Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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METHOD FOR CONlROLLING AMMONI,~. ~Rl~ROPOD INFEST~ ND REDUC~NG
ANIMAL STRESS ~N CONFrNED ROOM ~IM~L HUSI~NDRY
The present invention relates to a method of treating an amrnonia- and/or ~Lhlo~od
population-conn~ ing envi..,....~nt, comprising applying to a surface or substrate in
contact with the enviiu~ lent7 a thiosulfate-cont~ining co~ osilion. The method can be
used to reduce the concentration of ~mmonia in an amrnonia-cor-l~i--il~g environmPnt, to
reduce the arthropod population in an ~ll~opod population-c~ nt~inin~ environment and/or
to reduce stress of an animal in an amrnonia- andlor ~llllu~od-cont~ining environment.
The present invention also relates to compositions c~ - ;cing thiosulfate, elemental sulfur,
and optionally sulfur-oxidizing b~ct~ri~, and to the use of said compositions, particularly in
the reduction of the concentration of ~mm~ni~, pH, animal stress and alLlll~opod infestation
in an environrnent. In addition, the present invention relates to animal litter comprising a
thiosulfate- and, optionally elemP-nt~l sulfur-, cont~ining colllposilion.
Physiologically toxic or ~lnple~c~nt malodors occur widely in the living environment
of man, for example, in the production, proces~ing, rep~cking, filling, storing, freshness-
retaining, transportation, discarding, etc. of various products common to the industries of
agriculture, farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishing. Typically, sulfur- and
nitrogen-containing compounds are responsible for such malodors, and effective tre~tmPntc
are still being sought.
Among such malodorous compounds, urea or uric acid are excreted by ~nim~lc as a
result of norrnal metabolism and are rapidly converted into ~mmonia by biological action,
primarily bacterial action. In aquatic systems, fish and other aquatic animal life excrete
urea directly into the water, where it is rapidly converted into ammonia. Non-aquatic
~nim~lc7 including humans, also excrete urea into natural habitats and, in the particular case
of domestic ~nim~ls and livestock, into artificial habitats, such as stalls, coops, cages, litter
pans and other indoor- and outdoor-housing structures. Arnmonia is also produced as a
result of the decay of solid animal waste and llne~trn food, or undigested food in fecal
matter.
At room temperature, ammonia is a gaseous environm~nt,.l cont~min~nt whlch has
an undesirable pungent odor. In concentrated animal populations typically found in
commercial animal production units common to hog and poultry, such as chicken (Gallus
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domesticus), turkey (Meleagris ~allopavo), dueks (Anas platyrhynchos), gease (Anser
spp.), Coturnix quail (Cortunix cortunix or C. Cortunix japonica), bobwhite quail (Colinus
vir~inianus), chukar partridge (Alectors chukar), phe~c~nt~ (Phslci~nllc colchicus) and
guineas, guinea hens or guinea fowl (Ph~ci~nllc colchicus), production, ammonia
accumulations exert severe physiological stress on the animal population. In poultry
production, for example, ammonia concentrations typically found in conflned growing
conditions cause stress symptoms such as respiratory distress, increased susceptibility to
bacterial infection, decreased weight gain, blin-ln~cs and in severe cases mortality. These
effects are si~nific~nt and in addition to causing sickness or death to the distressed animal,
cause economic loss to the grower. Many strategies have been employed to reduce the
above mentioned ammonia-related confined growth stress or mortality effects, e.g., in
poultry flocks. For exarnple F.N. Reece et al., "Amm~ ni~ in the Atmosphere during
Brooding Affects Performance of Broiler Chicken", Poultry Science, 59, pages 486 - 488,
1980, discloses a study in which the weight gain of broiler chickens exposed to ammonia
during the 0 - 28 day brooding period, was adversely affected.
A paper by H.A. Elliot and N.~. Collins entitled "Factors Affecting Ammonia
Release in Broiler House", 1982, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, pages 413 - 424, discloses a computer program for modeling arnmonia (NH3)
release in broiler houses. Of the factors studied in the Elliot and Collins paper, NH3
voi~tili7~tion was influenced, in order of importance, by: litter pH >~ temperature >
moisture content. As explained in that paper, the nitrogenous end product of uric acid
degradation is NH3, which includes both the uncharged soluble NH3 species, NH3 (aq), and
the ammonium ion, NH4+. As further stated therein, because the equilibrium partial
pressure of gaseous NH3 in the litter (PL) is large compared to the ambient NH3 partial
pressure in the house atmosphere (PA)~ NH3 will be transferred from the litter to the
atmosphere. It is suggested in the paper that one of the most effective means of controlling
NH3 vol~tili7~tion is to chemically treat litter with acids, for example phosphoric acid and
volatile fatty acids, to m~int~in a low pH. In contrast to the litter treatment suggested by
Elliot et al, namely treatment with an acidic chernical, an embodiment of the present
invention (as hereinafter defined), treats a surface or substrate in contact with an ammonia-
and/or arthropod population-cont~ining environment, e.g., a chicken or turkey house with a
thiosulfate-containing composition. Such a composition is non-acidic and accordingly does
not suffer from the disadvantages discussed above.
