Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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POLYMERIC FLUOROPHORES ENHANCED BY MOIETIES
PROVIDING A HYDROPHOBIC AND CONFORMATIONA~.LY
RESTF~~CTIVE MICROENVIRONMENT
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention:
The invention relates to fluorescent dyes that are useful in various assays
and, more particularly, to fluorescent polymeric dyes, wherein fluorescence is
I 0 enhanced by at least partially hosting fluorophoric moieties with moieties
providing a hydrophobic and conformationally restrictive microenvironment.
2. Discussion of the Art:
A variety of assay techniques are employed in quantitative and qualitative
analysis of chemical and biochemical mixtures. One assay technique, referred
to
1 S as "fluorescence", is useful in many biochemical studies. This assay
technique
utilizes a fluorescent chemical to label certain molecules to distinguish
those
molecules from unlabeled, but similar, molecules. A chemical is considered to
be
fluorescent if it absorbs light at a given wavelength (the "excitation"
wavelength)
and emits fight at a longer wavelength (the "emission" wavelength). The
2 0 fluorescent chemicals used in this type of assay are often referred to as
fluorescent dyes.
There are numerous optical techniques for detecting fluorescent dyes
employed in fluorescence assays. One such technique is flow cytometry. Flow
cytometry is employed in fluorescence assays to identify particular molecules
or
2 5 cells and to separate or distinguish those molecules or cells from a
mixture. In a
typical flow cytometry procedure, a fluorescent dye is linked to an antibody.
The
" antibody is specific to an antigen of a particular molecule or a cell-
surface
molecule of a particular cell desired to be detected. The linking of the
antibody
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and fluorescent dye is referred to as "conjugation", and the linked antibody-
fluorescent dye complex is referred to as a "conjugate".
After an appropriate antibody and an appropriate dye are linked to form a
conjugate, the conjugate is added to a mixture suspected of containing the
antigen or cell-surface molecule sought to be detected. tNhen the conjugate is
added to the mixture and appropriate conditions are maintained, the antibody
of
the conjugate binds with the antigen or cell-surtace molecule. The entire
mixture
in which the antigen or cell-surface molecule is contained and to which the
conjugate was added is then subjected to a laser beam of the excitation
1 0 wavelength for the particular fluorescent dye. The laser beam of this
wavelength
causes the molecules or cells that contain the bound antibody-fluorescent dye
conjugate to fluoresce. A flow cytometer may detect and measure the amount of
laser light scattered by the bound molecule or cell, and by that measurement,
the
quantity, quality, and other determinations relating to the detected antigen
or cell-
1 S surface molecule may be made.
It has typically been necessary to take steps to increase the intensity of the
fluorescent dyes for better detection. Several means have been employed to
increase the intensity. However, there are significant (imitations that reduce
the
effectiveness of those means.
2 0 One means for increasing the intensity of fluorescent dyes at a given
wavelength has been the mechanism of fluorescence energy transfer, whereby a
transfer of energy from an excited state is made from a donor molecule to an
acceptor molecule. The transfer is usually accomplished by positioning one
fluorophore close to another fluorophore. As used herein, the expression
2 5 "fluorophore" means a carrier of fluorescence.
The first of the closely-positioned fluorophores may be excited by light of a
given wavelength. Then, instead of emitting light of a longer wavelength, the
excited fluorophore transfers energy to the second fluorophore. That
transferred
energy excites the second fluorophore, which then emits light of an even
longer
r
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wavelength than would have been emitted by the first fluorophore. An example
of
such an energy transfer arrangement involves phycobiiiprotein-cyanine dye
conjugates. Subjecting these conjugates to an about 488 nm laser light excites
the phycobiliprotein. The phycobiliprotein will then, without itself
irradiating,
transfer energy to the cyanine fluorophore at the excitation wavelength of the
cyanine, which is coincident with the emission wavelength of the
phycobifiprotein,
about 580 nm. Consequently, the cyanine fluorophore is thereby excited and
subsequently emits light of its emission wavelength of about 680 nm. This type
of
energy transfer system in often referred to as a "tandem energy transfer
system."
t 0 Energy transfer is not a very simple means for increasing fluorescence for
a
number of reasons. Two fundamental requirements in energy transfer are an
appropriate relative spatial distance relationship of the donor and acceptor
molecules and an appropriate relative angular relationship of the absorption
and
emission dipoles of the two molecules. Obtaining and maintaining these
1 5 fundamental relationships is extremely difficult, if not impossible, in
many
circumstances. Additionally, there are many other requirements, including
overlap
of the emission spectrum of the donor with the absorption spectrum of the
acceptor, stability of the fluorophores, change in fluorescent characteristics
upon
conjugation, quantum efficiency of the transfer, non-specific binding of the
2 0 fluorophores to other compounds, and others. Eliminating the need for
meeting
these requirements would be an improvement in the art.
Another means for increasing fluorescent intensity of fluorescent dyes is to
attach a multiplicity of fluorophores to a polymer and attach the polymer to
an
antibody. In this~arrangement, each of the fluorophores attached to the
polymer
2 5 may be excited by a laser light and emit light at its emission wavelength.
However, the use of polymers for this purpose has generally not been
effective.
The primary problem encountered with polymers is that when a multiplicity of
fluorophores are randomly placed on a single polymer, signal quenching among
the fluorophores results. Further, even if the polymer/antibody conjugate
emits a
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greater cumulative quantity of light due to the multiplicity of fluorophores,
the
emission wavelength is only that applicable to the particular fluorophores.
Fiuorophores of the prior art have had a limited range of wavelength variation
between excitation wavelength and emission wavelength. It would be desirable
to "
provide both a polymer to which may be attached a multiplicity of fluorophores
withau_t au_enching and a fluorescent dye that emits light of a wavelength
much
greater than the excitation wavelength. Such a polymeric arrangement and
wavelength range would enable more accurate detection.
