Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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I Description
The ke Hockey_Puck Scoring System (IHPSS) discussed in this paper is a new
invention of an
electronics device applying the latest technology of materials, and
theoretically proved, to
provide easily the accuracy of the puck crossing a fine imaginary line in
within lesser than 1E-
3m in all circumstances occurring in the professional games - interferences of
bodies, gloves and
any open metals.
In the course of hockey games, frequently occurring the disputes of whether a
goal did or didn't
happen in many different circumstances.
Fatigue of judges do influence the qualities to perceive the puck crossing the
3-Dimensional-
Goal-Line-Volume-Area (3DGLVA) and further complicating their tasks when it's
obstructed by
players bodies, gloves and sticks. Even though at high puck velocities, the
limited number of
cameras do not provide 100% satisfaction to judge the puck scoring phenomena.
The real model of IHPSS is monitored by a micro-controller which transmits by
antennas, to the
central, the electrical status of the device to control the following issues:
= normality of each sensoring beams at the beginning and during the game.
= synchronize the game count down time with the instantaneous time of the
puck travelling in
the neighbourhood of 2" of the 3-Dimensional-Goal-Line-Volume-Area (3DGLVA);
as well
as sending signals to determine the puck crosses the 3DGLVA in lesser than 1E-
3m in all
circumstances. The IHPSS permits also to determine the puck velocities, when
it just crosses
the 3DGLVA, projected on a plane perpendicular to the ice surface.
= to send signals to the central, the instantaneous time, when the net is
dislodged under a
determined arbitrary fashion.
The IHPSS described has been proven by theories and has the highest accuracy
among all other
known technological method, obtaining easily an error lesser than 1E-3m of the
puck crossing a
fine line in all circumstances. However under the existence of some degree of
differences from
one puck to another in size, weight and internal frames holding its electrets;
such accuracy is
highly satisfactory.
Additionally, the developed theories used to build that IHPSS had been
presented to a professor
at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario on August 28/1996.
The device operates with very high and very low DC electric fields. The
players are exposed to
the very low DC electric fields similarly found in natural habitats, which
beam from one post to
another parallel to the goal line, and is probably considered to be a healthy
device - increase
cells mobility due to some exposures to small DC electric fields. The high
electric fields are
confined and shielded inside the post and are caused by ferroelectric
materials used.
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The process to design of such IHPSS was first to recognise the need to
increase the capacitance
larger than 10 pF in order to comply to the Op-Amp functionality and second to
develop the
electromagnetism theories to meet the capacity requirement. Thus both issues
are obtained and
the electromagnetic theories developed permit to obtain any theoretical
capacitance values
(Reads).
Brief description offigures and table:
Fig. 1: schematic view of the Hockey net and the distribution of
electrets.
Fig._ 2: overall view Hockey net on scale proportion.
Fig._ 3: the cross section view of the right post, on scale proportion and
truncated in
height.
Fig. 4: overall cross section view, on scale of the Hockey right post,
truncated in height.
Fig._ 5: bottom view of the on scale post from inside ice level for
ferroelectric of the
KTaNb03 and Pb3MgNb209 on the left larger size and the right sketch depicts
the smaller size using PLT
Fig._ 6: A) protection of Op-Amp VIDR and two directions flow of current to
Aji, Cji.
B) flow of current It2 neutralises the electret energy inserted at 1=12.
C) Insertion of elearet that clamps the Zeners and charge Co only.
D) when the electret discharges Co and Cthe , R3 has no much use but R3+Rdie =-
R2 permits temperature stability of output voltage.
E) An abrupt control of a decrease of Ir3 to maintain a constant current into
Aji-
Cji causes Va to decrement.
F) Differential amplifier measuring a variation of Ielectret to decrease Vab.
Fig. 7: A) tri-dimension view of cubic-conductors distribution in the
Hockey posts; under
clamping of Zeners, due to insertion of same polarity of electret.
B) the energy of electret voltage Vele charges Col only and not Vcoi and VCO2
=
O The shielding 85 blocks capacitance view of non-inverting input towards
GNDji or the negative of Cji or Aji.
D) to avoid non-inverting input to view GNDji or the negative of Aji or Cji;
it is
shielded to operate in mode IHAD.
E) Internal and external view of cubic-conductors connected to TL081
Fig. _ 8: connection of current sources and the discharge of real charges
from A22 to C22.
Fig._ 9: an increase in current source on A22-C22 does not change the
voltage of the
remaining Aji to Cji.
Fig._ 10: an increase in voltage on the bottom and a decrease on the top of
ill.; due
increasing charges on Al2-C 12.
Fig._ 11: A) deposition of real charges on Dji using PMN ferroelectric.
B) On Bji are final voltages, on Dji shows the existence electrostatic
electric field
line loop due all negative and positive Dji are commonly connected
C) Electrostatic line loop integral analysis over Dji, all inner final
voltages are
9.33[V] and the corresponding inner current
-.nner=
Fig. 12: A) typical hollow cubic-conductor on Aji, the emplacement of top
electrode,
location for coaxial cable at hole H1 using brake-adjuster; the top hp metal
is
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electrically connected to adjacent cubic-conductor, here A25 it is
electrically
connected to Al5 parallel top electrode as indicated in Fig. _14. .
B) Typical hollow Cji cubic-conductor where all four sides have dielectrics
and
top-electrodes.
Fig._ 13: A) typical negative Bji cubic-conductor; B) typical
positive Dji cubic-conductor.
C) coaxial cable insertion, to insert and rotate then to fasten, to obtain a
45
leading out or towards the centre of cubic-conductors orientation.
Fig._ 14: typical hollow cubic-conductors; emplacement of dielectric
and top-electrodes
toward adjacent cubic-conductors or metal shield.
Fig._ 15: A) layering of electret on the side, the top and bottom
and in radial direction; the
overalls are distributed inside the puck
B) With quadrants I, II, III and IV offigure C) applied then it shows the path
of
voltage drops.
C) To sum the calculated electric field inside the electret on the side to
yield
the net applied pattern to be installed on the sides.
Fig. _ 16: A) & B) the numerous radial distribution of electrets will
permit to neglect the
side's layering.
Fig._ 17: 1)-2)-3) are the layering Ey, Ez, Ex over half of a
sphere; and 4)-5)-6) are the
same for other opposite sides.
Fig._ 18: a)-b)-c)-d)-f) are the equations of the sum of all Ex, Ey,
Ez distribution of
Fig._17; and the net equations over eight surfaces, are mapped in Tablej .
Tab/el: The Hockey post beam Ea along orthogonal axis beams
through the sphere
having eight surfaces SI to S8 with equation in Ex, Ey, Ez.
Fig._ 19: prototype of 1HPSS under linear operation with dielectric
constant 300 gives C4c1i
= 47.984-6[F],
Fig._ 20: connection of one row of cubic-conductors; the motors
speed and direction of
rotation depend on the polarity and how much of electret 's energy is
inserted.
Fig. _21: A), B)&C) are 3-dimensional cardboard model of hollow
cubic-conductors Aji,
Bji, Cji, Dji with corresponding unit vectors; see Fig._12 and Fig._13.
Fig._ 22: A) Hysteresis curve indicating the input and output energy
into the ferroelectric;
B) the elliptic path has to decrease toward the origin to reset the
ferroelectric.
Fig._ 23: the existence of positive feedback that Vab increases with
time until break up.
Fig. _ 24: High input resistances of PNPs operating at low frequency
to reset ferroelectric
materials on all cubic-conductors.
Fig. _ 25: active analogue outputs, controlled by D/A 's, to reset
remnant polarisation of Dji,
Bji, Cji, Aji; to be inputted to Fig._24.
Fig._1 shows the overall hockey goal, the invented sensors are located inside
the two existing
posts, with the same diameter, with a slight change in length toward the back
of an additional of
about three centimetres. The top plates 1 on the two posts are unscrewed in
order to insert the
sensors or the rectangular device. The coaxial cables 2 are going out of the
sensors, through the
top Horizontal-Front-Bar 3, through the Middle-Horizontal-Bar 4 in non metal
material such as
carbon graphite, through the Vertical-Back-Bar 5 and into the electronic
components 6. The
electronic components are protected against external mechanical shocks by
insulation of rubbers
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or springs. The batteries of typical I2V as the power source. In order to
provide a clear view
into the net e.g. no obstruction view due to light bulbs etc..., the IHPSS
uses an antenna 7 to
transmit all the operational electrical signal status to the central which
will view on a screen the
operation of sensors such that the transition of the puck in the neighbourhood
of 3DGLVA will
be depicted on the screen. The frame remains in metal. The plate 8 protecting
the beaming
fields is in carbon graphite.
The sketch shows the electric field beams from inside one post to another and
the beam vectors
are changing 180-degree direction along a path on the x-y plane.
And 9 is one of the thin electret distributed in radial inside the puck, there
are thin electrets on
the surfaces of UnitVector n1 and none on the surface of UnitVector rl. This
is the
configuration of the Fig. _16a)-b).
When the eleciret, inside the puck, intersects the electric field beam Eo will
cause a variation in
electric potential energy inside the beam Eo boundaries thus the Op-Amp device
will give out
signals. The device responses mostly only to the inserted electric fields
because Co is small
compares to its parallel capacitors.
In Fig. 1, the beams Eo emanate from post to post are to produce the quiescent
voltage of about
volts. Whereas very high electric field beams are confined inside the post for
the objective to
provide the wanted capacitance charges and they are beamed in the x and y
direction. _)
{ Fig._2 shows the top view, on the most rightward scale, the position of
antenna 7 which can be
anywhere depending to its applications, the location of batteries and printed-
board circuit 10.
The insertion of the rectangular device or the sensors is easier when the
posts are in horizontal
position e.g. the top plates I are removed as well as a partly Horizontal-
Front-Bar 3, the net is
inclined to the back and thus positioning the posts to the horizontal, a few
electrical plug-in are
made inside the Horizontal-Front-Bar 3. _1
{ Fig. _3 shows the Rectangular-Device 11 containing the sensors, each cell is
a hollow cubic-
conductor with positive and negative electric charges as indicated. The sketch
demonstrates that
the low DC electric fields are uniformly beaming in z-direction. Very high
DC electric fields
are beaming perpendicularly to the surface of each cell in x-directions and y-
directions those
fields are created due to ferroelectric materials. The sketch is in scale with
the use of Lead
Lanthanum Titanate (PLT) from reference [1], the height is truncated, the
rectangular device is
locating inside the right post at negative z-position. Each cell corresponds
to a cubic-conductor
Aji, as indicated in Fig._8, where Bji are not drawn here. The sizes of the
cell are ax2a xb where
a= 1E-2m and b-4E-2m, the high DC fields exist on surfaces of dimension 2a xb
on each cell
with El =250 [KV/cm], D1=1.19452E-1 [C/m2], the corresponding capacity of one
cell Aji to the
other opposite cell Cji is CACji = 33.4467 [fin for axaxb cubic-conductor size
calculated and
CAC, = 33.4467* (6/4) = 50.1701 bin for the a x2a xb cell with the presence of
Bji and Dji
cubic-conductors injunction. _}
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{ Fig. 3 shows the Rectangular-Device 11 is composed of the Front-L-Strip 12
in carbon
graphite to reduce the weight effect, the Back-L-Strip 13 is in metal to
obtain the thinnest metal
layer at its bottom surface. The Open-Cube 14 is thick enough and is used to
hold the cells fixed
in the horizontal movement, it is drawn with 1/16 of an inch in thickness, it
is insulated with any
insulator 15 as Teflon to prevent accidental lived-wires contacts to it, it is
in metal or non-metal.
The coaxial cables 2 leaving the cubic-conductors are held by two annular
insulators 16
indicated on the Front-L-Strip 12. The Outer-Rectangular-Plate 17, in the back
of the sketch
and not shown, is in metal and is the electric field shield of Bji cubic-
conductors and is
connected to PI location which is the electric field shielding purpose
location for all Aji, Cji, Bji,
Dji and the coaxial cables shielding layers. The Inner-Rectangular-Plate 18 is
non-metal, thin
but thick enough to provide rigidity to the overall Rectangular-Device 11. In
order to maintain
durability the screws 19 closing the Inner-Rectangular-Plate 18 and Outer-
Rectangular-Plate 17
are rotated on an axe that crosses through the Rectangular-Device 11, it is
better to have the
screw heads not outgrowing the Front L-Strip 12 and Back L-Strip 13. To
install the cubic-
conductors 20, the Outer-Rectangular-Plate 17 is connected to the Back-L-Strip
13, the cubic-
conductors 20 are inserted in with its coaxial cables 2, and then the Open-
Cube 14, the coaxial
cables 2 are passed through the annular insulator 1610 the Front-L-Strip 12 to
the annular
insulator 16, the upper cushion 21 is placed, and the Front-L-Strip 12 is
inserted to the teeth
insertion 22, 23 with the Back-L-Strip 13, the Inner-Rectangular-Plate 18 is
covered on and
screwed to result the entire Rectangular-Device 11. In fact, there is a few
combination of using
non-metal or metal on the Rectangular-Device 11. But the Rectangular-Device 11
cannot form
as a closed metal surface because of the principle that charges are reflected
to the surface. And
the Inner-Rectangular-Plate 18 and the Outer-Rectangular-Plate 17 cannot be
formed as a
single conductor because the beaming effect from the other post cannot crosses
through its
opposite post. If the Inner-Rectangular-Plate 18 is in metal then a layer of
insulator, as Teflon,
must exist to avoid the short-circuiting of one cell to another.
As sketched there are four coaxial cables 2 leaving the Front-L-Strip 12 per
row of Afi cubic-
conductors. The coaxial are positioning symmetrically over the projection of
the surface
composes of Aji and Bji (or Cji and Dji on the other side) with unit vector in
y-direction. In
order to save space, the Bji positive and negative cubic-conductors are
connected together and
leaving out the Front-L-Strip by only the anode and cathode coaxial cables.
The same as
applied to Dji cubic-conductors.
The mechanical strength of the Front-L-Strip 12 in the neighbourhood of a
screw 19 can be
augmented by extending its material as indicated with reference 24, or the
size of the screw 19
can be larger and be positioned in the centre of the Front-L-Strip 12 and its
extension 24.
The 251s the spacing from the insulator 1510 the extremity of the Open-Cube
14, of 1E-2m for
accounting the bending of the coaxial cables 2 with diameters of approximately
1.5E-3m.
The Back-L-Strip 13 can be thin because the Inner-and-Outer-Rectangular-Plates
17, 18 can
maintain it vertically and the Front-L-Strip 12 will weight only to the region
of teeth insertion 23
which has about two teeth. _I
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{ Fig._4 shows the post original boundary 26 as well as the 2" goal line
boundary 27 that
superposes in between the first and the second column of the cubic-conductors
20. The
Rectangular-Device 30 is covered by a rubber such as hockey puck rubber to
absorb shocks.
The bottom rubber 28 and the top rubber 29 are slid onto the Rectangular-
Device 30, then the
overall is inserted to the metal post 31 by the top after the top plate 1 is
removed
The bottom metal plate 32 is screwed to the metal post 31 with two screws in
the front and three
in the back 33 along z-direction. The top plate 1 has four screws, three in
the back 34 in parallel
as the bottom screws 33 on the ice surface, and one in the front 35 toward the
outer side of the
post. The back of the Horizontal-Front-Bar 3 is flatted in x-z-plcme to not
interfering with the
beaming fields Eo.
At Fig._4, the square-shaped 36, is part of the top plate 1, is inserted into
the post frame 31.
And the same does apply to 37.
The flexible plastic pin into the ice 38 which has a hollow cavity to cross
the wire 45 and 46(0
permit the detection of arbitrary dislodging of the post - an open-circuit
means the net is
dislodged The pin into the ice 38 is fastened, by nut 39, to the unity piece
composes of 43, 32,
37. The metal 44 has a hollow to permit the wire 45, 46 to cross in and upward
The rubber 47
may be the same type as of 28, 29 but it is more flexible or it permits a path
for going-out of the
wire 45, 46. The whole set of 47 and 28 permit to protect water from
infiltrating inside the
rectangular device 30.
The reference 40 indicates the estimated area for the coaxial cables 2 that
travel in z direction,
the triangular metals 41, 42 are used to provide mechanical rigidity and
strength to the screws
33, 34. j
{ Fig._5 shows the view from the bottom of the ice, the left side is an
estimated size of the net if
using the KTaNb03 (Potassium Niobate (ICTIV)) and Pb3MgNb209 (Lead Magnesium
Niobate)
and operating in the linear region of Polarisation Vs Electric-Fields curve.
The right sketch
depicts the size of the post using PLT (Lead Lanthanum Titanate) operating
with remnant
polarisation effect. The beaming electric fields are indicated for along a row
of Aji cubic-
conductors. The non-metal plate 8, such as carbon graphite, protecting the
Rectangular-Device
11, is slid from the top towards down onto the bottom metal plate (not
indicated here but does on
Fig. _4) with reference 32, this plate 8 has a small space with the rubber as
well as the
Rectangular-device in order to avoid mechanical shocks striking to the plate 8
and being
transmitted to the Rectangular-Device 11.
At Fig. 5, the traditional post sizes are indicated by 48, 49. The 28 is the
bottom rubber. A 45
degree cut indicated by 50 is used to account the bouncing back of the puck,
and it occurs along
x axis above the screws 33. The 420, 33 are screws to fasten the bottom plate
unit, not drawn
here, comprising 32, 37, and 43.
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The bottom plate unity, not drawn here, comprising of 32, 37, 43 from Fig. 4
that will be
screwed to the metal post along with the pin into the ice, by the screws 33,
420. The area of the
pin into the ice is indicated by 51. The triangular metal 42 adds rigidity and
strength of screws
33 to the metal post 31. The dotted line 52 represents the area where the
bottom plate part 43 be
inserted into.
The dotted half-circle 53 depicts a broadly estimated area for the x direction
leading out of
coaxial cables. For r=2. 4E-2m, the area A1=(1/2)z(rw2)=9.048E-4[m21, if using
the available
and typical heodphone coaxial cable of diameter 1.5E-3m, the area A2= n(1.5E-
3/2)2= 1.767E-
6[m2].
The Fig. 3 uses the height of a cubic-conductor of 2a=2E-2m, for 65 cubic-
conductors in height
give 65(2a)=1.3m, which is higher than the Horizontal-Front-Bar. For three
columns of cubic-
conductors Aji give the total number of coaxial cables of 3(65)=195 and the
outer cubic-
conductors Bji are internally connected and are led out with only two coaxial
cables, let's
rounding the sum of coaxial cables to be 200. So 200(A2)=3.534E-4[m2] which
uses about 40%
op]. However the diameter of a coaxial cables of 1.5E-3m is a bit large for a
Aji height of
a= 1E-2m, but if using the height of a=1E-2m then it will lead out of 400
coaxial cables or using
80% of A .