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The present invention may be practiced in treating an environment used in the
production of any of the a~ovementioned animals. Hereinafter, such an environment will
be referred to as an animal environment. Two of the more important animal environments
which may be treated according to the present invention are the domestic chicken- and
turkey-environmto-n~s Chickens reared for meat are called broilers. Broiler house stocking
densities typically range from about 11 to 16.5 birds/m2 (1.0 to 1.5 birdsm2), depending on
weather, environm~nt~l conditions and the target market weight of the birds. Typical
stocking densities in southeast USA range from about 13.2 to 14.3 birds/m~ (1.2 - 1.3
birds/ft2). Stocking densities for turkeys vary, since the very young birds (poults) are grown
in separate buildings for the first month. Poult brooder bu-l~lin~ are stocked at about 33 -
44 birds/m2 (34 birds/ft2). Grow-out buildings are stocked at a lower density, typically
about 22 - 33 birds/m2 (2-3 birds/ft2) or less if it is desired to grow a large bird. full grown
13.6 kg (301b) toms, may require 0.45 - 0.63 m2/bird (5-7 ft2/bird).
Conventional methods for reducing ammonia and/or reducing stress in animal
rearing, e.g., the use of zeolites, have been lln~uccessful. Forced ventilation of the animal
environment is most comrnon, but has the drawbacks of excessive heating and power costs.
Chemical remedies, such as dilute mineral acids (e.g., phosphoric) have provided some
rclief. but they are corrosive, hazardous to the applicator, and require specialized
equipment and tankage. Other chemicals have been used, for example, alum, lime,
aldehydes and ketones, essential oils, persulfates, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate,
alkanolamines, and sulfa drugs. Each has been found to have inherent drawbacks such as
cost, irritancy, toxicity, corrosivity, or impractical dosage requirements.
In addition, there are significant arthropod pest problems in modern integrated animal
production. The major arthropod pests found in modern high density PPf are: (a)
ectoparasites: mites, lice, and bedbugs, and (b) habitat pests: darkling (litter) beetles and
filth flies (house fly and other species). Integrated arthropod pest management programs
must counter all of these pests. The major arthropod pest species of concern and the pest
management strategies vary with the animal, housing and production systems.
The ecology of arthropod pests is tied to the artificial environment in which they and
the animals exist, and changes in the environment which reduce arthropod populations can
only be made if they are not detrimental to the animals. Since the environments of the
various types of production facilities differ, so too does the arthropod pest population as
does the adverse effect on the animal host caused by the particular arthropod population.
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The impact of arthropod ectoparasites on poultry, for çxamrle, involves the stressing
of the bird, feeding on the bird, and/or vectorin~ of disease org~ni~m~ harmful to the bird.
Pests that are not ectoparasites may nevertheless lower the quality of the birds' en~Jif.~ ent
and thereby also cause stress to the birds.
Common ectoparasites that cause stress to poultry include the northern fowl mite,
O~nithonyssus sylviarum, the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, the chicken
mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, and the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. In confined poultry
housing, a diversity of insects and mites will be found in the accllm~ t~d poultry manure
(in caged-layer houses and beneath the slats in breeder houses) and litter (feces mixed with
wood shavings or other plant materials in broiler and turkey grow-out houses and portions
of breeder houses). These arthropods are mainly species of beetles (Coleoptera), flies
(Diptera), and mesostigmatid mites.
Extremely large populations of all stages of habitat pests, such as beetles, can be
found in some poultry houses, especially in the litter of broiler and turkey growout houses.
The beetles often aggregate in areas of higher te~ tui~, suitable moisture (especially
around waterers), and nutrients (mainly spilled chicken feed). Consequently, greater
numbers of insects may be found under and around feeders and waterers in broiler and
turkey growout houses, and in areas of spilled feed in ~ccl-mnl~t~d manure under caged-
layer hens.
