been the subject of many technical papers. The
earliest exposition of such measurements was made by Kubelka and Munk, and is
20 reported in Z. Tech. Physik 12:539 (1931). Further citations to the applicable
measurement techniques and detailed definitions of the said scattering coefficient
can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,026,726 and 4,028,173, as well as in Pulp and
Paper Science Technology, Vol 2 "Paper", Chapter 3, by H. C. Schwalbe
(McGraw-Hill Book Company, N.Y.).
Among the materials that have found acceptance as fillers in
papermaking are calcined kaolins. These pigments, described by Proctor in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,014,836, and McConnell et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,948, are
structured, i.e. "formed from an assemblage of platelets interconnected or
bonded together to form aggregates which include a network of platelets". This
30 creates a high number of internal voids or pores, which function as light
scattering centers. Typical feed kaolins used in the calcination process contain of
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the order of 100% by weight of particles finer than two microns, such a fine feed
material is required in order that the calcined and aggregated product contains
within it pores of a size suitable to scatter light. Unfortunately, these calcined
kaolins have higher abrasion than natural or un-calcined kaolins, and are
relatively expensive to produce which limits their applicability as paper filling
pigments. Calcined kaolins, because of their low bulk density, also disrupt the
fiber to fiber bonds of the paper web at high filler loads, thereby significantly
weakening the strength of a sheet of paper relative to other higher bulk densitypigments. Additionally, these paper filling pigments can not be dispersed at high
10 solids and have poor high shear rheology. An extension of this technology
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,956 by Dunnaway et al, describes a method for
irnproving the rheology of calcined kaolin pigments such that they find
application as coating pigments. Unfortunately, the milling process described byDunnaway results in a partial degradation of the internal structure of the calcined
lS clay, and reduces the efficiency of the product as a light scattering pigment.
Many paper products are m~nllf~ctured in the neutral or alkaline pH
range. These products are very amenable to the inclusion of alkaline metal
carbonates and sulfates as fillers, unlike papers made in the acid pH range. Oneknown method of preparing a precipitated ~lk~line earth metal carbonate, is to
~0 calcine a naturally occurring alkali metal carbonate, such as limestone or
dolomite, in order to drive off chemically combined carbon dioxide and leave thealkali earth metal oxide. The alkali metal earth oxide is slaked in water to form
a suspension of the alkali metal earth hydroxide, and then carbon dioxide is
passed under controlled conditions through the suspension of the alkali metal
~5 earth hydroxide. Many variations of the reaction conditions have been reported,
Kosin et al in U.S. Pat No. 4,888,160 teach how novel precipitated calcium
carbonate products can be made by controlling reaction parameters such as pH
and temperature. Malden, in U.S. Pat No. 4,900,533, teaches how to improve
the brightness of a precipitated alkali metal earth carbonate during the
30 precipitation process, while U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,714,603 describes the production of
a spherically shaped precipitated alkali metal carbonate and U.S. Pat. No.
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4,824,654 teaches how to produce a needle shaped precipitated alkali metal earthcarbonate.
Passaretti et al (TAPPI Journal, Vol. 76 No. 12, 135-140, 1993)
describe a range of precipitated alkali metal earth carbonate fillers and compare
them to other fillers. The scalenohedral form of precipitated calcium carbonate
imparts most opacity and bulk to a sheet of paper by virtue of its morphology,
which contains internal voids that scatter light. This scalenohedral precipitated
calcium carbonate filler provides bulk to the sheet of paper and can effectivelyreplace titanium dioxide despite its lower pigment refractive index, however, the
10 high internal pore volume of these pigments substantially retards the drainage of
the paper web and can result in significant slowing of the production rate of a
paper machine as described by Strutz et al, TAPPI Neutral/Alkaline Papermaking
Course, October 1990, pp 99-106. The voluminous nature of this pigment type,
like calcined kaolins, also significantly weakens the fiber to fiber bonds in a
15 paper sheet at higher filler levels. In an attempt to reduce the pigments impact
on sheet drainage, "prismatic" or rhombohedral precipitated calcium carbonate
particles can by incorporated into the sheet of paper. Manufacture of these
"solids particle" precipitated calcium carbonate pigments requires that the
reaction temperature of the precipitation process is controlled at very low
20 temperatures, which requires chilling equipment and results in expensive
pigments. A major limitation of "prismatic" or rhombohedral precipitated
calcium carbonate mineral fillers is that they do not enhance the bulk of a sheet
of paper.
Brown et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,887 describe combination
25 pigments consisting of a mixture of scalenohedral precipitated calcium carbonate
and kaolin that have been chemically fused together by calcium ions that cross
link a high molecular weight polyacrylic acid molecule. These pigments contain
additional light scattering voids but have to be dried prior to use which increases
their cost of m~nl1f~cture.
Other filler minerals that can be used at neutral or ~lk~line pH are
ground natural calcium carbonate, dolomite or gypsum. During production of
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these fine particle size fillers anionic dispersants are typically added to the
mineral suspension resulting in particles that carry a net negative surface charge.
Brown et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,053 teach the production of high solids
anionically dispersed aqueous slurries of particulate calcium carbonates with
5 highly stable characteristics. The rhombohedral particle shape of naturally
ground calcium carbonates, low surface area of the pigment, and lack of internalporosity results in good drainage of a paper web; however, the filler particles are
generally poorly retained in the fiber matt, do not produce much bulk, and result
in a low scattering coefficient as described by Passaretti et al.
Calcined kaolin pigments are much more hydrophobic than regular or
hydrous kaolin pigments. As a consequence of this surface hydrophobicity, post
calcining processing steps must be taken to aid the dispersion of the pigment inwater. Dunna~!~y ~t al i~. TJ.~, Pat. N~. 5,~61,95~ dis~1Qs~ th~ .g
procedures necessary to aid dispersion of a calcined clay in water. These milling
lL5 procedures partially degrade the aggregated structure of the calcined clay as
evidenced by a reduction in ~he internal pore volume of the product, and
necessarily reduce the performance of the pigment as a light scattering filler.
The porous nature of calcined clays results in mineral slurries that are
dilatent at high solids, typical paper filling grade calcined clays must be
20 transported to a paper mill at approximately 50~ solids in water, or shipped as
dry powder and slurried on-site at the mill. Both of these approaches are less
cost effective than the transportation of a high solids anionically dispersed kaolin
mineral pigment slurry to a paper mill.
Bundy et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,941 disclose a process for
~5 producing a "high bulking" calcined clay. The feed clay for the calcining
process is selectively flocculated to produce a higher internal pore volume uponcalcining. The product of this process provides higher light scattering potential
relative to the products of Proctor and McConnell above, however the lower bulk
density of the product disclosed by Bundy et al would be expected to have a
30 greater disruptive effect on fiber to rlber bonding, or sheet strength of a paper
web. These "high bulking" calcined products would have similar pigment
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abrasions to the products disclosed by Proctor and McConnell, which is
si~nifi~ntly higher than a hydrous or un-calcined kaolin.
In another approach to resolve some of the negative properties of
calcined clays, Manasso et al disclose a synergistic filler blend for wood
cont~ining papers in U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,822. Here some 25 to 50% of the
filler composition is an un-calcined, or hydrous, kaolin ("Astra-plus"; disclosed
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,324) which has been del~min~ted and had most of the
particles finer than 0.3 microns removed by a fractionation process such as
centrifugation. The balance of the filler blend is a fine calcined clay. This
10 invention would be expected to reduce the abrasion of the filled paper by virtue
of the low abrasion hydrous kaolin component. The del~min~ted and fines
removed hydrous kaolin component, "Astra-plus", would be expected to
contribute light scattering to the web or sheet of paper because fines deficientplaty kaolin pigments are known to have poor particle packing characteristics,
15 which result in inter-particle voids or light scattering centers. A disadvantage of
this approach is that two separate filler pigments have to be delivered to the
paper mill. Both pigments possess poor high shear rheology by virtue of internalstructure or poor particle packing characteristics, which severely limits the
~tt~in~hle solids of a slurry of these pigments relative to conventional anionically
~0 dispersed hydrous kaolin pigment slurries. Furthermore, both the pigments of
this invention are more expensive to produce than regular hydrous kaolin
pigments.
Pratt et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,726 disclose the composition of a
"high bulking" kaolin pigment that is composed solely of hydrous or un-calcined
25 clay particles. In the process, a feed kaolin mineral slurry with a particle size
distribution cont~ining less than 35% of the particles finer than 0.3 microns, is
flocculated with a cationic polyelectrolyte to produce a "high bulking" pigment.Such a feed mineral slurry typically has only 55-60% of particles finer than twomicrons and has to be fractionated prior to treatment to remove the coarser
30 particles. The product is dewatered, or thickened, to form a mineral slurry at
62% solids which is shipped to the paper mill for use as a paper filling or paper
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coating pigment. The pigments disclosed by Pratt would be more expensive to
produce than regular or anionically dispersed kaolin pigment slurries, and wouldincur higher delivery costs than regular or hydrous kaolin pigment slurries.
Suitch et al also disclose a process for the formation of hydrous
kaolin aggregates in U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,276. In this invention a fine hydrous
kaolin feed material, with at least 60% by weight of particles finer than 0.25
microns, is dispersed at 25~ solids and cross-linked with a calcium polyacrylate"adhesive". The mixture is stirred for 30 minllt~qs, pH neutralized with ammoniaand stirred for a further 10 minlltes before spray drying to "fix" or cure the
adhesive. Fine calcium carbonate particles may be incorporated into the
structure to add brightness to the final product. This process, produces a
"bulked" kaolin product, but is complex to operate and involves drying of the
final product prior to use as a paper filling pigment or a coating pigment.
Beazley, in TAPPI monograph CA57, "Retention of Fine Solids
During Papermaking", Chapter 9, pp 99-113, describes the two basic
mechanisms that control retention of a filler in a paper web. These mechanisms
are filtration retention and adsorption retention. In Fig. 1 it can be seen that as
filler particle size increases, filtration retention increases and reaches a maximum
value, with small or colloidal particles not well retained in the fiber web. Total
retention increases as mean particle size increases until the adsorption
component, which decreases with increasing particle size, reduces total retention.
Highly anionic slurries of ground calcium carbonate particles or anionically
dispersed slurries of aluminosilicate pigments, composed of a broad range of
particle sizes would not be expected to be retained well in a paper web by either
2.~ a drainage mechanism or an adsorption mechanism to negatively charged wood
fibers.
In an attempt to improve the retention of mineral fillers via. an
electrostatic attraction mechanism between the filler and the negatively chargedfiber, cationic dispersion of minerals has been developed. Linden et al in U.~.
