Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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METHOD OF GRAFTING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS TO SYN l ~ll!; 1 lC
POLYME~S FOR MAKING BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS
Ba~ round of the Tnventior
S Synthetic polymers are increasingly replacing conventional m~teri~ like metal,
wood, glass and paper because of their excellent mechanical properties, as well as
chemic~l and weather r~si~t~n~e- However, the same p~ ,lies, such as durability,which make synthetic polymers desirable also make synthetic polymers
nonbiodegradable. As a result, a large amount of plastic waste is ~ccllml~ ting in
ls~n~1fill.~ and causing severe pollution. The accumulation of plastic waste has led to a
growing interest in the development of biodegradable plastics. T imite~l oil reserves
have also generated a need for degradable plastics based on renewable sources like
cereal grains or cellulose.
Although biopolymers are biodegradable and derive from a renewable resource,
biopolymers are difficult to mold and therefore difficult to use. Additionally, products
made only from biopolymers, such as starch, tend to be brittle and inflexible and thus
m.cllit~hle for many purposes.
A composition having the performance of a synthetic polymer that is completely
biodegradable is desirable. However, biopolymers and synthetic polymers are typically
incompatible when blended. As a result, m~teri~l~ prepared from a combination ofbiopolymers and synthetic polymers tend to generate products with inferior physical
properties. Typically, the inferior physical properties of such blends are due to poor
adhesion bet~,veen the natural polymer and the synthetic polymer.
It is therefore desirable to develop a practical method for producing a
biodegradable composition that retains both the biodegradable properties of natural
polymers and the desirable mech~nic~l properties associated with synthetic polymers.
United States Patents Nos. 5,321,064 and 5,446,028 describe a method for
producing a biodegradable composition made by melt blending synthetic polymers and
~ natural polymers. The compositions taught by these patents retain the desirable
30 properties of synthetic polymers. However, due to the synthetic polymers used to make
the composition, the compositions are only partially biodegradable.
A composition that is completely biodegradable would be preferable. Although
completely biodegradable synthetic polymers such as aliphatic polyesters (e.g.,
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polycaprolactone, polylactic acid and polyhydroxy bulyld~-co-valerate) are available
~Itt?rn~tives to non-biodegradable synthetic polymers, the cost ofthese mz~t~.ri~l~ are
several times that of commodity plastics. Therefore, widespread use of these
biodegradable plastics is impractical.
A composition that combines a biodegradable poiyester and a natural polymer
would still be completely biodegr~ ble and less expensive than a composition
cont~ining only aliphatic polyesters. However, polyesters are inc~,lnpdlible with
biopolymers because they do not contain functional groups that can interact with the
functional groups present on a biopolymer. Th~ , when a polyester is combined
l 0 with a biopolymer, there is no chemical or physical interaction between the polymers.
Consequently, the resulting blend has poor mechanical properties. Additionally, the lack
of interaction between biopolymers and polyester macromolecules limits the amount of
natural polymer that can be present in a blend. As a result, the quality of the blend
typically decreases with the addition of natural polymer. In their thesis, Koenig and
Huang (University of Connecticut, 1994) observed that the tensile properties of a blend
cont~ining starch and polycaprolactone significantly decrease when greater than 25 wt-
% of starch is added to the blend.
The quality of a polyester blend can be enh~nred by modifying the polyester
macromolecule. One type of modification involves an inl~lch~lge reaction. L.Z. Pillon
et al. "Compatibilization of Polyester/Polyamide Blends via Catalytic Ester-Amide
Interchange Reaction." Polymer Fn~in~-rinF and Science 24(17): 1300-1305 (1984).Pillon et al. teach the modification of poly(ethylene terephth~l~te) by ester-amide
interchange reactions with p-tol~leneslllffinic acid as a catalyst. The interchange reaction
iIllpl~)VeS mechanical properties of blends c~ g poly~ethylene terephfh~l~te) and
poly(amide-6,6). However, the product of this interchange reaction is not
biodegradable. Additionally, the variety of blends that can be made using this
technology are limited.
Adding a functional group to a polyester macromolecule is another modification
that can increase the reactivity of the polyester macromolecule and therefore improve
the properties of a polyester blend. However, grafting reactions are generally not
successfully performed on polyester macromolecules because polyesters are easilydegraded during a typical grafting reaction. Previous ~LLelll~L:i to graft monomers to a
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polyester macromolecule have been unsuccessful. T.J. Xue, "The Interaction of Vinyl
Monomers and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the Presence of Various Initiators
Produces a Physical Mixture, not a Graft Polymer", J. of Polymer Science 33:2753-2758
(1995). Xue describes the production of a physical mixture, instead of a graft polymer,
5 when poly(ethylene terephth~l~te) is combined with vinyl monomers using various
initi~tors in solution phase. Another method for introducing reactive groups to ~liphs~tic
diols involves an int~-.rf~cial polycon~l~n~tion reaction with bisphenols and isophthaloyl
chloride in an organic two phase system. S. N:~k~mllra, "P~ lion of Polyesters With
Reactive Groups in the Main Chain or Side Chain By Organic/organic Two-phase
10 Interfacial Polycon-l~n~tion", ACS Symposium (1995) Chicago, Illinois. Although the
polymerization reaction taught by Nakamura is capable of introducing reactive groups
to a polyester macromolecule, the location of the reactive groups is limited to side
chains because the reactive group is added to a termin~l carboxylic acid.
United States Patents Nos. 3,816,566 and 3,884,994 describe a method for thermal15 grafting of ethylenically . .. ,~ .l compounds, such as polymers of aLkyl acrylate and
alkyl methacrylate, onto polycaprolactone in the presence of h~ . However, the
ethylenically ~ cl compounds are not bio~ gr~ hle and grafting these compounds
to a polyester lllaclo,l,olecule does not increase the reactivity of the polyester
macromolecule with biodegradable natural polymers. Therefore, the r~s-llting copolymer
20 can not be used to make a bio-iegr~ ble composition. Instead, the copolymer taught by
these patents is used as a compatibilizing agent.
Because a composition CO,.~ i..g an aliphatic polyester and a natural polymer
would be fully bio-legr~ hle, there is a need for a method to modify a polyestermacromolecule with functional groups that are capable of chemically or physically
interacting with a natural polymer or a synthetic polymer. Additionally, a polyester that
is capable of inf~r~cting with either a natural or synthetic polymer would increase the
range of potential uses for polyesters, such as use as a plasticizer or as a component in
~ alloys and blends.