Yet another means for increasing the intensity of fluorescent dyes involves
1 0 the use of cyciodextrins. Cyclodextrins are well known water soluble
cyclic
oiigosaccharides having a hydrophobic central cavity and a hydrophilic
peripheral
region. Generally, the shape of a cyclodextrin molecule is substantially
cylindrical,
with one end of the cylinder having a larger opening than the other. The
smaller
opening is known as the primary rim, and the larger opening is known as the
1 5 secondary rim. A cavity into which small molecules can enter through the
larger
secondary rim is present between the two openings of the cyclodextrin molecule
and, in aqueous systems, this cavity of a cyclodextrin molecule provides a
hydrophobic microenvironment for the complexing of hydrophobic molecules of
low molecular weight. The cyclodextrin molecule acts as a host for the
2 0 hydrophobic molecule of low molecular weight, i.e., the guest.
Efforts to generate polymeric cycfodextrins have been made in an attempt
to increase the fluorescence associated with fluorophores. Theoretically, the
complexing properties of a single cyclodextrin molecule can be magnified by
having several cyciodextrin molecules in close proximity to each other, for
the
2 5 reason that having several cyclodextrin molecules in close proximity to
each other
increases the probability that a guest molecule will enter the cavity of a
cyclodextrin molecule. According to the theory, if a polymeric cyciodextrin
molecule were created, it would be capable of hosting a plurality of guest
molecules. Further, if the guest molecules were signal-generating groups,
there
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would be several fluorophores in close proximity to each other, and the
fluorescence associated with the polymer would be greater than that of a
single
fluorophore. Hence, according to the theory, if a conjugate were made with a
polymeric cyclodextrin containing a plurality of fluorophores, fluorescence of
the
polymer would be greater than that of a conjugate comprising a single
fluorophore.
Several polymeric cyclodextrins have been manufactured to validate the
above-described theory. However, those polymers suffer from problems that
severely limit their effectiveness. The polymeric cyclodextrins are
synthesized by
1 0 using cyclodextrin monomers that have been modified to contain several
reactive
groups on the cyclodextrin monomer's primary and secondary rims, thereby
allowing these monomers to react via their primary and secondary rims, and
react
multiple times via their multiple reactive groups. When a cyclodextrin
molecule is
bound by its secondary rim, the larger opening to the hydrophobic cavity is
1 5 hindered. As a result, it is difficult for a guest molecule to enter the
cavity of the
cyclodextrin molecule, and the cyclodextrin's utility as a host is
compromised.
Further, polymers derived from cyclodextrin monomers having multiple reactive
groups results in a high degree of cross-linking. When cross-(inking occurs,
not
only are the cyclodextrin molecules bound by the secondary rims, causing the
2 0 problems mentioned previously, but a matrix of cyclodextrins forms.
Consequently, the number of cyciodextrin monomers polymerized is limited and
many of the cyclodextrin monomers polymerized become buried within the matrix.
Although many cyclodextrin molecules are in close proximity, very few of them
have accessible secondary openings and very few guest/host complexes are able
2 5 to form.
Another means for increasing intensity of fluorescent dyes is judicious
selection of a suitable dye, among the many fluorescent dyes from which to
choose. It has been common practice to employ naturally-occurring substances
as fluorescent dyes for fluorescence testing. The more common naturally-
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occurring dyes include the phycobiliproteins, such as phycoerythrin, and
others.
As previously mentioned in connection with the discussion of energy transfer,
phycobiliproteins are still being used in some tandem energy transfer systems.
However, phycobiliproteins present certain problems in their use. A particular
problem with phycobiliproteins is their instability. Exposure to light and
other
environmental effects can cause photo-bleaching, thereby adversely affecting
fluorescence assays.
in recent years, a number of synthetic fluorescent dyes have been
manufactured and employed for fluorescence assays. A well-known class of
1 0 fluorescent dyes are the cyanine dyes. These dyes are polymethine dyes
containing the -N-(-C=C-C)~=N- moiety.
Cyanine fluorescent dyes also present problems when employed in
fluorescence biological testing procedures, such as flow cytometry. For
example,
many of these dyes are expensive to use and difficult to manufacture. Further,
1 5 many of the cyanine dyes do not have a sufficiently large interval, i.e.,
Stokes'
shift, between their excitation wavelength and their emission wavelength to be
effective for fluorescence detection methods without utilizing energy transfer
involving another fluorophore. Those dyes that do have a sufficiently large
interval between excitation wavelength and emission wavelength are often
2 0 sensitive to the environment.
Another class of fluorescent dyes that has been considered for use in
biological testing procedures includes the aminostyryl pyridinium dyes.
Because
of environmental sensitivity, these dyes have been considered unsuitable for
fluorescence labeling applications, such as flow cytometry. The environmental
2 5 sensitivity of aminostyryl pyridinium dyes is well studied and described
by Anthony
C. Stevens et al., "Synthesis of Protein-Reactive {Aminostyryl)pyridinium
Dyes",
Bioconjugate Chem. 1993, 4, ~ 9-24. '
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It would be desirable to develop a fluorescent dye whereby the need for
energy transfer is eliminated and problems associated with environmental
sensitivity are overcome.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, this invention involves a polymeric dye comprising a
polymeric entity having attached thereto a pluraiity of synthetic signal-
generating
groups. The polymeric dye is preferably an optimized highly-fluorescent
polymer.
I 0 The polymeric dye can be synthetically derived. It is preferred that the
polymeric
dye further contain hosting moieties either covalently bonded to the polymeric
entity or in close proximity to the polymeric entity.