Pat. No's. 4,167,420 and 4,167,421 describe a range of cationic treatments for
the dispersion of inorganic and organic pigments. U.K. Pat. App. No.
,
.
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2,125,838 A describes a method for improving the retention of mineral fillers byproducing a cationic surface charge with an organic polymer or inorganic salt
that has been dried onto the surface of the particles. These processes are
expensive and do not significantly improve the opacity or the bulk of the sheet of
5 paper. Furthermore, when cationic fillers are employed, over cationization of
the pulp prior to sheet formation can result in the drainage of the fiber web being
significantly retarded.
Matthews et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,801 describe a method for
producing a cationic mineral slurry that is useful in the papermaking process.
lO The methodology requires mixing combinations of cationic components and otheradditives such as the mineral hectorite or dispersing agents under high shear athigh solids (greater than 30% w/w). The treated mineral slurry is better retained
in a paper web than a control slurry that has not been treated.
In a different approach to improving retention, Davidson in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,115,187 describes the agglomeration of a calcium carbonate filler to
produce acid resistant particles that are useful for paper filling at low pH values.
Calcium carbonate slurries of at least 30% solids are non-selectively flocculated
with high molecular weight hydrophilic polymer, which is rendered water-
insoluble by a chemical insolubilizing agent. The agglomerated mineral particles20 are then incorporated into a paper web.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,748 Stewart et al describe how a ground
calcium carbonate pigment may be produced which has enhanced opacifying
power and retention in a paper web relative to a conventional anionically
dispersed ground calcium carbonate filler pigment slurry. The process requires
25 grinding the mineral in the absence of a dispersant and classifying out the fine
particles, which are rejected, lowering the yield of the product from the feed
material. The dispersant free, fines deficient, product has to be transported tothe paper mill as a dry powder and slurried on site, or must be shipped as a lowsolids slurry. Both approaches increase the cost of the pigment and make it
30 uneconomic relative to scalenohedral precipitated calcium carbonate. The
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preferred embodiment of Stewart would not be expected to provide bulk to a
filled sheet of paper.
Gill et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,590 disclose the treatment of a fine
or colloidal precipitated calcium carbonate pigment suspension with a cationic
5 potato starch to improve filler retention as well as paper web opacity and
strength. Cationic potato starch is the preferred "fixing" agent for the highly
anionically surface charged precipitated calcium carbonate particles. As will bedisclosed in the present invention, such a high molecular weight cationic
polyelectrolyte is not preferred because selective aggregation of the fines present
10 in the mineral slurry will not take place. The invention of Gill et al would not
be expected to enhance the bulk of the paper web. l~urthermore, Gill et al
require some 1,000 lbs to 40,000 lbs of cationic starch per. ton of precipitatedcalcium carbonate to enhance the retention of the anionically surface charged
filler calcium carbonate particles.
lS Mineral pigments such as kaolin, calcium carbonate, talc and titaniumdioxide are also well known in the coating of paper and paper board. Aqueous
slurries of mixtures of some or all of these mineral types are applied to the paper
or paper board surface as a "coating color" which, when dried, provides
improved surface properties to the paper article such as enhanced smoothness and20 gloss. Present day coatings are applied at high machine speeds that necessitate
rapid drying of the applied coating color, as such the mineral dispersion shouldpreferably possess good high shear rheological properties.
The properties which render a mineral, or pigment, of value as a
coating pigment are well known. These include low abrasion, as well as high
25 brightness and opacifying characteristics. The low abrasion is significant inorder to assure that the resultant paper product can be manufactured and
converted easily with conventional machinery. The brigh~ness and opacifying
characteristics are important in producing an acceptable sheet of paper, or board,
one which incorporates whiteness, high opacity, and an optimum bulk/weight
30 ratio.
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The brightness and opacifying characteristics of a pigment when
coated on a sheet of paper, may also be qll~ntit~tively related to a property of the
pigment identified as the "scattering coefficient, S". The scattering coefficient,
S, of a given pigment is a property well known and extensively utilized in papercoating and has been the subject of many technical papers.
Titanium dioxide, with a blocky or rhombohedral particle morphology
is amenable to high solids slurries, but is very expensive, as such its use is
restricted to that of a minor component or additive in coating colors. Titanium
dioxide, can be incorporated into the paper coating formulation in the form of
10 anatase or rutile and has a higher refractive index than other naturally occurring
minerals. It is also very abrasive thus despite its effectiveness as an opacifying
pigment, its use is limited and cheaper more satisfactory replacements are much
sought arter.
Aluminosilicate pigments such as kaolin and talc have a platy
15 morphology which restricts their use in high solids coatings. The platy nature of
these pigments does however enhance the gloss of a sheet of paper at relatively
low coat weights, which is important ~or lighter grades of paper that have to beshipped by mail. Platy pigments also "cover" the fiber web well, bridging gaps
between the fibers and providing a coherent coating at low coat weights.
The porous nature of calcined clays results in mineral slurries that are
dilatent at high solids contents, typical paper filling grade calcined clays must be
transported to a paper mill at approximately 50% solids in water, or shipped as
dry powder and slurried on-site at the mill. Paper coating grades of calcined
clays can be transported at 60% solids.
Pratt et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,726, as discussed above, has a high
shear rheology that would be expected to be poor because of the combination of
a platy pigment morphology and a fines deficient particle size distribution. This
would limit the ~tt~in~hle solids of a coating color and increase the drying
demand on the paper coating m~rhine.
3~
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An aspect of the present invention is a process for the selective
aggregation of the fine particles present in an anionically or cationically dispersed
naturally ground or synthetically precipitated calcium, magnesium or aluminum
5 cont;~inin~ mineral pigment slurry, such that an aggregated structure is formed
which contains within it a labyrinth of internal voids or pores, which collectively
function as light scattering centers. The aggregates are ~ormed from an
assemblage of fine or colloidal mineral particles, interconnected or bonded
together with small qll~ntities of a cationic or anionic polymer or agent of low molecular weight.
Pursuant to such a process, an aqueous slurry of anionically or
cationically dispersed mineral particles is formed at 1 to 30% solids, from a feed
material selected from one or more members of the group consisting of naturally
ground or synthetically precipitated calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide,
magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, all]minum hydroxide or calcium
sulfate. A low molecular weight cationic or anionic polymer or agent is then
added to the slurry of mineral particles to selectively aggregate the fine particles
present in the feed material. The resultant aggregates are of larger mean particle
size than the feed mineral slurry and contain little or no fine or colloidal particles
~0 free in suspension. The net charge present on the aggregated particles is lower
than that of the feed material. These mineral aggregates are then of a suitable
size and surface charge to be retained well in a fiber web by a combination of
filtration retention and adsorption retention, and provide added bulk and opacity
to the finished sheet of paper.
Another aspect of the present invention is a process for the selective
aggregation of the fine and ultra-fine or colloidal particles present in an
anionically dispersed hydrous kaolin clay mineral pigment slurry, such that an
aggregated structure is formed which contains within it a labyrinth of internal
voids or pores, which collectively function as light scattering centers. The
aggregates are formed from an assemblage of fine and ultra-fine or colloidal
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mineral particles, interconnected or bonded together with a small quantity of a
cationic polymer or agent of low molecular weight.
Pursuant to such a process, an aqueous slurry of anionically dispersed
kaolin, talc or aluminium trihydrate particles is formed at 1 to 30% solids. A
5 low molecular weight cationic polymer or agent is then added to the slurry of
mineral particles to selectively aggregate the fine and ultra-fine or colloidal
particles present in the feed material. The resultant aggregates are of larger
mean particle size than the feed material and contain little or no fine and ultra-
~me or colloidal particles. The net charge present on the aggregated particles is
~0 lower than that of the feed material. These mineral aggregates are then of a
suitable size and surface charge to be retained well in a fiber web by a
combination of filtration retention and adsorption retention, and provide added
bulk and opacity to the finished sheet of paper.
Low fiber solids (typically much less than 1 %) are used in the
1~5 papermaking process to aid good formation of the paper web. One of the many
advantages of this invention is that there is no need to c~ncentrate the selectively
aggregated products of this invention prior to use as paper filling pigments. The
products of this invention can be cost effectively m~nl1f~ctured on-site at the
paper mill from a high solids, dispersed, mineral slurry and added or metered
20 directly to the fiber furnish without further modification.
The selective aggregation of the fine and ultra-fine components
present in a dispersed suspension of mineral particles, which is described in this
invention, is believed to be entropy driven, with the larger surface free energy of
the smaller particles dictating that they react preferentially. This process is
25 analogous to Ostwald ripening during crystallization processes, which results in
the selective dissolution of fine particles and the formation of a smaller number
of larger particles.
The present invention most effectively uses all of the particles present
in a high solids dispersed mineral slurry, such that the bulk of the sheet of paper
30 and its opacity are significantly enhanced. The combination of low specific
surface area of the aggregated mineral pigments of this invention and low
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internal porosity provides maximum drainage to the fiber web with minim~l
impact on fiber to fiber bonding, or sheet strength. This combination of
properties minimi7~s the drying demand of a paper machine while ensuring that
high production rates can be m~int~ined.
S Another aspect of the present invention concerns a mineral slurry for
coating paper or paper board. Fine particles present in an anionically dispersedground calcium carbonate mineral pigment slurry are selectively aggregated, suchthat an aggregated structure is formed which contains within it a labyrinth of
internal voids or pores, which collectively function as light scattering centers.
l 0 The aggregates are formed from an assemblage of fine and colloidal mineral
particles, interconnected or bonded together with a small quantity of a cationicpolymer or agent of low molecular weight. (Although this discussion particularlydescribes naturally ground calcium carbonate, it should be understood that it will
apply equally to mineral pigment slurries cont~ining materials such as
synthetically precipitated calcium, magnesium or alllminllm.)
Pursuant to such a process, an aqueous slurry of anionically dispersed
calcium carbonate particles is formed at 1 to 30% solids. A low molecular
weight cationic polymer or agent is then added to the slurry of mineral particles
to selectively aggregate the fine particles present in the feed material. The
~0 resultant aggregates are of larger mean particle size than the feed material and
contain little or no fine or colloidal particles free in suspension. The net charge
present on the aggregated particles is lower than that of the feed material. Thelow solids suspension of the aggregated mineral particles is then dewatered, or
increased in solids, by one of a number of processes such as centrifugation,
evaporation, filtration or reverse osmosis to form a slurry with a solids content
greater than 60~ by weight of aggregated mineral particles in water. Other such
dewatering, or concentration techniques, known to those skilled in the art can
also be used to increase the solids of the aggregated product of this invention.This aspect of the present invention most effectively uses all of the
particles present in a high solids dispersed mineral slurry, such that the bulk of
the coating on a sheet of paper and its opacity are significantly enhanced. Such
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aggregated calcium carbonate mineral pigments would be expected to be retained
on the surface of the sheet of paper or board after the coating process and not
migrate, or wick down, into the fiber web.