{ Fig._6A)-B)-C)-D)-F) shows that it is the current source supplying the cubic-
conductors Aji in
conjunction with Cji. Rdie is the parallel combination of resistances on the
capacitors C1, C2, C3,
C4 indicated in Fig. _7. When R3+Rthe=R2 there is insurance of stability of
operations with
temperature variation on the Op-Amp or of the ambient temperature.
The Op-Amp needs at least 10 "IF in order to provide a view of a constant
capacity Cthe, because
for a small capacity it results in a virtual view of a large variation in the
time constant
Tdie=Rdie= C die value where Rthe=constant for fixed temperature, such that a
virtual variation in
Cthe causes a large fluctuation in voltage measured This virtual variation is
caused by the small
variation of input bias current (lad and the Zener leakage current.
When the electret is inserted as shown on Fig. 7, it causes a loop current
through the Zeners
only and not through the loop with Rthe since the electric fields in the
dielectrics or ferroelectrics
remain unchanged There is a charging or discharging of Celle can occur.
From Fig. 8 of a 3x3 set of cubic-conductors. The surface charges on the
shielding are
attracted; as well as the internal charges producing the inner electric fields
are attracted; and
thus the current source must work to produce back the static distribution of
charges. Therefore
the capacitor in parallel with Rdie is justified.
During breakdown of Zeners - they become a voltage source. And V2 varies with
temperature
but the system is triggered already and when removing the electret the Rthl
td,e (the returning
back) is back as before and LiV1(1,:zdV2(r).
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When the reversed in polarity of an electret is inserted into Aji-Cji beaming-
zone, such that the
reversed Zeners are in breakdown such to cause a current flowing in the loop
Zeners and Cale
which, with the time, will charge the capacitors Aji to Cji, denoted as CACji
. Once removing the
electret, the voltage Aji-Cji will be higher. Thus the remedy to this
situation is to use the
Dfferential Amplifier 56 with two Voltage Followers 57, 58 as its inputs and
the Voltage
Followers 57, 58 are connected to the serial R3 terminals, thus the result is
to measure the
voltage across R3 and the output of the Differential Amplifier is connected to
the Optoisolator 59
which will drive the charging voltage Vab, e.g when the reversed electret
charges CACji the feed
back process will decrease Vab and thus will decrease the Op-Amp current
source. However,
for positive polarity of insertion of the electret, the Zeners are clamping
and the current in CAcji
will drop below the clamped voltage such that the charging current will resume
to charge CAci, =
Fig. _6A) shows the real charges deposited on Aji cubic-conductor will
distributed its charge in
according to its surface capacitance viewed
Since Q=CV, dQ=CdV, since the capacitors Co, C1 and C2 are constant, the
contribution of real
charges that are distributed over the capacities of Aji are given by Q=CV for
C=Co+C1+C2,
and the only parameter that can vary for a constant C and Q is V, where for
fixed C and Q, V
can be modified by an external force or work while its Q, C are remaining
constant.
Notify that the cubic-conductors Bji and Dji not drawn for clarity ¨ sketched
on Fig. _7A) are
used to impose an external force to reduce the potential, in Co, Vo while the
distribution on
charges on other capacities that are not affected by the external force are
remained idle.
Therefore, by insertion the electret 54 with polarity (+/-)Vele will not
modify the capacitance
value of Co but does only bringing up or down in the electric potential
energy. The effect of
increasing or decreasing the potential energy due to (+/-)Vele will not cause
a closed loop real
charges to flow in the loop of Vo, V3, VI or Vo, V2, V4, since ¨V1+ Vo-V3 0
and V2 K4-VO O.
Since the real charges on Aji are distributed according to its surface
capacities viewed and only
an external force or work will enable the change in potential, where the
electret 54 may cause
charges ¨ in Co only ¨ to charge or discharge through the clamped Zeners 76
and all other
surfaces real charges are remained idle until the electret 54¨ the external
work or force ¨ is
removed then the total real charges on Aji are redistributed according to its
surface capacities
viewed
In summary, the cubic-conductor Aji has the surface capacity which are at same
instant
constant, the deposition of real charges will be distributed according to its
capacities viewed to
produce the same potential. Any input of external work or forces upon x
surface capacities will
cause x surfaces potentials to vary, the counting of real charges over such x
surfaces are done,
by superposition, by addition the initial charges on x surfaces with the real
charges caused by
the external works or forces acting over the x surfaces. While the remaining
surface capacities,
are not acted by external works or forces, are having their distribution of
real charges
unchanged
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Fig. 6B) represents the capacity Co with the functionality of the Zeners 76.
At t=to, no external
electric fields are brought into Co, its energy density is, w0=(1/2)DoEo
[.1/m3].
At t¨ti, the external Ee1 77 is brought in but does not clamp the Zeners yet,
w1=(1/2)poEo+DoEe [f/m3].
At 1=12, the Ee2 78 is inserted which causes, the clamping of 11. 1 volts, a
current It2 to produce a
field Eie2which cancels the potential energy of Ee2.
The energy density at t=t2 is w2=(1/2)(Do'Eo'+Do'Eel + Do Ee2}[J/m3J. Where
w1= w2,
WI= w2-0/2){DoEo+DoEe d=0/2){Do'Eo'+Do'Ee + Do 'Ee2]
Do/Do '¨(Eo '+ Ee l+Ee2)/(Eo+Ee
Do>Do 'due to the charges that cause Eie2. So (Eo'+Ee2)+Ee j>(Eo+Ee I), and
(Eo'+Ee2)>Eo.
Since the electric field is related to the voltage potential V, thus Co is
unchanged in spite the
insertion of the electret field Ee2 78, it is the component of the external
energy Ee2 78 which
causes the net charges to vary from Do to Do', Do>Do'. And so all remaining
surfaces of real
charges which are not acted upon by external forces will remain idle as C1 and
C2 in the sketch
of Fig. 6A).
Since on the sketch A) and B), the current 112 controls the clamping of the
Zeners 76, where the
DC quiescent current Icur will entirely flows through the Zeners 76. The flow
of 112 will reduce
the voltage in Co until deactivating the clamping of Zeners 76, 112 value is
then zero and
Vzt<11. 1 Volts, the current Icur is resumed to flow through CI and C2 on the
path 70.
After removing all the electrets ¨54 and Ee I 77 and Ee2 78¨ which is a
phenomena of no input
of external forces or works into the capacities of Aji. The final net real
charges on Co ¨ Do'
from sketch B) are now taking the phenomena of Q=CV over Aji conductors, where
Do '<Do
some charges on C1 and C2 are travelling to Co, in about 1E-16 seconds for
most metal of Aji, to
result the same potential Vo=V1=V2with a transition time of about 1E-16
seconds added to the
dielectric relaxation time of air or bodies, sticks... or generally all the
dielectrics inside Co.
Since C1+C2+Co=C-- C i+C2 such that Vo¨Vo' where Vo is the initial quiescent
voltage in Co.
From sketch B), when all the electret Ee I 77 and Ee2 78 are reversed its
polarities with a larger
value of Eel 7710 account a positive quiescent voltage initially in Co, 112
will reversed to charge
Co, and the path of I12 does not permit Icur to flow in the Zeners 76 but Icur
keeps flowing into
Aji. The current It2 charges Co only and after removing all the reversed
electrets ¨54 and Ee
77 and Ee2 78¨ Do '>Do where some fraction of Do' goes to C1 and C2, a neglect
variation in
the final voltage of Vo' and Vo '¨Vo is occurred.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
In electrostatics, the measured in the voltage variation .Z1Vo of Co depends
only to the external
input of electric fields, independently to any initially set value of Co due
to the insertion of
external dielectric materials.
The utility of the wire 64 and 65 are to permit the real surfaces positive
charges on 66 and 6810
cancel with the negative charges on 67 and 69. For electrostatic analysis the
wire 64 and 65
can be removed¨ which will result in a beaming out of surface charges on the
surface 66, 67, 68
and 69.
The electrostatics charges on Aji are distributed such to produce the same
potential for all its
capacities ¨ Co, CI, C2 for Vo=1/1=V2. When a body is inserted in Co ¨
assuming the body
occupies totally Co ¨which will increase the value of Co. In the IEEE
transactions on
Biomedical Engineering [4], the dielectric constant at 100 MHz of the human
blood and spleen
are 74 and 100. Co now is increased to Co' and the real charges Ci and C2 will
flow into the
new Co' to make Vo '=1/1=V2. Since C1 and C2 are in order of micro Farad and
Co1= 100Co,
using spleen dielectric constant, where typically Co=cc4o/do= co (1E-2)(2E-
2)/1.85659 =
9.538E-16[Farad], Co 100Co=9.538E-14[F]. Since C1, C2 and Co are parallel
capacitors
and C i+C2+CO'¨C1+C2¨microfarad such that the final voltage in Vo' is about
the same as
initially with Vo, and Vo goes to Vo' in the order of approximately 1E-16
seconds added to the
dielectric relaxation time of all dielectric materials inside Co. The
insertion of the electret 54
brings only the potential energy into Co and therefore does not change the
value of Co.
Additionally, there is no closed loop line integral of electric field equals
zero. Because for -
VI+ Vo-V3 0 since V1=V3=Vo or V2+ V4-Vo 0; therefore the bring in of a
positive (or negative)
increase of potential energy from the electret 54 will not cause flow of real
charges from surface
Co to C1 and C2 of Aft ¨ the same applies for Cji in opposite polarity of
charges.
Therefore the insertion of electret 54 will not change the capacitance value
of Co neither to
charge or discharge Co to CI or C2. As the result the electret 54 does vary
the voltage Vo
independently to VI, V2, V3, V4.
The loop current 70 and 71 show the charging and discharging of the capacitor
CA0, . The
process of alternating the polarity on Aji and Cji is necessary to reset the
remnant polarisation
to near zero value.
The larger the value of Cx 72, 73 will cause a less power dissipation in the
Zeners 74, 75. When
G 72 is discharged, the Zener 74 is open such that the source Võ. and Võ will
force currents into
the G 72.
In practical situation a body cannot occupy entirely Co. But in theoretical
point of view, a body
or dielectric occupying Co will increase it to Co' as already mentioned that C
i+C2+CO'^-ell-C2
where Vo'¨Vo.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
11
Sketch C) illustrates the physical connectivity of Op-Amp current source to
the cubic-conductor
Aji and Cji. The outer cubic-conductor Bji and Dji are not drawn and their
purpose are to cause
the compression effect of the electric field inside Co of Aji and Cji to
result in a step down of
voltage from Aji to Cji while maintaining the total real charge on Aji and Cji
unchanged
The sketch D) illustrates the equivalent circuit connectivity The Rdie is the
parallel combination
of resistance in each parallel capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4.
The resistance R3 in the sketch D) is used for analysis purpose only, as will
be seen that R3 has
no utility in this context, Rthl---R3+Rdie, with assumption of very large
Zeners resistance, must be
equal to R2 in order to obtain the insurance of stability of operation with
temperature variation
over the Op-Amp. Since TB] and 182 vary with temperature, and after five time
constant, the
increase in and 'B2 will produce VE)=--Ifj-V2=1B (Rth-R2)-= 0 for any Rthl
The offset adjustment of the Op-Amp TL081 will be done internally, the maximum
input voltage
!Vim= = -51Veel or IVcd. The maximum differential input voltage Vipmax
30[V].
In the Fig._7A), Fig. 6C)-D) for a positive or negative insertion of the
electret 54 which is then
performed as an application of a voltage source in parallel to the capacitor
Co where real
charges on Co are flowing or are separating to permit the closed loop voltage
equals to zero
inside Co. When the electret 54 is inverted to become a positive electret that
is slowly inserting
to the Co, the resistance R3 is used for analysis purpose only, VI is
increasing toward the
clamping of + 11.1 volts, Icur flows to maintain the voltages to Co, C1, C2,
C3, C4, C5, and the
inverse of electret 54 acts as a voltage source to cause the loop voltage in
the loop Co, for the
unclamped Zeners and R3 is not activated by electret 54.
When the inverse of electret 54 is further inserted to cause Vi to clamp to
the Zeners of 11.1
volts, the Co and the inverse of electret 54 are commanding as a voltage
source across terminal
V1 where all the Icur will stop flowing in R3 and all will flow through the
clamped Zeners, the
voltage in CI, C2, C3, C4 and C5 start to drop with their time constant, the
real charges in Co are
discharging through the clamped Zeners ¨ small resistance value or time
constant ¨ to result in a
lower voltage in Co and will deactivate the clamping effect, then kur will
resume to charge Aji
conductors. Notify that the discharging time constant for Co is much faster
than Cj, C2, C3, C4
and C5.
In the sketch Fig._6E), the curve 60 shows the current through R3 of sketch
D), the curve 61
shows the current Ielectret caused by the electret 54 which clamps the Zeners
Vz4, Vzs, Vz6 and
charges Co by the path 55 from sketch C)-D). The curve 62 is the sum of the
curve 60 and 61.
The curve 63 is the voltage of a parallel capacitor Ci which is excited only
by Ir3 of the curve 60.
In Fig. _6E)-F), show that using R3 to control a constant current flowing
through it by using the
differential amplifier. However the resistance R3 has no use because the
sketch E) shows that
from 11 to 12a clamping reverse electret 54 inserted that causes a charging
current flowing
through loop 55 in Fig. 6D), thus the output circuit of the Optoisolator 59
controls to reduce Ir3,
in the curve 60, which in turn reduce the voltage in the capacitor C1, C2, C3,
C4, C5 as indicated
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
12
for Vc1, in the curve 63, for C1 capacitor. After t2 and an additional offive
times constant of
RIC], the electret 54 is removed and the extra charges in Co are dispersed in
all Co, C, C2, C3,
C4, Cs.
In the sketch E) where from 13 to t4 with no use of tracking R3 voltage, there
is an increase of Ir3
in the curve 60 by lelectret in the curve 62 that shows current in R3, but Vc1
in the curve 63
remains constant. After anytime t t4 the electret is removed the extra charge
in Co, that is
Vo, are then discharging through all Co, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 as before, thus R3
has no use
because it doesn't permit to obtain the same initial voltage V as before the
insertion of the
electret 54 and however Co is too small comparing to its parallel capacitors
CI, C2, C3, C4, C5
such that its extra charge AQo will cause a negligible final increase in
voltage
{ Fig. _7A) shows that the electret is inserted into the uniformed beaming
zone of Aji to Cji. The
potential energy of the portion of an electret intersecting the beaming Eo of
Aji to Cji, adding to
with the potential energy of Afi-Cfi in the absence of the electret give a
good accuracy of the net
voltage drops in Aji-Cji by,
V2 (2/Co)1-147
elearet+ WbeamEo no electred (7.1)
Co is the capacitance in the volume of the beam Eo beaming uniformly from Aji
to Cji, since the
electret is very thin, the calculation of the capacity, only in the beaming
volume, is about
constant with and without the presence of the electret; that is why Co is used
in the voltage
equation.
Notify that the work of inserting the electret that produces the loop integral
of electric field on
the surface Aji to in parallel to beam Eo and on the surface Cji and back on
Eo and back to the
surface Aji and thus producing a net voltage from Aji to Cji with the presence
of the electret;
however the voltage in the ferroelectric materials e.g. in capacitors C1, C2,
C3, C4 of both Aji and
Cji cubic-conductors remain idle beccruse the bound charges of the electret
are not distributed
on the metal surfaces of Au and Cji, also the total real charges on the Aji
and Cji still idle.
For VA22-C22 which saturates the Zeners, e.g. V422-C22 ---=? 9+ 2.1=11.1[V];
Ir3 is in a discharging
situation. For analysis purpose, let a small region of surfaces on Al2 and A32
toward A22, the two
negative charges on A32 and A 12 produce an image of zero field in the
crossing path A32 to Al2;
such that the corresponding positive two charges on A22 toward Al2 and toward
A32 could be free
to move to Co in air; and then the two mentioned negative charges on A32 and
Ai2 are repelled to
the outer surface. Another way is the current flowing out of A32 and Ai2 is
constant in all time
and at t=t1 IAC22 stops flowing in A22 due to V 1>11.1 [V] (by insertion of
electrets) and in order
to maintain continuity of current where Al2 and A32 try to draw current in
opposite direction onto
A22 which is not possible such that the drawing current will vary in the same
decreasing rate of
IAC22 ceases flowing into A22 to produce current on the outer surface of A 12
and A32. There
exists at 1=11+ a static distribution of charges on A22 to Al2 and A22 to A32.
Since as mentioned
that two charges (on two parallel surfaces) on A22 can be free to flow to Co
of A22 such that the
negative charge on Al2 and A32 are repelled each other to the outer surface
(free to move on A22
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
13
because of the equipotential surface) so the total charges on A22 will be
discharged through R3
with accounting the discharging in the dielectrics Cj, C2, C3, C4 and C5; and
as soon as Vjj is
below 11. 1[V] the current source IAC22 charges A22 and maintaining 1/11
11.1F1.
For the purpose of analysis, the ceasing offlowing current source can be view
as an injection of
opposite current thus the sum of 1=0 such that the opposite electrostatics
distribution of charges
will be used for beaming analysis.
Fig._7 A) where the equation (7.1) is justified only when the electret
occupies entirely Co
where the distribution of real charges on Co are unchanged from before to
after the insertion of
electret.
But in practice, Vele = Eek = dele where Ede and dee are the electret electric
field and thickness and
they are along the perpendicular path of Co surfaces. The final voltage V2f in
Co is calculated
with superposition principle with Ede as voltage source, the equations
V01f=Vele-Y02/+V01i
=Volt+ (x) Vie, V02f=V021+V02=Valf, give the final voltage V2f-V011=VO2f
depending how much
the electret 54 intersect Co of A ii-C and A21-C21.
Where Val and V02 are voltages in COI, CO2 (see Fig. _6C) caused only by the
electret 54, since
initially before the insertion of 54, the C01 and CO2 were charged with the
potential Vo or let Vol,
--- V021 =-Vo. Due to the superposition, the final voltages Volf, V02f, in Coi
and CO2, are the same
when their initial voltages, Voh and V021, are accounted
As already explained previously, the electret 54 partially intersecting the Co
ofAii-Cii will not
change the capacity viewed ofAji or C11, and will cause the separation of
charges on the surface
Co of Ai I and C11 to yield the final voltage Vof. And as result, due to the
unchanged of
capacities viewed by surfaces of A LI and C11, all the real charges on C1, C2,
C3, C4, C5 ofAij and
C11 are idle, the total charges in Co are unchanged but the potential from A31
to C11 is
augmenting due to the polarity of the electret 54.