The signal-generating groups are derived from dyes having at least one
anilino moiety coupled to a heterocyclic moiety containing at least one
nitrogen
I 5 atom in the heterocycle by means of an ethylenically unsaturated linking
group.
If the polymeric entity is nucleophilic, the signal-generating groups must be
electrophilic. If the polymeric entity is electrophilic, the signal-generating
groups
must be nucieophilic. If the polymeric entity is nucleophilic, it can contain
repeating units selected from the groups consisting of acrylamide hydrazido,
2 0 hydrazide, and lysine. If the polymeric entity is efectrophilic, it can
contain
repeating units selected from the group consisting of acrylic, glutamic,
aspartic,
and styrene sulfonic. If the signal-generating groups are electrophilic, they
can
contain carboxylic groups. If the signal-generating groups are nucleophific,
they
can contain amine groups or hydrazide groups or both amine groups and
2 5 hydrazide groups.
The hosting moiety can be covalently bound to the polymeric entity, but it
need not be covalently bound to the polymeric entity. The hosting moiety can
be
attached to an entity other than the polymeric entity to which are attached
the
synthetic signal-generating groups. The hosting moiety is a hydrophobic and
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conformationally restricting moiety. The hosting moiety is preferably a
cyclodextrin, more preferably a derivative of ~i-cyclodextrin aldehyde. The
signal-
generating groups are sensitive to proteins, nucleic acids, macromolecules,
and
lipids in a normal environment, but substantially insensitive to these
materials in
this hydrophobic and conformationally restricting microenvironment.
The signal-generating moiety of the polymeric dye is preferably a
pyridinium anilino derivative. The pyridinium aniiino derivative can comprise
a
pyridinium anilino derivative of the formula:
O R~
HON I ~ / Nv
+ ~ / l - R2
n
X-
where R1 represents an alkyl group and R2 represents
an alkyl group and n represents an integer from 1 to
3, inclusive, and X' represents a negatively charged
counter ion
fn another embodiment, the signal-generating moiety of the polymeric dye
1 5 is a benzothiazolium aniline derivative of the formula:
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,R1
O ~ ~ S / ~ /
n
HO ~ ~ ~H N +
O X_
so3-
where R= represents an alkyl group and R2 represents
an alkyl group and n represents an integer from 1 to
3, inclusive, and X' represents a negatively charged
counter ion
In another aspect, the invention involves a conjugate comprising an
antibody and at least one polymeric dye of this invention conjugated with the
aforementioned antibody.
The invention may be employed in a number of applications, including, but
not limited to, multiplexing assays, including multiplexing by multicolor
fluorescence immunoassay, flow cytometry, immuno-phenotyping assays, imaging
1 0 applications, immunoiogical staining, fluorescence microscopy, immuno-
chromatographic staining, fluorescence polarization immunoassay {FPIA),
fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), fluorescence detection of analytes,
and
others. The invention is particularly effective for flow cytometry
applications.
However, it is not limited to those applications and, in fact, is suitable for
many
1 5 applications in which fluorescence testing or detection is involved and
which are
subject to problems like those previously discussed with respect to the prior
art.
This invention reduces the problems typically encountered with
phycobiliprotein instability and bio-conjugability along with the problems
associated with using tandem systems in energy transfer processes.
Additionally,
2 0 many of the signal-generating groups suitable for use in this invention
are
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synthetic. Synthetic signal-generating groups are typically more stable than
naturally-occurring fluorophores.
The present invention decreases the environmental sensitivity of these and
r
other dyes by providing these dyes with an appropriate and desired ,
microenvironment. By so fixing the dyes in such a microenvironment, the
effectiveness of the fluorescing properties of these dyes is not significantly
affected
by macro-environment, conjugation, or other factors.
FIG. 1 compares fluorescence intensity of Dye 1, polymeric dye 11 B, and
polymeric dye 11 D at excitation wavelength of 488 nm and emission wavelength
of 614 nm.
1 5 FiG. 2 compares fluorescence emission of polymeric dye 11 B and
polymeric dye 11 D.
FIG. 3 shows response in fluorescence signal of polymeric dye 11 D as a
function of concentration of polymer. FIG. 3 also compares fluorescence of
2 0 polymeric dye 11 B with polymeric dye 11 D at emission wavelength of 580
nm.
FIG. 4 shows response in fluorescence signal of polymeric dye 12B free of
cyclodextrin and in the presence of cyclodextrin that is not covalently bonded
to
the polymeric entity.
25 '
FIG. 5 compares fluorescence spectrum of polymeric dye 17B with
cyclodextrin modification, without cyclodextrin modification, and with the
addition
of cyclodextrin that is not covaiently bonded to the polymeric entity at
identical
cyclodextrin concentration of 0.25 mglml.
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FIG. 6 shows fluorescence response of polymeric dye 17D as a function of
0
concentration of polymeric dye 17D. FIG. 6 also shows fluorescence response of
polymeric dye 17B as a function of concentration of polymeric dye 17B and
fluorescence response of polymeric dye 17B in a 0.25 mg/ml cyclodextrin stock
diluent as a function of concentration of polymeric dye 178.
FIG. 7 compares fluorescence of purified polymeric dye 13B with purified
cyclodextrin amine modified polymeric dye 13D at excitation wavelength of 488
nm.
FIG. 8 compares fluorescence of natural phycobilliprotein phycoerythrin
and polymeric dye 14D on a mole to mole basis at excitation wavelength of 488
nm.
1 5 FIGS. 9A and 9B compare stability of polymeric dye 14D after 16 hours
exposure to ambient room light with stability of phycoerythrin after 16 hours
exposure to the same ambient room light.