Summ~ly of the Tnvention
The present invention is directed to a graft copolymer, a biodegradable
composition made from the graft copolymer, methods for making the graft copolymer
and biodegradable composition, and articles made from the biodegradable composition.
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4 ~.
A first aspect of the invention is directed to a graft copolymer made by grafting a
monomer c-)nt~ining a functional group to a polyester macromolecule under con-liti- n.c
where the polyester macromolecule does not subst~ntisllly degrade. As a result of the
grafting reaction, the polyester graft copolymer has at least one functional group with
S whieh it can interact with another synthetic or natural polymer. The grafting reaction
can be an addition reaction, ~lcrcl~bly a free radical initiated grafting technique, or a
substitution reaction. ~ither reaction is preferably performed by melt blen-lin~,
although either reaction can also be accomp}ished in solution.
A second aspect of the invention is directed to a bio~egr~ ble composition.
The biodegradable composition is made by melt blending, at an elevated t~ pc121Lu~c,
the polyester graft copolymer deseribed above and a natural polymer, sueh as stareh or
protein. The functional groups on the polyester graft copolymer are capable of
interacting chemic~lly or physically with a functional group, such as a hydroxyl or an
amine, present on the natural polymer.
} 5 The biodegradable eomposition has a continuous phase and a dispersed phase.
One phase contains a biodegradable material, such as a natural polymer. The other
phase contains a biotlt gr~ ble polyester graft copolymer. At least a few molecules of
the graft copolymer and at least a few molecules of the natural polymer chemically or
physically interact at the interface between the dispersed phase and the continuous
phase.
A third aspect of the invention is directed to methods for making the graft
copolymer and the biodegradable composition. The graft copolymer is formed by
grafting a monomer to a polyester macromolecule under eonditions whieh m;nimi7~
degradation of the polymer. Preferably, the grafting reaction is an addition reaction,
such as a free radical initi~t~d grafting technique, or a substitution reaction. Either
reaction can be accomplished by melt blending the polyester macromolecule and
monomer under an inert atmosphere. The biodegradable composition described above is
then formed by melt blending the graft copolymer and a natural polymer.
A fourth aspect of the invention is directed to a biodegradable artiele of
mz~nl-f~c.ture produced by injection molding, extruding, thermofolding, die cutting, film
blowing, .~heeting or compression molding the biodegradable composition taught by the
present invention.
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Detailed Description of the lnv~ntion
In general, a graft copolymer is recognized in the art and defined according to the
present invention to be a macromolecule made up of two components: a backbone
component and a graft co~ o~ where the graft component is ~ h~,l to the backbonecolllpol~elll at an active site other than at the end of the backbone component. The active
site can be formed by a reaction where a free radical initiator abstracts a hydrogen atom
from the backbone component thereby forming an active site on the backbone component.
Alternatively, a reactive group that is already present on the backbone component, such as
a carboxylic acid residue, can be used as an active site. Subsequent exposure of the active
site on the backbone component to a graft component results in bond formation bcLw~;:e
the two components.
The graft copolymer of the present invention can be formed by an addition
reaction, such as a free radical initi~ted grafting technique, or a substitution reaction. In
either case, the backbone colllpo~ is a polyester macromolecule and the graft
component is a monomer cont~ining a fi-n~tion~l group.
Because polyester macromolecules tend to degrade under typical grafting
conditions, the present invention is directed to a method of making a graft copolymer
having a polyester backbone COIll~ull~;llL wherein the polyester macromolecule is not
substantially degraded during the grafting reaction. As a result, the molecular weight of
the graft copolymer (the product) is similar to the molecular weight of the polyester
macromolecule (the starting m~t~ri~l).
If a polyester macromolecule is subject to excessive degradation during grafting,
mechanical properties of the final product may be adversely affected. For example,
degradation of the polyester macromolecule can result in a loss of tensile strength and
elongation. Additionally, increased cro~linking between the degraded polyester
molecules can cause the final product to be brittle and di~lcult to mold. Therefore, it is
important to ms-int~in the amount of degradation of the polyester macromolecule within an
acceptable range.
Because the conditions under which a polyester macromolecule degrades vary
among different polyester macromolecules, optimal reaction conditions will vary
depending on which polyester macromolecule is used. Additionally, the acceptable
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amount of degradation will vary depending upon the intt~n~ l use and re~uired
m~ch~ni~I properties of the final product. For .-Yzlmple~ if the graft copolymer is
I~Itim~t~ly going to be combined with a natural polymer to form a biodegradable
composition that will be molded or drawn out in a sheet, the polyester backbone
S ~,o~ ent should be sufficiently intact such that the bio~1egr~ le mz~teri~I retains
sIffl~if?nt tensile strength and elongation and is not brittle. However, if the polyester
macromolecule does degrade during the grafting reaction and the physical properties of
the blend are not important, the blend can still be used. Alternatively, tne properties of the
blend can be iln~ vcd by adding a higher pel~cc~ g~ of graft copolymer to the blend.
The grafting reaction can be performed as either an addition reaction, such as afree radical initi~t~d grafting reaction, or a substitution reaction. A suitable free radical for
the free radical initi~tt--l grafting reaction of the present invention is capable of activating
the polyester macrom~-lecllle by abstracting a hydrogen atom. The free radical initiator
can be g~n~r~tecl by thermal or photo~ o-mic~l deco",~o~ilion of an organic peroxide,
15 inorganic peroxide, peroxosalt, transition metal salt, l~ydlopc~xide, azo compound, and
the like. The half life of the free radical should be long enough so that the free radical is
available throughout the grafting reaction, but not so long that the free radical persists after
the reaction is completed. Lingering free radicals might degrade the graft copolymer.
Therefore, a suitable free radical initiator can be selected by d*~ the IC111~dLUI~;;
20 at which the reaction will be run and then finding a free radical that has a half life from
about 0.1 hours to 1.0 hour under the reaction cnn~iti-mc ~ ~ler~llcd free radical initiator
is an organic peroxide with a half life from about 0.1 hours to about 2.0 hours when
present in a telllpel~ure range from about 80~C to about 200~~. Examples of suitable
organic peroxide initiators include di-t-butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, dibenzoyl
25 peroxide, azo-bis-isobutyronitrile, t-butylhydl~el.~ide, lauryl peroxide, di- isopropylperoxy-di-carbonate, and the like.
During the grafting reaction, the initiator should be present in a con~ n1r~tion that
is effective to produce a graft copolymer with the desired degree of functionality.