The resistance R3 has the only purpose to compensate the variation of
resistances of C1, C2, C3,
C4, C5 OfA22 with temperature, since the resistance in C5 is very large -
typically is the Teflon -
thus Rthe is the parallel combination of resistance of CI, C2, C3 and Co. Thus
R3 is used only for
setting R3+Rthe-constant for maintaining the output voltage of the Op-Amp
current source to be
stable to temperature variation in &w and to the Op-Amp package case.
When the electret 54 intersect A22 and C22, all real charges in Co, C1, C2,
C3, C4, C5 of A22 and
C22 are remained idle since all its capacity values are idle. The potential in
Co is augmented
until the breakdown of Zeners to flow the discharge of Co by the path 79 which
forces the
current IAC22flow in a loop and the total real charges on C1, C2, C3, C4 and
C5 started to
discharge while the discharging current 79 is still in transition where during
this transition Co is
independent of CI, C2, C3, C4, C5 due to the external input of work from the
electret54 which
causes only the real charge in Co to flow on the path 79 to null to the
electret 54 potential
energy. During this transition, all charges in CI, C2, C3, C4, C5, which are
in parallel, can
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
14
discharge completely while the discharging in the path 79 still occur. After
some instant of
discharging in the path 79, the potential in Co is decreasing to deactivate
the clamping of Zeners
where IAC22will resume to flow into A22 and out of C22. At this instant, for a
high electret value
Vele, the real charges in Co can be negative on A22 and positive on C22 for
the potential A22-C22
being positive.
After removing the electret 54 from A22-C22, there is no external force to
change the potential of
A22 or C22 surfaces, the total real charges on C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and Co of
A22 are redistributed
according to its capacitance viewed¨ the same is happened for C22 - with the
account of the
compression effect made by B22 and D22 which brings real charges of A22and C22
into their C5
capacities which are maintained initially and during quiescent operation of
the system of Aji-Cji
cubic-conductors.
Fig. 7D) where since many GNDji's can be near together, the 83 connection to
P1 can be the
overall metal case of the printed circuit board
The 84 is the metal box closed at the bottom and opened on the top that is in
¨n direction, 85 is
the metal box that covers 84 and is opened in +n direction and has the top
that covers 84 (not
drawn). At the bottom of 84 has a metal glue that is gluing it to a metal
plate with the same
dimension as 85, that is perpendicularly projected on the plane m-1, thus when
this metal plate is
screwed by screws 86 will form a closed metal box containing the Op-Amp TL081.
Since the shield of the coaxial cable 2 connecting to Aji is electrically
connected to the net metal
box 84 and 85 that the metal type can be the same or better conductor
comparing to the coaxial
shields 2.
The printed circuit board 87, where the TL081 is soldered to it, is depositing
inside the box 84
with the insulators 88 which are maintaining the board 87stab1e in n
chrection. In fact the
insulators 88 exist on the top and the bottom of the printed board 87 such
that when the top
metal box 85 is covered to the box 84, where the inner top surface of 85 is
touching the
insulators 88 thus to maintain the board 87 fixed The insulators 91 can be
only at the bottom or
at the bottom and top of the printed board 8710 maintain the printed board
exit terminals V õ õ,
Vcc, Void and ¨Ve, fixed in (+/-)n movements and to permit the entrance of the
coaxial cable 2.
The insulation 88 or 91 can be of hard or soft material and in rubber or
plastic.
The metal part 891s a part of the box 84 but has a certain height to permit
the shield of coaxial
cable 2 to be soldered on and its core to be soldered on the board 87.
The plastic 90 is first in two pieces parallel to the plane m-1. The coaxial
cable 2 is depositing in
between them and the three parts are glued together. The total set 90 with the
coaxial cable 2 is
lowered over the board 87. As it is indicated the set is not fixed in the
positive +m direction
where when the top metal box 851s covered, it has a hp pointed in positive n
direction that will
be touching to the front of the set 90 thus to maintain it fixed in all
directions.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
In summary, the metal box 84 is unclosed on the top (in negative n direction)
the bottom of the
metal box 84 is glued to its bottom plate which has the same boundaries as 85.
The Op-Amp
TL081 soldered to the printed board 87 is lowered inside the metal box 84. The
plastic 90 glues
the coaxial cable 2 in between it and the overall is inserted on the printed
board 87 with the
coaxial shield 2 and its core soldered to metal 89 and the Op-Amp non-
inverting input terminal
(3). The metal 92 is electrically glued to the metal box 85 and is connected
to an ordinary wire
which will be connected to the P1 location, e.g. the shielding location to
remove surface static
charges. The metal box 84 and 85 have an opening for the exit of pins +V cc, -
Vee, Vmv Vout =
The three screws will fasten the overall set to the main printed board
{ Fig. 7C), shows that after the electrostatic charges are reached, the
cancellation of the
current inside RA] will, after an interval of time, cause a view of capacities
by the wires to the
metal box 85 and are represented by the parasite capacities C pi and C3 which
are having the
same potential. The Cpi and C,,3 are on each side of RAI viewing to metal box
85 and is not
drawn. When the current in RA] is resumed ¨ and due to the voltage source (+/-
)Vab ¨ the metal
part on each side of RA] ¨ e.g. a part of one polarity terminal of previously
mentioned on each
Cpi and C3 ¨ are captured to become the parasite capacity C p2 .
In spite that of the GNDji which are all in parallel and may be clustered
together but due to
other circuit as the Op-Amp-Summer needs its ground GND, and therefore each
GNDji are
better located near its current source Op-Amp TL081.
All GNDji will be inhibited to view to a capacity by cover all the electronic
circuit with the
overall metal case which is in turn connected to P1 location, this process is
not drawn on
Fig. _7C) but it is represented by 83 on Fig. 7D)-E).
The entrance of all negative coaxial cable 2 toward their GNDji, where each
wire of GNDji must
not view, through leakage openings, their corresponding positive Co metal
surfaces on Aji and
In this sketch C), the remaining elements ¨ motors, transistors... are from
the Fig. 20. _1
{ Fig. _7E) shows that the current leaving Vcc is constant for a constant
operation point
everywhere in the circuit.
Since VcE(Q25)=-Vas.0 + Vcc , let's assuming VCEQ25 is fixed therefore
Vcs(J3)=constant
which causes DS 13=constant which in turn provides a constant current in the
base of Qs, Q7 and
25= A constant current in the base of Q25 produces a constant collector
current to result a
constant VGA).
A constant current in the base of Q8 causes a constant current at the
collector of Qi and the base
of Q6. The base current, VCEQ6= 4/EBQ 1 VcC V ee =constant, of Q1 is fixed
also because of
VCEQ I¨constant due to VCEQ8+ VCEQ1=Vcc+ Vee
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
16
All base currents of Q3, Q4, Q5, Q. and Qi go to the emitter of Q6 such that
the base current of
Q6 drives Q3, Q41 Qs) Q2 and Qi as a current source with the assumption that
at an instant, all
VcE of Q3, Q4, Q5, Q. are constant such that their constant base current will
cause their constant
emitter currents.
From the bipolar transistor Eber-Moll equation for Ic and IE ,for constant
parameters in the
equations, they vary with temperature.
At the inputs, V1n¨Vcs(J2) - Vv0(J1). At the same instant, for VGs(J2) and
VGs(.11) in constant
values will cause their Drain currents also constant. A constant collector
current in Q3 leads to
the constant Gate currents in Ji and J2. It is known that these Gate currents
are augmented with
temperature. As in Vm(Ji) with referencing the gate of f1 with same negative
polarity indicated
as inverting input terminal (2) of TL08 1 and Vm(Ji) means a potential with
respect to the gate
of J .
Thus when an electret is inserted which is to force a flow of charge from Aji
to the terminal (3) of
Op-Amp then ills not possible because of the sum of current at the Gate of
J2and the current in
R1 . Or Aji views and infinite resistance toward the terminal (3) of Op-Amp.
When the electret is
reversed to force a flow of positive charge from Cji on the path di toward
terminal (7) then it's
not possible because the terminal (7) is an inlet of a constant flow of
charges.
As the result, in the concern of insertion of the electret, Aji and Cji will
view as an open circuit
with terminal (3) and GNDji. And in the absence of the coaxial shield of 2 and
the metal case
85, Co is much smaller then the parasite capacitance along the wires of Afi to
Cji as well as the
terminal (3) with the GNDji through the TL081 plastic case. Such that a very
high Vele will be
needed in order to augment the voltage of the non-inverting input to GNDji.
Thus with the presence of the coaxial shields from 2 and the metal case 85.
Since Vele will not
cause charges on Aji to build up on the core inside the coaxial 2, since the
core is parallel to
other C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 which are also invariant due to Vele. And the same
applies over Cji.
The GNDji is inhibited to view to the Co of Au by the metal case 83 connected
to PI location.
Therefore the Op-Amp terminal (3) cannot view a capacity with GNDji ¨ due to
the metal case
85, the terminal GNDji cannot view the Co surface of Afi. Thus the potential
from the non-
inverting terminal to GNDji is Vo with the Vele component. It is the principle
of an
Infinite Input Impedance to Amplifiers Device (IHAD).
Since in theory, Bji and Dji permit the compression effect of electric fields
of Aji to Cji thus to
result in augmenting the capacity from Aji to Cji or Op-Amp terminal (3) to
GNDji. Since the
terminal (3) cannot have a voltage exceeding Vcc or ¨Vee, since its VIDR----
(+/-)151V1 for TL081.
That is the magnitude of the terminal (3) voltage must not exceed the
magnitude of the supply
voltage or 15 volts, which ever is less.
Therefore, for (+/-)Vele that may cause Vo to exceed the allowable values. The
function of Eji
and Fji is to decrease the net voltage resulted with Vele, that is Vo. The
activation of this effect is
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
17
caused by IEFJ; which is triggered when the output Op-Amp terminal (6) is near
the saturated +/-
voltages and will feed back its signal to command the magnitude and direction
of IEFJ, .
In summary, first when the quiescent voltage Vo, under the compression effect
of Bji and Dji,
where Vo+ (+/-Vele) is smaller in magnitude to the specified VIDR of TL081
then the set Aji, Bji,
Cji and Dji can operate alone. Secondly, if the Vo+ (+/-Vele) magnitude value
will exceed the
specified VIDR then the additional set Eji and Fji are needed to avoid
damaging the 11.08 1.
Third, the Eji and Fji can be ignored if (+/-Vele) is in very large value and
the bi-directional
Zeners are placed at the terminals non-inverting and GNDji.
The overall set of cubic-conductors Aji, Bji, Cji, Dji, Eji and Fji with the
metal shielding 85, 83 ¨
indicated in Fig. _7E) permit the feature of an Infinite _Input Impedance _to
Amplifiers_Device
(IIIAD). A typical example is, for an initial external uniform electric field
Ez with very weak in
strength. The device sketched in Fig. E) comes to intersect this Ez. Any heat
loss due to the
flow of charges inside the cubic-conductors on their surfaces are done by the
external energy
that brought in the device to intersect with Ez.
Thus Ez is producing its potential in space, and some of this energy is used
to produce E=0
inside a closed metal surface. And for the not shielding process in z-
direction of the Aji, Bji, Cji,
Dji, Eji and Fji. This weak value Ez times an arbitrary distance do of Co from
Aji to Cji will
produce a sufficient voltage that the Op-Amp TL081 will further amplify it.
If there is a shielding process in z-direction of the Aji, Bji, Cji, Dji, Eji
and Fji, then the Co
surfaces of Aji and Cji must be extended in x or y direction in order to
interact with the beam Ez.
At least one side is needed to interact with the beam Ez. The extended part on
both Aji and Cji
can be made much larger that the former Co surfaces then it is the best.
Essentially the amount
of potential energy of Ez that is acquisitioned will determine the voltage
from the terminals non-
inverting-input to GNDji.
{ The electrical characteristics of Infinite Input Resistance _to Amplifiers
Device (IIRAD).
The utility of the IIRAD is, when it is connected at an input to any existing
amplifiers then the
existed amplifiers are becoming the Virtual Infinite Input _Resistance
Amplifier (VIIRA).
For an electric field signal Eo of any frequencies and embedded in any non-
conducting medium
that is presented to the IIRAD then the VIIRA will be able to acquisition the
exact waveform of it
even for very weak value of Eo. The response time of IIRAD is equal to the
propagation time of
Eo, therefore the cut off frequencies are caused by the today's amplifiers
connected to it.
Since the VIIRA measures only the strength of Eo and any heat production in
this process is
caused by the external energy that brought in the VIIRA to intersect with the
potential energy of
Eo. Or in another words, the VIIRA is an ideal amplifier.
At the output of the IIRAD, the signal is not amplified, the voltage is,
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
18
Vo[V r---(EofV/m]) (do[m])+ (1/C[F]) (DeltaI[A]) (t[sec])
DeltaI[A] is the uncontrollable current that varies with temperature. As the
maximum variation
by temperature of the Input Bias Current for TL081 is about 100nA.
C[F] is the capacitor of the HRAD which is arbitrary set in size. For
C=10/.1[F], using PLT
dielectric, the size is two cubes of dimension 3x3x4[cm=cm=cm] each and are
separated by the
arbitrary distance do[m].
The undulation part of Vo is not avoidable with the today's amplifiers
designing. And in
addition to its undesirable parasite capacitors that, with futility, store the
signal energy.
The voltage at the output of MAD, Vo[V], shows the exact Eo[V/m] is
acquisitioned and scaled
by arbitrary do[m]. I suspect that there are means to set Deltal[A] close to
zero with today's
technologies. And the size of C[F] will get smaller depending on the
ferroelectric material.
{ The electrical characteristics of Infinite Input Impedance_to
Amplifiers_Device(ILIAD). The
utility of the HRAD is, when it is connected at an input to any existing
amplifiers then the
existed amplifiers are becoming the Virtual Infinite Input Impedance Amplifier
(VIIIA).
For an electric field signal Eo of any frequencies and embedded in any non-
conducting medium
that is presented to the IHAD then the VIIIA will be able to acquisition the
exact waveform of it
even for very weak value of Eo. The response time of MAD is equal to the
propagation time of
Eo, therefore the cut off frequencies are caused by the today's amplifiers
connected to it.
Since the V7IIA measures only the strength of Eo and any heat production in
this process is
caused by the external energy that brought in the VIIIA to intersect with the
potential energy of
Eo. Or in another words, the VIIIA is an ideal amplifier.
At the output of the IHAD, the signal is not amplified, the voltage is,
Vo[V1¨(Eo[V/m]) (do[m])+ (1/C[F]) (Delta I[A]) (t[sec])
Delta![A] is the uncontrollable current that varies with temperature. As the
maximum variation
by temperature of the Input Bias Current for TL081 is about 100nA.
C[F] is the capacitor of the IIL4D which is arbitrary set in size. For C-10
fi[F], using PLT
dielectric, the size is two cubes of dimension 3x3x4[cm=cm=cm] each and are
separated by the
arbitrary distance do[m].
The undulation part of Vo is not avoidable with the today's amplifiers
designing.
In the case of an IIL4D, that is from the HRAD with using the shielding
techniques, the IHAD is
obtained. And signal energy is stored in Co of arbitrary value, even smaller
than the parasite
capacitors of a few Pico[F].
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
19
The voltage at the output of HIAD, Vo[V], shows the exact Eorti/m] is
acquisitioned and scaled
by arbitrary do[m]. I suspect that there are means to set Deltal[A] close to
zero with today's
technologies. And the size of C[F] will get smaller depending on the
ferroelectric material. _}
{ The Fig. _6A)-B) shows the Electret inserted into Co which is the capacitor
with surfaces that
Aji is in parallel to Cji in the x-y plane. The figure shows the Zeners 76
that have their parasite
capacity Cpf4pF much larger than Co; the situation when the Zeners 76 are used
is when the
noise is large that the wanted signal had to be set larger than the noise that
the sum in voltage
will be suppressed by Cp+Cop - or an added external capacitor across Cp.
The value of Co is, Co¨co. a = 2a/do--9.5381317E-16[F], with a=lcm and do-
1.85659m as
separation distance of the Hockey posts.
In order to reduce Cp of Zeners 76, they are removed and the two Zeners 22V
with one from
non-inverting input to Vcc and the other to Vee. The used of Zeners are to
clamp and to protect
excessive voltage presented to Op-Amp. The parasite capacitors across the two
22V Zeners
aren't drawn and act as current source presented to cubic-conductor Aji
because they are in
parallel to the Vcc, Vee. When the Electret occupies largely the Co or the
voltage in Co
increases such to clamp one of the Zeners that will deactivate their current
source behaviour;
the result is the inputted of Electret energy will cause the current flow
through Co only or the
energy is dispensed to charge Co and the magnitude of voltage in Co will be
clamped; thus the
input voltage range VIDR of the TL081 is protected
Let's analysis the case of Infinite Input Impedance to Amplifier Device
(IHAD), where with
the shielding techniques that inhibit the capacitance view from non-inverting
input to GNDji nor
the positive side of Co to GNDji and the Zeners 76 don't exist - this is
explained in Fig 7B)-C)-
Then from figure, the Electret in Co2 acts as a voltage source in Co2 and will
cause a same
current flow to Col,
Vol +Vo2¨Vele (1)
Col¨Co(1-x), x>0 (2)
Co2=Co = x (3)
From Q¨CV,
Vele¨Qo1( 1/Col + 1/Co2) (4)
Qol¨Vele .Col = Co2 /(Col+Co2) (5)
The same current of Qo2 flows in Col or -Qo2=Qol ;
Vol ¨Qo 1 /Co 1 =Vele (x) (6)
Vo2=-Qol/Co2=-Vele(1-x) (7)
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
From (5) in (6),
Vol =Vele (Co2)/(Co1 + Co2) (8)
The current leaves Co2, so
Vol Vo2I+Vele (9)
The equations (6) and (8) represent the voltage variation across Co when the
Elec fret is inserted
under the case of HIAD. Or in another word, the parasite capacity from non-
inverting input and
the positive side of Co to GNDji aren't existed, that is Cp=0.
For the situation of Infinite Input Resistance_to Amplifier Device(IIRAD), if
the capacitance
viewed from non-inverting input and the positive side of Co to GIVDji are
existed - because they
are not inhibited by shielding techniques, then their corresponding parasite
capacity exists; and
each of them are parasite parallel capacitors of value Cp.f0 in parallel to
Co. Under this
condition, with or without the Zeners 76 there is a Cp where let's imposing
Col *¨Col +Cp,
Vol *=Vele(Co2)/(Col * Co2) (10)
The equation (10) corresponds to the case of IIRAD.
For example, Vele=5V, Ao=a(2a)=20E-3[m] =10E-3[ml, the projection of Electret
onto Co of
surface Ax¨(1E-31-m1)2 then,
x¨Ax/Ao=5E-3 (11)
That is when the Electret located inside the Puck touches Co of lmm square
will produce a
voltage variation Vol, from (6),
Vol= Vele =x =5(5E-3)=0.025V
With a gain G=100, the amplifier output will have 100(0.025)=2.5V and is the
case of IIIAD.