FIGS. 1 OA and 10B show the utility of a conjugate comprising polymeric
2 0 dye 11 D and lgG antibody in a flow cytometry assay. Both assays were
performed
using one microgram of conjugate and 10 mM dextran sulfate in the diluent.
FIG. 11 A and 11 B show the utility of a conjugate comprising polymeric dye
11 D and 1gG antibody in a flow cytometry assay. Both assays were performed
2 5 using one microgram of conjugate and 10 mM dextran sulfate in the diluent.
FIG. 12A and 12B show the utility of a conjugate comprising polymeric dye
11 D and IgG antibody in a flow cytometry assay. Both assays were performed
h
using one microgram of conjugate and 10 mM dextran sulfate in the diluent.
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FIG. 13A and 13B compare performance of commercially available anti-
m
CD8 - phycoerythrin-cyanine tandem conjugates comprising anti-CD8 antibody
and - phycoerythrin-cyanine dye {Dako) with a conjugate comprising anti-CD8
antibody and polymeric dye 12D for staining lymphocytes in flow cytometry.
FIG. 14 shows alpha (a), beta ((3), and gamma (y) cyclodextrins and the
system for numbering the glucose units therein.
I 0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following definitions are applicable to this disclosure:
The term "analyte", as used herein, refers to a compound or composition to
be detected. An analyte has at feast one epitope or binding site. An analyte
can
I 5 be any substance for which there exists a naturally-occurring binding
member or
for which a binding member can be prepared. Analytes include, but are not
limited to, toxins, organic compounds, proteins, peptides, microorganisms,
cells
contained in human or animal blood, cell surface antigens, nucleic acids,
hormones, steroids, vitamins, drugs (including those administered for
therapeutic
2 0 purposes as well as those administered for illicit purposes), virus
particles, and
metabolites of or antibodies to any of the foregoing substances.
Representative
examples of analytes include ferritin; creatinine kinase MIB {CK-MB); digoxin;
phenytoin; phenobarbitol; carbamazepine; vancomycin; gentamycin; theophylline;
vaiproic acid; quinidine; leutinizing hormone {LH); follicle stimulating
hormone
2 5 (FSH); estradiol, progesterone; IgE antibodies; vitamin B2 microglobulin;
glycated
hemoglobin {Gly. Hb); cortisol; digitoxin; N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA);
procainamide; antibodies to rubella, such as rubella-IgG and rubella-IgM; '
antibodies to toxoplasmosis, such as toxoplasmosis IgG {Toxo-lgG) and
toxoplasmosis lgM (Toxo-IgM); testosterone; saiicyiates; acetaminophen;
hepatitis
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B virus surface antigen (HBsAg); antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen, such
as
anti hepatitis B core antigen IgG and IgM (Anti-HBc); human immune deficiency-
virus 1 {HIV) and 2 (HTLV); hepatitis B a antigen (HBeAg); antibodies to
hepatitis
B a antigen (Anti-HBe); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); thyroxine (T4);
free
triiodothyronine (Free T3); carcinoembroyoic antigen (CEA); and alpha fetal
protein (AFP); and drugs of abuse and controlled substances, including but not
limited to, amphetamine; methamphetamine; barbiturates, such as amobarbitai,
secobarbital, pentobarbital, Phenobarbital, and barbital; benzodiazepines such
as
Librium and Valium; cannabinoids such as hashish and marijuana; cocaine;
1 0 fentanyl; LSD; methapualone; opiates such as heroin, morphine, codeine,
hydromorphone, hydrocodone, methadone, oxycodone, oxymorphone and opium;
phencyclidine; and propoxyphene. The term "analyte" includes any antigenic
substances, haptens, antibodies, macromolecules, and combinations thereof.
The term "cyclodextrin", as used herein, refers collectively to a, (3, or y
1 5 cyclodextrin, unless expressly stated otherwise to be a particular one of
those.
The expression "optimized highly-fluorescent polymer", as used herein,
refers to a polymeric entity that has a plurality of signal-generating groups
immobilized thereon. The immobilized signal-generating groups are attached to
the polymeric entity in such a manner as to maximize the signal generated from
2 0 the signal-generating groups and to minimize the quenching effect
associated
with having a plurality of signal-generating groups spaced too close to each
other.
The expression "primary reagent", as used herein, refers to a reagent that
specifically binds an analyte. The primary reagent is used as a bridge between
the analyte, to which it is bound, and a conjugate, which binds the primary
2 5 reagent.
The expression "signal-generating group", as used herein, refers to a
' fluorescent moiety (sometimes referred to as a fluorophore) that is capable
of
absorbing energy and emitting light or fluorescing. Representative examples of
parent dyes that provide signal-generating groups include aminostyryl
pyridinium
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dyes, benzothiazole analino diene, benzothiazole pyridinium triene,
fluorescein,
cascade blue, Texas Red's", p-phthallocyanines, cyanine dyes, thiazoles,
dansyl;
napthalene, p-toluidinyl napthalene sulfonic acid, coumarin, and
phycoerythrin,
allophycocyanine. Methods of deriving signal-generating groups from the parent
,
dyes are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
The expression "specific binding member", as used herein, means a
member of a specific binding pair. A binding pair comprises two different and
distinct molecules, wherein one of the molecules specifically binds to the
other
molecule by chemical or physical means. In addition to antigen and antibody
1 0 specific binding pairs, other specific binding pairs include, but are not
limited to,
avidin and biotin, carbohydrates and lectins, complementary nucleotide
sequences, complementary peptide sequences, effector and receptor molecules,
an enzyme cofactor or substrate and an enzyme, an enzyme inhibitor and an
enzyme, polymeric acids and bases, dyes and protein binders, peptides and
1 5 specific protein binders (e.g., ribonuclease, S-peptide and ribonuclease S-
protein), and the Like. Furthermore, binding pairs can include members that
are
analogues of the original binding member, for example, an analyte-analogue or
a
binding member made by recombinant techniques or molecular engineering. if
the binding member is an immuno-reactant, it can be, for example, a monoclonal
2 0 or polyclonai antibody, a recombinant protein or recombinant antibody, a
chimeric
antibody, or a mixtures) or fragments) of the foregoing.