The two major pest species of litter beetles are Alphitobius diaperinus
(Tenebrionidae), the darkling beetle, and Dermestes maculatus (Derm.osti~l~e), the hide
beetle. The darkling beetles are both reservoirs and vectors for a wide variety of pathogens,
including several that are threats to poultry production. They harbor fungi ~Aspergillus),
bacteria (Escherichia, Salmonella, Bacillus, Streptococcus), and viruses causing leukosis
(Marek's disease) and infectious bursitis (Gumboro disease). A variety of other viruses,
including the agents causing fowlpox, Newcastle disease, and avian influen7~, have also
been recovered from the beetles. Avian cocciodosis, a major disease of poultry caused by
protozoans (Eimeria spp.) is a poor survivor in poultry litter but survives as oocysts
ingested by beelles which may then be ingested by the birds. The cysticercoids of helminth~
(Choanotaenia and Raillietina) which affect poultry have been recovered from A.
diaperinus demonstrating its role as an interm~ te host . It has been suggested that the
insect may cause lesions on the birds [Bergmann et al., E~autk~rzinomatose bei Broilern,
Monat. Veterinaermed., 41, pp. 815-17 (1986)1, and the scratching activity of the birds
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seeking the beetles in the litter may increase the susceptibilities of the birds to disease
agents, owing to the irritation of the respilat(,l y tract from the resulting dust.
Attempts to reduce A. diaperinus in poultry houses have been, at most, only partially
successful. Thorough cleaning of the houses followed by leaving them empty and unh~ t~(l
for a prolonged period in a cold climate will reduce the rate of beetle population increase in
subsequent flocks, but these measures do not satisfactorily reduce the infestation.
Application of insecticides to the structure (including the soil floor) after cleaning assists in
lowering the beetle survival, but mixing insecticides with disinfectants is risky due to a loss
of both germicidal and insecticidal effectiveness. A variety of organophosphate, carbamate,
and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and borates are toxic l:o the beetles as residues on the
structure or in the litter, but although effective in laboratory tests, they yield only temporary
arthropod population reductions in the poultry house. Likewise, insect growth regulators,
juvenile hormone analogues, and avermectin and similar anti-parasitics have effects in
laboratory tests but have not been demonstrated to be effective in the field.
In view of the deficiencies and inefficiencies of the prior art, it is desirable to have a
method for reducing animal stress resulting from ammonia and/or arthropod pests that is
safe, non-toxic to ~nim~ls, including hl-m~n~, easy to use, and is capable of keeping
confined animal growth envir~nmt-ntc at reduced pH and substantially ammonia- and
arthropod pest-free for an extended period of time.
The present invention also relates to thiosulfate-cont~ining compositions, comprising
elemental sulfur and, optionally sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
The present invention is further directed to an animal litter comprising thiosulfate-,
and optionally elemental sulfur-, cont~inin~ compositions.
The present invention further provides a method of treating an ammonia- and/or
arthropod population-cont~ining environment, comprising applying to a surface orsubstrate in contact with the environment, a non-toxic or thiosulfate-cont:lining
composition in an amount effective to reduce the concentration of ammonia and/orarthropod population in the environment.
The ammonia may be both airborne and/or trapped in or on a surface or substrate in
the environment, e.g., animal waste in the form of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH).
The method of the present invention is suitable for treating an ammonia- and/or
arthropod population-containing environment such as closed and open environments which
are naturally occurring or man-made including, but not limited to, animal litter, animal
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litter containers, cages, crates, stalls, coops, pens, houses, public toilets and other
environments where ammonia and/or arthropod pests may be found.
In accordance with the present invention, ammonia concentration and/or arthropodinfestation-ind~cing stress, for exarnple in fowl coops or swine pens, may be surprisingly
reduced by adding to the environment a thiosulfate-cont~in ing composition in an amount
effective to reduce the ammonia concentration andlor arthropod infestation in the
environment. Such a tre~tm~-nt has been discovered to reduce stress (which can be
measured by mortality or weight gain), decrease airborne ammonia concentrations and
decrease in arthropod pest infestation in animals grown in confined or crowded conditions.
Observed benefits include better food utilization resulting in increased weight gain and
thus increased production, in addition to reductions in deleterious bacteria in the litter,
reduction of animal eye irritation and blin-lness. reduced animal buccal and/or tracheal
irritation, greater viability of animal populations, and generally, better overall health.