Although the concentration of the initiator in the grafting reaction mix (which includes
30 polyester macromolecule, initiator and mon~-m~r) can vary widely, a preferredconcentration range for the initiator is from about 0.01 wt-% to about 5.0 wt-% of the
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reaction mix. More preferably, the c~ e~ dlion of the initiator is from about 0.1 wt-% to
about 1.0 wt-%.
~ lternatively, the grafting reaction can be performed as a ~ulJ~lilulion reaction. In
a ~ ion reaction, reactive groups that are present on the side chain of a polyester
5 I.laclvlllolecule are replaced by another group. For example, acyl compounds or
carboxylic acids and their derivatives might undergo a reaction in which a hydroxyl,
halide, ester, amine, or ether is replaced by a functional group ~tt~çhe i to a monomer.
Both the free radical initi~t-d grafting reaction and the ~ s~ l ion grafting
reaction are preferably accompii~h~d by melt blending in an intensive mixer or a single or
10 twin screw extruder. Melt blending is the preferred method because it is relatively fast.
A~l iitinn~lly, fl~mm~ble or e~e~ re solutions are llnn~ce~ry. As a result, meltblending results in a product that is less expensive, safer to make, has a high yield and
does not require further purification.
Although melt blending can be used to forrn a physical mixture, in the present
15 invention melt blending uses a combination of increased Irlll~ ldlUlt; and shear stress to
liquefy the reactants so that their functional groups can more easily interact. In a preferred
embodiment, the extruder has multiple zones in which the L~ t;ldlu~ can be individually
controlled. Therefore, the t~ll~C:ld~ of the reaction is easily controlled and can be
varied according to the needs of a particular reaction. Additionally, the shear stress, due to
20 pressure and/or friction generated during melt blerlrling~ reduces the ~ ,.dlw~ required
to liquefy the polyester macromolecule. Therefore, high lt;lll~ dLw~ that can cause
degradation of the polyester macromolecule are avoided.
The tt;lll~ dLLIle range at which the reaction is run should be high enough that a
srlfficient amount of grafting will occur, but not so high that excessive degradation of the
25 polyester macromolecule occurs. If the grafting reaction is performed at temperature at
which the unreacted monomer will undergo sublimation or vaporization, unreacted
monomers can be çlimin~tec~ by use of a vacuurn. Because the sublimation and/or
vd~ dLion t~:ln~t;ldlul~ varies depending on which monomer is used, the sublimation
and/or vaporization tt:ln~eldlulc of the monomer can be one factor that affects the
30 Lt~ c;ldlure at which the grafting reaction is run.
The melting t~ p~,dlure of the polyester ,nac,-"l,olecule is another factor thataffects the optimal temperature at which the grafting reaction is perforrned. The grafting
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reaction is preferably carried out at a lenl~c,.d~ that is near or above the melting
temperature of the polyester macromolecule. Therefore, for many polyester
macromolecules, the grafting reaction can be performed in a te~ e.dl~LIe range from
about 80~C to about 300~C. A telllpcldLllle for a specific reaction is selected such that the
S mt)nomt r~ and the polyester macromolecules have the desirable properties ~ c~ e~
above. The melting point of a polyester macromolecule and the sublimation and/orv~oliGdlion temperature of a monomer are easily ~etPrmin~d by one with skill in the art.
For example, when the polyester macromolecule is polycaprolactone, the grafting reaction
is preferably performed in a temperature range from about 80~C to about 200~C. On the
10 other hand, when the polyester macromolecule is poly~ethylene terephthlate), the grafting
reaction is preferably performed in a temperature range from about 200~C to about 300~C.
The length of time that the grafting reaction is allowed to run will affect the
amount of degradation of the polyester macromolecule. Additionally, the duration of the
grafting reaction will influPnc~e the amount of grafting that occurs. The reaction is
15 therefore run for a duration that is sufficient to graft an effective amount of functional
groups to the polyester macromolecule, but not so long that the polyester macromolecule
is excessively ~legr~-1P~l Typically the melt blending reaction is allowed to run from about
30 seconds to about 15 mimlt~c Preferably, the reaction is allowed to run from about 2
minutes to about 10 nnimlte~. More L~lcr~ldbly, the melt hlPn~1;ng reaction is run from
20 about 7 minutes to about 10 minlltP~;
If a free radical initi:-t~rl grafting technique is p~,.rc,lllled by melt blending, the
reaction is preferably performed under a non-oxi~l;7ing atmosphere because oxygen can
quench the free radical. A suitable non-oxitli7ing ~tnno.~phpre contains an inert gas such as
nitrogen, argon, helium, and the like. If a substitution reaction is performed by melt
25 blending, it is plcr~led that the reaction occur under a gas stream, such as nitrogen, to
remove small by-products such as water vapor or hydrochloric gas that might be formed
during the sllhstit~ltion reaction. It is also preferred that the grafting reaction be performed
in bulk to avoid homopolymerization of the monomer.
In an :~ltP.rnsltive embodiment, the grafting reaction can be performed in solution.
30 If the goal of the grafting reaction is to add reactive groups to the polyester macromolecule
to enhance its reactivity with a natural polymer, it is preferred that the reaction be
performed using a non-polar solvent. The presence of a polar molecule could hydrolyze
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9 .
functional groups present on the monomer, such as anhydrides, that are capable of
de~ g with the functional groups on a natural polymer. Additionally, a polar solvent
could degrade the polyester macromolecule. Suitable non-polar solvents include benzene,
xylene, toluene, and the like. It is also ~Icr~ ,d that the non-polar solvent is purged of
5 water or polar molecules. Preferably the solution reaction is pclrull.led using a solvent
that is compatible with both the monomer and the polyester .na~lolllolecule. ~owever, if
such a solution is not available, the reaction can be performed using a two phase system.
The solution reaction should be performed at a tt;lll~Cl~Lwc that is high enough to
increase the rate of reaction, but not so high that the polyester macromolecule is degraded.
Preferably, the reaction is p~orformed at a t~ lwc from about 25~C to about 200~~,
more preferably from about 40~C to about 1 50~C. The solution reaction is run for an
amount of time that is effective to graft a sufficient number of reactive groups to the
polyester ,l,a~l~,l"olecule. The solution reaction can be run from about 30 minutes to two
days. More preferably, the reaction is run from about 30 minutes to 4 hours.
If the s-lhstitl-tion reaction is performed in solution, it is ~cr~ d that the solution
contain a nel~tr~ ing agent such as pyridine that will neutralize hydrochloric acid that
might be formed dur~ng the reaction.