The expression "test sample", as used herein, refers to a material
suspected of containing the anaiyte. The test sample can be used directly as
obtained from the source or following a pre-treatment to modify the character
of
2 5 the sample. The test sample can be obtained from any biological source,
such as
a physiological fluid, including, but not limited to, blood, saliva, ocular
lens fluid,
cerebral spinal fluid, sweat, urine, milk, ascites fluid, mucous, synoviai
fluid,
peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, and the like, and fermentation broths, cell
cultures,
and chemical reaction mixtures, and the like. The test sample can be
pretreated
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prior to use, such as by preparing plasma from blood, diluting viscous fluids,
and
the like. Methods of treatment can involve filtration, distillation,
concentration,
inactivation of interfering components, and the addition of reagents. In
addition to
biological or physiological fluids, other types of liquid samples can be used.
Representative examples of such liquid samples include water, food products,
and
the tike, for the performance of environmental or food production assays. In
addition, a solid material suspected of containing the analyte can be used as
the
test sample. In some instances, it may be beneficial to treat a solid test
sample to
form a liquid medium or extract the analyte.
1 0 In one aspect, the present invention provides a polymeric dye comprising:
(1 ) a polymeric entity;
{2) a plurality of signal-generating groups attached to said polymeric entity.
1 S Preferably, the polymeric dye further comprises a plurality of hosting
moieties for
said signal-generating groups, said hosting moieties either covalently bonded
to
the polymeric entity or in close proximity to the polymeric entity. As used
herein,
"close proximity" typically means 100 Angstroms or less on average, preferably
from 10 to 20 Angstroms on average.
Polymeric Entitv
The signal-generating groups are attached to the polymeric entity. The
polymeric entity facilitates bioconjugation and solubility of the polymeric
dye. In
addition, the polymeric entity allows for binding of a plurality of signal-
generating
2 5 groups to a single cell or molecule.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polymeric entity is
a water-soluble polymer having functional groups that allow for attachment of
signal-generating groups by covalent bonds. Preferably, the polymeric entity
comprises amine functional groups, such as, for example:
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-C(O}-NH-NH2, -NH2, -NHR wherein R represents a member selected from
the group consisting of alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, inclusive,
isopropyl, -(CH2}2002 , -(CH2}2SO3-, -(CHZ}2NH3+, -(CH2}2NH2~-(CH2)2SO3-,
-(CHI}2O(CH2}2O(CH2}2OH and -(CHOH}4CH20H. The polymeric entity may also
S have combinations of the above-listed amine functional groups. The polymeric
entity can comprise electrophilic functional groups, such as carboxyl groups,
sulfonyl chloride groups, and activated ester groups. Preferably, the
polymeric
entity has a weight average molecular weight or number average molecular
weight of from about 5,000 to about 500,000, more preferably from about
100,000
1 0 to about 250,000, and most preferably from about 150,000 to about 200,000.
When signal-generating groups are to be attached to the polymeric entity
by covalent bonds, it is preferred to use as precursors for signal-generating
groups parent dyes having a reactive group that is suitable for forming
covalent
bonds with the amine functional groups of the polymeric entity. Parent dyes
that
i 5 are capable of such a reaction include, but are not limited to, those
having
succinimidyl active ester groups, acid halide groups, suifonyl halide groups,
aldehyde groups, iodoacetyi groups, or maleimide groups. Examples of classes
of parent dyes that may have the aforementioned functional groups include, but
are not limited to, hemicyanine dyes, e.g., pyridinium aniline dyes,
quinolinium
2 0 aniline dyes, acridinium aniline dyes, benzothiazolium aniline dyes,
benzoxazolium aniline dyes, benzimidizolium aniline dyes, naphthathiazoiium
aniline dyes, naphthindolium aniline dyes, naphthoxazolium aniline dyes,
naphthimidizofium aniline dyes, and indolium aniline dyes.
As previously described, signal quenching is caused when a plurality of
2 5 signal-generating groups are randomly covalentiy bonded to a single
polymeric
entity in close proximity to one another. Quenching can be substantially
reduced
by optimizing the number of signal-generating groups covalently bonded to the
polymeric entity. Through optimization of the number of signal-generating
groups
covalently bonded to the polymeric entity, the conjugate of the present
invention is
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able to emit a signal that can be better detected by a detection device, such
as a
flow cytometer.
The signal-generating group emits light having a sufficiently long
wavelength relative to the wavelength of the excitation light, thereby
dispensing
with the requirement of an energy transfer mechanism and the problems related
thereto. As used herein, "sufficiently long" typically means at least 50
manometers,
more preferably at least 100 manometers, and most preferably at least 200
1 0 manometers. A plurality of signal-generating groups can be attached to the
polymeric entity. Even though the signal-generating group may itself be
environmentally sensitive, and, consequently, unstable, and, for that reason,
may
have limited or problematic bioconjugability, enhancement by hosting moieties
fixes the signal-generating group in a suitable microenvironment, thereby
1 5 preserving the effectiveness of the signal-generating group.
A wide variety of signal-generating groups can be used for the invention.
Signal-generating groups that exhibit high Stokes' shift are particularly
useful. As
used herein, high Stokes' shift ranges from about 50 to about 200 manometers.