It will be understood by one skilled in the art, that the method of the present
invention may be used on its own or in combination with any other method known for
reducing the ammonia concentration of an ~mmo,li,.-cont~ining environment, with the
proviso that said other method is practical with respect to considerations such as toxicity,
irritancy, dosage requirement and corrosivity. Thus, for example, the method of the present
invention may be used in su~nrner, in combination with ventilation means, whereby
ventilation cools the environment and reduces the airborne ammonia concentration.
Accordingly, in a further embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method of
reducing stress of an animal confined in an ammonia- and/or arthropod-population-
con~ining environment comprising applying to a surface or substrate in contact with the
environment a non-toxic, thiosulfate-cont~ining composition in an amount effective to
reduce stress, wherein the stress reduction is determined by a reduction in animal mortality
and/or an increase in animal weight gain relative to the mortality and/or weight gain
observed in an animal housed in the same environment to which no thiosulfate-salt-
containing composition has been applied.
33y the term "sarne environment" is meant an environment which is the same or
substantially the same with respect to temperature, density of animals, and diet regimen
~lmini~tered to the ~nim~ls
The increase of weight gain will be dependent on the particular animal species, the
period over which the weight gain is measured, the stage of development of the animal and
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the diet ~minict~ed. Both ~i~nifir~nt weight increases and decreases in mortality rate
have been observed in the practice of the present invention.
The thiosulfate compounds used in accordance with any one of the embodiments of
the present invention are non-irri~ting and non-toxic to ~nim~ , including hllm~n.c, and
non-corrosive. Preferred thiosulfate-cont~ining compositions are thiosulfate salts, and
include alkali metals, such as sodium and pot~ lm, and ~lk~linf~ earth metals, such as
calcium and m~necium. A particularly prefe,led thiosulfate-salt-cont~ining composition is
a composition comprising sodium thiosulfate. Such thiosulfate-salt-cont~inin,~ compounds
are commercially available (e.g., from PVS, General Ch--mic~l or Ca~abrian) and are often
used in photography, scale prevention, dechlorination and minin~. Sodium thiosulfate, in
fact, has been used as a food additive for chicken rations and may even be sourced from the
waste li~uor of sulfur dye manufacture. Thus, the ease of h~ntlling and mild nature of the
chemical compounds useful in the present invention represents a significant advance in
protecting workers, ~nim~lc, and equipment, while providing efficient reduction of airborne
ammonia, arthropod pests and animal stress in con~lned growth animal husbandry
environments.
The amount of the thinsulf~te-cont~ining composition effective to reduce the
ammonia and/or the arthropod pest population and/or animal stress, will vary (lepentling on
the concentration of ammonia and/or size of the arthropod population present in the
environment, and method of application of the thiosulfate-salt-cont~ining composition to
the environment. The thiosulfate-salt-cont~ining composition is suitably introduced as a
spray directed downward towards the litter at greater than 100 ppm, typically greater than
10,000 ppm. In other words, the thiosulfate-salt-cont~ining composition may be applied at
a dose of between about 0.048 to 9.764 Kg/m2 (0.01 to 2 lbs./ft.2) of tre~tmP.nt target area,
preferably at about 0.15 to 8.544 kg/m2 (0.03 to 1.75/ft.2 ) most preferably 0.244 to 7.32
kg/m2 (0.05 to 1.5 Ibs/ft2). Typically, the composition is introduced as an aqueous spray.
The composition may also be applied to the bedding area, e.g., to the litter, and adjusted as
necessary to reduce the concentration of airborne ammonia in the environment, the
arthropod pest population and to lower the pH of the moisture present in the litter. By
lowering the pH of the moisture of the target area, the stability of the association between
water and ammonia, which together form, NH40H, is increased. Accordingly NH40H is
less likely ~o dissociate into ammonia and water. Thus, the concentration of ammonia
formed by dissociation is reduced and, accordingly, less ammonia escapes into the
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atmosphere of the environment. A discussion on the effect of litter pH and the
vol~tili7~tion of N~I3 is presented in H.A. Elliot et al. in the paragraph bridging pages 41
and 416, the contents of which being hereby incorporated. Por convenience, the effect
caused by the thiosulfate-cont~ining composition may conveniently be referred to as
ammonia fixing. Accordingly, references hereinabove to a reduction in the concentration of
ammonia, are to be understood in the sense that the concentration of arnmonia in the
atmosphere of the environment is less than the amount which would otherwise be present
in the atmosphere of the environment in the absence of application of the thiosulfate-
cont~ining composition of the present invention or alternatively expressed, the ammonia is
being fixed.