According to the present invention, the functional groups on the monomers
provide a reactive site for int~r~rtion with various natural and synthetic polymers. If the
20 graft copolymer is to be combined with a natural polymer to form a biodegradable
composition, the graft copolymer should preferably have a graft content such that the
polyester macromolecule will effectively interact ~ht-mic~lly or physically with another
polymer to form a bio~l~gr~ble composition with desirable m~h~nical properties.
However, an excessive amount of functional groups can result in excessive cro~qlinking
25 which can make the blend difficult to process. Typically, the graft copolymer has a graft
content from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. More l~lcf~ bly, the graft content is from
about 0.3 wt-% to about 10 wt-%. The plcr~ d graft content will also vary depending on
the natural polymer with which the graft copolymer is to be combined. For example, if the
graft copolymer is going to be combined with starch to make a biodegradable
30 composit;on, it is preferred that the graf[ content be from about 0.2 wt-% to about 5 wt-%.
If the graft copolymer is going to be combined with a protein, it is ~lcrc.l~d that the graft
content be from about 0.2 wt-% to about 2 wt-%.
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Although the grafting reaction can be used to attach a monomer to both aliphaticor aromatic polyester macromolecules, if the polyester macromolecule is going to be used
to make a biodegradable blend, it is preferably an aliphatic polyester macromolecule with
a molecular weight from about 5,000 kDa to about 150,000 kDa. An ~I;rh~tic polyester
S macromolecule is used because slliph~tlc polyester macromolecules have desirable
mechanical properties and, unlike many other synthetic molecules, are completelybio~legr~ hle. Polyester macromolecules are biodegr~hle because enzyrnes, such as
depolymerase, cellulase, esterase, alcaligenes c;uLI~ l)hus, alcaligenes f~ç~ , and the like,
that are found in the digestive system of microor~;~ni~m~ are capable of digesting ester
10 linkages and can therefore break down the polyester macromolecule and use the components as an energy source.
If the graft copolymer is to be combined with a natural polymer to form a
biodegradable composition, then the ~llrh~tic po}yester preferably has a melting point of
less than 200~C, such that the natural po}ymer is not burned or degraded during the melt
15 blending process described below. If the graft copolymer is going to be combined with
another synthetic polymer, such as nylon, and biodegr~ hility is not a concern, either an
aliphatic or aromatic polyester macromolecule can be used as the backbone component of
the graft copolymer. Additionally, the melting point of the polyester macromolecule can
be at a higher L~ ,.d~u-e if the gra~ copolymer is not going to be combined with a
20 natural polymer.
The polyesters of particular interest employed in this invention can be represented
by the following repeating units:
R~O--(CH2)rl--C~O--
25 wherein R is an hydrogen atom or an alkyl group cont~ining from about one to about six
carbon atoms and n is an integer from three to eight.
Examples of suitable polyester macromolecules include polycaprolactone,
polylactic acid, esters of polyglycols, poly hydroxy butyrate-co-valerate and the like.
Suitable esters of polyglycols include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol,
30 butane diols, polyglycolic acid, and the like. Other suitable polyester macromolecules
include those derived from a polyc--n~len~ion reaction with an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid
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such as glutaric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, and other higher acids with the general
formula shown below:
HOOC--(CH2)n--COOH
S Aromatic polyesters that are suitable for use in the grafting reaction include aromatic
- esters derived from phths~lic, isophthalic and tc.. ~.l"l.~lic c~",~ ds, alkyl ~ "l~.1
phenols, and the like. The aromatic esters that can be used are .~l~ ed by the general
f~
~oC--A--COO(CH2)n--~~n
10 where A is an aromatic ring and n is an integer.
The polylactides employed according to the method of the present invention can
be le~le~e~ d by the following:
O O O
Il 11 11
HO-CI H-C~O-CH-C~nO- ICH-C-OH
CH3 CH3 CH3
where n is an integer.
According to the present invention, a monomer c~ nt~ining a functional group is
grafted onto the polyester macromolecule to increase the reactivity of the polyester
macromolecule. The monomer can be grafted to the backbone of the polyester
20 macromolecule or to a side chain on the polyester macromolecule. Preferably, the
monomer contains a functional group that is capable of reacting, by the fonnz~ n of
covalent bonds, Van Der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and the like, with
a functional group present on another polymer, either synthetic or natural. If the graft
copolymer is going to be cornbined with a natural polymer to form a biodegradable
25 composition, the monomer preferably contains a functional group that is capable of
reacting with a functional group on a natural polymer, such as a hydroxyl or amine. The
functional group present on the monomer is preferably selected from the group
consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, anhydrides such as an anhydride
of a dicarboxylic acid, oxazoline, epoxy, hydroxy, isocyanate, carboxylic acid, acid
30 chloride, aldehydes, ketones, acyl halides, alkyl halides, nitrile, nitro, thiols, esters,
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12
ethers, alkoxy, urethanes, urea, carbodiimide, amides, and the like. More preferably, the
functional group is selected from the group c~n~i~ting of primary, secon~1~ry, and
tertiary amines, anhydrides such as the amh-ydride of a dicarboxylic acid, oxazoline,
epoxy, hydroxy, isocyanate, carboxylic acid, acid chloride, aldehydes, ketones, acyl
S halides, alkyl halides, nitrile, thiol, esters, ureth~n~s, urea, carbo~l;imifl~, and amides.
Examples of monomers that are suitable for use in the grafting reaction include
acid anhydrides, cyclic carboxylic acids, styrenes, ~ub~liluL~d pyridines, isocyanates,
oxazolines, dicarboxylic acids, functional derivatives of carboxylic acids, and the like. In
particular, suitable monomers include maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride,
2,3-dimethyl maleic anhydride, n-octodacyl succinic anhydride, maleic acid, crotonic acid,
and the like.
~he properties of the graft copolymer depend upon the number of reactive groups
~tt~(~h~ to the polyester macromolecule and reaction conditions such as t~mr~r~h-re,
initiator concentration, monomer conc~llLI~lion and also the mode of addition of the
monomer to the reaction mixtNre. Because the graft copolymer can have various
properties, the graft copolymer can be used in diverse applications. Naturally oCGurrinP
polymers such as wheat gluten and starch can be converted to useful products by
combining them with the graft copolymer of this invention to make a biodegradable
composition. A biodegradable composition made of about S wt-% to about 25 wt-% of
the graft copolymer is completely biodf~gr~ hle but also has desired m~ h~nical
properties such as tensile strength and ~ ng;~ti~-n. Other applications for the graft
copolymer include its use as a plasticizers during processing reactions or as a
compatibilizing agent. Once formed, the graft copolymer can be pelletized for future use
or directly processed to the desired end product.