The gain value depends on the noise signal, for Sm¨Vele+Snoise and
Sour¨G(Vele+Sõ.). The
G(Sno,,e) value must not saturate the amplifier output voltage.
For the situation of IIRAD where the distance from non-inverting input to
GNDji - or the
positive side of Co to GNDji - is of about do=1.85659m to yield a capacity Cp
that would be
smaller than Col, then let's Cp¨Col. From (10) with Col *¨Col+Cp=2Col, from
(2) and (3),
Col 41-5E-3)Co=(0.995)9.5381317E-16=9.49044E-161F1
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
21
Col *-2Col = 1.898088E-15[F]
Co2¨(5E-3)Co-4.76907E-18[F]
Vol *¨Vele(4.76907E-18) / (1.898088E-15+4.76907E-18)
=0.01253V for the case HRAD.
So Vol(1114D)=0.025V and Vol *(IIRAD)=0.01253V have a ratio of about two. If
the Zeners
are connected as 76, the Cp would be about 2pF and such situation will happen
if the noise is
very large where the Cp will attenuate the voltage.
{ The Fig. _7B) illustrates the absence of the shielding the electric fields
are beaming out of Aji-
Cji and out of the coaxial cables. Since with or without the shielding process
the internal real
charges distribution are the same, therefore the removal of this process on
the sketch will
facilitate the analysis intentions.
An initial deposition of real charges on A22 and C22. All voltages are equal,
V1=V2= Vo1=1/02
Vcoj=VCO2=-V3=V4 , with the neglect of Bji and Dji which lower Vo. And V02 is
parallel to Voi =
In general, C=Q/V, the capacitance viewed by A22 or C22 are constant, their
real charges are
constant which means that their potentials are also constant.
When the electret is inserted in Co, it doesn't change the value of Q on A22
and C22, and
therefore the potentials viewed by the metal surfaces of A22 or C22 must not
changed. Except in
Co where Vele causes a flow of charge along the closed loop integral of
electric field on the
paths lAc22 to result in equal voltage of Vo and Vol =
When Vele is inserted with positive polarity the voltage Vo is raised and will
not cause real
charges to flow to increase in Vcoi since Vcol and VI=V2 are parallel
capacitors. If Vcoi is
augmented then VI and V2 are also augmented and it is not the case since the
total charge on A22
is fixed, but rather to cause charges to flow on the paths 1,4c22 to maintain
the equality of voltage
of equipotential surfaces viewed by Co.
In fact, the flow of charges along 1Ac22 causes the redistribution of charges
along the capacitance
viewed of A22 to CO2 which is along segment IC1 that views a capacity to K2
The core segment in Van and VCO2 view their metal shields and not the equal-
voltage potential
metal of their corresponding opposite polarity. And as consequence, the flow
of charges along
the loop lAC22 causes the same final potential of Vo¨Vol . The advantage of
having the coaxial
shields is to reduce the value of the core capacity Coi -
The terminals of C01 are connected to an infinite resistance of the Op-Amp
current source which
measures the voltage at C01, therefore making Coi << Co is better.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
22
When the core K1 is reduced to be hidden inside the shield as indicated at 82,
then K2 with Co of
C22 will form the opposite capacity surface to a single surface Co of A 22.
This situation is
ameliorated but some fields leaving K2 10 Co of Anwon't be interacting with
Vele. And when K2
is shielded too then the capacity measured by the Op-Amp current source will
be of only Co
By analysing of Aji, Cji cubic-conductors where for surfaces of Aji viewing to
Aj(i+ I) and Aji
viewing to Aj(1-1) where the electrostatic closed loop of electric field
permits to analyse that
from Fig. _7B) where the real charges on A22 are inducing towards parallel
plates of V1 and V2
which beam up and down with beam equation of a normal surface electric field
of a[C/m2J /
e0[F/m1 because the parallel capacitor has such equation and the surface
coulomb distribution
is also constant to produce the line integral of electric field from metal
plate to metal plate, such
as of VI and V2, with same separation distance so does produce the same
surface charge
density. The same is applied for the case of analysis in they-direction.
{ The Fig. _7D) shows the coaxial core of Aji is connected to non-inverting
input of the TL081,
the coaxial core and the non-inverting terminal are hidden and are inhibited
to view over the Co
of Cji and its GNDji wire terminal.
The GNDji is inhibited to view to the Co of Aji by the metal case 83 connected
to P1. Notify that
when the case 83 is not connected to P1 then GNDji terminal still cannot view
to Co of Aji such
that the electret inserted inside Co will cause charges on Co to displace only
on Co surfaces of
Aji and Cji. But during quiescent operation, the static charges on Cji will
cause also static
charges on GNDji terminals which beam outside the metal case 83 and therefore
the connection
of it to P1 is to remove static surface charges field Additionally, notify
that in terms of
conservative static closed loop voltage equation, where typically, two
parallel charged wires
with one partially has a cylindrical shield then the insertion of electret
cannot perform the
closed loop voltage over the section of the wire shielded by the cylindrical
metal.
Also without details analysis and at a brief glance, the Op-Amp can be
protected using two serial
22V Zeners in parallel to Vcc and Vee with the mid-connection to the non-
inverting input as
analogously to the descriptions of section mentioning the Fig. _6A)-B) and
Fig. _7B); and the
Zeners are inside the shield 85. _}
{ The Fig. _7E), the Aft and Cji permit to obtain the capacity(Farad) needed
by the current
source. The Bji and Dji permit to arbitrary set the final quiescent voltage in
Co and to permit
the ferroelectric capacitors C 1,C2,C3,C4 to be set on the hysteresis curve
the point of highest
capacitance value. The Eji alone permit to suppress Vo[V1 amplitude to protect
the Op-Amp.
when excessive electric potential energy is brought inside Co.
From Fig. _7E), the point Vin is blocked from viewing toward GNDji by the
shield denoted 85
which is connected to P1 location that is a location to remove surface charges
that beamed away
from the system. Since Co, C1...C5 are in parallel, the insertion of the
electret in Co does not
change the net final charges on Co, C1... C5. Since C=Q/V, for Q and C fixed,
the external
electrical force can change V Therefore the electret provides the electrical
energy to Co only,
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
23
which will tend to satisfy the conservative law of static electric field by
attempting to flow the
charges to Vin that cannot view the GNDji in order to cause the flow of
charges. And at Vin the
capacity view is as in parallel with C1,C2,C3,C4,C5where the inserted
electrical energy does not
applied to them where from Q=CV the voltage of Vin,C1,CIC3,C4,Cs are unchanged
Therefore
the insertion of electret will not change the net charges on Co and due to the
current source, the
device has an infinite input resistance and an arbitrary small input capacity
Co, and the voltage
in Vo will vary depending on the polarity of the inserted electric field _1
( From Fig. 7E), Fig._7B)-D) and Fig. 7C). The 2 are the coaxial cables, 85
are the shields,
the 83 are used to not permit the view of capacitance of Aji surfaces toward
GNDji and Cji
toward Vin.
{ When making the IIRAD having an infinite input resistance with higher input
capacity by
using the Zeners parasite capacities or with the addition of capacitors across
them. For a signal
with noise, the device will discriminate the signal from the noise when the
electric field signal
amplitude is higher than the noise, the mentioned capacitors will lower the
voltage in Co. The
corresponding drawings applying to increase higher input capacity are:
Fig._7A)-B)-C)-D)-E),
Fig. 6A)-B), Fig. 20 and Fig. _2. _I
( Fig._8 shows current sources connected to Aji-Cji and they are as indicated
in Fig._6
The surfaces of each cubic-conductors denoted by C1, C2, C3 and Clare
capacitors using
ferroelectric materials and operate in both cases of linear and with remnant
effect on the curve
Polarisation Vs Electric-Fields. For this IHPSS, the real model exhibits the
remnant effect and
the prototype with a larger scale uses the linear behaviour.
The Op-Amp current sources need at least 10 fiF from Aji to Cji, e.g. CAci, .
Since C=Q/V, to
increase C must increase Q and thus the presence offerroelectric is justified
with its high
polarisation values, V is reduced by beaming electric field from Bji to Dji
conductors, thus the
net result in the equation is C is increased by two means - increasing Q and
reducing the
potential V. Thus as long as the ferroelectric or any dielectric materials can
handle its internal
electric fields, while increasing the charges Q and while decreasing the
potential V to any
measurable value, the total real charges on Aji and Cji are reaching infinite
and thus the result
is the obtainment of an infinite capacitor CACfi -
The matrix Aji must have j and i in odd number which permit the effect of
capacity behaviours.
From the sketch, let all cubic-conductors uncharged and transferring only
charges from C22 to
A22. The net induced charges on the electrostatic shields of Aji with Bji and
Cji with Dji are in
the same in number and of opposite polarity such that a conductor 93
conducting the two shields
do neutralize external surface charges or no electric fields beam to the
outside.
The capacity Co is very small, calculated over the volume made by the beams,
in air, Eo of one
pair Aji-Cji. And as will be seeing later that the operation of Bji, Dji as
the compression of
electric fields to Aji-Cji that the material used in Cs - between Bji and Aji,
Dji and Cji - is about
the same dielectric constant as of Co to facilitate the compressing process,
it is also to have a
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
24
linear behaviour during operation in C5 such that the capacitive charges will
reduce to zero
when the voltage reduces to zero where this situation is less complex than
with the remnant
effects in C5. However at the first glance, even the remnant effect is
presence, it is still
permitting the compression effect and these analysis are not explicated here
and the electronic
setting will be more complex too.
The shielding of coaxial cables 80, 81 are all connected to P1 location - all
the shields, e.g.,
coaxial cables and the overall two shields 94, 95 of Aji, Bji, Cji and Dji -
thus resulting in zero
static electric fields beaming out the coaxial cables 80, 81. Since the
leakage in the coaxial on
the anode side Offers from the cathode side which results in an accumulation
of static charges
on one side of the coaxial cable, and the fact that all the current sources
are drawing charges
from the same battery and that the sum of total charges on Aji, Bji, Cji, Dji
are zero, the
connection of coaxial shields with the shields of Aji, Bji, Cji, Dji is
justified to shield all the
electric field; thus in electrostatics there is beams Eo, in air, from Aji to
Cji; and elsewhere in
air there is no electric fields beaming out from the overall shields; the
metal use for the purpose
of shielding is better made of highest conductivity comparing to the metal
materials that produce
the electric fields that are to be shielded because the speed of neutralizing
outer surface charges
is higher than the speed to build the electric fields that are to be shielded
As showing on A22 Of two positive charges on C1 to C4. Which by Gauss's law
the induced
charges are occurring on C2 of A32 and G4 of A 12 which produces on the shield
of two positive
induced charges in the back 96 and two positive induced charges in the front
97, and because the
same is happening on C22 which results in the induced of negative charges in
the back 98 and in
the front 99 such that the mentioned four induced positive charges on the
shield 95 of Aji are
neutralized with four induced negative charges on the shield 94 of Cji. The
same identical
analysis is applied to the other perpendicular direction e.g. the result of
beaming causes by C
and C3 of A22.
To demonstrate that A22 is discharging to C22 as a capacitor. Because of odd
number of cubic-
conductors in a direction of x and y. Let considering that the outer shielding
charges are
neutralized by a wire 93 connecting the two metal cases where the outer
induced charges are
indicated by an encircling of two charges. To view the discharging process,
all the case surface
charges are zero, all the electric fields are confined inside the case e.g.
the fields exist between
two metal surfaces and not elsewhere - in this context. The two induced
charges on C2 of A32
and C4 of 2112 are virtually beaming each other thus there is a virtually no
beaming effect going
from C2 OfA32 to C4 OfAI2 but their charges stayed there due to the real
charges of the surfaces
C2 and Cg OfA 22, so the real charges on C2 and C4 of A22 are located with no
external field
applied on it - due to virtual zero field from C2 OfA32 to C4 Of A j2, and the
real charges on A22
can discharge freely to C22. Charges on A22 are discharged such that
everywhere on its six
surfaces will view the same potential. When the two real charges on C2 and C4
OfA22 are
discharged, the two negative induced charges on C2 of A32 and C4 of An are
repelled up to the
surface of An and A32 e.g they are repelled to C2 OfA j2 and C4 of A32, and
due to the existence
of two positive induced charges already there on C2 OfAj2 and C4 of A32which
result in zero
charges on C2 Of Al2 and C4 of A32. The two induced negative charges already
there just inside
the shielding facing Al2 and the same to the two induced negative charges
already there just
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
inside the shielding facing A32 from which they are again repelled each other
to go on the
surface of the shielding. Since the other side occurs the same phenomena which
will result in the
same surface charges with opposite polarity such that the wiring connecting 93
the two metal
shield-case 94, 95 permit the surface charges to neutralized each other.
Where finally, all the fields in y-direction along Al2, A22 and A32 are zero.
The same is applied to
the direction of C1 and C3 Of A22 and thus once A22 is completely discharged
to C22 there is no
electric fields nowhere.
In between Bji and Aji as well as for Cji and Dji there exists an insulator of
linear dielectric as
Teflon. The same insulation is applied for the surfaces in between Dji with
its UnitVectDji to the
shield 94 in x-y plcme, the same is as for Bji.
{ Fig. 9 shows the flow of current pattern. Using the Lead Magnesium Niobate
(PAIN) -
reference 121 The resistance of a surface axb is Rd1=3.125E5[14, to maintain
at 10V the
current is 1611-3.2E-5[A] and the current flow of four times because of 4
surfaces C1, C2, C3, C4
(neglecting the current through Teflon) so the current enters Aji is
41d1=1ACji=1.28E-4[A] in
DC.
For example, all 1ACji are equally in DC, IA C12 is increased, thus the
voltage view by Al2
surfaces are equally increase as well as the voltage Al2-C12. The increase in
charges on Al2
cause an orthogonal beaming of electric fields in x, y and z from its surface,
the z-direction
beaming affects only to B12, Al2, C12, D12 where all other Aji (ji12) are idle
such that the
potential Al2-C12 increases and all other potential Aji-Cji remain idle.
For example, when IA C12 increases the electrostatic charges on Al2 increases
which beams
evetywhere on its six surfaces. By analyzing in one y-direction, the beaming
effects raise the
potential A22-Al2 and reduce the potential A22-A32, and since charges on A32
are negative, and
increase the potential shielding-to-A32. So the current transferring into A22
remain the same
since the current is increased to A22-A32 but the same amount is decreased to
A22-A32 thus IA C22
remains constant. And the current 1AC32 is also constant because the decrease
in current A22-A32
is compensated by the increase of current from shielding-to-A32. Since the
charges are
transferring from one side to another between Aji and Cji, the production of
surface charges on
the shielding 94, 95 are in the same amount but opposite polarity such that
the conductor 93
connecting the two metal shielding produces electrostatically zero surface
charges on the
shielding 94, 95. _I
{ Fig._10 shows the analysis made on Cji. For all current IACji equally, let
JAG 12 be larger, the
sketch shows the IACHTop is reduced in the same amount as IAC13)307Tom is
increased due to the
beaming effect of C12. Thus 1AC 12 causes also a decrease in potential in
C6from outer shielding
94 to D12 in z-direction, thus causing a positive charge in z-direction on the
shielding 94 which
will be neutralized with the induced charge (not drawn) on the outer shielding
95 in z-direction
of B12.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
26
{ Fig. 11A)-B)-C), the three sketches demonstrate how the cubic-conductors Bji
and Dji are
operated to provide the compression of electric field effects, thus the result
of these effects leads
to higher value of capacitance from Aji to Cji and thus the size of cubic-
conductors Aji, Bji, Cji
and Dji can be greatly reduced
All negative and positive cubic-conductors are connected together in Dji and
Bji(not shown on
Bji for clarity). The potential in Bji are in a transition stage since in
between the positive and
the negative have 10[V] and 7.99[V]. The compression of electric fields
effects is drawn on Aji
of its Co or in z-direction. The sketch B) shows the use of two Op-Amp current
sources for each
set Bji and Dji.
If deciding to use two Op-Amps - one for all positive Bji with negative Dji
and one for all
negative Bji with positive Dji. This situation is not right for this
application because - by
considering the set of all positive Bji with all negative Dji - when inserting
an electret in between
Ayx to Cyx which causes an input of potential energy to the system and the
potential from Ayx to
Cyx varies. The potential from Byx to Ayx to Cyx to Dyx is varying. Because
Byx and Dyx are a
cathode and an anode conductor which are connected to the remaining cathodes
Bji and anodes
Dji (for jiyx); an energy supplied by the insertion of the electret forces the
potential of all
cathodes Bji to all anode Dji to be equal to the potential Byx to Dyx which
will result to the
compression effects originally made by all Bji and Cji (including ft-yr) to
alter.
If deciding to use each one Op-Amp connecting to a pair Bji to Dji. Since Aji-
Cji has the self
potential set to 10 volts, which means the potential made by the Op-Amp must
producing over 10
volts in each C5 capacitor in between Bji to Aji and Dji to Cji. The problem
is when no free
charges are on Aji and Cji due to an accidental power shut down of them, since
10 volts in the
two C5 produce induced charges of positive and negative polarity from Aji to
Cji which are
beaming in air such to produce a net voltage of two times 10 volts in C5
adding to a large
voltage in air from Aji to Cji - in the air capacitor Co, Co is smaller than
parasite capacitance of
2 PicoFarad - will result in a possible damage to the Op-Amp current source
transferring
charges from Bji to Dji because for example the Op-Amp TL081 has a maximum
input voltage
range VIDR= 15V.
The sketches A), B) and C) show the Op-Amp in one side Bji and one Op-Amp on
the side Dji
cause a symmetrical of unequal compression electric fields due to the fact
that positive and
negative charges leaving the Op-Amp are distributed to five positive
conductors versus four
negative conductors in the set Dji.
From the sketch B), shows a theoretical step of compression effect. If Aji to
Cji are 10 volts the
voltage in between Bji and Aji (or Cji and Dji) must be slightly above 10
volts in order to
provide the compression effect. Because, considering A33 and C33 beams a 10[V]
away from its
surfaces, in C5 of D33 and C33 the beaming of C33 beams through outside of D33
on the plane with
unit-vector-Dji, thus once the charges are deposited on D33 up to the same
quantity in positive
polarity as the negative induced charge on C5 of D33 caused by C33 which
result in a beaming
back of 10[V] by D33; and D33 beams everywhere of 10[V] away from its
surfaces. At this point,
when D33 is greater than 10[V] it beams back to C33 thus causing induced
charges of positive
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
27
polarity on the surface with unit-vector-Cji of C33. Because of symmetry, the
polarity of charge
is reversed in the B33 and A33, when B33 did the same as D33 in opposite
polarity then the same
amount of negative induced charges are deposited on the surface with unit-
vector-Aji of A33, thus
the induced negative and positive charges on the surfaces with unit-vector-Aji
and unit-vector-
Cji cause a uniform electric field time the separation of A33 and C33 results
in a compressed
electrical potential, this compressed potential in opposite polarity and
smaller than the potential
of 10[V ] cause by the sole function of A33to C33, thus the sum of the two
electric potentials is
smaller than 10[V] which result in an increase of capacity from A33-C33 or
CAC33 because the
real charges on A33 and C33 still unchanged but its voltage is reduced.