As used hereinabove, by an effective amount of thiosulfate-cont~ining composition
in relation to the embodiment of the invention dealing with reducing stress of an animal, is
meant an amount to reduce animal mortality and/or to cause an increase in animal weight
gain relative to the mortality and/or weight gain observed in an animal housed in the same
environment to which no thiosulfate-cont~ining composition has been applied.
The pH of litter on which confined growth poultry and other animals reside, whentreated according to the process of the present invention, decreases up to 2 or more pH
units. Untreated, the litter typically reaches pH levels in excess of 8 where bacteria flourish.
Eow pH has been shown to decrease the number of deleterious and pathogenic bacteria,
thus decreasing the overall stress on the flock or herd. Salmonella, particularly, are
beneficially reduced by low pH such that incidence of S~lmonella cont~min~tion is
decreased at slaughter. This effect is of benefit to processors for whom reduction or control
of Salmonella cont~min~tion, e.g., in chicken products, is of great importance.
The process of the present invention also provides environm~.nt~l conditions within
the pen, coop, becl-ling, litter, etc. which, in addition to reducing the concentration of
ammonia, reduce, discourage, inhibit and/or elimin~te the infestation of arthropods and/or
parasites commonly found in such areas, including ~l~rkling beetles. Hereinafter, the terrn
"control" or "arthropod control" will be used generically with respect to application of the
thiosulfate-cont~ining composition to reduce, discourage, inhibit and/or elimin~te. the
infestation of arthropods and/or parasites in an ~mm~ni~- and/or arthropod population-
cont~ining environment treated according to the process of the present invention.
In an effort to obtain moisture in a confined growth poulty house, darkling beetles in
search of moisture have occasion to bite poultry when they sit down to rest. Such bites may
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_ 9 _
create skin i;ritation and a concomitant opening for bacterial infections such as gangrenous
~ie~.~n~titis. In addition, poultry may have occasion to feed on the beetle, whether larvae or
adult, in which pathogenic agents reside. The so-infected adults and larvae tend to
aggregate so that large numbers will be found in certain areas in the poultry litter or
manure. They will accl-ml~ e under boards, feeders, or waterers set on the litter. Beetle
adults and larvae often aggregate under dead or dying birds on the litter to feed on the
carcasses. Accordingly, the instant process enables the control of such beetles, parasites
and pests, as pathogenic vectors. An indirect approach to measuring the beetle
population, in order to deterrnine the effective arthropod control application dose or rate, is
using a "tube trap". This trap is a 10 in. long piece of 1.5 in. diameter PVC pipe with an
insert of rolled corrugated ca;dboard (such as used for brooder guard). Holes near the end
of the pipe allow staking with gutter nails to prevent the birds from moving the tube. After
the tube trap is on the litter for one week, the cardboard insert is removed and the beetles
(larvae and adults) counted. A new cardboard insert should be used each week. At least 10
of these traps should be used per house. The effective rate of application of the thiosulfate-
containing composition to control the arthropod pests may be routinely adjusted according
to the size and vitality of the arthropod population to be treated in accordance with known
methods.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a process of treating animal or fowl
bedding or litter material with an amount of thiosulfate-containing composition effective tO
achieve and m,lint~in the animal or fowl bedding or litter at a pH of ~ess than 7.5,
preferably between 4 and 7, most preferably between 5 and 6.5. The thus treated animal or
fowl bedding or litter can be used in a confined environment or holding tank for animals or
fowl.
The animal or fowl bedding or litter material can be organic waste material, forexample, straw, such as wheat, barley, oats, rice, stover, such as corn and milo, cotton
waste, grape pomice, vegetable wastes, wood shavings, sawdust, bagasse, peanut hulls,
peat tobacco stems, cocoa shells, rice hulls, or any other waste organic material. The
preferred animal or fowl bedding or litter material is sawdust or some other adsorbent
material onto which the thiosulfate-cont~ining composition has been applied.
In a preferred embodiment, an aqueous sodium thiosulfate-containing solution maybe compounded with emulsified elemental sulfur. Surfactants, dispersants, and thickening
agents may also be used, along with a small particle-size (preferably 5 microns or less)
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form of elemt~nt~l sulfur in order to produce a stable sllspen~ion of up to 15%, preferably
between 8.0% and 12%, by weight sulfur in the final composition, preferably in adispersion, that is suitable for application by standard ~gricult--ral spray equipment. The
small size of the sulfur particles, and the presence of one or more conventional surfactants
in the dispersion, aids in dispersing the sulfur and promotes the efficient utilization of the
mixture by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. ~lternatively, the ele~t?nt~l sulfur may be
introduced at a concentration of about 0.~05 to ~ kg/m2 (0.001 to 1 lbm2), preferably 0.025
to 2.5 kg/m2 (0.005 to 0.5 lb/ft2), most preferably 0.05 to 1.25 kg/m2 (0.01 to 0.25 lgm2),
either together with, in sequence with, or independently from, the thiosulfate-cont~ining
composition.