The structured mineral pigments disclosed in this aspect of the
5 invention are particularly useful for the pre-coating of paper and paper boardproducts, light weight coating of paper products as well as the coating of
recycled board and paper products where good fiber coverage is important. Use
of these novel mineral pigments is not, however, restricted to these particular
coating applications.
BRIEF DESCRlPTION ~F THE DRAWIN~S
Figure 1: Displays the impact of filler particle size on the two retention
components; filtration and adsorption.
Figure 2: Displays the effect of addition of 3 lbs/t and 6 lbs/t high
molecular weight cationic starch on the particle size
distribution curve of an anionically dispersed mineral slurry at
10% solids.
Figure 3: Displays the effect of a 5 lbs/t addition of a low molecular
weight cationic polyelectrolyte (Agefloc WT50 SLV) on the
particle size distribution curve of an anionically dispersed
mineral slurry at a range of treatment solids levels.
Figure 4: Displays the effect of addition of increasing quantities of a low
molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyte (Agefloc WT50
SLV) on the particle size distribution curve of an anionically
dispersed mineral slurry at 10% solids.
Figure 5: Displays the effect of addition of a number of different low to
medium molecular weight cationic polyelectrolytes, at 5 lbs/t
doze rate, on the particle size distribution curve of an
anionically dispersed mineral slurry at 10% solids.
Figure 6: Displays the effect of addition of increasing quantities of the
low molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50
SLV on the particle size distribution curve of an anionically
dispersed slurry of Microna 3.
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Figure 7: Displays the effect of increasing the doze rate of Agefloc
WT50 SLV on the particle size distribution curve of Microna
S-80 B that has been treated at 10% solids.
Figure 8: Displays the effect of stirring on the particle size distribution
curve of a suspension of SF 2 over a 6 day period.
Figure 9: Displays the effect of adding 5 lbs/t of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV to a 10% solids
suspension of Microna S-93.
Figure 10: Displays the percent ash retention values for a Albacar LO,
Microna S-80 B and SF 2 as a function of applied ash.
Figure 11: Displays pulp vacuum assisted drainage data for Albacar LO,
Microna S-80 B and SF 2.
Figure 12: Displays interpolated h~n-lcheet strength data (Mullen) as a
fi,r.ction of Albacar LO, Microna S-80 B and SF 2 filler level.
Figure 13: Displays interpolated handsheet bulk factors for Albacar LO,
Microna S-80 B and SF 2 at various filler levels.
Figure 14: Displays interpolated h~n~l~heet opacity data for Albacar LO,
Microna S-80 B and SF 2 at various filler levels.
Figure 15: Displays the effect of adding various quantities of the
cationically charged polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV to a
10% solids suspension of the "clustered prismatic" precipitated
calcium carbonate pigment, SX 1000.
Figure 16: Displays the effect of adding various quantities of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV to a 10% solids
suspension of the scalenohedral precipitated calcium carbonate
pigment, Albacar HO.
Figure 17: Displays the effect of addition of two different cationic
polyelectrolytes on the aggregation of the fines present in
Microna S-80 B.
Figure 18: Displays the effect of a 5 lbs/t addition of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc W'1'50 SLV at different concentrations
on the extent of aggregation of a Microna S-80 B feed mineral
slurry.
~5
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Figure 19: Displays the effect of aggregated pigment particle surface
charge on paper web retention for the fillers SF 3, SF 4 and
SF 5.
Figure 20: Displays the effect of 5, 10 and 20 lb/t additions of alum on
the particle size curve of a 10% solids suspension of Microna
S-80 B.
Figure 21: Displays pulp vacuum assisted drainage data for Microna SF 1
and Microna S-80 B.
Figure 22: Displays the percent ash retention values for Microna SF 1
and Microna S-80 B as a function of applied ash.
Figure 23: Displays the effect of 1, 3 and 5 lbs/t addition of the anionic
polyelectrolyte, Acumer 9400, on the cationically dispersed
mineral SF 1 at 10% solids.
Figure 24: Displays the effect of various different addition levels of the
cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc W'1'50 SLV on the particle
size distribution of a 10% solids slurry of a Windsor kaolin
pigment.
Figure 25: Displays the effect of 10 lb/t additions of various different
cationic polyelectrolytes upon the particle size distribution of
Windsor kaolin clay dispersed at 10% solids in water.
Figure 26: Displays the effect of increasing additions of alum on the
aggregation of the fines and ultra-fines present in a 10~ solids
suspension of the kaolin mineral Windsor.
Figure 27: Displays the effect of different Windsor kaolin clay feed solids
on the extent of aggregation of the fine and ultra-fine particles
present in the mineral suspension with the addition of 10 lbs/t
of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV.
Figure 28: Displays the effect of adding 10 lbs/t and 30 lbs/t of the high
molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyte, Westcat E-F, on the
particle size distribution of a 10% solids dispersion of
Windsor kaolin clay.
Figure 29: Displays the effect of an addition of 5 lbs/t of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV on the particle size
distribution of Microna S-90 HB.
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Figure 30: Displays the effect of an addition of 3 lbs/t of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV on the particle size
distribution of Microna S-65.
Figure 31: Displays the effect of an addition of 5 lbs/t of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV on the particle size
distribution of Microna S-65.
Figure 32: Displays the effect of an addition of 3 lbs/t of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV on the particle size
distribution of Microna S-90 HB.
Figure 33: Displays the effect of an addition of 3 lbs/t of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV on the particle size
distribution of Microna S-93.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In one embodiment, the high solids anionically dispersed mineral
slurry that is preferred as the feed material is selected from one or more
members of the group consisting of naturally ground or synthetically precipitated
calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium
hydroxide, calcium sulfate or aluminum hydroxide. Slurries of these minerals
can be shipped to a paper mill at high solids, providing economic supply of the
mineral feed material used in this invention. The high solids mineral slurry is
preferably anionically dispersed with a polymer or copolymer of acrylic acid,
methacrylic acid or any carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid cont~ining vinyl
monomer as described by Brown et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,053. The high
solids mineral feed slurry that is plerelled in this invention can alternatively be
cationically dispersed with any one or more of the cationic polymeric electrolytes
described below.
Lower solids slurries of synthetically precipitated calcium carbonates,
which have been produced on-site at a paper mill, or a central production facility
and transported to the paper mill, are also preferred feed materials in this
invention. These lower solids mineral slurries may naturally carry a net negative
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surface charge, or may be dispersed with an anionic polyelectrolyte dispersant as
per. Brown et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,053 to facilitate transportation, or oneor more of the cationic polyelectrolytes described below.
A preferred feed mineral slurry consisting of a dispersion of naturally
ground mineral particles typically has a range of particles of differing sizes and
contains preferably no less than 30 % by weight of particles finer than an
equivalent spherical diameter of two microns. The fine fraction of the feed
mineral slurry is defined as that component of the particles with an equivalent
spherical diameter less than 0.5 microns, and the ultra-fine or colloidal fraction
lO is defined as that component of the particles with an equivalent spherical
diameter less than 0.2 microns. Typically, a feed material with 60% by weight
of particles finer than two microns will have of the order of lS % by weight of
particles in the fines range, and a feed material with 90% by weight of particles
finer than two microns will have of the order of 40 % by weight of particles in
15 the fines range. The absolute value of the fines content of a given feed mineral
slurry will necessarily depend upon the ~nethod of production and the mean
particle size of the feed mineral slurry in microns.
A preferred synthetic or precipitated feed mineral slurry is that
con~inin~ "prismatic", rhombohedral, clustered prismatic or scalenohedral
20 particles whereby no less than 30% by weight of the particles are finer than an
equivalent spherical diameter of two microns. The fines content of these
synthetically produced feed mineral slurries will depend upon the mean particle
size of the product and can consist of greater than 10% by weight of particles
smaller than an equivalent spherical diameter of 0.5 microns. Indeed, some fine
25 synthetic rhombohedral precipitated calcium carbonate products can contain up to
80% of fines as described by Passaretti et al, TAPPI Journal, Vol 76, No. 12,
135-140, 1993.
As part of the treatment process disclosed in this invention, the
aqueous mineral slurry is diluted with water to a solids range between 0.1 and
30 30% by weight. Best results are achieved at a solids range between 1 and 20%
by weight, about 10% being most ~rerclled.
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Dilution of the aqueous mineral slurry to about 10% by weight solids
or less is essential in order that the fine particles, which possess most of theavailable surface area, can be selectively aggregated when the low molecular
weight cationic or anionic agent is added to the mineral slurry. A cationic or
anionic agent, selected to have a charge opposite that of the mineral particles in
the dilute slurry, is added in an amount sufficient to cause fines to agglomerate.
combination of plural cationic agents or a combination of plural anionic agents
can be used where appropriate. Best operation occurs with the addition of 1 to
15 lbs. of ionic agent per ton of mineral solids, although higher amounts can beused without detrimental effects. Full agglomeration typically requires the
addition of at least 4 Ibs./ton.
Water soluble polymeric cationic polyelectrolytes are well known in
the art. Generally such materials do not contain negative groups such as
carboxyl or carbonyl groups. In addition to alkyl diallyl quaternary ammonium
1;5 salts, other quaternary ammonium cationic polymers are obtained by
copolymerizing aliphatic secondary amines with epichlorohydrin (see U.S. Pat
No. ~,174,279). Still other water soluble cationic polyelectrolytes are poly
(quaternary ammonium) polyester salts that contain quaternary nitrogen in a
polymeric backbone and are chain extended by ether groups. They are prepared
from water soluble poly (quaternary ammonium salts) con~ining pendant
hydroxyl groups and bifunctionally reactive chain extending agents; such
polyelectrolytes are prepared by treating an N, N, N(l), N(l) tetralkyl-
hydroxyalkenedi~rnine and an organic dihalide such as dihydroalkane or a
dihaloether with an epoxy haloaLI~ane (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,633,461).
Other water-soluble cationic polyelectrolytes are polyamines which
are usually supplied under commercial trade ~ si~n~tions. Copolymers of
acrylamide with cationic vinyl monomers or low molecular weight
polyethyleneimine polyelectrolytes could also be used in this invention.
A poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) cationic polyelectrolyte
3~ commercially available under the trademark designation Agefloc WT50 SLV
from the CPS Chemical Company, having a molecular weight estimated to be
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between 10,000 and 50,000 has been found to be particularly useful in this
embodiment of the present invention. However, the invention is not limited to
Agefloc WT50 SLV since other cationic polyelectrolytes appear to provide
equivalent, if not superior results. Other cationic polyelectrolytes a~7ailable from
5 the CPS chemical Company that have been shown to be useful in this
embodiment of the present invention are; Agefloc WT 40 which has a molecular
weight estimated to range from 200,000 to 400,000; Agequat C1~05 which has
a molecular weight estimated to range from 200,000 to 400,000; Agefloc B50
which has a molecular weight estim~t~d to range from 10,000 to 50,000; and
Agefloc A50 LV which has a molecular weight estimated to range from 200,000
to 400,000.
"Low molecular weight" as used in this disclosure refers to molecular
weights no greater than 1,000,000. Cationic potato starch is reported as having
an estimated molecular weight of 3,000,000 to 3,500,000, while corn starch is
reported as having a molecular weight ranging from 800,000 to 1,800,000, see
Scott, "Wet End Chemistry", TAPPI Press, 1992. Such high molecular weight
cationic polyelectrolytes are not preferred in the present invention. However,
cationic starches, cationic guar gum, or other modified polysaccharides could
also act as preferred aggregating agents in this invention if they were of
sufficiently low molecular weight.
Also preferred as cationic agents in this embodiment are salts of
divalent and trivalent metal ions such as calcium and all]minllm. Examples of
such salts include, but are not restricted to: alllmimlm sulphate (papermakers
alum), sodium alllmin~t~, polyalllmim]m chloride (PAC) and calcium chloride.
The filler material of this embodiment is most advantageously
produced, from raw ingredients, at the site of the mill where the material will be
used. This avoids the expense of shipping a dilute slurry. The ionic agent is
added to agglomerate the fines before the filler is combined with cellulosic
material. The filler material is used in the fashion of prior filler materials. For
example, a filler material according to this embodiment of the present invention
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can be fed to a paper making machine in the manner of a standard paper-making
filler slurry.
In another embodiment, the anionically dispersed mineral slurry that
is preferred as the feed material is selected from one or more members of the
group consisting of kaolin, talc or alllminl]m trihydrate. Slurries of these
minerals can be shipped to a paper mill at high solids, providing economic
supply of the mineral feed material used in this invention. The high solids
mineral slurry is preferably anionically dispersed with a polymer or copolymer of
acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or any carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid cont~ining
lO vinyl monomer. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, other polyphosphate materials, and
sodium silicate, which are known to those skilled in the art of mineral dispersion
technology, are also preferred dispersants.
A pl~relled feed mineral slurry consisting of a dispersion of kaolin
typically has a range of particles of differing sizes and contains preferably no less
15 than 30% by weight of particles finer than an equivalent spherical diameter of
two microns. The fine fraction of the feed mineral slurry is defined as that
component of the particles with an equivalent spherical diameter less than 0.5
microns, and the ultra-fine or colloidal fraction is defined as that component with
an equivalent spherical diameter less than 0.2 microns. Typically a feed material
20 with 90% by weight of particles finer than two microns will have of the order of
65 % by weight of particles in the fine range. The absolute value of the fines
content of a given feed mineral slurry will necessarily depend upon the
geographic source of the mineral feed, method of production, and the rnean
particle size of the mineral slurry in microns.
As part of the treatment process disclosed in this invention, the
aqueous mineral slurry is diluted with water to a solids range between 0.1 and
30% by weight. Best results are achieved at a solids range between 1 and 20%
by weight, about 10% being most preferred.
Dilution of the aqueous kaolin slurry to about 10% by weight solids
30 or less is essential in order that the ~me and ultra-fine particles, which possess
most of the available surface area, can be selectively aggregated when the low
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molecular weight cationic agent is added to the mineral slurry. A cationic agentis added in an amount sufficient to cause fines to agglomerate. A combination ofplural cationic agents can be used where appropriate. Best operation occurs withthe additio3l of 3 to 30 lbs. of ionic agent per ton of mineral solids, althoughS higher amounts can be used without detrimental effects. Full agglomeration
typically requires the addition of at least 4 Ibs./ton.
Water soluble polymeric cationic polyelectrolytes are well known in
the art. Generally such materials do not contain negative groups such as
carboxyl or carbonyl groups. In addition to alkyl diallyl quaternary ammonium
salts, other quaternary ammonium cationic polyelectrolytes are obtained by
copolymerizing aliphatic secondary amines with epichlorohydrin (see U.S. Pat
No. 4,174,279). Still other water soluble cationic polyelectrolytes are poly
~qu~ter~Ia~y ~mI~n.~ml~ p~ ~ste~ s~lts ~t c~i~aterr,ary nitrogen iil a
polymeric backbone and are chain extended by ether groups. They are prepared
from water soluble poly (quaternary ammonium salts) cont~ining pendant
hydroxyl groups and bifunctionally reactive chain extending agents; such
polyelectrolytes are prepared by treating an N, N, N(J), N(1) tetralkyl-
hydroxyalkenediamine and an organic dihalide such as dihydroalkane or a
dihaloether with an epoxy haloalkane (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,633,461).
Other water-soluble cationic polyelectrolytes are polyamines which
are usually supplied under commercial trade designations. Copolymers of
acrylamide with cationic vinyl monomers or low molecular weight
polyethyleneimine polyelectrolytes could also be used in this invention.
A poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) cationic polyelectrolyte
2~i commercially available under the trademark designation Agefloc VVT50 SLV
from the CPS Chemical Company, having a molecular weight estimated to be
between 10,000 and 50,000 has been found to be particularly useful in this
embodiment of the present invention. However, the invention is not limited to
Agefloc WT50 SLV since other cationic polyelectrolytes appear to provide
equivalent, if not superior results. Other cationic polyelectrolytes available from
the CPS chemical Company that have been shown to be useful in this
.
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embodiment of the present invention are; Agefloc WT 40 which has a molecular
weight estimated to range from 200,000 to 400,000; Agequat C1405 which has
a molecular weight estimated to range from 200,000 to 400,000; Agefloc BS0
which has a molecular weight estimated to range from 10,000 to S0,000; and
Agefloc A50 LV which has a molecular weight estimated to range from 200,000
to 400,000.
Also preferred as cationic agents in this embodiment of the present
invention are salts of divalent and trivalent metal ions such as calcium and
aluminum. Examples of such salts include, but are not restricted to: all]minl1m
10 sulphate (papermakers alum), sodium alllmin~te, polyall]minllm chloride (PAC) and calcium chloride.
The filler material of this embodiment is most advantageously
~r~d, fr~m ~aw iïlgredienis~ at ~ne site of ihe miii where the material will be
used. This avoids the expense of shipping a dilute slurry. The ionic agent is
15 added to agglomerate the fines before the filler is combined with cellulosic
material. The filler material is used in the fashion of prior filler materials. For
example, a filler material according to this embodiment of the present inventioncan be fed to a paper making m~hin~ in the manner of a standard paper-making
filler slurry.
In yet another embodiment a process for yielding a mineral slurry for
coating paper or paper board is provided. In this embodiment, a high solids
mineral slurry that is the preferred feed material is a fine ground calcium
carbonate slurry that is anionically dispersed with a polymer or copolymer of
acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or any carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid cont:~ining
25 vinyl monomer as described by Brown et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,053.
The preferred feed mineral slurry consists of a dispersion of naturally
ground mineral particles typically with a range of particles of differing sizes and
contains preferably no less than 30% by weight of particles finer than an
equivalent spherical diameter of two microns. The fine fraction of the feed
30 mineral slurry is defined as that component of the particles with an equivalent
spherical diameter less than 0.5 microns, and the ultra-fine or colloidal fraction
,
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as that component of the particles with an equivalent spherical diameter less than
0.2 microns. Typically, a feed material with 60% by weight of particles finer
than two microns will have of the order of 15 ~ by weight of particles in the
fines range, and a feed material with 90% by weight of particles ~mer than two
5 microns will have of the order of 40% by weight of particles in the fines range.
The absolute value of the fines content of a given feed mineral slurry will
necessarily depend upon the method of production and the mean particle size of
the feed mineral slurry in microns.
As part of the treatment process disclosed in this invention, the
10 aqueous mineral slurry is diluted with water to a solids range between 0.1 and
30% by weight. Best results are achieved at a solids range between 1 and 20%
by weight, about 10% being most ?lerel led.
Dilution of the aqueous mineral slurry to about 10% by weight solids
or less is essential in order that the fine particles, which possess most of the15 available surface area, can be selectively aggregated when the low molecular
weight cationic agent is added to the mineral slurry. A cationic or anionic agent,
selected to have a charge opposite that of the mineral particles in the dilute
slurry, is added in an amount sufficient to cause fines to agglomerate. A
combination of plural cationic agents or a combination of plural anionic agents
20 can be used where appropriate. Best operation occurs with the addition of 1 to
15 lbs. of ionic agent per ton of mineral solids, although higher amounts can beused without detrimental effects. Full agglomeration typically requires the
addition of at least 4 Ibs./ton.
Water soluble polymeric cationic polyelectrolytes are well known in
25 the art. Generally such materials do not contain negative groups such as
carboxyl or carbonyl groups. In addition to alkyl diallyl quaternary ammonium
salts, other quaternary ammonium cationic polymers are obtained by
copolymerizing aliphatic secondary amines with epichlorohydrin (see U.S. Pat
No. 4,174,279). Still other water soluble cationic polyelectrolytes are poly
30 (quaternary ammonium) polyester salts that contain quaternary nitrogen in a
polymeric backbone and are chain extended by ether groups. They are prepared
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from water soluble poly (quaternary ammonium salts) cont~ining pendant
hydroxyl groups and bifunctionally reactive chain extending agents; such
polyelectrolytes are prepared by treating an N, N, N(1), N(1) tetralkyl-
hydroxyalkenefli~mine and an organic dihalide such as dihydroalkane or a
5 dihaloether with an epoxy haloalkane (see U.~. Pat. No. 3,633,461). Other
water-soluble cationic polyelectrolytes are polyamines which are usually supplied
under commercial trade designations. Copolymers of acrylamide with cationic
vinyl monomers or low molecular weight polyethyleneimine polyelectrolytes
could also be used in this invention.
A poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) cationic polyelectrolyte
commercially available under the trademark designation Agefloc WT50 SLV
from the CPS Chemical Company, having a molecular weight estimated to be
between 10,000 and 50,000 has been found to be particularly useful in this
embodiment of the present invention. However, the invention is not limited to
Agefloc WT50 SLV since other cationic polyelectrolytes appear to provide
equivalent, if not superior results. Other cationic polyelectrolytes available from
the CPS chemical Company that have been shown to be useful in this
embodiment of the present invention are; Agefloc WT 40 which has a molecular
weight estimated to range from 200,000 to 400,000; Agequat C1405 which has
~0 a molecular weight estimated to range from 200,000 to 400,000; Agefloc B50
which has a molecular weight estimated to range from 10,000 to 50,000; and
Agefloc A50 LV which has a molecular weight estimated to range from 200,000
to 400,000.