The procedure to calculate the compressed fields is to take the difference in
charges cause by Cji
beaming to Dji where the beaming Dji must be larger than the beaming of Cji.
This quantity of
difference in charges is pushed out on the surface with unit-vector-Cji which
added already to
the existed charges on surface with unit-vector-Cji in which the sum is lower
than before
(assuming the Afi and Bji conductors are producing the same phenomena) thus
the new potential
from Aji to Cji is obtained Knowing C5 capacitor value permit to calculate the
compressed
charges, then the compressed charges on Co - air capacitor delimited by the
beam Aji to Cji ¨
and knowing Co and the compressed charges give the compressed potential which
will be added
to the natural potential produces by Aji to Cji alone.
Sketch B) shows the Op-Amp with a Zener of 10[V] which is open at the start of
charging and
when Vin is slightly smaller than 10[1/] adding to the serial resistance
voltage will cause the
Zener to clamp and thus maintaining Vin¨constant. Thus as the final
calculation that is
demonstrated on Bji of symmetrical pattern of unequal compression effects of
7.99[V] and
10[V], the sketch shows the 7.99[V] and 10[V] are pointing from Aji and Cji
are for indication
of the compression effect purpose only since the values of the real potential
are different. Which
means that all Aji-Cji which are having its corresponding C5 of 10[V] must
operate under the
absence of compression effect of the voltage slightly below 10[V]. Or the
Zener be higher than
10[V] to permit a Vin> 10[V] which will cause all the compression voltage
above 10[V] and then
the same phenomena of adjustment of the voltage under the absent of the
compression effect on
Aji-Cji will be processed e.g. readjusting the current of ACJI to obtain the
quiescent voltage
under the new compression effects of Bji and Dji.
The shielding is not drawn for clarity on the right side. The voltages on Dji
are in transition
only with 7.99[V] and 10[V]. All positive and negative conductors in Bji are
connected together
and fed by a single current Op-Amp; this is not drawn for clarity. The final
voltages are as
indicated _I
{ Fig. _11B) where the advantage of using the clamping effect of the Zeners
100 and R1= 10f2 is
to obtain a constant Vin in spite the change in resistances of the
ferroelectric materials P1VM,
PLT, PZT on Cj, C2, C3,C4and the linear dielectric such as Teflon on C5 and C6
of Dji
conductors. Because, for example a clamped Zeners 100 of 10 volts, Vin
decreases due to
temperature variation applied on Dji, so Rs1 permits to cause less current in
flowing to Zeners
100 and to charge back Vin.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
28
If 12,1=0, with 10V as clamped Zeners 10 volts voltage, at the start of
charging, all Dji surfaces
are charging up to reaching the clamping of the Zeners 100 which will cause
all the voltage
between the positive and negative Dji parallel plates to clamp to 10V where
all other surfaces
Dji can discharge ¨ All Cs, Cs and all the peripheral surfaces ¨ and thus no
compression effect
the beams to Cji, Aji and Bji will occur. Because of the clamping of the
Zeners 100 during
quiescent operation V1-V2 varies with ambient temperature and will cause Vout
to vary with
temperature, even of reaching saturation, but Vout is not used
The disadvantage of setting R,1=0 and the Zeners 100 to have a value that
during quiescent
operation the Zeners 100 are not clamped, but Vin varies when the temperature
that varies the
resistances of C1, C2, C3, C4, Cs and Cs of Dji which in turn will cause a
more or less variation
in the compression effect due to temperature variation applied Dji cubic-
conductors.
In the sketch B) the coaxial cables are used to connect cubic-conductors Dji.
In order to save
the space for wiring, the positive and negative Dji are connected to lead out
only two coaxial
cable toward the Op-Amp terminals which are having their outer layers at 101,
102 be
connected to P1 location.
The coaxial cables connecting to the same polarity cubic-conductors Dji are
having their outer
layers electrically linked too. For example, the coaxial cables leaving D13
and D31 are
connected together by the T-coaxial-connector with its output core
electrically linked to the
inside of D22 450 cavity edge - and the coaxial cables leaving D33 and Di I
are connected to the
T-coaxial-connector with its output core be connected inside D2245 cavity
edge. And the result
is all outer coaxial cables of Dji are connected to the location 101 and 102 ¨
which in turn are
connected to PI location ¨ thus they will neutralise to yield no electric
fields on their outer
layers.
If one outer coaxial cable layer in the set Dji is not neutralised its surface
static charges then an
insertion of a dielectric in between Aji and Cji will cause a variation to the
capacitance viewed
by this coaxial core which in turn will cause charges to flow in the set Dji
which may change the
compression effects of all Dji toward Cji with the Co very sensitive to a
small voltage variation
in Cs of Cji and Dji.
The sketch Fig. _11C), the dotted line 103 is used to indicate the
consideration of the supply of
current to the remaining surfaces of Dji conductor ¨ in the circumference path
with neglecting
the current in the Cs and Cs capacitors. J
( The Calculations-of-Repartition-of-Charges-On-Bji-or-Dji are done by
calculating the charges
for one surface and distribute the results over all surfaces, the calculations
are as follow. From
Fig. _11A), for 10[V] between a pair of surfaces; for 4 negative conductors
and 5 positive
conductors. Let's neglecting Cs and Cs since its values are too small.
So at 101-V1 QDD1 = 1.02E-5[C], for C1 to C4 on the negative conductor DI2;
00012 =
4QDD1; using superposition, let's charging one at a time. By charging only
DI2; the black
colour shows the voltage drops of 10[V].
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
29
Now charging the same amount on D32 which is drawn in a finer black colour.
Now, the D23 and
D21 can be charged together, since they are the same similarity with D32 and
D12, in the two blue
colours.
At this step, all negative conductors are charged, on their outer surfaces
have 20[V] and the
inner surfaces toward D22 have no charges. And all negative surfaces are 10[V]
in the z-
direction.
Now the charging of positive conductors; previously, QDDI = 1. 02E-5[C] for
10[V] in a
CDDI = coo epAgN (as c)/di = 6'01800(8E-2e 4E-2)/50E-6 = 1.02000384E-6[F]
Accounting only C1 to Cg, a negative conductor has 4QDDI = 4.08E-5[C]. For 4
negative
conductors, the total charges on the negative's are 4. QtotDi2 = 16. QDD1 or
QtotNegCond = -16. QDDI = -1. 632E-4[C]
And for 5 positive conductors implies that each positive conductor has
QlpositCond = 16. QDDI/5 = (16/5)1. 02E-5[C] = 3.264E-5[C]
Let's using D13, means that C1 to Cg of DI3 has
QD13inCi = QlpositCond/4 = 3.264E-5[C]/4 = 8.16E-6[C]
VD13inCi = QD13inCl/CDD1 = 8.16E-6[C]/1.02000384E-6[F]
= 7.999969882[V] rz, 7.99[V]
At this stage, all conductors are loaded and all its components are drawn,
except 1)33, D31, D22.
The outer surfaces in x-direction of D13 and Ai have 5.98[V]; between D13 to
D12 and D11 to D12
have a net 10+7.99-7.99=10[Y].
The addition of D33 in purple gives 5.98[17] my-direction on D13 and D33.
Now only D22 and D31 are not loaded, let's load only D22 in green colour. The
results show that
the voltage around D22 is 7.99[V] and the circumference path in x-y has 10[V] -
from D11 to D31
to D33 to D13 back to Dm And on the left side, on the B's, the actual voltage
is drawn as if the
Op-Amp was used on the left side, the kit side is an image projection from the
Dji side. The net
compression effect of 7.99[V] and 10[V] are drawn on Aji in z-direction.
The Fig. _11C) shows that for five positive versus four negative cubic-
conductors in Dji and they
are connected such that the loop voltage equation exists. For the PAM
dielectric constant, Claw
= 1800, the Teflon dielectric constant, ereflon = 2.1, ch=50E-6[m], cl3=2E-
4[m], as c-8E-2(4E-
2)[m2], PPAIN = 1E8[Qem].
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
CDD1 = cos OWN* a. c/di = 1.02000384E-6[F]
CDD2 = coo croon* a. a/d5 = 5.94397E-10[F]
RDD1=RD2= 1E8050E-6/ (8. 4E-4) = 1.563E6[Q]
From the Fig. _11B). Where the transit voltages are shown of 7.99[V] and 10[V]
for Dji side;
from that sketch B) shows the joining surfaces which are drawn in the sketch
C). And due to the
joining wires there is a loop voltage equation (in blue colour) which is not
zero and therefore an
electric field will force charges to flow. The simplest way is they are
parallel capacitors of
CDD1 with initial voltage of 10, 7.99 and 10[V]. By choosing the set A
indicated in sketch C),
Qa = CDD1 = 10[17] = Qc =1.02000384E-5[C]
Qb = CDD1 = 7.99[V] = 8.1498E-6[C]
The total charges are,
Qtotabc = Qa+Qb+Qc = 2.8550E-5[C]
The equivalent voltage is,
Vequi = Qequi/Cequi Qtotabc/(3CDD1) = 9.3300[V]
So in equilibrium, all the voltages between the positive and negative cubic-
conductors Dji are all
9.33[V].
So from the sketch B); all voltages in z-direction are unchanged as is
indicated the net resulting
voltage on the left Bji conductors - the result of Dji are transferred to Bji
because of their
matching symmetry.
Let's verifying the conservation of charges on Bji, neglecting the 9.33[Y]
since their positive and
negative charges are equals.
For the negative conductors,
8beams at 5.98V QinpAN = -CDD1(5.98(8)) = -CDD1(47.84)[C]
10beams at 7.99V = QinTefon = -CDD2(7.99(10)) = -CDD2(79.9)[C]
For the positive conductors,
4beams at 12.01V QinpAIN = CDD1(12.01(4)) = CDD1(48.04)[C]
8beams_at_10V = QinTefon = CDD2(10(8)) = CDD2(80)[C]
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
31
So here the partly distribution of negative and positive charges are:
Qpartial negative = -CDD1(47.84)-CDD2(79.9) [C]
Qpartial_positive = +CDD1(48.04)+CDD2(80) [C]
The difference is due to round off but small to verify that the total positive
and negative charges
on Bji are equals. Notify that the final results of voltages indicated in the
sketch B) on Bji are
the projection calculated over the Dji transferred to Bji since Dji is
symmetrically to Bji.
In fact, the set of cubic-conductors Bji and Dji are unequal in number of
positive and negative
conductors. However, a negative cubic-conductor and a positive cubic-conductor
can be added
to Dji and Bji thus to produce the same number of positive and negative cubic-
conductors on
both side of Bji and Dji, the two erdn'Pd cubic-conductors are to be located
elsewhere and which
can beam to each other but outside the 3DGLVA and having the same quantity of
charges as
each of its Bji (or Dji), thus the result is that the compression effect will
be all the same along the
plane x-y.
The misalignment of cubic-conductors Aji, Bji, Cji and Dji along y=constant
can occur, however
the intersection of the surfaces that cause the Eo from Aji to Cji that
counts. And the beaming
effect of Bji to Dji is done according to the capacitance view on its path and
the contribution of
the potential energy, causes by Bji to Dji, that is embedded in the mentioned
intersection of Au to
Cji will result in the net voltage, Voperation, from the parallel surface Aji
to Cji.
The Cakulation-of-Current-Supplying-Dji(or Bfi)-Cubic-Conductors is as follow.
In calculation
of current IBB as indicated in the sketch B), the currents into Teflon are
very small - in C5 and
C6 - compares to the currents into the dielectric materials in CI,C2,C3 and
C4, here the
calculation are based on the Lead Magnesium Niobate(PMN). The currents will be
calculated
in the internal loop indicated in Fig._11B)-C); adding to the current in the
circumference path
e.g. toward the inner shielding surfaces; with PMN data from reference [2].
The current from the Fig. 11C) is producing a 9.33[V], from
Vequi¨Qequi/Cequi=9.33[V]. For
by pair calculation of resistance.
RDD.1=( ppAN = di ) / (a= c) = (1E8=50E-6)/(8=4E-4) = 1.563E6[Q]
One row has RDD1/3=constantl, for two rows in parallel is (constant1)/2 and
for 4 rows is
(constant1/2)/2 = (constant1)/4, so the resistance for the inner loop
indicated in the sketch C), is
&men
Rinner='(COnStaT10/4 = (RDD1/3)/4 = RDD1/12 = 1.563E6/12 = 1.303E5[Q]
At Vinner = 9.33[V],
linner¨Vinner/ Rainer = 9. 33/ 1. 303E5 = 7. 163E-5 [A]
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
32
To calculate the current in the circumference path around Bji from Sketch B).
Notib, that each
leaving current of 12.01[V] on one plate of a positive conductor matches to
two currents
entering with two of 5.98[V] into a negative conductor. Let's choosing the
voltage of 12.01
instead of 5.98+5.98. So,
Icircum_positive_conduct_per_plate = Vpositive/RDD1 for per one positive plate
Since for four plates from BI2, B23, B21, B32;
Ictrcum = 4 Wpositive/RDD = 4(12.01[V])/(1. 563E6 [Q]) = 3.073576456E-5[A]
The total current necessary to feed all Bji conductors (or Dji), with
neglecting its current into
Teflon, is
Iumer hircurn = IBB- = IDD = 7. 163E-5 + 3.073576456E-5
= 1.023657646E(-4)[A] = 10.237[m4]
The sketch C), the dotted line 103 is used to indicate the consideration of
the supply current to
the remaining surfaces of Dji conductors ¨ in the circumference path with
neglecting the current
in the C5 and C6 capacitors. J
{ Fig. _12A) and Fig _12B) and Fig. _13A) and Fig. 13B) show an enlarge
perspective view of
hollow cubic-conductors A25, C25, B15 and 1)15. The hole HI of A25 is the
location of a coaxial
cable going to the anode of the Op-Amp current source, and the HI of C25
correspond to the
cathode coaxial going to the Op-Amp - see Fig._6A)-B)-C)-D)-F). The coaxial
cables - see
Fig._13C) - are going in diagonal inside the cubic-conductors toward an exit
that it will be
connected to a terminal of Op-Amp, with it shield connected to the shielding
location or PI
shielding location. Notify the wiring paths in Fig. _3. Notify the concordance
of the unit vectors
- Unit VectorAji, Unit VectorBji, Unit VectorCji, UnitVectorDji - that match
to the Fig. _14. These
unit vectors permit to orientate the top metal electrodes 104, 105, 106, 107
with its lip( indicated
with parameter es) positioning.
As indicated, the 45 -slabs 108 with holes H2 are distributed symmetrically
around four edges of
all cubic-conductors, all the 45 -slab-H1 109 and the 45 -slab-H2 108 are the
same material as
the cubic-conductors. The ones with hole H2 are located in on each four edges
of the cubic-
conductors, the ones with hole H1 can be on all four edges or only one 45 -
slab-HI 109 on one
of the four edges.
There exists a few manners to connect the coaxial cables to the hole HI, for
example the device
near the bicycle hand-break which is called the Brake-Adjuster 112 and is
sketched on
Fig. _12A). The Brake-Adjuster 112 is inserted in either direction to the hole
HI, the coaxial
core 113 is inserted and winding around the threaded-cylinder 114, the nut 115
is screwed in to
maintain conductivity of the coaxial core 113 to the Brake-Adjuster 112 and to
the metal 45 -
slab-H1 109, 110.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
33
The holes H2 use ordinary thin insulated filamentary conductors which are
having at their two
extremities with flat metal plates of two holes conductively by soldering or
screwing to the
extremities. A flat plate of two holes is then superposed on the 45 -slab-H2
(two holes) 108 that
they are in conduction by fastening with two fasteners. And the other fiat
plate is then be fasten
to the Lip-electrode ¨ with parameter e5- of the next adjacent cubic-
conductor. For Bji and Dji,
similar manner just described for the 45 -slab-H2 108 is applied to the 45 -
slab-H3 111 with the
corresponding Lip-electrode as the parameter e6.
For example, viewing to Fig. _14, the Lip-electrode of A24 is connected to the
45 -slab-H2 of A25
located at the bottom back edge which is not drawn on Fig._12A) since the Lip-
electrode of A24
is located near to that 45 -slab-H2 of A25. Since A25 is the top cubic-
conductor, the A25 Lip-
electrode is then connected to the parallel A15 top electrode via its Lip-
electrode.
It is better to have the fasteners adapted in size and be likely to the Brake-
Adjuster 112 ¨ with
116 and 114 as a single unit - with lower conductivity than the coaxial cable -
core 113 and its
shield 117. Because when inserting the electret which clamps the positive
polarity of the Zeners,
the Op-Amp current will flow into the clamped Zeners and as well as the
discharging current
from capacitor CAcji , e.g. the discharge current of the Aji to Cji caused by
the charges on its Co.
The better conductivity of the core and the shield over the fastener Brake-
Adjuster 112 will
permit surface charges on the shields of the anode and cathode cables to
neutralize each other
faster than the rate of the discharge of charges from the cubic-conductor by
109 to the fastener
114, 116 and to the core 113. Thus the Fig._13C) depicts the material
Nichrome(o-N, =
0. 1E7[mho/m]) which having lower conductivity than the copper(o-c. =
5.80E7[mho/ml) or
silver(o-N, = 6.17E7 finho/m1).
For Fig.12A), the core 113 which is wounded at 119 and thus an annular metal ¨
not drawn -
with the same metal as of 114 and 116 that will be located to in between the
winding 119 and the
45 -slab-H1 109.
Where using metal Cooper (acu=5.8E7[mho/mJ), Silver (csAg=6.17E7[mho/m1) and
Nichrome
(am=0.1E7[mho/m]); the annular metal, the 114, 116 will be in Nichrome; the
117, 113 will be
in Cu or Ag. The outer coaxial cable insulator is 118. _}
{ Fig._13 where on Dji and Bji, the 4.59-slab-H3 111 and 45 -slab-H1 110 are
the same metal as
their cubic-conductors. The ones with 111 are located on four edges and the
ones with 110 can
be on one or many or four edges depending whether any same polarity Dji 's are
connected
together or not. The 45 -slab-H1 110 has the same hole size H1 as the 45 -slab-
H1 109 of Aft
and Cji to simplify the standardisation of using the same brake-adjuster 112
on all Aji, Bji, Cji
and Dji.