According to the present invention, the polyester graft copolymer is melt blended
with a natural polymer to make a bio-l~ogr~hle composition having two phases, a
continuous phase and a dispersed phase. The continuous phase is the major component
and the dispersed phase is the minor component. For example, when the natural
polymer is the major component it is considered to be in a continuous phase, whereas
the synthetic polymer would be the dispersed phase. During melt blending, the graft
copolymer and natural polymer chemically or physically bond at the interface between
the continuous phase and the dispersed phase thereby forming a plurality of
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13
interpolymers which effectively provide a strong interaction between the continuous
phase and the dispersed phase.
In the biodegr~ ble composition of the invention, the dispersed phase
comprises a plurality of particulate microdomains having a ~ rn~tçr from about 0.01
microns to about 100 microns. From about 0.1% to about 99%, more preferably, from
about ~.1% to about 50% of the functional groups of the graft copolymer of the
composition are chemically or physically bonded to the natural polymer.
The mechanical plo~l Lies of the blend depend on the shape and size of the
dispersed phase. Other factors contributing to the mechanical strength of the blend
include the adhesion between the two phases. Because the afl~1ition of functional groups
to the polyester ,.,a.;lomolecule improves adhesion bet~,veen the contimlous phase and
the dispersed phase, the dispersed phase has a more uniform and smaller microdomain
size Therefore, improved adhesion results in improved merhzlnicz~l strength of the
blend. Poor adhesion between the two phases can lead to subsequent failure of the
product blend, such as tearing.
As fli~cllcced above, in connection with the formation of the graft copolymer, melt
blending is a process by which the functional groups of the rç~ct~ntc, in this case, the graft
copolymer and another polymer, are allowed to react. Instead of using a solution to enable
the functional groups to react, melt blending places the reactants in a closed environment
where they are reacted at an elevated tt;lll~ldLult;. The shear stress from melt blending
enables the macromolecules to behave as if in a liquid state such that the reactive groups
of the polymers to come into close proximity and can physically or chemically interact.
A-lflition~lly, melt blending leads to a more uniform dispersion of the graft copolymer
within the composition when compared to traditional blending techniques.
Although melt blending can cause some degradation of the polymers, functional
groups on the polymers can still react to form a mixture of graft, block and cro~slink~d
structures. When the graft copolymer is made using an aliphatic polyester macromolecule
for the backbone component, a composition formed by combining the graft copolymer
with a natural polymer is not only completely biodegradable, it also has excellent
mech~nic~l properties due to the enh~nred interaction between the graft copolymers and
the natural copolymers.
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Melt blending can be performed in any reaction type vessel such as an intensive
mixer, melt mixer, single screw extruder, twin screw extruder, or an injection molding
machine. The residence time of the material in the extruder during melt blending should
be long enough so that the functional groups have time to react, but not so long that
5 excessive cro.ss1inking or degradation occurs. If the r~sn1ting composition contains too
much cross1inkin~, it will be difficult to process. R.osi~1~ n~e times of about l 0 seconds
to 20 minutes are ~c;r~ d. More preferably, resi~i~nce times are from about 45
seconds to about l 0 minlltes The cornposition can then be directly processed to the
desired end product or can be pelletized for future use.
If a biodegradable composition is being made, the tt;lllpeldLIlle of the melt
blending reaction should be high enough so that the reactant polymers are plasticized
and their functional groups can interact, but not so high that the natural polymer burns
or degrades. Preferably, the graft copolymer and natural polymer are mixed together at a
le~ c.dLul~ from about 25~C to about 200~C. More preferably, the polymers are
combined at a tel,~ ,.dlule from about 90~C to about 170~C.
By the process of the invention, a bio~legr~ hle composition cont~ining up to
99 wt-% of a natural polymer can be made. The biodegradable composition is typically
in solid form at ambient temperatures after melt blending is complete, and can be either
rigid or flexible depending on the nature of the natural polymers, the amount of20 functional groups present, and the ratio of natural polymer to graft copolymers.
A variety of naturally occurring biodegradable polymers can be used to make the
biodegradable composition of the invention. The natural polymers present in the
composition enhance the biodegradability of the composition because the natural
polymers act as a nutrient source for living microorf~nisms such as bacteria and fungi.
25 As a result, the composition can be biodegraded when it is in an environment where
microbes are present. Because ester linkages of the polyester macromolecule can also
be digested by microorg~nism~, the entire composition is completely biodegradable.
Suitable natural polymers can be derived from corn, wheat, potato, sorghums,
tapioca, rice, arrow root, sago, soybean, pea, sunflower, peanut, gelatin, milk, eggs, and
30 the like. Such natural polymer materials include carbohydrates such as starch and
cellulose, lignin, proteins, nucleic acids, arnino acids, and lipids, which are all
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biodegradable. These natural polymers can be used either separately or in various
mixtures in form~ ting the biodegradable composition of the invention.
One pl~f~ d class of natural polymer is carbohydrates. Within the general
class of carbohydrates are saccharides or sugars, a group of organic compounds related
S by molecular structure. 3~ach sugar consists of a chain of two to seven carbon atoms
(usually 5 or 6). One of the carbons carries aldehydic or ketonic oxygen which may be
combined in acetal or ketal forms and the ~ it~g carbon atoms usually bear
hydrogen atoms and hydlo~yl groups. The carbohydrate sugars useful in the invention
include monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, saccharose, and the like;
10 ~ rrh~rjdes such as lactose, maltose and sucrose; oligosar-rh~ri~le~; and
polysaccharides like gums, starch, cellulose, etc. As used in the present specification,
the term "oligos~rçhS~ride" denotes a sugar polymer of from 3 to 15 units, and a higher
sugar polymer having more than 10 units is ~lesign~trcl as a "polysaccharide". The
carbohydrate component employed in the present invention can also comprise various
15 derivatives of the above sugars, preferably ester or ether derivatives of the sugars.
A preferred carbohydrate employed in the present invention is a polysaccharide.
Polysaccharides are widely distributed in the plant and animal worlds, serving as a food
reserve substance and structural m~trri~l Suitable polysaccharides include starch and
cellulose, which consist of D-glucopyranosyl units linked by alpha and beta-1,4 bonds,
20 respectively.
Starch is a particularly preferred poly~rch~ride for use in the invention.