Also preferred as cationic agents in this embodiment are salts of
~,5 divalent and trivalent metal ions such as calcium and alllminl1m. Examples of
such salts include, but are not restricted to: aluminum sulphate (papermakers
alum), sodium alllmin~te, polyahlmimlm chloride (PAC) and calcium chloride.
The coating material of this embodiment is most advantageously
produced, from raw ingredients, at a central location and then transported to
mills where the material will be used. The ionic agent is added to agglomerate
the fines before the material is coated on a cellulosic web. The coating material
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of the present invention is used in the fashion of prior coatings. For example, a
coating material according to the present invention can be fed to a paper makingmachine and app]ied in the manner of a standard paper-making coating slurry.
EXAMPLES
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which
are to be considered illustrative and not delimitive of the invention otherwise set
forth. In the following examples the components were selected fro-n the
following materials:
Feed mineral slurries:
High solids fine ground calcium carbonate slurries, Microna 3,
Microna S-80 B, Microna S-90 HB and Microna S-93 from Columbia
River Carbonates; Windsor, an air floated clay from Kentucky-
Tennessee Clay Company.
Precipitated calcium carbonate slurries:
Albacar LO, a coarse particle size scalenohedral morphology
pigment; Albacar HO, a fine particle size scalenohedral morphology
pigment; Albafil a fine particle size rhombohedral morphology
pigment and SX 1000, a course clustered prismatic morphology
pigment produced by Specialty Minerals, Inc.
Cationic polyelectrolytes:
Dimethyldiallylammonium chloride homopolymer cationic
polyelectrolytes Agefloc W~1'50 SLV, Agefloc WT40,
dimethlydiallylammonium chloride copolymer Agequat C1405, and
dimethylamine/epichlorohydrin copolymers Agefloc B50, Agefloc
A50 L'V from the CPS Chemical Company, ~nc.
3~
Anionic polyelectrolytes:
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Acumer 9400, a polyacrylic acid homopolymer, available from Rohm
& Hass Co, with a molecular weight between 1,000 and 10,000.
Cationic starch:
S Cationic potato starch, Westcat E-F, from Western Polymer
Corporation.
Laboratory Handsheets. Handsheets were made with a British sheet
mould according to TAPPI procedure T 205 om-88. Handsheet sarnples were
temperature and humidity conditioned according to TAPPI T 402 "Standard
Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and
Related Products". All physical tests on the handsheet samples were carried out
in accordance with TAPPI procedure T 220 "Physical Testing of Handsheets".
Pulp drainage measurements were carried out in accordance with TAPPI
procedure T221 "Drainage Time of Pulp". The data presented is interpolated
data at 10, 15, 20 and 25% ash values. Ten separate h~n-l~heets were made and
measured for each filler level according to TAPPI procedure T 205 om-88.
The following test equipment was used to evaluate the physical
properties of the handsheets made in the examples below: Thwing-Albert Inst.
Co., Model 323, Digital Opacimeter; Teledyne Corp., Techibrite Micro-TB-lC;
Electronic Microgage, Emveco, 210-dh; Lorentzen and Wetre, Type 14-2 Burst-
O-Matic.
EXAMPLE 1
A sample of dry, air classified, ground limestone (Microna 7) with a
mean particle size of 7 microns was slurried in water at a solids of 40%. To this
slurry was added 3 lbs/t of a cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc A50 LV. The
resultant mixture was ground in a laboratory Dyno-Mill, KDL Pilot media mill to
a product with a mean particle size of 60% by weight of particles finer than 2
microns cont:3ining 11% by weight of particles finer than 0.5 microns. This
cationically dispersed, fine ground calcium carbonate mineral slurry has a
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particle surface charge of + 42.1 ueg/g, determined with a Mutek PCD 02
Particle Charge Detector and is designated as SF 1.
EXAMPI~E 2
A sample of Microna S-90 HB, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate pigment slurry cont~ining 90%
by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 45 % by weight of particles finer
than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10~ solids by weight in water. To this feed
mineral suspension was added, wi~ stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
10 in water) cationic potato starch, Westcat E-~, with an estimated molecular weight
oi~ 3,000,000 to 3,500,000. Doze rates of 3 lbs/t and 6 lbs/t cationic starch toMicrona S-~0 HB (dry on dry) were added to the feed mineral slurry.
The particle surface charge of the anionically dispersed Microna S-90
HB feed mineral slurry was determined as -36.6 ueg/g. After treatment with 3
15 lbs/t of the cationic potato starch the mineral surface charge was reduced to -11.8
ueg/g, and after treatment with 6 lbs/t of ~e cationic potato st~rch the mineralsurface charge was determined as -8.4 ueg/g.
Fig. 2 shows ~e impact of the cationic starch treatment on the
particle size distribution of Microna S-90 HB as determined by a Micromeritics
20 "Sedigraph 5100" particle size analyzer. These data show that as the amount of
cationic starch increases general flocculation of all of the particles present in the
feed mineral slurry takes place, with the particle size curve simply displaced to a
higher mean particle size at higher cationic starch doze rates. At 6 lbs/t cationic
starch treatment level there are still some 30% by weight of particles finer than
25 0.5 microns present in the mineral slurry.
EXAMPLE 3
A sample of Microna S-80 B, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate pigme~t slurry cont~ining 80%
30 by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 40% by weight of particles finer
than 0.5 microns, was diluted to a range of differing solids levels with water.
.
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To this feed mineral suspensions was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0%
(weight/weight in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV
which has an estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. A doze
rate of 5 lbs/t Agefloc ~FI'50 SLV to Microna S-80 B (dry on dry) was used for
5 all the treatment experiments.
Fig. 3 shows the data from these experiments which clearly
demonstrate that the addition of a low molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyteto the anionically surface charged and dispersed feed mineral slurry results in
selective aggregation of the fine component of the feed material when the
10 treatment is carried out at low solids. From these data it can be seen that if the
mineral feed slurry is 10% solids or lower prior to treatment with the low
molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyte, complete aggregation of the fines
~esent ~ t~le l~cd rl.irl~lal slurry t~kes piace.
EXAMPLE 4
A sample of Microna S-90 HB, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate pigment slurry cont:~ining 90%
by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 45 % by weight of particles finer
than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water. To ~is feed
20 mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV which has an
estimated molecular weight betweçn ln,Ol)0 a~d 5Q,QOQ. Doze raf.es of 1, 3 a-nd
5 lbs/t Agefloc VVT50 SLV to Microna S-90 HB (dry on dry) were added to the
feed mineral slurry.
The particle charge of the Microna S-90 HB feed mineral slurry was
reduced from -36.6 ueg/g to -7.48 ueg/g with the addition of 5 lbs/t Agefloc
WT50 SLV. The median particle diameter of the treated mineral slurry
increased from a value of 0.58 microns for the feed material to 2.35 microns forthe mineral slurry treated with 5 lbs/t of the cationic polyelectrolyte.
Fig. 4 shows the particle size curve of Microna S-90 HB a~ter
treatment with various levels of Agefloc VVT50 SLV. As can be seen, a 5 lbs/t
.. _ .. . . . .
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treatment with the low molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyte selectively
aggregates all of the fine particles present in the feed mineral slurry.
EXAMPLE 5
A sample of Microna ~-90 HB, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate pigment slurry contAining 90%
by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 45 % by weight of particles finer
than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water. To this feed
mineral suspension was added in separate experiments, with stirring, a solution
10 of 1.0% (weight/weight in water) of the cationic polyelectrolytes Agequat C1405,
Agefloc B50, Agefloc WT40 and Agefloc A50 LV which have estimated
molecular weights in the range 10,000 to 400,000 as outlined above. Doze rates
of 5 lbs/t were used for all the individual cationic polyelectrolyte treat~nent
experiments.
Fig. 5 shows the impact of these cationic polyelectrolyte treatments
on the particle size curve of Microna S-90 HB. From this figure it ean be seen
that all of the polymer treatments chosen selectively aggregate the fine
component of the feed material. The mean particle size of the resultant productsand surface charges are as follows:
Polymer Mean particle size Surface charge
(51bs/t) (microns) (ueg/g)
None (feed) 0.58 -37.0
Agequat C1405 2.82 -10.6
Agefloc B50 3.51 -7.66
Agefloc VVT40 2.27 -6.89
Agefloc A50 LV 2.28 -8.00
EXAMPLE 6
A sample of Microna 3, which is a commercially available, air
classified fine ground calcium carbonate pigment was slurried at 70% solids withan anionic dispersant, Acumer 9400. Microna 3 contains 35 % by weight of
particles finer than 2 microns and 10% by weight of par~icles finer than 0.5
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microns, the feed mineral slurry was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water
and to this mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0%
(weight/weight in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV
which has an estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. Doze
5 rates of 1, 3 and 5 lbs/t Agefloc WT50 SLV to Microna 3 (dry on dry) were
added to the feed rnineral slurry.
Fig. 6 displays the result of addition of the cationic polyelectrolyte on
the anionically dispersed slurry of Microna 3. From these data it can be seen
that addition of 3 lbs/t of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV
10 aggregates the Microna 3 such that no fine particles remain free in the mineral
suspension. The relatively coarse mean particle size of Microna 3, 3.14
microns, results in a relatively coarse aggregated product with a mean particle
size of 11.7 microns. The charge of the product from this experiment was
determined as -18 ueg/g, which is substantially lower than the feed mineral
15 slurry (-30 ueg/g).
EXAMPLl~ 7
A sample of Microna S-80 B, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate pigment slurry cont:~ininp 80%
20 by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 40% by weight of particles finer
than 0.5 microns, was diluted to a solids level of 10% with water. To this feed
mineral suspensions was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV which has an
estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. Doze rates of 5, 7, 9,
11 and 13 lbs/t Agefloc WT50 SLV to Microna S-80 B (dry on dry) were used
for the experiments.
Fig. 7 shows the data from these experiments which clearly
demonstrate that the addition of a low molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyteto the anionically surface charged and dispersed feed pigment slurry results in
selective aggregation of the fine component of the feed material when the
treatment is carried out at low solids. Increasing the doze rate of the cationic
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polyelectrolyte above 5 lbs/t does not substantially change the mean particle size
of the resultant aggregated product, but does further reduce the surface charge of
the product as can be seen from the data in the table below:
Polymer Mean particle size Surface charge
(lbs/t! (microns) (ueg/g~
Feed S-80 B 0.79 -21.30
5 lbs/t WT50 SLV 1. 86 -11.41
7 lbs/t WT50 SLV 1.99 -9. 89
9 lbs/t Wl'50 SLV 2.02 -8.~6
11 lbs/t Wl'50 SLV 2.13 -7.66
13 lbs/t WT50 SLV 2.14 -3.01
~5
EXAMPLE 8
A large sample of Microna S-80 B was diluted to 10% solids and
treated with 5 lbs/t of Agefloc Wl'50 SLV as in example 7 above. This sample
20 will be referred to as SF 2 in subsequent examples.