The ferroelectric or dielectric materials layers are PLT or PMN or PZT, these
layers are 120,
121, 122, 123. The layers 120, 121 must be in the same material. The layers
122, 123 which
usually are of the same material and they can be a different material with
120, 121.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
34
For all cubic-conductors Aji, Bji, Cji, Dji in the same thickness, cubic
thick, where ethick must
be thin enough such that with 124,
e4 = (e1/2)+(ethick/2)
e4< 0.8e
e4-ethick > cubic_thick
And depending on the situation, the parameter which may be to determine are
H1, H2, H3,
ethick, es, e6, ej, e2-e1 or e2= e1, 1], t2 and t4.
The 45 -slab of holes H1, H2, H3 or 108, 109, 110, 111 can be conductive to
their cubic-
conductors by soldering and metal gluing. Each of the set 108, 109, 110, 111
can be jointed in a
closed loop or open loop along the internal wall of the cubic-conductors. And
they can be
positioned arbitrary toward the centre of the cubic-conductor. _}
Fig._13C) shows a different way of attaching the coaxial cable to the edge of
a cubic-
conductor. For the cubic thick parameter large such that Cji metal structure
is very solid to
permit the attachment by using the threaded-cylinder 136, nuts 131, 132 to
maintain in place the
metals 129, 133, 134 without using metal glue or soldering.
There can be any type of insulators for 127, 128 and 137. The annular
insulator 137 inhibits the
conduction of 125 to 129 annular part.
The coaxial shield 125 of Cji is to be connected to the coaxial shield of Aji
cubic-conductor and
both of the shields are connected to P1 location to null all static surface
charges. Thus in
electrostatics, E=0 outside the coaxial cable and there exists the electric
field in between 126
and 125 metal.
The 130 is of any type of material and to permit to screw the nuts 131, 132.
When rotating the
nuts 131; the nuts 132 is blocked from rotating when they are placed into the
metal 134.
It is better to choose the metal 125 and 126 with their relaxation time much
smaller than for the
metal 135. Such as metal 125 and 126 in Silver or Cooper (1:v11,er-1.43504E-
19[sec],
rcooper= 1 = 52659E-19[sec] ) and metal 135 as Nichrome
rnichrome=8.8542E-18[sec] ). Because
when a condition that permits charges on Cji to go toward an Op-Amp terminal
then a small AQ
arrives in 135 will permit the metal 125 and 126 the time to remove its
surface excess charges
such to yield a net field of E=0 outside the cable.
For 125 and 126 in Silver or Cooper and 135 in Nichrome, then 129, 133, 134
can be any type of
metal. If 135 is the same metal as 125 or 126 then 129, 133 and 135 will be in
Nichrome.
The metal 129 has a cylindrical shape viewed along the plane x=y. The metal
134 and 133 are
planar and has a rectangular shape viewed along x=y. The coaxial cable is
inserted through
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
129 and rotated to constraint the metal 135 to be fixed in x=y, then screwing
the nuts 131 to
fasten the core 135 and 126 to be conductive with Cji.
The direction of the coaxial cable can be directed toward the centre of Cji by
letting 133 with no
hole that adapts 135 and 134 with a hole 129 for the insertion of the core
135. The largest
diameter in 129 can be reduced which will facilitate the installation of 129
inside Cji. Similarly
as using the brake-adjuster mentioned, the direction of the coaxial cable can
be in or out the
Cji.
Here with Fig._13C), with the use of 133 with no hole and 134 with a hole for
the insertion of the
set 135, 125, 126, 127, 128, the thickness of 134 will bring the coaxial set
toward the Cji centre
for the coaxial path going toward the centre of Cji that is 129, 135, 125,
126, 127, 128 now
pointing in the negative x=y of Fig. _13C).
When the metal shield 125 is absent, E 0 outside the coaxial cable in
electrostatics, Cji views
other metals ¨from and along the coaxial cable ¨ as capacities. Thus
typically, an insertion of a
body far from Co of Aji to Cji, and due to the cable from Aji and Cji toward
the Op-Amp
terminals that the capacity of CAcj, is increased and will result to a small
voltage drop from Aji
to Cji. Therefore losing the precision measured and losing the uniqueness
property of a voltage
variation due to only the volume of Co, and especially it causes unwanted
electric fields to the
surrounding.
{ Fig. 14 illustrates the set of 3 x5 cubic-conductors, it is a sufficient
number of conductors as a
prototype to provide all the necessary testing requirements. It shows that all
positive cubic-
conductors have four sides with the dielectrics and the negative ones have
zero, one and two
sides of dielectric layers. For any row and column direction, the cubic-
conductors are in odd
number, the layering mechanisms are all the same as mentioned
The wire 139 connects the metal of one cubic-conductor having the dielectric
layer to the other
cubic-conductor.
Fig. _14 shows the puck velocity Vpuck is going into the set of beams Eo at
C32, the arrow 138
depicts its bottom layer that has two layers, the 120, 121, 122, 123
corresponding to Fig. _12 &
Fig. _13 are the ferroelectric materials such as PMN, PLT, PZT.
Notify the Unit-Vectors of Bji, Dji, Aji and Cji which permit to set the
orientation of electrode's
Lip positioning indicated on Fig. 12 & Fig. _13. Since C32 is a positive cubic-
conductors so 105
corresponds to its top electrode. The two metals indicated by (+)UnitVect xi
and (-)UflitVeCtXi
are the same type.
There are layers of linear dielectric insulator ¨ as Teflon ¨ in between Bji
and Aji, Dji and Cji,
as well as on Unit VectBji surfaces, as well as on Unit VectDji surfaces. Any
linear dielectric can
make do. For example, the glass is fine for prototype because of its lager
size comparing to the
real model in smaller size.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
36
The 139 represents the electrical connection with an ordinary insulated wire
in between the
electrode Lip to the corresponding next cubic-conductor. All outer electrodes
in the
circumference path of Au and Cji are all connected together to the same
location e.g. the P1
location to remove surface static charges. J
{ Fig. _15a)-b)-c) and Fig. _16a)-b) show that inside the puck contains thin
plates of electrets
which permit to bring in an electric potential energy inside the beam Eo from
Aji to Cji and
resulting in a variation in voltage that the Op-Amp will give out signals. The
sketches depict the
use of piezoelectric thin plate but the problem is when the piezoelectric
plate is squeezed the
potential energy in it is developed but will vanish with time even the
squeezed strain still
remained and therefore the electrets are used instead of the piezoelectric
plate. The electret is
formed when its dielectric content is poled by an external electric field with
heat which produces
a separation of the bound charges inside the dielectric and by cooling off the
bound charges
remain in place and thus the internal or potential energy is obtained Even
when the thin plates
of electret inside the puck crack but still holding in place the accuracy to
detect the electret
boundaries, inside the puck, still high.
At 140 shows the notation of the arrows that indicate the direction of
internal bound charges
electric field of the electret. That internal electric field times the
electret thickness is the electret
potential voltage.
The principle of using the plates of electret symmetrically distributed inside
the puck is to detect
the boundaries of the puck and notify that the boundaries of the electrets are
all the same
distance with the outer perimeter of the puck as indicated in Fig. _16a).
Fig. _15a),-b),-c) and Fig. 16a),-b) show two models of electret insertion
pattern inside the puck
At Fig. _15c) piezoelectric are laid such that the view path on plane x-y will
not produce a net of
zero voltage drop. The results of the sketch c) is applied into both sketches
a) and b) with
numerical values for analysis. The electrets of Fig. _15a)-b) are positioned
into the puck with the
same spacing with the puck outer boundary of e/2; the electrets are very thin
and do occupy a
very small space of the puck; the top and the bottom have a thin layer of
electret as well as on
the side with corresponding voltage drops; the radial electret positioning is
used to detect the
side perimeters as shown on the path of voltage drop a-b at the sketch b) and
showing the beams
Eo, in green and red crossing from the posts, will see voltage drop of 6V and -
4V. At 142, 143
are the circular top and bottom electret voltage of 0.5V. The path of voltage
drop 141 shows
that it enters in the side of quadrant I with -(Ex+Ey)Ar=-2.5 [V], then
through three radial
electrets -1-3/2-1 volts, then goes out on the side of quadrant III with -
(Ex+Ey)dr=-2.5[V] to
result in the net ¨8.5[V]. _}
{ Fig. _15 and Fig. _16 where notify that for a path of voltage dropped that
crosses through the
electret. And due to the equi-potential feature inside the electret, where a
path that is not
parallel to its internal electric field line then the result is the same value
of potential given by the
internal electret electric field time its thickness. J
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
37
I Fig. 16a)-b) show no electrets are on the side and the more numerous of
radial electrets are
installed In sketch b), the beam Eo near the centre sees AV=0 and far to the
centre as beam Eo,
in green, sees the voltage of AV-1/2V; the radial electret length P2 is
greater than in model of
Fig. 15 since no side layering is installed, so P2 is large such that for a
beam width b the radial
electrets will cover the beam Eo. Model of Fig. 16 is more accurate than model
of Fig._15
because of numerous radial distributions; but the inner space is more smaller.
If the space
requirement isn't a concern then model of Fig. _16 will be used j
{ Fig._]7) 1)-2)-3)-4)-5)-6) demonstrate the process permitting to obtain the
objective of a
variation of potential energy view by an external electric field straight
beam. The sketches 1), 2)
and 3) show that the arrow on an axe indicates the polarity of the electric
field resides inside an
electret material, or it can be any materials that permit an electric field
inside itself. The electric
fields inside the electret are radial with the origin and distributed on a
portion of the sphere that
is described by the two extremities of the arc pivoting 90 degree.
At the sketch 4), shows that the electret with internal fields component Ey
are distributed on the
two half of a sphere radial to the origin, e.g. for the region with positive y-
direction the Ey fields
leave the origin and the region with negative y-direction Ey fields point
toward the origin. The
same analysis applies to sketches 5) and 6) for the Ex and Ey fields
distribution over the sphere.
{ Fig._18a)-b)-c)-d)-e)-fi, the eight surfaces SI, S2...,S8 correspond to
eight symmetrical surfaces
forming a spherical shape. The fields indicated by Ex, Ey ark: Ez are the
electret internal
electric fields which are directing radial to the origin - as mentioned to
Fig._17) 1)-2)-3)-4)-5)-
6).
Thus each one of the eight symmetrical surface contains a net radial internal
electric fields -
caused by the Ex, Ey and Ez - such that to permit a variation of potential
energy along a straight
path of an external beam Eo that is beaming on any direction. j
{ Table 1 shows the analysis with numerical values when the internal electric
fields Ex, Ey and
Ez from Fig._17) 1)-2)-3)-4)-5)-6) are summed to result in eight surfaces
described on
Fig. _18e),-j) in such a way that an external electric field beam Eo, which
beams to any straight
direction, will view a net variation in electric potential when Eo beams
through the sphere.
As indicated on the first column that BeamY(x,y,z) means the external beam Eo
is in +y direction
and effective on the sphere in +x and +z coordinates. And BectmX(x,y,z) means
the external
beam Eo is in +x direction and effective on the sphere in +z and +y
coordinates.
The second column shows the analysis of the viewing surfaces -from the sphere -
beamed by Eo
or BeamY(x,y,z). The third column shows each component of internal electrets
electric fields
viewed by BeamY(x,y,z). The fourth column is the net sum of electric fields
viewed by
BeamY(x,y,z). And the fifth column is the results of the sum when imposing Fac-
--Ez and
Ey----2Ex=2Ez where for BeamX(x,y,z), BeamY(x,y,z) and BeamZ(x,y,z) will all
view a net of non
zero potential energy which will permit to detect the presence of the sphere
or its perimeter.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
38
Notify that for the external beams in negative x, y and z direction the
results in the fifth column
will be all negative and thus a negative variation in electric potential will
occur.
Notify thatthat if choosing Ey¨Ex¨Ez, the fourth column will exhibit some zero
values in the net
electric field such that the beam Eo will not detect a variation in voltage as
well as it will not
detect the corresponding perimeter of the sphere.
Notify that for the chosen Ex¨Ez and Ey=2Ex=2Ez, all the voltage drops viewed
by the beam Eo
are all non zero. And the surfaces S7: Ey-Ez-Ez ) and S3: { Ey-Ez-Ex) contain
zero electric
field value so there is no need of electret layers on S7 and S3.
Notify that there exists other combinations of Ex, Ey and Ez that will make do
to detect the
sphere perimeter. _}
(Fig. _19 shows a simple set of 3 x5 cubic-conductors, in five rows and three
columns, since the
prototype operates in the linear curve of Polarisation versus Electric Field
which results in a
larger scale where a very simple mounting strategy is enough for testing; the
set 3 x5 is enough
to permit to obtain all the measurements wanted The prototype is tested in a
closed metal
surface made of gold or any good conductivity metal to avoid interferences
from space
electromagnetic, TV-radio waves and other electromagnetic interference (EMI)
for the purpose
of optimal test measurements.
It is in a large scale but easier to dismantle. The conductor 144 connecting
the two Bottom-
Plate 's permit to shield the high electric fields - the top electrodes of the
cubic-conductors in the
peripheral are conductively connected to this wire 144 - and use also to
repelled excess charges
deposited by human contacts, to the surface of the prototype or to the outer
closed metal surface
if the Bottom-Plate's are connected to the outer closed metal surface. The
bottom corners ofAij
and C11 are use to test the crossing of the electret near these
neighbourhoods.
The sketch shows the uniform beams Eo, when the electret is inserted and
intersecting the Eo
that will produce a shift in voltage of the corresponding Aji to Cji. For the
tests purposes, the
electret can be substituted by charging two metal plates with an external
battery then remove it
and inserting the two plates containing its potential energy through the beam
Eo, by separating
the two plates will cause an augmentation of its potential energy and thus
will produce a larger
shift of the voltage of the corresponding Aft to Cji.
{ The calculation of CAci, where on the cubic-conductors Aji and Cji have 6
surfaces. Since the
ferroelectric material contribute to the major real charges on the 4 surfaces
denoted as Cl, C2,
C3 and Cg with its surface vectors in x and y direction. Therefore let's using
only these 4
surfaces for capacity calculation from Aji to Cji.
The electric fields inside the ferroelectric material can, in principle,
exceed the air breakdown
field of Emajr =3E6F/m], since in the normal operation, the system controls
the created fields
that are shielded and to be confined them inside the independently parallel
ferroelectric
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
39
capacitors of the cubic-conductors. But for the reason of safety in case of
mechanical break up
which will cause a high field larger than Emax-air to beam out in air. It is
therefore precocious to
impose the created field lower than E01,=3E6[V/ml.
Since air density is about constant along a height with the ground The air
viscosity, at]
atmosphere and at 20 C and 40 C, are 0.01813Cp and 0.01908Cp where Cp=0.001
Kg/(m-sec);
such that the air velocity distribution can change easily in reversed
direction. For the set of
cubic-conductors operating in a medium in which at a leakage path of charges,
leaving one
cubic-conductor to the other, which may be accumulated at some point then a
high field can
occur to produce breakdown; because between two metals the capacitance viewed
is the same,
the real charges at a location which behave as an input of electric field
which at some point will
can cause breakdown.
Let's first calculating the capacity from Aji to Cji e.g. CAcji . For a linear
operation on the curve
Polarisation versus Electric Fields. The charges of one parallel capacitor in
CI is,
= Co. ere a=b/di
Q1 = C1=V1 = (co* er=a=b/dd= (El = di) = eo= er=a=b=El
The total charges on Aji would be 4)<Q1 but due to the slots cut at the 4
edges as indicated in
Fig. 12B) and Fig. 12A), the factor 3.5 is used instead of 4.
Qtot of Aji = 3.5 = Q1 = 3.5 = co= ere a= b= El
This is the charges which contribute to the capacitance of Aji to Cji without
electric field
compression effect.
As mentioned in the theories that the compression effects cause by the beaming
of Bji to Dji must
be enough to decrease the potential from Aji to Cji. Since in general, C=Q/V,
the compression
effects decrease V while maintaining Q thus resulting in an increase of C.
CAcj, is net capacity,
from Aji to Cji, with compression effect.
Voperabon is the net potential resulted by the potential made by Aji to Cji
alone and is subtracted
by the potential, due to the compression electric field effects, made by Bji
to Dji that applies over
the surfaces Aji and Cji in their corresponding Co - Co is the capacity formed
by the beam Eo
from Aji to Cji.
If the Voperation is set to be equal to VI¨El = di then there is no
compression effect. For
V1>Voperahon does increase CAcji =
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
V1 is the potential of the parallel capacitor or VI¨lithe¨El = di¨Edie= ddie,
where die stands for
dielectric. To obtain the compression of electric field effects,
Voperatron < VI=E1=d1 (1)
If choosing Voperation=51V] and VI =10[V] means the CAci, is doubling by the
ratio Vl/V
operation=2
with respect to the absence of the compression effect.
For the battery source of 12[V], it is commonly to choose the quiescent
voltage of 5[V] which
means Voperanon=5[V], by (1) let's using V1=10[V] for doubling the capacity.
And the chosen
Op-Amp current, as in Fig. _6A)-B)-C)-D)-F), needs at least 10 p[F], let's
imposing CAL:p.m-20
y[F],
CACp= (3-5/Voperatiotd= Co= er= as b = E1 > 20 p[F] (2)
Cr > (roperation[Y1/3.5)(C4Cpmm[F]) / ( co[F/m] =a[m] eb[m] =El [V/m]) (3)
ElqEmax-a0/6 = 0.5E6[V/m] (4)
For example, assuming a linear dielectric that can handle an electric field
El=2.5E5[V/m], for a
cubic-conductor of size a=12. 7E-2[m], b=81.28E-2[m]. Assuming V1=E1 = d1>
Voperation=5Y1
What is the Cr value to comply with the selected Op-Amp current source.
er> (5[V1/3.5)(20E-6[F]) / (c0[F/m]012.7E-2[M]=81.28E-2[m]=2.5E5[V/m])
Cr > 125.041796
If the linear dielectric has a Cr =300 then the capacity view by the Op-Amp is
cakulated from
(2).
CAci, = (3.5/5[V])(300). co[F/m] 012.7E-2[m] .81.28E-2[m] .2.5E5[V/m])
CAcji = 47.984E-6[F]
As mentioned in this paper, a larger CACp will improve to obtain less voltage
undulation, across
the CACp terminals, due to Input Bias Current and the Zener leakage current
variation as
depicted in Fig._6A)-B)-C)-D)-F).
For a linear operation of the dielectric, e.g. linear curve of Polarisation
versus Electric Fields.
Equation (2) demonstrates that while the compression effect is incurred, the
thickness of the
parallel capacitors or dj parameter for a specific capacitor, CACp is not
dependent on the
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
41
thickness or di parameter. In order to increase CAco with compression of
electric field effects
ones must:
= Increasing Er.