Starches are polysaccharide compounds which on hydrolysis produce sugars. Starchcan include a mixture of linear (or amylose) and branched (or amylopectin) components.
Amylose has a molecular weight of several hundred thousand, while amylopectin has a
25 molecular weight in the order of several million. Starches cont~ining 0 to 100%
amylose or 0 to 100% amylopectin can be employed in the invention. Any form of
starch can be used in the present invention, including gel~tini7~?d starches, ungel~tini7Pd
starches, substituted starches, chemically modified starches, crosslinked starches and
unmodified starches. A variety of functional groups discussed in more detail below
30 may be ~tt~rh~?-l to the above starches. High amylose starches such as "Amalean-1"
supplied by Arnerican Maize Products Company, and industrial corn starch such as
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"Silver Medal Pearl-l 100 (SMP-I 100) supplied by Cargill Inc. are suitable starches for
use in the invention.
Proteins are another natural polymer that is suitable for use with the present
invention. Proteins are nitrogen organic compounds of high molecular weight from5 about 3000 to many millions. Proteins are made up of complex combinations of simple
arnino acids, and they occur in all animal and vegetable matter. The con~tit--~nt amino
acids of the protein molecule are linked together with a peptide bond and the linkage
forms the backbone of the molecule. Suitable proteins that may be utilized in the
present invention include egg proteins, milk plvlt:ills, animal proteins, vegetable
10 proteins and cereal proteins. Examples of proteins which can be utilized in the present
invention include isolated soy proteins such as "Supro 90", "Supro HD90", and "Supro
500~", which contain 90% protein and are supplied by Protein Technologies
Tnt~rn~tional Wheat gluten is another source of protein that can be used.
Natural m~t~ri~ which contain both protein and starch can also be used in the
15 present invention. Wheat flour, such as "ICPS RED" and "ICW~S", which contain about 20% protein and about 70% starch, is such a suitable mslt~ri:ll
Lipids may also be used as a natural polymer in the present invention. Lipids orfats are natural combinations of glycerin with fatty acids, known as triglycerides. Lipids
are derived from animal or vegetable sources, the latter source being chiefly the seeds or
20 nuts of plants. Suitable lipids that may be used in the present invention include fats
derived from vegetable sources such as oil seeds.
The graft copolymer is mixed with a natural polymer in a 41la~ y that is sufficient
to ~nh~n~e the m~h~nic~ properties in the resulting composition. The range of
compatibility and desired tensile properties can be obtained over a wide range of weight
25 percent of the m~teri~l~ Preferably, the natural polymer is present in an amount from
about 5 wt-% to about 99 wt-%, more preferably about l O wt-% to about 80 wt-%. The
properties of the composition vary depending on what polyester macromolecule is used
and the ~ LiLy of functional groups present on the graft copolymer. More functional
groups result in increased cross-linking which will increase the tensile strength of the
30 molecule and decrease the flexibility or elongation of the blend. The tensile strength of
the biodegradable composition will valy depending on the polyesteF macromoleculeused and the int~?n~l~ d use of the biodegradable composition. The tensile strength of the
SUBSTITUTE S~EET (RULE 26)
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17
biodegradable composition is close to or better than the tensile strength of a composition
contzlining only polyseter macromolecules. However, the biodegradable composition
typically has a tensile strength between about 5 MPa to about 50 MPa, more preferably,
from about 10 MPa to about 40 MPa.
The possible chemical reactions between a graft copolymer with an anhydride
functional group and a carbohydrate, protein or amino acid are ~e~l~sell~ed be~ow in
equations 1 and 2. The anhydride and free carboxylic groups of the graft copolymer can
react with the hydroxyl of the carbohydrate to form ester linkages, and with the amine
groups of proteins or amino acids to forrn amide or imide link5~ge~ The reaction of an
anhydride group on the backbone of a graft polyester with a hydroxy group of a
carbohydrate according to the present invention is shown in Equation 1 below.
R-O -(CH2)3- CIH-clH -(CH2)3- O- R
+
CH2-OH
~ O-
H OH
R-O -(CH2h- CIH-lH -(CH2)3- O- R
O=CI Cl =O
OH ~l
CH2
~0-
H OH
15Although Equation 1 shows the reaction at one hydroxyl site on the carbohydrate
molecule, the reaction can occur an any hydroxyl site on the carbohydrate molecule.
- The moieties R and R' in E~luation 1 can be a polyester chain, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl,
phenyl, alkoxy or various other groups.
Sl,~ l UTE SHEET (RULE 26)
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The reaction equation of an anhydride group on the backbone of a graft
copolymer with an arnine group of a protein or amino acid to forrn an amide or imide
linkage is shown in Equation 2 below.
R--O--(CH2)3--ICH--ICH--(CH2)3--O--R
O=C~ ,C=O
o
+
O O
Il 11
NH2- R- C- NH- R- C -
R- O -~CH2)3- CIH- IcH -(CH2)3- O- R'
O= lC lC=O
OH IH O
R-ICl- NH- R- C -
OR
R- O -(CH2)3- IcH-cH-(cH2)3- O- R
O=C~ ,C=O
R-IC- NH- R- C -
Examples of general forrnulas and structures of a biodegradable composition
according to the present invention are shown below. The following two structures show
a polylactide copolymer that is reacted with a hydroxyl of a carbohydrate.
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(i) HO-CIH-C ~ O-ICH-C ~ O-~-C ~ C~-CIH-C ~ OH
H-CH
O=C C=O
OH I
CH2
~" 0~ _
H OH
(ii) HO-ICH-C ~ O-CH-C ~ O- CH-C- O-CH2
CH3 CH3 CH3
H OH
When a protein is used as the natural polymer, the ~L~ Lul~ of the biodegradablecomposition can be represented by the following three figures. Figure (i) shows an
amide linkage, Figure (ii) shows and imide linkage and Figure (iii) shows a polylactide
with a protein grafted to a t~rminz-l hydroxyl.
(i) H~CI H--~O--CI H--C~O--C--C~O--Cl H--C~OH
CH--CH
O=C C=O
OH I H 1~l
R--11--NH--R--C--
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)
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2~ .
O O ~H~ O O
Il 11 I 11 11
(ii) HO-CH- C- - O- CH-C- ---C- C- - C}-CH-C- - OH
CH3 CH3 I CH3
CH-CH
O=C~ ,C=O
N O
11
R - 11 - NH- R-C -
O O O
(iii) HO-IH-C ~ O-IH-C ~ O-IH-
CH3 CH3 CH3 1
NH O
R-ll- NH- R-C -
R can be hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, phenyl, alkoxy or various other groups.