The signal-generating groups are derived from parent dyes having at least
2 0 one anilino moiety coupled to a heterocyclic moiety containing at least
one
nitrogen atom in the heterocycle by means of an ethylenically unsaturated
linking
group.
If the polymeric entity is nucleophilic, the signal-generating groups must
electrophilic. If the polymeric entity is electrophilic, the signal-generating
groups
2 5 must be nucleophilic. If the polymeric entity is nucleophilic, it can, for
example,
contain repeating units selected from the groups consisting of acrylamide
hydrazido, hydrazide, and lysine. If the polymeric entity is electrophilic, it
can, for
example, contain repeating units selected from the group consisting of
acrylic,
glutamic, aspartic, and styrene sulfonic. If the signal-generating groups are
17
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
efectrophilic, they can contain carboxylic groups. If the signal-generating
groups
- are nucleophilic, they can contain amine groups or hydrazide groups or both
amine groups and hydrazide groups.
Representative classes of signal-generating groups suitable for this invention
,
include hemicyanine dyes, e.g., pyridinium aniline dyes, quinolinium aniline
dyes,
acridinium aniline dyes, benzothiazolium aniline dyes, benzoxazolium aniline
dyes, benzimidizolium aniline dyes, naphthathiazoiium aniline dyes,
naphthindofium aniline dyes, naphthoxazolium aniline dyes, naplithimidizoiium
aniline dyes, and indolium aniline dyes.
1 0 in general, parent dyes for signal-generating groups suitable for this
invention can be represented by the formula:
A--L--B
I 5 where A represents a heterocyclic group;
L represents a finking group; and
B represents an anilino group.
It is preferred that the group A contain from one to three rings. If more than
one
2 0 ring is included in the heterocyclic group, it is preferred that they be
fused. Atoms
that can be in the heterocyclic ring, other than the carbon atoms, are
preferably
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms. The ring atoms can contain substituents
other
than hydrogen. However, these substituents must not adversely affect the
interaction between the signal-generating groups and the hosting moiety. It is
2 5 preferred that the group B have the formula:
I8
CA 02244768 2004-10-26
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
R~
N
'R2
where R1 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and
R2 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
The ring atoms of B can contain substituents other than hydrogen. However,
these substituents must not adversely affect the interaction between the
signal-
generating groups and the hosting moiety. It is preferred that L have the
formula:
I (1 -(-C H=C H-) n-
where n represents 1, 2, or 3.
Though a number of signal-generating groups may be employed for the
invention, a preferred signal-generating group includes synthetic aminostyryl
pyridinium, aminostyryl benzothiazolium, quinolinium, and acridinium dyes.
Those dyes and the synthesis thereof are known to those of ordinary skill in
the
art. See, for example, Anthony C. Stevens et al., "Synthesis of Protein-
Reactive
(Aminostyryl)pyridinium Dyes", Bioconjugate Ghem. , 1993, 4, 19-24.
2 0 The preferred pyridinium anilino dye is a monomeric
aminostyryl fluorogen having the formula:
19
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCTJUS97/01429
O R1
I \ /
HO +N~ / R2
n
X- ,
where R~ represents an alkyl group and R2 represents
an alkyl group and n represents an integer from 1 to
3, inclusive, and X- represents a negatively charged
counter ion
The excitation wavelength of this dye is about 488 nm and the emission
wavelength is about 580 nm when n = 1; the excitation wavelength of this dye
is
about 488 nm and the emission wavelength is about 680 nm when n = 2; and the
excitation wavelength of this dye is about 544 nm and the emission wavelength
is
about 790 nm when n = 3. This particular dye, or an amine or carboxylic
derivative thereof, can serve as the precursor of the signal-generating group
of the
polymeric dye of the invention. Exceptional fluorescence results can be
obtained
1 0 in flow cytometry applications the signal-generating group is derived from
this dye.
As has previously been described, the aminostyryl pyridinium dyes had not
been considered suitable for many of the fluorescence assays, such as flow
cytometry, and other fluorescence processes, primarily because those dyes are
environmentally sensitive and emission intensity is very weak in aqueous
solutions.
Another dye that has been found to have exceptional fluorescing properties
when serving as the signal-generating group is benzothiazofium anilino dye
having the following structure:
r
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97!28447 PCT/US97/01429
_ ~R~
O ~ ~ S ~ ~ / N~R
~N n 2
HO v v H +
O
S03
where R1 represents an alkyl group and RZ represents
an alkyl group and n represents an integer from 1 to
3, inclusive
The excitation wavelength of this dye is about 488 nm and the emission
wavelength of this dye is about 580 nm when employed as a fluorophore in a
polymer enhanced by covalent attachment of ~-cyciodextrin aldehyde when n = 1.
The excitation wavelength of this dye is about 488 nm and the emission
wavelength of this dye is about 680 nm when employed as a fluorophore in a
polymer enhanced by covalent attachment of (3-cyclodextrin aldehyde when n =
2.
The excitation wavelength of this dye is about 488 nm and the emission
1 0 wavelength of this dye is about 750 nm when employed as a fluorophore in a
polymer enhanced by covalent attachment of (3-cyciodextrin aldehyde when n =
3.