= Increasing the electric fields or electric flux density inside the
parallel capacitor ferroelectric material.
= Increasing the parallel capacitor surface a x b.
Equation (I) permits to obtain the compression effect, (2) is the
corresponding new capacity
CAcj, and (4) is the safety limit of the real charges or electric fields.
For the system operation far from the linear region, the equation D= ecE+P is
used over the
curve Polarisation(P[C/m2 ]) versus Electric Field( E[Wm]). The Electric Flux
Density(D[C/m2 ]) reflects the number of real charges, so increasing CAcir by
increasing its
real charges means increasing D. So in order to increase CAci, ,for operation
of non linear)))
between P and E ones must:
= Increasing electric flux densiol(D) inside the
parallel capacitor ferroelectric material.
= Increasing the parallel capacitor surface axb.
For example, using the Lead Lanthanum Titanate (PLT) fivm reference [1]. From
Fig. 10 of
[I] shows the curves which permit to obtain the DC current and the resistance
of PLT at
different operating point of electric fields inside the ferroelectric
material. The Fig. 7 of [1]
shows the P vs E curve, it ensures high accuracy and distinguishes the
capacitance from the
conductivity component. Notify that only P
- saturation-Premanent are contributing to the discharge
process of CAci, and therefore it is favourable to set to operating point P=P
_ saturation -
For a parallel capacitor of dimension a= 1E-2[m], b=4E-2[m] and thickness
di=600E-9[m].
From reference [1] at Fig. 7, El =250[KV/cm], P 1=11.9231E-2 [C/m2] ; and Fig.
10 at the same
El, p- -1E10[S2 = m], J=2E-3[A/m2],
Vi =EI =di=15[V]
DI = P 1+ eo=El =11.9231E-2[C/m2]+ C. 250E5[V/m]
=1.19452E-1[C/m2]
QI = DI. a=b =1. 19452E-1[C/m2] = 1E-2[m]. 4E-2[m]
=4.77809E-5[C]
Using the factor 3.5, and setting an operation at Voperati0n=5[V],
Qlto4 = Ql. 3.5=1.67233E-4[C]
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
42
CAci, ¨ CAE/ _14 Q1to4/Voperation I.67233E-4[C]/5[V]
=33.4467E-6[F]
There is two ways of calculating the resistance RI and R2,
RI= p= (a. b)-1E10[Q- ntl= 600E-91m1 / (1E-21m]. 4E-21m])
=15E6[Q]
I=Je a. b=2E-3[A/m2] 1E-2[m] 4E-2[m] =8E-7[A]
R2=-V1/1=15[V]/8E-7[A]=18.75E6[Q]
RAverage¨ (RI-FR2)/2 = 16.875E6[Q]
CBetweenPlates¨Q 1 /V1=4.77809E-5[C1/15[V]
=3. I8539E-6[F]
TAverage¨RAverage= CBetweenPlates ¨16.875E6[Q]. 3.18539E-6[F]
¨53.7535[sec]
The Fig.6 of [1] shows that as the voltage decreases the capacitance increases
so here at 15[V]
or 250[KV/cm], TAverage calculated is the minimum value.
To account the remnant effect, the Fig.7 from [1] gives Pr=4.38E-6[C/m2],
Dr¨Pr=4.38E-2[C/m2]
Qr=Dr. a. b=4.38E-2[C/m2].1E-2[m]. 4E-2[m]
=1.752E-5[C]
QI-Qr=4.77809E-5[C] - I.752E-5[C]=3.02609E-5[C]
(Q1-Qr)/Q1=3.02609E-5[C] / 4.77809E-5[C]=0.6333
Where at t=r, e-1 =0.3679 and 1-0.3679=63.21%. So at t=r =rAverage fz"
53.7535[sec] no more
charges can supply the selected Op-Amp current source. However in DC supplying
current by
the Op-Amp, the portion of QI-Qr still large to supply to the capacities view
from the cubic-
conductor Aji to its path toward the input terminal of the Op-Amp and the same
analysis applies
to the other side to Cji.
The value of TA
-,..verage indicates how fast is the response of the parallel capacitors. For
instance,
when an electret is intersecting the beam Eo of Au to Cji with a reverse
polarity such that the
reverse Zeners clamp to permit a closed path of current, that is resulted by
the insertion of the
electret, which charges the CAci, ; and after the removal of the electret the
voltages in the
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
43
ferroelectrics - in the capacitors CI to C4 -will return to their quiescent
values, and the speed of
returning is faster for smaller rAverage values. However, there is means to
rectify to this
charging current is to use the optoisolator to feed back the Op-amp current by
decreasing Vab
as explained in section of Fig. _6A)-B)-C)-D)-F).
The calculation of CACji where when Icur=0 on Fig. 6 and after the time
constant with rAverage-
53.7535[sec] no more charges can supply the Op-Amp with input bias current
going into the
integrated circuit such as for the Op-Amp 741, and the Aji will be charging
negatively according
to its capacitance viewed and this input bias current value will just decrease
a bit the Dr value
from before charging Aji with negative charges.
For the input bias current going out of the Op-Amp as of the TL081. From Fig.
_7A), for =0
and Icur=0, charges on Aji are discharges through C1 to C4 resistances for a
time interval
At¨ rAverage¨ 53.7535[sec] then all the CI to C4 have their Dr value. A fixed
Dr in CI to C4 will
also fixe a quantity of charges in Co according to the capacities viewed
principle. Then by
letting flowing only 1BI which will distribute the charges according to the
capacities viewed of
Aji ¨ and the same is for Cji ¨ and the insertion of an electret voltage (+ /-
)Vele still permit to
give out signal at the output. Which means that in theoretical point of view
each time the system
starts, its D goes from zero to D1 then to null Icur=0 to set D=Dr then the
system still working
under a low consumption characteristic of charging Aji by IBL In practice the
Dr value can be
shifted by external electric field from other neighbour cubic-conductors Aji
(or Cji) as well as
the variation of temperature. Where for some instant a very high or a very low
value of Dr can
bother the net quiescent voltage, with the compression of electric field
effect made by Bji to Dji,
of Vo.
And after the removal of the electret, the incremental charges on Co charged
by the electret will
be distributed entirely to the capacitance viewed by Aji (or Cji); and thus
will cause a small
negligible increment in voltage in CI to C4 that will return to their
quiescent values and the
speed of returning is faster for smaller rAverage values. _}
Fig. 20, shows the connection of a row of cubic-conductors Aji-Cji, 1=1, j=
1,2,3; see
Fig. 11A)-B).
The basic connection of the real model and the prototype are the same. Here
the 3 motors will
turn when the electret is intersecting the beam Eo of Au to Cji. The motors'
speed are faster
when more electret energy potential intersects the beam Eo.
In conjunction with Fig _8, Fig. _9, Fig. _10, the saw polarity of a long slab
of electret that is
intersecting, with the same potential energy, the capacitors CAC11, CAC21 and
CAC3I = Which
result in I=1A431-=-4121 , the sketch shows their paths of currents.
In conjunction with Fig. _11B), the current sources supplying Bji (or Dji) are
connected in
similar manner as the current sources sketched in this Fig. 20. The head-to-
head Zeners 145,
146, 147 protect the operational amplifiers.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
44
The operation of VA2 is to subtract the DC component - the quiescent voltage
from Aji to Cij -
thus the VA 2's show how much energy potential from the electret is inserted
in the beam from
Aji to Cji.
At Fig _20, where by comparing the Fig 7C) and Fig _20 where the Fig. _20 uses
the bi-
directional Zeners 145, 146, 147 which are having their parasite terminal
capacity values Cp
much greater than Co and therefore more potential energy from the electret, or
an external pre-
charged plate ¨ must be needed to charge up the Cp.
Whereas in the Fig. 7C) shows no bi-directional Zeners which will necessitate
less potential
energy from the electret. But if too much of potential energy brought into Co
from the electret
then this can damage the Op-Amps TL081. Also without details analysis and at a
brief glance,
the Op-Amp can be protected using two serial 22V Zeners in parallel to Vcc and
Vee with the
mid-connection to the non-inverting input as analogously to the descriptions
of section
mentioning the Fig. 6A)-B) and Fig. 7B); and the Zeners are inside the shield
85.
The output VA2 can be fed to an amplifier with a higher gain to provide more
sensitivity of
detecting the external electric energy brought into Co.
Notifr that due to C1, C2, C3, C4 as ferroelectric capacitors, the signal VA2
is dominantly sensitive
only to the bringing of external electric field such as the electret or the
pre-charged of two
plates. _1
{ Fig._21A)-B)-C) are the photos of the three dimensional views that represent
the Fig. _14,
Fig._12 and Fig. 13. And as indicated the Aji, Bji, Cji, Dji are hollow space
with dimension a,
b, c that correspond to Fig. 12, Fig. 13. And 148, 149 represent the linear
dielectric insulator
in between Bji and Aji and Bji to its metal shield 150.
The 150 represents the metal shield that shields the electric fields beaming
in Unit VectBji
direction, it is shown in a small part for clarity purpose, in practical it
occupies all the Bji
surfaces.
In the photo of Fig.21B) where A14 and C13 are negative conductors and their
Lips positioning
151 are the same and are according to the UnitVectorAji and Unit VectorCji and
are matched to
Fig._12A). And A 13 is a positive conductor, its Lip positioning 152 is
according to the
Unit VectorAji as in analogy to C25 indicated on Fig. _12B). And at B12 153 is
the Lip positioning
that will be connected to B13.
The photos in Fig.-21B)-C) where notify that the 45 -Slab of hole H1 of Aji
and Bji or Cji and
Dji are closed together and represented by 109, 110. It is where coaxial
cables are to be
fastened
And in general, there is one coaxial cable per cubic-conductor Aji and Cji,
therefore one 45 -
Slab of hole H1 109 for each Aji and Cji is sufficiently unless additional
mechanical strength is
required And in some situations that all negative and positive Bji are
connected to result only
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
two outputs of coaxial cables then four of the 45 -Slab of hole H1 110 will
require for each Bji ¨
the same applies to Dji. The 45 -Slab of hole H2 108 and the 45 -Slab of hole
H3 111 exist on
four edges of the set Aji, Bji, Cji, Dji, however some are not used but they
produce mechanical
strength.
And C11 has 108 to represent the 45 -Slab of hole H2 ¨ as indicated with 108
in Fig. 12A) ¨ and
as indicated in Fig. _14 that this local 108 on Cjj of the photo on Fig. _21B)
is connected to
nowhere.
Notift the two sheets 148, 149 are not installed for Cji and Dji on photos of
Fig. _21A)-B)-C) for
clarity.
Fig. _21A)-B)-C); the photo A) shows the transparent rectangular outer case
which is used to
hold the cubic-conductors together, the unit vectors of each set Aji, Cji, Bji
and Dji represent
the direction of the cubic-conductors surfaces and are indicated with respect
to the co-ordinate
y-z. Cji and Dji are pivoting to permit the view but in ordinary condition it
is parallel to they-
direction. The white band is used to simulate the goal line on ice, the puck
had just crossed the
goal line.
As indicated, the cubic-conductors have hollow space, their top electrodes
with the Lips
orientation as described in Fig. 12A), Fig. _12B), Fig. _13A) and Fig. J3B);
the 45 -slabs with
hole H1 and 45 -slabs with hole H2 on four edges. Nog& that the holes H1 of
the 45 -slabs of
Aji and Bji are closed together, and the same as for Cji and Dji.
From the cardboard model, the white colour corresponds to the metal and the
yellow one
corresponds to the femelectric materials. All positive cubic-conductors are
having four sides
of parallel ferroelectric capacitors whereas the negative ones have zero, one
and two sides with
ferroelectric parallel capacitors.
In between Bji and Aji - or between Dji and Cji - exists the linear dielectric
layer 149, these
layers of linear dielectric 149 can he coated on all Aji surfaces in the
direction of negative
UnitVectorAji - or all Cji surfaces in the direction of negative Unit
VectorCji - or the separation
can be made by a single sheet insulating all Bji from Aji - or all Dji from
Cji.
In between Bji and the metal shield 150 called the Outer-Rectangular-Plate 17
(see Fig. _3) has
also the linear dielectric insulator layer, this layer can be coated on each
Bji in the direction of
Unit VectorBji or in a single sheet of insulation separating the Bji and the
metal shield The
same is applied in between Dji and the Dji Outer-Rectangular-Plate.
Notifi, that the 45 -slab with hole H1 for Bji and Aji are closed together.
The same is applied to
Cji and Dji.
Notifii that due to the parallelism of the Unit VectorBji and Unit VectorCji,
the Lips positioning
of Cji are the same on Bji. And the parallel of Unit VectorAji with Unit
VectorDji permit to asset
that the Lips positioning of Aji are the same to Dji. From the cardboard
model, the negative
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
46
cubic-conductors Bji and Dji are having their top electrode Lips located in
the wrong side, the
red arrows direct the Lips in the right location. However with that situation
doesn't bother the
connection process and can easily be corrected by the image projections of Cji
and Aji as
mentioned Where 100 is the top Lip-electrode of 1313 but it is on the wrong
side and the right
side should be on the right of hole H3 of B13 that is it should be on the top
in the same x-z plane
of B13; also along z=constant over B13 and B 12where it shows the hole H3 of
B13 is between 153
and 100.
The goal line is aligned in between All to A2i. The position of the puck that
just crosses the
goal line indicates that at All voltage has returned to its quiescent and A2i
voltage is very high
and thus indicating that the puck just crosses the goal line. For the goal
line boundary set at
between A li and A2i, the velocities in the x-y plcme is calculated by timing
the puck's tail
displacement. Let tl and t2 be the time when the last Ali and A2i are
returning to its quiescent
voltage; and a: the length Any-direction of an Aji. And let 13 and t4 be the
time when the last
Aji and Aj(i 1) are returning to its quiescent voltage; and 2a:the length in x-
direction of a Aji
as depicted in Fig. 3; then
Vy= -a/(12-41)
Vx=2a/(t4-13)
The Vy is calculated when the puck travels over the imaginary line by a
distance a. But if
choosing the imaginary line to be in between A2i and A3i then the computed Vy
from the
formula corresponds to the puck that just crosses the goal line, but by doing
this the space of
the Open-Cube needs to be smaller, for the same cubic-conductors size, which
can reduce the
space available for outgoing coaxial cables. However the parameter a can be
calculated to be
smaller.
Theoretically, the boundary in between Aji and AO+ 1)i and the goal line must
be differed by the
electret boundaries with the puck outer boundaries as mentioned in section
Fig. 15-a)-b)-c).
The instantaneous voltage of each capacitors CAcy, are sent to the central
which will be mapped
on the screen such that the time count down and the transition of the puck in
time can be viewed
on the screen which will clearly define that the puck did crosses the goal
line e.g. Ali to A2i.
Also the screen depicts the puck instantaneous positions in the neighbourhood
of the 3-
Dimensional-Goal-Line-Volume-Area (3DGLVA) projected on the plane x-y, and the
resolution
is increased with larger odd number of I and J. _}
{ Fig. _22A)-B), the concern of parallel ferroelectric capacitor plate. In
some literatures
mentioned that the coercive field Ec depends on the magnitude andfrequency of
the switching
field E, also that under certain condition some of the energy input to a
ferroelectric material
can be identified as being lost irretrievable and experiments show that it is
converted to thermal
energy inside the material. By using the law of energy conservation and the
law which
stipulates that the amount of work is a function of production of heat 6W=6Q.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
47
From the curve D versus E, when forcing D=0 to D=Da the ferroelectric produces
an outward
heat Qx, and when letting the ferroelectric returning some energy to do a work
it produces as
well as a quantity of heat Qy and D=Da is returning to Dr].
Energy inputs into the dielectric (I) + (-Qx)
=Energy outputs by the dielectric to produce works (II) + Qy
Thus the heat loss to the ferroelectric is the surface of D=0 to Da to Dr]
back to D=0, which is
Qx+ Qy. If when D=Da and on the way returning back toward E=0 and the room
temperature,
Qroom, is rising such that heat goes into the ferroelectric or Qynew¨Qy-Qroom,
thus the new
net heat loss inside the ferroelectric is changed as well as the final D=Dr2.
Therefore, among
many factors that shift the remnant polarisation, is that it can be shifted
due to ambient
temperature variation where this phenomena can causes Pr to be too closed to P
or D-Dr value
is too small to provide the discharge of real charges to the Op-Amp.
Fig _22A)-B), where the remnant polarisation is shifted due to temperature
variation; due to the
beaming effect of other cubic-conductors caused by their variation in input
bias currents of Op-
Amps; also the electronic components that vary with temperature; due to
discharging and
charging of CACji when the insertion and removal of electret occurs.
Since the ferroelectric parallel capacitor has its resistance which set the
quiescent voltage by J=
o[mho/m] = E[V/m]. At Fig. _22B) shows that for setting a fixed El[Wm], the
voltage of the
capacitor is the same for an initial value of Pri, Pr2, Pr3 but their
capacitors are different due
to the quantity of electric flux density INCoulomblm2].