Various additives can be added to the c~,nll,o~iLion of the invention before or
during processing. Exarnples of such additives include adjuvants, fillers, lubricants,
mold release agents, plasticizers, foarning agents, stabilizers, pigmçnt~, extenders, etc.
The additives can be added to the composition singly or in various ~ S.
The biodegradable composition can be further processed by a single screw
extruder, twin screw extruder, injection molding, com~ sion molding, blow molding,
thermoforming, die cutting, film blowing, sheeting, and the like, to produce various
biodegradable articles.
For example, conlp.~ssion molding of the composition is preferably at a pressurefrom about 2.0 tons to about 17.5 tons. More preferably, conlpl~s~ion molding is at a
pressure from about 5.0 tons to about 15.0 tons. In a process for producing a
biodegradable article by casting or blow molding the biodegradable composition of the
invention, the process takes place at a temperature of about 25~C to 250~C.
Various articles or products which can be formed by the above processing
techniques include films, foams, sheets, pipes, rods, bags, boxes, meat trays, egg
cartons, hard or foam cups and plates, bowls, eating llt~n~il.c, loose fill p~.k~ging
materials, insulation and soundproofing materials, bottles, wrapping materials,
disposable pens and razors, p~k~ging cartons, containers and thc like. Because the
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RUI E 26)
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21 --
natural polymer is less soluble in water after melt blending, due to the bond formation
with the graft copolymer, the mechanical strength and integrity of the composition is
typically mzlintz~inL~:~ until the composition is in contact with the soil, buried or partially
buried. Therefore, articles made from the biodegradable composition retain their" 5 desirable mechanical properties until degradation is desirable.
The invention has been described with ~ nce to various specific and plef~ ,d
embodiments and techniques. However, it should be llnd~rctood that many variations and
modifications may be made while ~ within the spirit and scope of the invention.
The publications and patent applications cited in this specification are indicative of
the level of ~ldill~y skill in the art to which this inventions pertains. All publications and
patént applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each
individual publication or patent application was sper.ific:~lly and individually indicated by
reference.
1 5 EXAMPLES
The graft copolymers in the following examples were analyzed for maleic
anhydride using a back titration method with ethanolic KOH using 1% thymol blue in
dimethyl fo, .~ ."ide (DMF) as an indicator. The samples were PxtrAct~1 with xylene and
reci~ d in m~thAnol to remove any unreacted maleic anhydride present, if any (most
unreacted maleic anhydride was removed through sublimation). When the estimation was
carried out without ç~cling the grafted product, traces of unreacted maleic anhydride
was ~letect.ocl using a calculation based on the total amount of m~n~m(~r added to the
reaction. However, unreacted maleic anhydride does not adversely affect the properties of
the end product.
FTIR spectra of the graft copolymer after extraction with xylene gave two
absorption bands at 1782 cm~l and 1861 cm ~. These bands are z~ ned to the grafted
anhydride because cyclic anhydrides, such as maleic anhydride, exhibit an intensive
- absorption band near 1 780cm~l and a weak band near 1 850cm~~ due to symmetric and
asymrnetric ~ Lcl~ g of C=O respectively. This confirms that anhydride groups were
grafted to the polyester macromolecule because the FTIR spectra of a physical blend of
maleic anhydride with the polyester macromolecule does not show any absorption around
this region after extraction with xylene.
SlJts~ TE SHEET (RULE 26)
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After the anhydride content of the graft copolymer was ~let~rmin~-~l the sampleswere colllplession molded and the tensile properties of the molded samples was ~ mined
The m~teris l.c used in the listed ~x~mple~ include:
Poly lactic acid resin from Cargill Incorporated, USA, Polycaprolactone (PCL 787 and
PCL 767E) from Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastic Co., Inc., USA, Dicumyl peroxide, r
Maleic Anhydride and Trimellitic anhydride chloride from Aldrich ~h~mic~l Colllp~
USA, and wheat gluten from Manildra Milling Corp., USA.
Examples 1-8 were performed using a C.W. Brabender Plasticorder batch mixer
(C.W. Brabender Instruments Inc. N.J.). The rnixer was e~uipped with an electrically
heated rnixing device with a capacity of 50 rnl. I~e roller blades were cu-~le~iled through
a variable speed motor such that the mixing speed could be controlled through the motor.
In all examples, a flow of nitrogen gas was m~int~in~cl over the mixing chamber using a
gas irllet device.
F.Y~
A polycaprolactone (PCL 787) was used as the polyester nla~ llolecule in this
exarnple. The P~L was dried in a vacuum oven at 50~C for 24 hours to remove any
volatile m~t~-.ri~ lh( ring to it. After the mixing chamber was purged with nitrogen, 40g
of the polyester macromolecule was added to the mixer at 80~C with a speed of 60 rpm. A
mixture of 3.2g of maleic anhydride and 0.4g of dicumyl peroxide were then added to the
mixture. The reaction w~ c-)ntin~ l for 7 to 10 minutes under a blanket of nitrogen. The
reaction mixture was immediately removed from the reaction charnber a~ter the 7 to 10
minute mixing period. The grafted anhydride content was 0.70% by weight.
FY~mp'~-2
The reaction in Example I was carried out using PCL 767E as the polyester
macromolecule. The grafted maleic anhydride content was 0.80% by weight.
Exampl~3
40 g of a polylactide resin was placed into the reaction chamber at 170~C. A
mixture of 3.2g of maleic anhydride and 0.4g of dicumyl peroxide were added to the
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23 -
reaction chamber. The reaction mixture was mixed for 10 minutes under a nitrogenatrnosphere. The anhydride content of the graft copolymer was 0.86% by weight.
F,Ys~mA 1~ 1
40g of PCL 787 was placed in the reaction vessel at 1 00~C with a screw speed of60 rpm. A flow of nitrogen gas was ~ (1 over the reaction vessel to remove gas
formed during the ~ ion reaction. 3.2g of trim~llitic anhydride chlori~le (TMAC)was added to the reaction vessel and mixed for 10 minllte~
F.Y~P~5
1 5g of the graft copolymer made in Example 1, was mixed with 35g of wheat
gluten in an intensive mixer for 10 minutes at 1 00~C under nitrogen atmosphere with a
speed of 60 rpm. After 10 mimlt~s, the mixture was immef1i~tely removed from the
mtenslve mixer.