Certain analogues of these anilino dyes will also yield exceptional
fluorescence
results. These analogues include, but are not limited to, the following dyes,
where
n represents an integer from 1 to 3, inclusive, and X- represents a negatively
I 5 charged counter ion.
s
21
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
R~
H2N~ - / \ / N _
,+, N v / J n~ ~R2
X- '
amino pyridinium anilino
/ \ _ R1
H2N~N - / \ / NR
~ 2
n
X-
amino quinofinium anilino
s
/ \ R1
O
/ \ / N~
H O +N ~ / R2
n
X-
carboxy quinofinium anilino
,R1
/ \ / N~R
n
N +
X-
C02H
o carboxy benzothiazoiium anilino a
22
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCTlUS97/01429
_ ~Ri
/ N~R
n
N +
X'
C02H
carboxy benzoxazolium anilino
R1
N / ~ / N
,R2
N .~, n
X-
C02H
I,. ..." , l.. .., ., -.: ..."., : ..,I e-. ~ ... I : . ..,., ,-, ... ; I :..,
r,
cacti uu~c~/ IJCI iGll I IIUQLUIIt,II t 1 dl illll IU
R1
~ ~ / ~ / N~R
i i N n
X-
C02H
carboxy naphthindofium anilino
~R1
/ ~ / N~R
i N' + ~ n 2
i
X C02H
1 o carboxy naphthindofium anilino
23
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
R1
'R2
carboxy naphthindolium anilino
s
_ R~
S / \ / N
( ~ ~ N n ,R2
X'
C02H
carboxy naphthothiazolium anilino
_ R
1
S / \ / N
~'-J ~R
i N + n 2
X-
C02H
carboxy naphthothiazolium aniiino
_ ~Ri
/ \ / N~R
I i N + n
C02H
carboxy naphthothiazolium anilino
24
C02H
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/L1S97/01429
H ,R~
1 ~ ~ N / \ / N~R
2
/ / N + n
X- C02H
carboxy naphthimidizoiium anilino
/
I H - ,R1
N / \ / N~R
/ ~ 2
N + n
X'
C02H
carboxy naphthlmidizolium anilino
H ,Ri
I ~ N / \ / N~R
2
/ N + n
I /
X- C02H
carboxy naphthimidizolium anilino
to
,R1
I w w O / \ / N~R
/ / N n
X-
C02H
carboxy naphthoxazolium anilino
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97128447 PCT/LTS97/01429
R~
O ~ ~ / N~R
N -t- n 2
X'
C02H
carboxy naphthoxazolium anilino
,R1
~R2
carboxy naphthoxazolium anilino
O
~ N
H O
R2
X-
carboxy acridinium anilino
to
26
X- C02H
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/LTS97/OI429
R1
., H2N~ N
t 'R2
X-
amino acridinium anilino
The parent dyes may be substituted or unsubstituted, i.e., the heterocyclic
portion of the parent dye can contain substituents other than hydrogen.
Furthermore, the anilino portion of the dye can contain substituents other
than
hydrogen. The particular nature of these optional substituents is not
critical.
However, these substituents must not adversely affect the interaction of the
signal-generating groups with the hosting moiety. Substituents that are
suitable
1 0 for either the heterocyclic portion of the dye or the anilino portion of
the dye
include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, amino, methoxy, chloro,
fluoro, bromo,
hydroxy, and nitro.
The process of binding the signal-generating groups to the polymeric entity
is referred to as loading the polymer. However, merely loading the polymeric
1 5 entity with signal-generating groups may not result in a polymeric dye
that emits
the maximum amount of fluorescence achievable. If the polymeric entity is
overloaded, quenching may result; if the polymeric entity is underloaded,
signal-
generating groups that could have been added without experiencing quenching
wilt be left out, thereby resulting in a Power than maximum level of
fluorescence.
2 0 Thus, it is preferred that the number of signal-generating groups attached
to a
polymeric entity be optimized in order to generate a polymer capable of
emitting
the greatest lave! of fluorescence.
Optimizing the number of signal-generating groups on a polymeric entity
can be accomplished by executing a series of loadings and then determining
27
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT//1JS97101429
which level of loading yields the polymeric dye that emits the greatest level
of
signal. Generally, this procedure can be carried out by creating a panel of
trial
loadings that combine varying concentrations of signal-generating groups with
a
constant amount of polymeric entity. The loaded polymeric entities can then be
,
separated from any unreacted materials by a variety of methods known to those
of
ordinary skill in the art, such as precipitation, isoelectric focusing, or,
preferably,
size exclusion chromatography. The separated polymers can then be tested for
their ability to emit a signal to determine which loading concentration yields
the
polymeric dye that emits the greatest level of signal. Typically, the
polymeric dye
1 0 displaying the greatest level of signal has been optimally loaded, and the
concentration at which it was loaded can be used to optimally load amounts of
the
polymeric entity for scale-up purposes. As used herein, "optimal loading"
means
attaching the maximum number of signal-generating groups to the polymeric
entity
without bringing about quenching or adversely affecting bioconjugability.
I 5 The preferred method for determining the optimum number of signal-
generating groups for attachment to a particular polymeric entity involves the
steps
of:
(1 ) calculating the molecular weight of the selected polymeric entity;
2 0 {2) determining the total molar quantity of reactive groups, e.g., amine
functional groups, present on the polymeric entity;
(3) creating a panel consisting of a series of stock solutions, each of
which contains a different concentration of signal-generating groups;
{4) loading signal-generating groups onto the polymeric entities via
2 5 reaction with reactive groups, e.g., amine-functional groups;
{5) purifying {separating) loaded polymer from unreacted materials;
(6) analyzing polymeric dyes for their ability to emit signals; and '~
(7) scaling-up.
28
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCTlITS97/01429
The stock solutions comprise varying concentrations of the dyes having signal-
generating groups dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as, for example,
dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The molar loading ratio
of signal-generating groups to reactive groups of the polymeric entity,
typically
amine-functional groups, in the panel can be varied as follows: 5%, 10%, 15%,
20%, 40%, 75%, 100%, 140%, and 200%. The panel concentrations are
preferably chosen to include sufficiently large molar loading ratios so that
quenching will occur, or dye is maximally loaded, thereby clearly delineating
the
point at which the polymeric entity is optimally loaded. After the panel has
been
1 0 set up, each panel member is added to individual and equimolar solutions
of the
polymeric entity.