The unexpected advantage of using elemental sulfur in the compositions of the
invention is that the same group of microorganisms that convert thiosulfate to sulfate also
oxidize elemental sulfur to sulfate. Although the biological process is slower, a given
weight of sulfur will generate a greater amount of acid than thiosulfate. Accordingly,
treatment with the elemental sulfur alone (i.e., in the absence of a thiosl-lfzlt~-cont~ining
composition), e.g., up to 72%, preferably 10-25%, by weight in an aqueous dispersion
thereof, also provides the bacteria with an effective pH reducing species to effect the
described ammonia fixing reaction.
The mixture of thiosulfate and sulfur is in effect a two-stage product, wll~lein the
thiosulfate reacts quickly to reduce the airborne ammonia, and the elemental sulfur
provides the necesS:~ry acidity over a longer period of time. The application of such a
mixture can reduce the pH of litter in confined growth poultry houses by up to 3 pH units
or more. The a~ueous thiosulfate composition sfimlll~tes the population of sulfur oxidizing
bacteria so that utilization of the elemental sulfur begins plo~ lly~ Such a mixture is also
unexpectedly effective in reducing arthropod pests.
Thiosulfate is a preferred substrate to provide im m~ 3t~oly available metabolic
energy to sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. However, sulfur-containing anions, e.g., sul~lte, and
bisulfite and metabisulfite individually or together, may also be used in a formulation with
other substrates to form multi-stage products to provide energy for the bacteria.
Accordingly, for the purposes of the present invention, it is to be understood that any
reference herein to thiosu!fate may be replaced by sulfite, metabisulfite, or bisulfite, unless
the context indicates otherwise.
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A further embodiment of the invention is to supplement the thiosl-lf~te and/or sulfur
application (especially the application of a liquor or aqueous dispersion thereof) with the
concurrent and/or consecutive application of an effective pH reducing amount of sulfur
oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus thiooxidans. As a result of this supplemental
application, the thiosulfate is biologically oxidized in situ by bacteria, an active acidic
species being produced in the litter thereby decreasing the pH of the litter. In a preferred
embodiment, an enrichment culture of sulfur oxidizing bacteria is applied in the form of an
inoculum. 33y the term enrichment culture, is meant a culture of selected bacteria isolated
from particular environmentc, e.g., litter from poultry houses, by a technique of supplying
specialized substrates, thus encouraging the relative abundance of those bacteria best able
to utilize the substrate. A concentrate can be made of such enrichm~nt, which concentrate
is stable for storage and transportation. The concentrate can be recultured to make a large-
volume preparation of the desired bacteria, ready for addition to a similar environment
from which the original enrichment was recovered. Such cultures are typically used in
microbiological applications, to supplement a pre-existing bacterial population. These
enrichment cultures are made according to known methods, and do not carry a great risk of
deleterious or pathogenic bacteria. Since many growers disinfect or carry out procedures
designed to reduce the numbers of all bacteria prior to introducing a new flock of birds to
the pen, cage, or other growing area, the population of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria may
likewise be reduced. Use of an enrichment culture in the method of the present invention,
ensures that the a~pl.,p~iate bacterial oxidation of the thiosulfate or the elemental sulfur, or
the thiosulfate and the elemental sulfur takes place ~n situ so that the litter pH is indeed
lowered and the concomitant benefit of ammonia-stress reduction and arthropod population
reduction is reliably obtained, in particular in those circ--m~t~n-~es wherein the population
of sulfur oxidizing bacteria is low. It is therefore contemplated that the use of a dispersion
of small, dispersible particles of elemental sulfur together with a "seed population" of
sulfur oxidizing bacteria can be effective to reduce the pH in litter and alleviate
physiological stress due to airborne ammonia and arthropod pests. It should be appreciated
that the use of an enrichment culture of bacteria as hereinabove described, is an optional
feature of the process of the present invention.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, alkaline earth metals, such as calcium,
may be substituted for sodium (or potassium) in the thiosulfate-cont~ining composition or
solution used in the invention. Such divalent cations interact with soluble phosphate to
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form salts which have reduced solubility. Accordingly, when used litter co~t~ining alkaline
earth metals is spread on fields to realize its fertilizer value, a lesser amount of soluble
phosphate escapes to local wa~el ~ys during precipitation. Thus, reducing phosphate
solubility retains fertilizer value on the field as well as reducing the degradation of water .
quality in adjacent water bodies.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, dyes or colorants, or both, may be added
to the active thiosulfate-cont~inin~ composition or solution so that the applicator can easily
visualize the location of the active material on the substrate, e.g., litter, to ensure total
substrate coverage.