~5 FY~ ,' e 6
12.5gofPCL787and2.5gofthegraftcopolymerco~ ;ll;..gpolycaprolactone
and maleic anhydride (PCL-g-MAH) made in Example 1, were mixed with 35g of wheatgluten for 10 minutes under conditions similar to that of Example 5.
F,Y:~m ~7
1 5g of the graft copolymer from Fx~mple 1 was mixed with 35g of starch in an
intensive mixer for 10 minutes at 130~C under conditions similar to those in Fx~mr~le 5.
F.Y~mp'~ 8
35 g of Gluten and 15 g of unrnodified PCL (787) was mixed in an intensive
mixer for 10 min. at 11 0~C under conditions similar to example 5.
The samples obtained from Examples 5-7 were compression molded using Power-
Twin con~~ ion molding eq~ m~nt of 17.5 ton capacity to get ASTM specified tensile
bars for the tensile test. The tensile strength of the samples was obtained from MTS
tensile testing n~ hine with a cross head speed of 3 rnrn/min. Table 1 below sumrnarizes
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24
the tensile strength and elongation values of unrnodihed, modified and the blend of
modified polymer with wheat gluten and starch.
The tensile strength test of the blended composition of gluten shows enhanced
tensile properties when co~ d to physical blends of same composition (Table l ). This
5 again c~ lls the chemical bond formation during the blending process.
Table I.
Properties of the grafted PCL and their blends with gluten/starch.
Material Tensile% Elo-u~ti~-n
Force(MPa)
Control PCL 787 22.0 >850.00
Control PCL 767 26.0 >1000.0
Control PLA 50.0 14.5
PCL787-g-MAH 25.6 1070.0
2 PCL767-g-MAH 19.5 6.6700
3 PLA-g-MAH 89.8 11.400
4 PCL787-g-MAH notrecordednotrecorded
S PCL7g7-g-MAH+Gluten 23.0 7.8000
6 PCL787-g-MAH(5%)+ 22.0 7.7200
PCL787(25%)+Gluten
7 PCL787-g-MAH+Starch 21.5 9.0000
8 PCL787+Gluten 5.6 2.5000
The gluten/starch content of the samples in Table I is 70% by weight at a t~lllpC~ dLul ~ of
110~C and a mixing time of 10 minlltes
The properties of polyester macromolecules are not adversely affected by the
grafting reaction. As shown in Table I, the tensile force and the percent elongation of the
graft copolymer made from polycaprolactone and maleic anhydride in Example 1 was not
ah~d when compared to polycaprolactone 787. Table 1 also shows that the tensile
strength of a mixture cont~ining only a polyester macromolecule and a natural polymer
20 (Experiment 8) is significantly lower than the tensile strength of a composition
co~ g only polycaprolactone, a composition contz~ining a graft copolymer made ofpolycaprolactone and maleic anhydride, and a composition containing polycaprolactone~
a graft copolymer, and gluten. The table also shows that the tensile strength of a blend
cont~ining only 5% of a graft copolymer (Example 6) had comparable tensile strength to a
25 blend cont~ining 30% by weight of graft co-polymer (Example 5) or the control
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cont~inin~ only polycaprolactone 787. Therefore, increased arnounts of natural polymer
and un-modified polyester macromolecules can be used to make a bioclegrs~l~ble
composition having satisfactory m~ch~nical properties. Because less modified polyester
macromolecules (graft copolymers) are required, the cost of production is decreased.
Example-9
A laboratory-scale twin-screw extruder (Haake Instruments, Paramus, NJ) with
corotating screws was used for melt blending. The barrel length to di~met~r ratio was
10: 1 and the extruder was divided into four zones. The temperature of the first zone
10 was 65~C and those of second and third were ~ "~ i "I ~ ined at the temperature of reaction
160~C. The capillary die with a diameter of 0.64 cm and a length of 7.6 cm was
m~int~in~cl at constant 90~C for all runs. The screw speed was varied to obtain various
residence time. The ~c~ ge of MAH grafted and the tensile strength is shown in
Table II.
Table II. Effect of screw speedlresidence time on grafting reaction using an
extruder.
Screw Residence % of MA~I Tensilc
speed/~ ffme(-min~ ~afted Force(MPa)
4 17 1.60 20.5
7 13 1.41 31.4
11 1.28 21.6
13 9 0.98 33.6
4 0.61 22.4
20 Table II shows the effect of residence time and screw speed on the grafting reaction. As
the residence time is increased, the graft content is also increased. However, the tensile
force is decreased as the residence time increases because the product becomes more
rigid.
Example-10
Injection molding tests were run on the following four compositions:
1. 60 wt-% Gluten/2.5 wt-% Modified PCL/37.5 wt-% PCL-767;
2. 70 wt-% Gluten/2.5 wt-% Modified PCL/27.5 wt-% PCL-767;
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3. 65 wt-% Gluten/5 wt-% Propylene ~Iycol/1.0 wt% Modified PCL/29 wt-%
PCL-787; and
4. 75 wt-% Gluten/2.5 wt-% Modified PCL/22.5 wt-% PCL-767.
5 The processing conditions for each sample are summarized in Table III. The properties
of each sample are summ:~ri7~ ~1 in Table IV.
Table III.
P~ conditions for blends in Example 10.
I~XTRUSION PROCESSING INJECTION MOLDING
S~m~le Pres~ure IQ~U~ ~1~~ Tem~ (Cl Inj. tem~/ RPM
~ -m~ mold ~r~)
#1 1337 26 60 60/110/l lOt90 100/3~ 80 120/S0
~2 1795 33 60 60/110/110/90 1OS/35 80 120/S0
#3 2422 43 60 60/110/110/90 110/45 80 160/50
#4 1841 37 60 60/110/110/90 110/45 80 145/80
15 Table IV.
Summary of injection molded gluten/PCL blends in Example 10.
Sample TPn~ile Sl~ % F,lon~ation Fle% Stren~th
(Mpa! (MPa!
#1 20-22 5-6 36-38
#2 19-21 2.2-6.5 40-42
#3 23.5-25 8-10 36-38
#4 2 ~ .5-23 4-6 40-42
The results in Tables III & IV show that a only small amount of graft copolymer,such as polycaprolactone grafted with maleic anhydride, is needed to m~int~in the
tensile properties in a blend cont~ining a nàtural polymer and a polyester
macromolecule. The results in Table IV demonst~ate that only a small amount of a graft
25 copolymer (1.0% to 2.5%) is needed to improve the tensile strength of a polyester-
natural polymer blend.
51JI:S~ 111 ~JTE SHEET ~P~ULE 26)