It is therefore methodical to reset the polarisation toward near zero value
before and after the
operation of the ferroelectric materials. _}
{ Fig. _23 shows that when the Control-U1 activate the optoisolators which
short the current
source Zeners, denoted as Vzcur, the low frequency oscillator with the buffer
current activate a
set of power transistors which provide the primary AC voltages which are
inducing the
secondaries connected to the output and the inverse input of each current
source Op-Amp to
provide the AC current. This connection has a problem that the secondaries
coils view an
infinite resistance due to the R2 current component, thus the primaries
produce the magnetized
flux to produce their secondaries voltages, the R2 current sources depend on
the secondaries
voltages which impose the amplitude of the AC current into the capacitors CAQ,
, the total flux
in the magnetic circuit is then the sum of the flux produced by the R2 current
component and the
primary magnetized flux such that the net result is that the secondaries
voltages and the R2
current sources will keep increasing until something will break up unless the
primaries are set
to provide energies to control the net flux inside the magnetic circuit in
decreasing fashion as to
permit to reset the Polarisation toward zero.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
48
For a primary voltage that produces the secondary voltage of
Vab(t)=VAB = SIN(wt)
The capacitor voltage produced by the RI current source is
Vc(t)¨(1/C) fIri(t) dt¨(VAB/(C= Ri)) SSIN(wt) dt
Vc(t)=-(VAB/(C= w)) COS(wt)
The current Ir2(t) flows through the secondary is
Ir2(t)=Vr2(t)/R2=(Vc(t)+Vee) / R2
Ir2(t)=-(7AB /(C = Ri = R2=w)) COS(wt) + Vee/R2
Thus this Ir2(t) flows through the secondary coil to induce the secondary
voltage by taking the
derivative of it, where the derivative of Ir2(t) has the term SIN(wt) in phase
with the secondary
voltage Vab(t)=VAB = SIN(wt) such that the net voltage in the secondary are
the sum of Ir2('t
and the magnetized flux produced by the primary current, where as mentioned
that the net
vab(t) will increase until break up. Notify that the dielectric resistance is
ignored in the above
equations but the validity of the above break up phenomena still hold
especially at low
frequency. J
Fig._24 and Fig. _25; in the sketch of Fig._24 is the set of basic circuit
used to reset the
remnant polarisation, it composes of circuits for Dji cubic-conductors
(Fig._11B) ) as well but
not shown on Fig _24 but the analogue output is denoted as resm in Fig _25,
for typically the
pair of ACH, AC21 and AC31 cubic-conductors (Fig._9 ). And those set of cubic-
conductors are
having their own independent ground, denoted as GNDji with their corresponding
serial 12V
Zeners in parallel with the capacitors about larger than 4700 p[F] which
provide the voltage
sources of Vcc= 12V and Vee=-12V
In the sketch of Fig _25, there is the set offour batteries of 12V, the D/A
converter MC1508
with the Op-Amp give out the analog voltage set by the micro-controller binary
bits, the signal
is amplified to the level of slightly above Vb=7.37613[V], where Vb is the
quiescent voltage at
the base of the NPN voltage follower indicated at the bottom of Fig. 24. There
is one input
buffer, voltage follower, for each input to the NP1V. The voltage-follower-
with-a-gain can
supply a lot of the unit gain voltage follower because each of them has very
high input
impedance of about Ri-unit=1.5E17 NT The quiescent voltage Vb produce the
quiescent
VE=6.67613[17 voltage which permits the quiescent Vab¨VE-Vref=6.67613-
3.3=3.3761[V], the
current charging the capacitors CAci, is Isupp¨Vab/Rcur, the value of Rcur or
the setting of the
quiescent voltage VE will change the Isupp value. The serial resistance-
capacitor, indicated at
the bottom of Fig._24, in parallel to Vref is used to slow down the increase
of its voltage at turn
on of the power system and thus Vab will be positive and will charge the CAcji
=
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
49
In the sketch of Fig _6A)-B)-C)-D)-F), in the set of Vcc and Vee, the serial
resistance R3 is used
to permit to control the excessive increase in the charging current to CAci,
when the electret is
inserted with reversed polarity and clamps the reversed Zeners and it will
charge CAC], in
addition to the current Icur¨Vab/Rcur. Thus the terminals of R3 are fed to the
Voltage
Followers and the Differential Amplifier which in turns will increase the
light emission of the
Led Diode, when Ir3 is increased as mentioned, which drives the base of the
optoisolator, the
collector of the optoisolator is fed with a resistance to the base of the NPN
Voltage Follower.
The Zener at the optoisolator collector is used to enable only the process for
Ir3 increasing due
to the reversed Zeners clamping. However, assuming the Co is too small
compares to
ferroelectric capacitors that the effect of R3 has no use. The Fig. 24 where
I2(t) which flows in
serial with Vab doesn't alter the emitter voltage, VE, because when the VE
increases the feed
back process will reduce its base current and thus VE will remain stable.
The sketch of Fig. _22B) depicts the estimate of the voltage curves at the
emitter VE(t), vab(t)
and the CAcji voltage Vc(t) for t=-t, to t>0. The curve P vs E depicts the
step evolved with the
voltage waveforms. So the system initially has zero polarisation and the power
is off at t=-t,
the system is on with VE(t)=VEQ, Vab(t)=3.3V which produces the charging
current
Icur¨Vab/Rcur to the CACJI which results in the polarisation raising from zero
to Po, Po is the
corresponding quiescent voltage in a parallel ferroelectric capacitor of
V1=15V for the PLT in
reference [1]. And this will keep going for the duration time of the system
operation. When the
system duties is terminated it will reset the polarisation to nearly zero. It
is the micro-
controller of Fig. _25 which sets the bits to the D/A converter to produce the
VE(t) at the bottom
of Fig. _24, thus at t=0, VE(t) will increase to a value that is the Psatl
value which necessary
larger than Po. For the P=Psatl , the voltage is 26.5[V] from [1], since the
compression effect
made by Bji to Dji is 10V, and the 26.5V is applied only to the ferroelectric
parallel capacitors
on the cubic-conductors, so the capacitor CACF voltage Vc(t) accounts the
compression effect of
electric fields along z-axis. To obtain 26.5V in the ferroelectric capacitors,
necessarily
Vc(t)=Voperation+ (26.5-V1)=5+ (26.5-15)=16.5V=Vsatl which corresponds to
Psatl. From tj to
12, P=-Psatl , from 12 to t3 P=Psatl which is a closed loop - CL] on VE(t)
graph, the system
decreases the polarisation only when E<0. Thus at 13 to 14 P=-P2 and from 15
to 16 it is a closed
loop CL2, such that VE(t) tends to the value Vref=3.3V, and from the graph
Vc(t), with time, is
alternating from negative to positive and decreasing toward zero and thus the
P versus E curve
will depict the elliptic paths which approaches the origin, as consequence Dr
goes toward zero.
Notifil that the Vc(t) has the time constant, rthe=Cdie= Rd., where the micro-
controller must set
the interval {t(i+ 1)-ti) larger than 50 rthe . The Rd,e and Cthe correspond
to the parameters of
one ferroelectric parallel capacitor.
However with the use of the Op-Amp TL081 where its input voltage range VIDR=
15[V] which
means Vc(t) cannot he larger than VIDR , and the batteries are +12[V].
Therefore the Vc(t)
saturated value will be around +10[V], thus the voltage in the ferroelectrics
of Afi and Cji will
be set about 9[V] for the quiescent operation of the system and to reduce
Voperation to maintain
the CAcji value as described in equation (2).
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
The sketch of Fig. 11B) shows the set of 1=3 for analysis. At Aj2, for the
beaming offields from
Bj2 the charges on CI, C2, C3 and C4 cannot go to Co of Aj2 because it will
cause a beaming in
z-direction which will induce charges and will require an external work Which
means for CACie
20 p[F], the voltage in C1 to C4 are very stable. For the resetting process
with alternation of
electric fields inside the ferroelectric materials from the hysteresis curve,
where at some
condition the charges on Co of a Aji can be opposite in polarity to its Ci to
C4 charges - due to
the DC beaming of Bji to Dji - which are keeping from not relocating in Co as
mentioned unless
in a discharge procedure, and therefore the measurement of voltage with small
real charges on
Co in opposite polarity to its C1 to C4 still permit a stable voltage
measurement because the
input bias current IR! of Op-Amp are flowing in a stable and large value of C1
to C4 capacitors.
The capacity CACfi is unchanged because of the external field Bji to Dji which
change the
electric potential but the CAcj, still invariant in Farad value.
And thus due to high capability of compression of electric field effect made
by Bji to Dji. All
ACji are resetting first, which are having their VAcidt) with two component:
one from the forced
alternating voltage to reset the Polarisation in CI to C4 and one from the DC
beaming from Bji
to Dji in Co only.
To account the misalignment of cubic-conductors, the fields component in z-
direction made by
Bji or Dji are very weak which would not matter to the ferroelectric material
of the parallel
capacitors in Aji, Bji, Cji and Dji. So all cubic-conductors Aji with Cji,
e.g. CAcj, , are resetting
its Polarisation first, then next to Bji to reset and then Dji to reset.
For starting the system's duties, the Bji and Dji are increasing independently
first and
stabilising their beaming effect by their clamped Zeners. Next the CAcj,
voltages are increasing
toward the Voperation voltage with each CACji circuit having their own
independent feed back to
control the initially current into CAcj, such to set a stable quiescent
Voperauon value for each of
CAcj, voltage.
As already mentioned, the reset of Polarisation will be done at the beginning
and at the end of
the system 's duties.
The bottom sketch of Fig. _24 shows the calculations of the NPN Voltage
Follower. The circuit
uses the following equations which permits to have a high value of R1//R2 to
counter the
negative resistance at the base which had been found in many experiences,
however at very low
frequency a large R1//R2value doesn't matter.
Vm3=VCCI=R2 /(Ri+R2)
RB43=-Rje R2/(Ri+R2)
RI=Vccl = RBJEI VBB
R2r---VCC I RBB/(VCC 1- VBB)
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
51
Imposing RE=3E3[Q], choosing the thermal stability factor S - which by
experience 10 is
acceptable and the circuit leads to RBB_c9RE - as S=7, which yields RBB=----
7(3E3)=2 1E3 NT
Andfor Vcc1=Vcc=12[V], Vee¨Vee1=-12[V].
62E3[Q]
R2= 30E3 [Q]
RBB=20.22E3[Q]
fl= 100
hib 20 and hoe 22E-6[mho] at k=2.2mA
hib hie /(fl+ 1)=20
Rpb =Rsource /RBB
Rpe= 1/[(1/RE)+hoe]=2.814E3[Q]
TE-----(VBB- 0.7) / (RE+ (RBB 113))= 2 . 2254E-3 [A]
VE=IERE=2.2254E-3[4]. 3E31W-6.6761M
VBB=IB RBB+ 0.7+ IERE=7.8261[V]
Ri¨Rit//RBB=(3+ 1)1hib+Rpel//RBB
=2.863E5//20.22E3= 18.89E3[Q]
Ro hib+ (Rpb/ 03+ 1)) hib=201.91
Since the Op-Amp connected inside D/A, where the inverting input is fed by the
current source
of the D/A which causes its output resistance to be the same value as in open-
loop output
resistance of about 200[Q]. And the case temperature variation will not change
the inverting
and non-inverting input voltages because they are grounded and fed by the D/A
current source.
The maximum D/A output voltage is 9.961V, therefore it is necessary to set the
quiescent
operating point when the D/A is at 9.961/2=4.9805V. _I
( In conclusion, the principle of the system composing of the set cubic-
conductors Aji, Bji, Cji
and Dji is to detect the voltage variation due to the insertion of an external
electric potential,
which is the electret, inside the existed beam Eo from Aji to Cji.
The concern of detecting the electret, which is located inside the puck, which
crosses the limit
from j to j+ 1 where that limit is an imaginary fine line or plane at the
coordinate x,y=constant,
z or between Aji to A (1+ 1)i for any i. When the electret is crossing Aji to
Ao+ 1)1 the potential
in Aji varies first then the potential A(/+ 1)i varies, when the electret
passes over Aji the voltage
Aji returns to its quiescent value and the electret is now in A(/+i)i which
causes the voltage in
A 0+ vi to varies and thus voltage variation patterns permit to detect that
the electret did cross
Aft. More the potential energy inside the electret intersects the beam Eo of
Aji to Cji more
voltage variation will be occur from Aji to Cji.
Since the capacitor Co, which is the capacitor produces by the beam Eo from
Aji to Cji with
compression effect, is much smaller than the parasite capacities, Cp, of the
order 2 Pico[F] and
the internal coaxial cables capacities leaving cubic-conductors Aji and Cji.
The charges on Co
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
52
alone cannot supply enough charges to the Cp unless the electret internal
potential energy is
tremendously high; additionally, the selected Op-Amp current sources need at
least 10E-6[F] to
its terminals to avoid excessive voltage undulation due to the Input Bias
Current and the Zener
leakage current variation. The solution to the problem is to use the
ferroelectric materials to
Increase the capacity view by the Op-Amp and to obtain large value of real
charges to supply to
all Cp and coaxial capacities on the path from Aji (or Cji) to the Op-Amp
terminal.
The analysis of the discharging process from Aji to Cji is that there is the
discharging through
the external resistance Rext forming the voltage loop with the beam Eo of Aji
to Cji and through
the leakage resistances in the ferroelectric materials. Since Eo is the field
with the compression
effects which results in a improved capacity CAcji , where it is that CAci,
which will discharge
into the external resistance Rex, under the starting field Eo until the
polarity on Aji to Cji are
zero and all the remaining real charges in the ferroelectrics are discharging
in their
corresponding resistance - assuming the ferroelectric resistances on Aji are
the same value as
on Cji then the time constant, on both Aji and Cji, with respect to the
ferroelectric material are
the same. In fact, when the polarity from Aji to Cji decreased to zero, then
there is the transfer
of charges from Cji to Aji (as of charging) to balance with the field beamed
from Bji to Dji to
result a zero field inside Co. Thus the voltage between the parallel surfaces
Aji to Cji are zero
so all real charges on Aji or Cji are discharging in their corresponding
ferroelectric -
neglecting the discharge of Aji to Bji or Cji to Dji since in those directions
have very high
resistance.
The device operates under direct current, therefore charges are
electrostatically distributed
such that DC magnetic interferences from its own current are not affected due
to stable
quiescent voltage adjustment. Additionally, the capacitors in the
ferroelectric material view at
one cubic-conductor is very high which results in a very stable voltage for a
constant charges,
since the potential view by the surface of the cubic-conductor to other metal
surfaces are the
same everywhere from its surface such that the capacitor Co, causes with the
beam Eo from Aji
to Cji, which is smaller than the parasite capacitance and having the same
potential as the
potential in the ferroelectric materials - not accounting the compression of
electric field effect
made by Bji to Dji - such that a very small quantity of real charges in Co
still permit a very
stable voltage in Co because when the ferroelectric voltages are stable then
Co voltage is
stable.
The beaming sensors device is shielded with metal and very hardy. The
shielding blocks major
forced disturbances from external magnetic and electric fields.
The advantage of this invention of sensors operating with electric fields is
that the detection
feature is concentrated on the passage of the electret, inside an object,
through a plane x-z at
y=y1; where the accuracy is very high because the electric fields beams are
very sharp and they
change their 1800 directions from coordinate y1 to yT without having a zero
value of electric
field And therefore, theoretically the accuracy is infinitesimally small. The
thickness of the
electret decrease the practical precision detection due to its internal
leakage fields at the
extremities, the thinner the electret does increase the precision.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
53
The response time to detect the electrets embedded in the puck is equal to the
relaxation time of
the metal used in the Aji, Cji. Because the electret contains the electric
field and behaves as a
voltage source. When it is inserted instantaneously into a fraction of Co,
where the capacitor of
free space is smaller than with the presence of a dielectric and that real
charges propagation is
as offree space under Gauss's law, then the closed loop conservative of
electric field will be
transited as if Co is free space followed by the response of dielectric inside
Co to yield a
voltage. The net response will then be attributed to the electronics system
response.
In terms of hollow and full metal of Aji, Cji, Bji, and Dji. The quantum
effect does cause the
distribution of real charges in accordance to the capacity viewed on the metal
surface. The field
equation of the form alC/m2] / e0[F/m1 exists in the parallel plates capacitor
and in the metal
surface real charge cases. Where two same polarity equations a/coproduce a
propagation that
theoretically goes to infinity means the production of infinite electric
energy; and the relation to
a point charge electrical energy calculation accounting the radius tending
toward zero yields
also an infinite energy or the literature called it the self-energy.
Where by taking a single hollow or full metal Aji in space and charge it then
to insert it
manually into the set of cubic-conductors Aji, Cji, Bji, Dji. Then the beaming
effect that
theoretically goes to infinity in the direction of x and y will occur as a
process developed in the
cubic-conductors system of IHPSS. To charge a single said Aji electronically
may account the
law of conservation of energy, such as the variation of entropy dS> (SQ/T.
Where the question
offull metal may intervene to circumvent the law of conservation of energy
with the quantum
effect and the field form equation oleo that occurs inside the metal under its
self-energy.
Also for a hollow Aji beamed by Bji where on the transition the Aji has the
internal wall
induced real charges, where by the law of Lorentz these induced charges tend
to flow as current
source toward the metal Aji surfaces to flush existing surface charges such to
result in equal
voltage from metal Aji surfaces to others surrounding cubic-conductors metal
surfaces under
electrostatic condition. It is a process to substitute for full metal quantum
effects.
Therefore, it would need only the compression beaming effect to occur as
described in
Fig._11A),B),C). That is from Dji towards Bji passing through Cji-Aji. It is
sufficient that it
needs only one set such as Bji as full metals and the remaining Aji, Cji, Dji
can be in hollow
metals.
Other methods use the magnetic fields and the magnetic sensors, the problem is
that the
magnetic sensors will activate by the Faraday's law under the time derivative
of the total
external magnetic fields beaming to the sensors. Therefore for an object
emitting a magnetic
field which when initially positioned near the sensors and instantaneously
being stroke and flew
in an arbitrary direction, this instantaneous variation of its fields beaming
to the sensors will
trigger the sensors; as the result the magnetic sensors are blind in according
to its tracking
threshold voltage which varies randomly.
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
54
The detection process using lights has the disadvantage that when an outer
interference object
blocks the light emitter from reaching its sensors then the detection process
is blind
Additionally, the light energy emitted are absorbed and reflected in air which
causes the
blurring effect around the object-emitter contour such that the light sensors
will view a virtually
larger object.
The process of an emitter using ultra-sound and its sensors has the
disadvantage that the ultra-
sound energies are fleeing everywhere and its energy amplitudes are randomly
decreasing due
to external object obstruction. _I
CA 02215011 2012-03-28
[1] Electrical Properties of Lead Lanthanum Titanate Thin-Film Capacitors
Prepared
by Sol-Gel Method; Su Jae Lee, MM Su JANG, Chae Ryong CHO, Kwang Yong
KANG1 and Seok Kit HAN1 ; Department of Physics, Pusan National University,
san 30
Jang Jun-dong, Kumjeong-ku, Pusan 609-735, Korea.
1 Research Department, ETRI, Yusong P.O. Box 106, Taejon 305-600, Korea
Jpn. J. App!. Phys. Vol. 34 (1995) pp. 6133-6138
Part 1, No. 11, November 1995
[2] Characteristics of Lead Magnesium Niobate Thin Film Prepared by Sol-Gel
Processing Using a Complexing Agent ; Ki Hyun Yoon, Jeong Hwan Park, and Dong
Heon Kang ; Department of Ceramic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-
749,
Korea.
Communications of the American Ceramic Society
Vol. 78, No.8 August 1995
Manuscript No. 192794, Received February 28, 1995; approved June 5, 1995.
Supported by Daewoo Electronic Co.
* Member, American Ceramic Society.
+Permanent address: Deparment of Electronic Materials Engineering,
The University of Suwon, Suwon, Korea.
[3] Characteristics of Thick Lead Zirconate Titanate Films Fabricated Using
a new Sol
Gel Based Process ; D.A. Barrow 54 , T.E. Petroff a'b , R.P. Tandon C, and M.
Sayer ;
Department of physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
Datec Coating Corporation, Fleming Hall, Queen's University, Kingston,
Ontario,
Canada, K7L 3N6.
b Department of chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L
3N6.
National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India.