A portion of SF 2 was stirred for a period of 6 days with a laboratory
mixer. Aliquats of the product were tested for particle size distribution duringthat time period. Fig. 8 displays these data, and shows that once aggregation ofthe fine particles has taken place it is very difficult, if not impossible, to change
25 the particle size distribution of the product. No fines were released or generated
during the 6 day stirring period.
EXAMPLE 9
A large sample of Microna S-80 B was diluted to 10% solids and
30 treated with 5 lbs/t of Agefloc B50 as in example 3 above. This sample will be
referred to as SF 3 in subsequent examples. The mean particle size of this
product was determined as 3.51 microns, the particle surface charge was -7.66
ueg/g.
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EXAMPLE 10
A large sample of Microna S-80 B was diluted to 10% solids and
treated with 13 lbs/t of Agefloc WT50 SLV as in example 3 above. This sample
will be referred to as SF 4 in subsequent examples. The mean particle size of
this product was determined as 2.14 microns, the particle surface charge was -
3.01 ueg/g.
EXAMPLE 11
A large sample of Microna S-93, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate pigment slurry cont~ining 93%
by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 71% by weight of particles finerthan 1 micron, was diluted to 10% solids and treated with a solution of 1.0%
(weight/weight in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV, at a
doze rate of 5 lbs/t polymer to pigment. This sample will be referred to as SF 5in subsequent examples. The mean particle size of this product was determined
as 1.76 microns, and the particle surface charge was -20.46 ueg/g. Fig. 9
displays the impact of addition of the cationic polyelectrolyte on the particle size
distribution of Microna S-93, no fine particles are present in suspension after the
treatment.
EXAMPLE 12
By way of comparing the present invention to currently available
paper filler mineral pigments, a series of laboratory handsheets were made usinga blend of 30% hardwood, 40% secondary fiber and 30% long fiber. The
following polymer wet end additives were sequentially added to the fiber blend
with mixing; 15 lbs/t of cationic potato starch, 1.5 lbs/t of ASA size and 0.4
lbs/t of an anionic retention aid. Final pulp consistency was 0.3 % . To the
furnish, with all of the additives present, was added varying amounts of the filler
pigments Albacar LO, Microna S-80 B and SF 2.
Fig. 10 displays the relationship between the applied ash (added to
the furnish) and the final ash in the paper web for the various filler pigments.
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Percent retention is defined as (final ash)/(applied ash) x 100%. As can be seenfrom these data the product of this invention has retention characteristics similar
to the coarse, bulky scalenohedral Albacar LO pigment, and is significantly
better retained than the untreated highly anionically surface charged Microna S-5 80 B pigment, which is poorly retained in the fiber web at all filler levels.
Vacuum assisted drainage data at 20% filler ad~lition are displayed in
Fig. 11. From these data it can be seen that the product of the current invention,
SF 2, does not significantly retard the drainage of the fiber web relative to the
well draining rhombohedral, low surface area pigment, Microna S-80 B.
llO Albacar LO, which is a pigment with a scalenohedral morphology and significant
internal porosity, retards drainage of the fiber web by up to 40% relative to SF 2
and Microna S-80 B.
Handsheet strength data are displayed in Fig. 12. From these data it
can be seen that the PCC pigment Albacar LO impacts sheet strength more than
15 does Microna S-80 B, with the product of the present invention, SF 2, having
least impact on sheet strength.
The impact of filler type on h~n(l~heet bulk ~actor is displayed in Fig.
13. From these data it can be clearly seen that the product of the present
invention, SF 2, gives significantly more bulk to the fiber web than does
20 Microna S-80 B and Albacar LO. Sheet bulk is defined as (average
caliper)/(average basis weight) x 25.4 and is reported in cm3/g.
Handsheet opacity data are displayed in Fig. 14. These data show
that the product of the present invention, SF 2, has sip:nific~ntly improved
opacity relative to the untreated mineral filler, Microna S-80 B. SF 2 handsheet25 opacity data were, within the errors of measurement, equivalent to those of
Albacar LO at filler levels up to 15 % ash.
EXAMPLE 13
Mercury intrusion porosimetry analysis of Albacar LO, Albacar HO,
30 SF 2 and SF 3 were carried out by Micromeritics, Norcross, Georgia. These
data, which are displayed in the table below, show that the scalenohedral,
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synthetic, precipitated calcium carbonate pigments (Albacar LO and HO) have
sif~nific~ntly higher internal pore volumes than the products of the present
invention (SF 2 and SF 3).
Pigment Pore VolumeAvera~e Pore Diameter
(ml/g! (microns)
Albacar LO 0.918 0.405
Albacar HO 1.361 0.337
SF 2 0.255 0.081
SF 3 0.270 0.085
Albacar HO is a higher opacifying pigment than Albacar LO, which
15 is supported by the pore volume data above. Data from example 12 above shows
that SF 2 has comparable light scattering ability to Albacar LO at filler levels up
to 15 % ash, which would not be predicted from the pore volume data. The
assemblage of fine and colloidal particles formed in the present invention clearly
produces a number of smaller interconnecting pores that must also effectively
20 scatter light.
The low total internal pore volume of the products of the present
invention (when compared to Albacar LO and HO) support the good drainage
and web strength data shown in exarnple 12 above.
~5 EXAMPLE 14
A sample of SX 1000 which is a "clustered prismatic" synthetic
precipitated calcium carbonate pigment was diluted to 10~ solids in water. To
this feed pigment suspension was added a 1% (weight/weight) aqueous solution
of Agefloc WT50 SLV, with stirring. The mean particle size of the feed
30 precipitated calcium carbonate was determined as 2.27 microns, cont~ining some
7% by weight of particles in the fine range. A 3 lbs/t addition of the cationic
polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV produced an aggregated product with a mean
particle size of 8.29 microns that contained no fine particles in suspension. The
surface charge on the pigment was changed from -0.073 ueg/g (feed), to +
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2.863 ueg/g after treatment. Fig. 15 shows the particle size curves for the feedand treated materials of this example.
EXAMPLE 15
A sample of Albacar HO, which is a scalenohedral morphology
synthetic precipitated calcium carbonate pigment, was diluted to 10% solids in
water. To this feed pigment suspension was added a 1% (weight/weight)
aqueous solution of Agefloc WT50 SLV, with stirring. The mean particle size of
the feed precipitated calcium carbonate was determined as 1.21 microns, which
10 contained some 9% by weight of particles in the fine range. A 3 Ibs/t addition
of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV produced an aggregated
product with a mean particle size of 1.22 microns that contained no fine particles
in suspension. The surface charge on the pigment was changed from -0.098
ueg/g (feed), to + 3.46 ueg/g after treatment. Fig. 16 shows the particle size
15 curves for the feed and treated materials of this example.
EXAMPLE ~6
To a feed mineral suspension composed of ~icrona S-80 B at 10%
solids in water was added S lbs/t of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc W'I'50SLV. The concentration of the cationic polyelectrolyte was varied from 0.1%
(weight/weight) in water to 50% (weight/weight) in the treatment experiments.
Fig. 17 displays these data which show that the polymer concentration used to
treat the feed mineral slurry has little or no impact on the extent of aggregation
of the fines present in the feed mineral slurry.
EXAMPLE 17
To a feed mineral suspension composed of ~icrona S-80 B at 10%
solids in water, cont~ining 80% by weight of particles finer ~an two microns
and 40% by weight of particles finer than 0.5 microns, was added 2.5 lbs/t of a
1.0% solution of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV and 2.5 lbs/t ofa 1.0% solution of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc B50, with mixing. Fig.
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18 displays the data from this experiment which show that combinations of
cationic polyelectrolytes can be effectively used to treat the feed mineral slurry,
resulting in a product that contains no fine particles in suspension. The product
of this example is indistinguishable from that of the product SF 2 described in
5 example 8 above.
EXAMPLE 18
The paper web retention values of samples SF 3, SF 4 and SF 5,
produced in examples 9, 10 and 11, were compared to that of LO - PCC in order
10 to determine if the surface charge of the aggregated product domin~tes retention.
The same fiber blend and retention aid system was used as described in example
12 above, with filler additions of 10, 15, 20 and 25% ash. Percent retention of a
filler pigment in a paper web is defined as (final ash)/(applied ash) x 100%.
SF 3 has a mean particle size of 3.51 microns and a surface charge of
-7.66 ueg/g. SF 4 has a mean particle size of 2.14 microns and a surface charge
of -3.01 ueg/g. SF 5 has a mean particle size of 1.76 microns and a surface
charge of -20.46 ueg/g.
Fig. 19 displays the retention data from hand sheet study #2 which
show that all three products of this invention were retained as well, if not better
20 than, the sample of LO - PCC. The PCC sample used in this example has a
coarse, scalenohedral particle morphology, with a mean particle size of 2.25
microns and a surface charge of - 0.099 ueg/g. Clearly, aggregation of the fine
fraction of a given filler pigment, vastly improves its retention in a fiber web(see Fig. 10), ash retention seems to be high for all the products of this
25 invention, irrespective of the surface charge of the aggregated filler particles.
EXA~PLE 19
Samples of Microna S-80 B, SF 2 and SF 3 were subjected to
Einlehner AT 1000 abrasion testing. In this test the wear on a bronze wire
30 developed by a 10% mineral slurry is quantified as a weight loss factor.
Typically, as mineral slurry particle size increases, the abrasion or weight loss of
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the bronze wire will increase. Mineral pigment abrasion is important to
papermakers as more abrasive pigments will incur greater down time on a paper
m~chine from ch~n~in.~ worn out formation wires, and will wear slitting or
conversion equipment used to turn rolls of paper into individual sheets.
The Einlehner abrasion data in the table below show that despite an
increase in the mean particle size of the pigments SF 2 and SF 3 relative to thefeed mineral slurry Microna S-80 B, no increase in bronze wire wear is noticed.
This would be expected as the intrinsic particle size distribution of tlle threeproducts are all the same, the only difference is the polyelectrolyte treatment
carried out to form SF 2 and SF 3. SF 2 and SF 3 are therefore not hard
aggregated or fused products like calcined clays.