The thiosulfate-cont~ining composition of the invention may contain other additives,
such as dispersants, surfactants, perfumes, coloring agents, adsorbents, etc., which do not
adversely affect the stress- or ammonia concentration-re-lucing properties of the thiosulfate
or thiosulfatelsulfur mixture.
In some cases, due to the high level of ventilation of the environment to which the
thiosulfate-cont~ining composition of the present invention is added, the environment will
be free or substantially free of ammonia. Where the environment comprises ammonia, the
ammonia concentration will be at or below the level generally causing stress to the animal
species, i.e., it will be at a level hereinafter referred to as a non-stress-causing ammonia
concentralion. It has been observed that the compositions of the present invention also
reduce the stress of ~nim~lc confined in such environments, the stress reduction being
indicated by a lower rate of mortality or a higher average body weight of the animals
compared to control ~n;rn~ls. In such environments the stress is as a result of non-ammonia
factors, e.g., the presence of an arthropod population.
Accordingly, in a further embodiment of the present invention there is provided a
method of reducing stress of an animal confined in an environment in which the ammonia
is at a non-stress-causing concentration comprising applying to a surface or substrate in
contact with the environment a non-toxic, thiosulfate-salt-cont~ining composition in an
amount effective to reduce stress, wherein the stress reduction is determined by a reduction
in animal mortality and/or an increase in animal weight gain relative to the mortality andlor
weight gain observed in an animal housed in the same environment to which no
thiosulfate-salt-containing composition has been applied.
It will be understood from the foregoing that the thiosulfate-cons~ining composition
may be added: to an environment which is free or substantially free of ammonia; to an
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environment con~ining ammonia; or it may be added to an environment which will contain
ammonia at a future date. Similarly the thiosulfate-cont~ining composition may be added to
an environment which has little or no arthropod population, already contains an arthropod
population, or an environment which will contain such a population at a future date.
Accordingly, references hereinabove to an ammonia-cont~ining environment are to be
understood as encomp~c~ing environments which it is anticipated will, at some time
contain ammonia. Similarly, references herein to an arthropod population-cont~ining
environment, encompass environments which, at some time will contain such a population.
Where the thiosulfate-salt-cont~ining composition is added to an environment which it is
anticipated will contain ammonia andlor an arthropod population, an effective amount of
thiosulfate-salt-containing composition, is an amount sufficient to reduce the estim~t~l or
anticipated amount of ~mmoni~, and/or to control the infestation of allhropod pests in the
environment and/or in an amount to lower pH.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the thiosulfate-salt-cont~ining
composition is in the forrn of an aqueous solution. Such aqueous solutions are typically
10-50% by weight, preferably 20-40%, most preferably 25-3~% thiosulfate by weight
based on the weight of the solution. Solutions may have a lower concentration ofthiosulfate by weight, however, and still produce a measurable beneficial effect. Solutions
of greater ~han 50%, e.g., up to 9~ % or higher, though obviously effective, are believed to
be unnecessary. Generally, the compositions of the present invention are added to the
environment to be treated, as a dilute aqueous solution, for exarnple, by being sprayed onto
a surface or substrate in contact with the environment, e.g., animal litter. After drying, the
resulting thiosulfate crystals are very small and the physicochemical mixing and the
microbial oxidation proceed tmrnP.~i~tely, albeit at different rates.
The crystalline or non-biologically m~ 3ted interaction between the thiosulfate and
ammonia, when present, depends on mixing and contact with the ammonia gas. The
biologically-mediated oxidation of the thiosulfate depends on the relative numbers of
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Many variations of application may be used in order to produce a
prompt effect. In a preferred use, litter is treated before each new poultry flock is
introduced into the environment. ~n commercial broiler houses, a single application is
-
sufficient to carry the flock through about 40 days of reduced ammonia concentration
and/or reduced pH and/or reduced stress and/or reduced arthropod population.