Product Name Mean Particle Size Einlehner Abrasion
Microna S-80 B 0.9 microns 7.3 mg loss
Microna SF 2 1.86 microns 6.8 mg loss
Microna SF 3 3.51 microns 7.4 mg loss
Z,O EXAMPLE 20
A sample of Microna S-80 B, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate pigment slurry cont~ining 80%
by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 40% by weight of particles finerthan 0.5 microns, was diluted to a solids level of 10% with water. To this feed
Z5 mineral suspensions was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
in water) of alum. Doze rates of 5, 10, and 20 Ibs/t alum to Microna S-80 B
(dry on dry) were used for the experiments.
The data displayed in Fig. 20 show the impact of the addition of alum
on the particle size curve of Microna S-80 B. From these data it can be seen
30 that at a doze rate of 20 lbs/t aggregation of the fines present in the feed mineral
slurry takes place such that no fines are present in the sample after the treatment
process. The particle surface charge was changed from -21.3 ueg/g for the feed
mineral slurry Microna S-80 B to + 4.86 ueg/g for the aggregated product of
this invention.
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EXAMPLE 21
By way of further comparing currently available paper filler mineral
pigments, a series of laboratory handsheets were made (hand sheet study #3)
using a blend of 30% hardwood, 40~ secondary fiber and 30% long fiber. The
following polymer wet end additives were sequentially added to the fiber blend
with mixing; 15 Ibs/t of cationic potato starch, 1.5 lbs/t of ASA size and 0.4
lbs/t of an anionic retention aid. Final pulp consistency was 0.3%. To the
furnish, with all of the additives present, was added varying amounts of the
cationic filler pigment SF 1, and anionic filler pigment Microna S-80 B.
J0 Vacuum assisted drainage data at 20% filler addition are displayed in
Fig. 21. From these data it can be seen that the cationic product SF 1
significantly retards the drainage of the fiber web relative to the well draining
rhombohedral, low surface area anionically dispersed pigment, Microna S-80 B.
Retardation of web drainage with SF 1 is believed to be a consequence of the
positive charge that SF 1 adds to the pulp, resulting in over flocculation of the
fibers, and poor drainage.
~ig. 22 displays the relationship between the applied ash (added to
the furnish) and the final ash in the paper web for these two filler pigments.
Percent retention is defined as (final ash)/(applied ash) x 100%. As can be seenfrom these data the cationic pigment SF 1 has retention characteristics better than
Microna S-80 B but not as good as the coarse, bulky scalenohedral Albacar LO
pigment (see Fig. 10) or the products of this invention shown in Fig.s 10 and 19.
EXAMPLE 22
A sample of Microna SF 1, which is a cationically dispersed, ground
calcium carbonate pigment slurry cont~ining 88% by weight of particles finer
than 2 microns and 11% by weight of particles finer than 0.5 microns, was
diluted to 10% solids with water. To this feed mineral suspensions was added,
with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight in water) of the anionic
polyelectrolyte Acumer 9400 which has an estimated molecular weight between
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1,000 and 10,000. Doze rates of 1, 3, and 5 lbs/t Acumer 9400 to Microna SF
1 (dry on dry) were used in the treatment experiments.
Fig. 23 shows the data from these experiments which clearly
demonstrate that the addition of a low molecular weight anionic polyelectrolyte to
the cationically surface charged and dispersed feed material results in selective
aggregation of the fine component of the feed material when the treatment is
carried out at low solids. The surface charge of the aggregated product was
reduced from +42.1 ueg/g to +37.48 ueg/g after a 1 lb/t addition of the low
molecular weight anionic polyelectrolyte, +16.4 ueg/g after 3 Ibs/t addition, and
10 +2.68 ueg/g after 5'1bs of the anionic polyelectrolyte had been added to the feed
material.
E~'~PLE ~
A sample of Windsor clay, which is an air floated kaolin product
15 with 90% by weight of particles finer than 2 microns, 68% by weight of particles
finer than 0.5 microns and 40% by weight of particles finer tnan 0.2 microns,
was dispersed in water at 60% solids with 12 lbs/t of Acumer 9400. This feed
mineral slurry was used as a feed for all of the subsequent treatment
experiments.
The feed mineral slurry was diluted to 10% solids with water and the
cationic polyelectrolyte, Agefloc WT50 SLV, was added to the mineral slurry at
doze rates varying from 3 lbs/t to 30 lbs/t, with mixing. Agefloc VVT50 SLV is
a cationic polyelectrolyte with an estimated molecular weight in the range 10,000
to 50,000 as outlined above. The resultant products of these experiments were
25 analyzed for particle size distribution with a Micromeritics "Sedigraph, 5100"
particle size analyzer, and surface charge with a Mutek, PCD 02 Particle Charge
Detector.
Fig. 2 displays the data from the treatment experiments. From these
data it can be seen that the cationic polyelectrolyte completely aggregates the
30 ultra-fine particles present in the feed kaolin slurry at a doze rate of 10 lbs/t. At
higher doze rates, 20 and 30 lbs/t, complete aggregation of the fine particles
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present in the feed kaolin slurry also takes place. The surface charge on the
kaolin particles and mean particle size changed as shown in the table below:
lbs/t Polymer Mean particle size Surface charge
added (microns) (ueg/g~)
None (feed) 0.23 -58.4
10 lbs/t 0.34 -30.5
20 lbs/t 0.85 -19.7
30 lbs/t 0. 86 -16.4
1.0
Addition of cationic polyelectrolyte over and above 20 lbs/t did not
significantly increase the mean particle size of the aggregated product, but didresult in a decrease in the surface charge of the product.
EXA~PLE 24
In this example the feed kaolin mineral slurry, as described in example 23
above, was diluted to a range of different solids contents. These kaolin slurries
were treated with 10 lbs/t of the low molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyte,~0 Agefloc WT50 SLV, with stirring. The resultant products were analyzed for
particle size distribution. Data from these experiments is displayed in Fig. 24.From these data it can be seen that as the treatment solids increases, the
treatment process becomes less selective, with general aggregation of the ultra-fines and fines taking place at solids levels above 10%.
EXAMPLE 25
A sample of the feed kaolin mineral slurry from example 23 above was
diluted to 10% solids and treated with a range of differing cationic
polyelectrolytes with molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 400,000 as
30 outlined above. The cationic polyelectrolytes were added to the kaolin slurrywith mixing. Fig. 25 displays the data from these treatment experiments, which
show that the ultra-fine particles present in a kaolin slurry can be selectivelyaggregated with a range of differing cationic polyelectrolytes. The mean particle
size of all of the treated products is 0.34 microns which is greater than that of
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the feed mineral slurry. The particle surface charge of the aggregated products
was lower than that of the feed mineral slurry as described in example 24 above.
EXAMPLE 26
A sample of the feed kaolin mineral slurry from example 23 above was
diluted to 10% solids and treated with alum at a range of different doze levels,with mixing. Fig. 26 displays the data from these treatment experiments, which
show that the ultra-fine particles present in a kaolin slurry can be selectivelyaggregated with alum as the cationic agent.
Alum addition Surface char~e
(lbs/t! (ueg/g)
None (feed) -58.4
20 lbs/t -40.5
30 Ibs/t -28.5
40 Ibs/t -20.2
Data in the table above shows that the particle surface charge is decreases
as alum doze rate increases. This is the same effect as the addition of the
cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV described in example 23 above.
EXAMPLE 27
In this example 10 and 30 lbs/t additions of the high molecular weight
cationic polyelectrolyte, Westcat E-F, were made to a 10% solids dispersion of
Windsor kaolin clay with stirring. Windsor is a commercially available air
floated kaolin pigment which has 90% by weight of particles finer than two
microns, 68% by weight of particles finer than 0.5 microns and 40% by weight
of particles finer than 0.2 microns. Westcat E-F, which is a cationic starch, has
an estimated molecular weight between 3,000,000 and 3,500,000 as detailed
above. The particle size distribution of the resultant products was determined
with a Micromeritics "Sedigraph 5100" Particle Size Analyzer.
Fig. 28 displays these data, which show that as the amount of cationic
starch increases general flocculation of all of the particles present in the feed
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mineral slurry takes place, with the particle size curve displaced to a higher
mean particle size at higher cationic starch doze rates. At 10 lbs/t cationic starch
treatment level there are still some 33 % by weight of particles finer than 0.2
microns present in the mineral slurry, and at 30 Ibs/t cationic starch treatment5 level there are still some 23% of particles finer that 0.5 microns and 9% by
weight of particles ~Iner than 0.2 microns present ir~ ~e mineral slurry.
EXAMPLE 28
A sample of Microna S-90 HB, which is a co~lmercially available,
I 0 anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate paper coating pigment slurrycont~ining 90% by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 45% by weight
of particles finer than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water.
To this feed mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0%
(weight/weight in water) cationic potato starch, Westcat E-F, with an estimated
molecular weight of 3,000,000 to 3,500,000. Doze rates of 3 lbs/t and 6 Ibs/t
cationic starch to Microna S-90 HB (dry on dry) were added to the feed mineral
slurry.
The particle surface charge of the anionically dispersed Microna S-90 HB
feed mineral slurry was determined as -36.6 ueg/g. After treatment with 3 lbs/t
20 of the cationic potato starch the mineral surface charge was reduced to -11.8ueg/g, and after treatment with 6 lbs/t of the cationic potato starch the mineral
surface charge was determined as -8.4 ueg/g.
Fig. 2 shows the impact of the cationic starch treatment on the particle size
distribution of Microna S-90 HB as determined by a Micromeritics "Sedigraph
25 5100" particle size analyzer. These data show that as the amount of cationic
starch increases general flocculation of all of the particles present in the feed
mineral slurry takes place, with the particle size curve simply displaced to a
higher mean particle size at higher cationic starch doze rates. At 6 Ibs/t cationic
starch treatment level there are still some 30% by weight of particles finer than
30 0.5 microns present in the mineral slurry.
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EXA~[PLE 29
A sample of Microna S-80 B, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate paper coating pigment slurry
con~inin~ 80% by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 40% by weight
5 of particles finer than 0.5 microns, was diluted to a range of differing solids
levels with water. To this feed mineral suspensions was added, with stirring, a
solution of 1.0% (weight/weight in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc
VVT50 SLV which has an estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and
50,000. A doze rate of 5 lbs/t Agefloc ~iV'I50 SLV to Microna S-80 B (dry on
10 dry) was used for all the treatment experiments.
Fig. 3 shows these data which clearly demonstrate that the addition of a
low molecular weight cationic polyelectrolyte to the anionically surface chargedand dispersed feed mineral slurry results in selective aggregation of the fines
component of the feed material when the treatment is carried out at low solids.
15 From these data it can be seen that if the mineral feed slurry is 10% solids or
lower prior to treatment with the low molecular weight polyelectrolyte, completeaggregation of the fines present in the feed mineral slurry takes place.
EXAMPLE 30
2~ A sample of Microna S-90 HB, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate coating pigment slurry
cont~ining 90% by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 45% by weight
of particles finer than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water.
To this feed mineral suspension was added in separate experiments, with stirring,
2~ a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight in water) of the cationic polyelectrolytesAgequat C1405, Agefloc B50, Agefloc WT40 and Agefloc A50 LV which have
estimated molecular weights in the range 10,000 to 400,000 as outlined above.
Doze rates of 5 lbs/t were used for all the individual cationic polyelectrolyte
treatment experiments.
Fig. 5 shows the impact of these cationic polyelectrolyte treatments on the
particle size curve of Microna S-90 HB. From this figure it can be seen that all
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of the polymer treatments chosen selectively aggregate the fines component of
the feed mineral slurry. The mean particle size of the resultant products and
surface charges are as follows:
Polymer Mçan particle size Surface charge
(5 lbs/t) (microns) (ueg/g~)
None (feed) 0.58 -37.0
Agequat C1405 2.82 -10.6
Agefloc B50 3.51 -7.66
Agefloc ~Arr4o 2.27 -6.89
Agefloc A50 LV 2.28 -8.00
EXAMPLE 31
To a feed mineral suspension composed of Microna S-80 B at 10% solids
in water, cont~inin~ 80% by weight of particles finer than two microns and 40%
by weight of particles finer than 0.5 microns, was added 2.5 Ibs/t of a 1.0%
solution of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV and 2.5 lbs/t of a
1.0% solution of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc B50, with mixing. Fig. 18
displays the data from this experirnent. These data show that combinations of
cationic polyelectrolytes can be effectively used to treat the feed rnineral slurry,
resulting in a product that contains no fine particles free in suspension.
EXAMPLE 32
A sample of Microna S-80 B, which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate pigment slurry con~ining 80%
by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 40% by weight of particles finerthan 0.5 microns, was diluted to a solids level of 10% with water. To this feed
mineral suspensions was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
in water) of alum. Dose rates of 5, 10, and 20 Ibs/t alum to Microna S-80 B
(dry on dry) were used in the experiments.
The data displayed in Fig. 20 show the impact of the addition of alum on
the particle size curve of Microna S-80 B. From these data it can be seen that at
a doze rate of 20 lbs/t aggregation of the fines present in the feed mineral slurry
takes place such that no fines are present in the sample after the treatment
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process. The particle surface charge was changed from -21.3 ueg/g for the feed
mineral slurry Microna S-80 B to + 4.86 ueg/g for the aggregated product of
this invention.
EXAMPLE 33
A sample of Microna S-65 which is a commercially available, anionically
dispersed, ground calcium carbonate coating pigment slurry cont~ini1lg 65% by
weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 28 % by weight of particles finer
than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water. To this feed
mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV which has an
estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. A doze rates of 3 lbs/t
Agefloc WT50 SLV to Microna S-65 (dry on dry) was added to the feed mineral
slurry.
The particle charge of the Microna S-65 feed mineral slurry was reduced
from -18.6 ueg/g to -10.4 ueg/g with the addition of 3 lbs/t Agefloc WT50 ~LV.
The median particle diameter of the treated mineral slurry increased from a value
of 1.3 microns for the feed material to 2.39 microns.
Fig. 30 shows the particle size curve of Microna S-65 after treatment with
2~ 3 lbs/t of Agefloc WT50 SLV. As can be seen, treatment of the feed mineral
slurry with the low molecular weight polyelectrolyte selectively agglomerates the
fine particles present in the feed mineral slurry.
A large sample of the treated mineral slurry was dewatered with a
laboratory centrifuge and re-slurried to form a pigment suspension with a solidscontent greater than 60%. This pigment is of sufficiently high enough solids
such that it can be incorporated into a paper coating formulation.
EXAMPLE 34
A sample of Microna S-65 which is a commercially available, anionically
dispersed, ground calcium carbonate coating pigment slurry cont~ining 65% by
weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 28 5~ by weight of particles finer
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than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water. To this feed
mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc W'I'50 SLV which has an
estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. A doze rates of 5 lbs/t
S Agefloc WT50 SLV to Microna S-65 (dry on dry) was added to the feed mineral
slurry.
The particle charge of the Microna S-65 feed mineral slurry was reduced
from -18.6 ueg/g to -6.20 ueg/g with ~e addition of 5 lbs/t Agefloc WT50 SLV.
The median particle diameter of the treated mineral slurry increased from a value
10 of 1.3 microns for the feed material to 2.86 microns.
Pig. 31 shows the particle size curve of Microna S-65 after treatment with
5 lbs/t of Agefloc WT50 SLV. As can be seen, treatment of the feed mineral
slurry with the low molecular weight polyelectrolyte selectively agglomerates the
fine particles present i~ the feed mineral slurry.
A large sample of the treated mineral slurry was dewatered with a
laboratory centrifuge and re-slurried to form a pigment suspension with a solidsco~tent greater than 60%. This pigment is of sufficiently high enough solids
such that it can be incorporated into a paper coating formulation.
EXAMPLE 35
A sample of Microna S-90 HB which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate coating pigment slurry
containing 90% by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 45% by weight
of particles finer than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water.
25 To this feed mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0%
(weight/weight in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc VVT50 SLV
which has an estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. A doze
rates of 3 lbs/t Agefloc W'1['50 SLV to Microna S-90 HB (dry on dry) was added
to the feed mineral slurry.
The particle charge of the Microna S-90 HB feed mineral slurry was
reduced from -34.4 ueg/g to -23.3 ueg/g with the addition of 3 lbs/t Agefloc
_ . _ ,,, ,,, , , , , , _ , _ ,
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VVTSO SLV. The median particle diameter of the treated mineral slurry
increased from a value of 0.58 microns for the feed material to 2.46 microns.
Fig. 32 shows the particle size curve of Microna S-90 HB after treatment
with 3 Ibs/t of Agefloc WT50 SLV. As can be seen, treatment of the feed
mineral slurry with the low molecular weight polyelectrolyte selectively
agglomerates the fine particles present in the feed mineral slurry.
A large sample of the treated mineral slurry was dewatered with a
laboratory centrifuge and re-slurried to form a pigment suspension with a solidscontent greater than 60%. This pigment is of sufficiently high enough solids
13 such that it can be incorporated into a paper coating formulation.
EXAMPLE 36
A sample of Microna S-90 HB which is a commercially available,
anionically dispersed, ground calcium carbonate coating pigment slurry
15 cont~ining 90% by weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 45% by weight
of particles finer than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water.
To ~is feed mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0%
(weight/weight in water) of the catior~ic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV
which has an estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. A doze
20 rates of 5 lbs/t Agefloc WT50 SLV to Microna S-90 HB (dry on dry) was added
to the feed mineral slurry.
The particle charge of the Microna S-90 HB feed mineral slurry was
reduced from -18.6 ueg/g to -6.20 ueg/g with the addition of 5 lbs/t Agefloc
WTSO SLV. The median particle diameter of the treated mineral slurry
25 increased from a value of 0.58 microns for the feed material to 2.35 microns.Fig. 29 shows the particle size curve of Microna S-90 HB after treatment
with S Ibs/t of Agefloc Wl'50 SLV. As can be seen, treatment of the feed
mineral slurry with the low molecular weight polyelectrolyte selectively
agglomerates the fine particles present in the feed mineral slurry.
A large sample of the treated mineral slurry was dewatered with a
laboratory centrifuge and re-slurried to form a pigment suspension with a solids
.
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content greater than 60~. This pigment is of sufficiently high enough solids
such that it can be incorporated into a paper coating formulation.
EX~MPLE 37
A sample of Microna S-93 which is a commercially available, anionically
dispersed, ground calcium carbonate coating pigment slurry cont~ining 95 % by
weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 47% by weight of particles finer
than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water. To this feed
mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV which has an
estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. A doze rates of 3 lbs/t
Agefloc WT50 SLV to Microna S-93 (dry on dry) was added to the feed mineral
slurry.
The particle charge of the Microna S-93 feed mineral slurry was reduced
from -38.4 ueg/g to -28.9 ueg/g with the addition of 3 lbs/t Agefloc WT50 SLV.
The median particle diameter of the treated mineral slurry increased from a value
of 0.56 microns for the feed material to 0.89 microns.
Fig. 33 shows the particle size curve of Microna S-93 after treatment with
3 lbs/t of Agefloc WT50 SLV. As can be seen, treatment of the ~eed mineral
slurry with the low molecular weight polyelectrolyte selectively agglomerates the
fine particles present in the feed mineral slurry.
A large sample of the treated Ir~ineral slurry was dewatered with a
laboratory centrifuge and re-slurried to form a pigment suspension with a solidscontent greater than 60%. This pigment is of sufficiently high enough solids
25: such that it can be incorporated into a paper coating formulation.
EXAMPLE 38
A sample of Microna S-93 which is a commercially available, anionically
dispersed, ground calcium carbonate coating pigment slurry cont~ining 95~ by
weight of particles finer than 2 microns and 47% by weight of particles finer
than 0.5 microns, was diluted to 10% solids by weight in water. To ~his feed
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mineral suspension was added, with stirring, a solution of 1.0% (weight/weight
in water) of the cationic polyelectrolyte Agefloc WT50 SLV which has an
estimated molecular weight between 10,000 and 50,000. A doze rates of 5 lbs/t
Agefloc VVT50 SLV to Microna S-93 (dry on dry) was added to the feed mineral
5 slurry.
The particle charge of the Microna S-93 feed mineral slurry was reduced
from -38.4 ueg/g to -20.5 ueg/g with the addition of 5 lbs/t Agefloc WT50 SLV.
The median particle diameter of the treated mineral slurry increased from a value
of 0.56 microns for the feed material to 1.63 microns.
Fig. 9 shows the particle size curve of Microna S-93 after treatment with 5
lbs/t of Agefloc VVT50 SLV. As can be seen, treatment of the feed mineral
slurry with the low molecular weight polyelectrolyte selectively agglomerates the
fine particles present in the feed mineral slurry.
A large sample of the treated mineral slurry was dewatered with a
1.~ laboratory centrifuge and re-slurried to form a pigment suspension with a solids
content greater than 60%. This pigment is of sufficiently high enough solids
such that it can be incorporated into a paper coating formulation.
While the present invention has been particularly set forth in tel~ms of
specific embodiments therefore, it will be understood in view of the instant
20 disclosure, that numerous variations upon the invention are now enabled to those
skilled in the art, which variations yet reside within the scope and spirit of the
claims now appended hereto.