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The thiosulfate-c-nt~ining composition may be applied directly to the environm~nt,
e.g., to an environm~nt~l surface or into environment~l substrates (e.g., animal litters,
l~trin~s, earth, etc.) by any suitable method, for example, by spraying or by applying with a
brush or mop. Alternatively, the surface or substrate may be m~nl-fartllred with the
thiosulfate-cont~;ning composition in association therewith, e.g., cage board.
It is presently preferred to apply the active solution to the environment in an amount
sufficient to wet or coat the area with the solution until the portion of the environment
contacted with the active solution is damp. The t;nviiul~ment need not be soaked or
saturated with the thiosulfate-cont~inin~ active solution.
One skilled in the art will readily understand, in view of this disclosure, that the
amount of active solution or crystals necessary to treat an ammonia- and/or arthropod
population-cont~ining environment, will depend upon the size of the area to be treated, the
method of application, the composition of the substrate (such as litter, bedding, hard wood,
tile, concrete, or carpeted floors, or walls, or ceilings or other components of structures,
clay, metal, cage board, zeolite, etc.), to be contacted with the thiosulfate-cont~ining
composition, the amount and rate of ammonia production estim~t~ or anticipated in the
environment, the concentration of the active solution and the arnmoni~-controlling capacity
of the thiosulfate-cont~ining composition used, the arthropod population, among other
factors. For example, where the thiosulfate-salt-cont~ining composition is added to animal
litter, such as sawdust, the high surface area and high adsorptivity of the sawdust generally
requires a relatively larger amount of the composition togetherwith mixing of the litter to
fully cover or coat the available surface area of the litter.
In the broadest aspect of the present invention, the thiosulfate and/or thiosulfate-
sulfur tre~tmP~t may be effectively used in portable latrines or bathrooms, such as are
commonly found in public places, e.g., at parades, concerts, sporting events, and the like,
where many people gather. ~any other variations and uses of this invention will occur to
those of skill in the art in light of the above, detailed description. All such obvious
variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.
The present invention will now be illustrated by the following examples, it being
understood that the examples are non-limiting.
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Example 1
A method of treating an ammonia-cont~ining environment in which the arnmonia
concentration is at a non-stress-causing concentration due to the presence of strong
ventilation, the study being carried out during warrn weather (3 20~C).
Method
Twelve 4 x 12 ft chicken pens are used. Six pens are control pens, to which no thiosulfate-
containing composition is applied and six are test pens to which thiosulfate composition is
applied. The thiosulfate-containing composition is applied in a concentration of 0.244
kg/m~ (0.05 lbs./ft2) of sodium thiosulfate and 0.058 kg/m' (0.012 Ibs./ft-) of elemental
sulfur to the litter in each pen. The litter used is one flock old pine chips. Optional
brooding conditions (te~ )elature/hurnidity)are m~int~ined for 24 days. The chickens
receive the same food mixture. The total amount of feed given to the chickens in the four
test pens is 240.3 kg (529.8 lbs), the total amount given to the chickens in the control pens
is 238.7 kg (526.4 Ibs.) The total weight of the test chickens is 216.7 kg (477.7 Ibs), and
that of the control chickens is 211.0 Icg (465.2 lbs).
Results
Food conversion Average bird Mortality (%)
(kg feed/kg live weight (kg)
weight)
Test 1.109 0.929 2.9
Control 1.32 0.916 4.2
Example 2
A method of treating an ammonia-containing environment (a broiler house) in which the
ammonia concentration is at a stress causing level. Each broiler house measures about 12 x
150 m (fourty x 500 ft.). The ventilation in all houses is at the same level.
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Method
Study 1 ~control)
Four broiler houses as above described, the total number of birds in each house is 24,500.
The birds are monitored over a 42 day period. The houses had only been used once before.
Study 2 (test)
After completion of study 1, above the above four broiler houses were re-used for a repeat
of study 1, except that in the case of this study, a sodium thiosulfate- and elemental sulfur-
composition according to the present invention is used to spray the litter prior to placing
the birds in the houses.
Results
No. of dead birds No. of dead birds No. of dead birds
week 1 (%) week2 (%) week3 (%)
study 1 759 (0.77 %) 660 (0.678 %) 347 (0.359 %)
study 2 232 (0.236 %) 281 (0.287) 267 (0.273 %)
A measure of the pH in the litter in the houses of study 2 is presented in figure 1. From this
~lgure it can be seen that the pH decreases dr~m~ti~lly to below 6.5 in the presence of the
thiosulfate-cont -ining composition of the present invention. In the absence of the
composition of the present invention, the pH of the litter is at about 8.5.
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