Each solution of loaded polymer can then be separated from unreacted
polymeric entity and/or dyes having signal-generating groups by techniques
known to one of ordinary skill in the art. As previously mentioned, after the
1 5 polymers are separated, they can be analyzed for their ability to emit
signal and a
scaled-up amount of polymer can then be produced using the data so obtained.
Additional optimization panels can be executed to more accurately
determine the optimal loading concentration. It is to be understood, of
course, that
the manner by which a polymer is optimized is not intended to be limited to
the
2 0 methods described herein, and that other methods can be employed as well.
The polymeric dye can be attached to a specific binding member by means
of a variety of techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. It is
preferred to
attach the polymeric dye at or near the Fc portion of an antibody by a
covalent
bond, thereby forming a conjugate. While not wishing to be bound by any
theory,
2 5 it is speculated that attaching the polymer to an antibody in this manner
sterically
hinders the Fc portion of the antibody, thereby preventing it from binding,
for
example, Fc receptors present on the surface of certain cell populations.
Additionally, the site specific attachment leaves the bindable regions of the
antibodies unhindered and capable of binding their intended target. It is to
be
29
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 1'C'1'JLTS97l01429
understood, of course, that the manner by which a specific binding member is
attached to a polymeric dye is not intended to be limited to the methods
described
herein, and that other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art can
be
employed as well.
A polymeric dye can be attached to an antibody to form a conjugate by
oxidizing the Fc region of the antibody and then reacting the oxidized
antibody
with a polymeric dye of the type described herein. The antibody is preferably
oxidized at a concentration of from about 1.0 mg/mL to about 20.0 mg/mL, more
preferably from about 1.0 mg/mL to about 10.0 mg/mL, and most preferably from
I 0 about 2.0 mglmL to about 5.0 mg/mL. if the antibody is obtained in
concentrations
outside of these ranges, it can be concentrated by methods known to those of
ordinary skill in the art or diluted with an appropriate buffer. The antibody
is
preferably oxidized in a buffer having a pH of from about 6.5 to about 8.0,
more
preferably from about 7.0 to about 8.0, and most preferably from about 7.5 to
about
I 5 8Ø The oxidation of the Fc region of the antibody can be carried out
with an
oxidizing agent known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such oxidizing
agents
include, but are not limited to, sodium periodate, bromine, and the like.
Solutions
containing the oxidizing agents typically have a concentration of oxidizing
agent of
from about 100 mM to about 250 mM, preferably from about 175 mM to about 200
2 0 mM. The oxidation of the antibody can take place at a temperature of from
about 2
°C to about 30 °C. Preferably, oxidation takes place at a
temperature of from
about 2 °C to about 8 °C for from about 15 minutes to about 5
hours, preferably
from about 1 hour to about 2 hours. After the antibody has been oxidized, it
can
be purified, by methods known in the art, and placed in an appropriate buffer,
2 5 which preferably has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 6, more preferably
ranging from about 4 to about 5. The oxidized antibody can then be coupled to
the polymeric dye. It is to be understood, of course, that the manner by which
an
antibody is oxidized is not intended to be limited to the methods described
herein,
and that other methods known in the art can be employed as welt.
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
When reacting an oxidized antibody with a polymeric dye, the concentration
of the polymeric dye can range from about 1.0 mglmL to about 20.0 mglmL,
preferably from about 2.0 mglmL to about 5.0 mg/mL, in an appropriate buffer.
Buffers suitable for this reaction preferably have a pH ranging from about 4.0
to
about 7.0, more preferably ranging from about 4.0 to about 5Ø Suitable
buffers
for the reaction include, but are not limited to, triethanoiamine, phosphate.
The
amount of polymeric dye added to the oxidized antibody can range from about
1.0
to about 20 equivalents of polymeric dye to one equivalent of antibody, based
on
the molecular weight of the antibody and the estimated molecular weight of the
1 0 polymeric dye. The reaction between the oxidized antibody and the
polymeric dye
can take place at a temperature of from about 2 °C to about 30
°C, preferably from
about 2 °C to about 8 °C in a light tight container. The
reaction can be allowed to
run for from about 2 to about 48 hours, preferably from about 12 to about 15
hours.
Upon completion of the reaction, the conjugate can be separated from the
1 5 unreacted components of the reaction mixture by means of separation
methods
known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
In cases where polymeric dyes having primary or secondary amine
functional groups are attached to a specific binding member by a covalent
bond,
an additional step is preferred. As a result of the initial reaction between
the
2 0 antibody and polymeric dye, a Schiff base is formed, and reduction of the
Schiff
base can be accomplished by methods known ito one of ordinary skiff in the
art,
such as the use of a suitable reducing agent, such as NaCNBH3, at a
concentration ranging from about 0.25 mg/mL to about 2.0 mg/mL. The reduced
conjugate can then be separated from excess reactants by separation techniques
2 5 known to one of ordinary skill in the art. It is to be understood, of
course, that the
manner by which a Schiff Base is reduced is not intended to be limited to the
methods described herein, and that other methods can be employed as well.
It is preferred that the signal-generating groups covalently bonded to the
polymeric entity be hosted within a hydrophobic cavity of a molecule that is
31
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97!28447 PCT/LTS97/01429
covaiently bound to the polymeric entity. In this preferred embodiment, the
signal-
generating groups do not need to have any reactive group. However, as will be
understood by those of ordinary skit! in the art, the signal-generating group
will be
one that is capable of being hosted by the particular hosting moiety being
used.
The hosting moiety must provide a hydrophobic and conformationally
restrictive microenvironment. The hydrophobicity allows the hosting moiety to
be
compatible with the signal-generating groups. The conformational restrictivity
is
1 0 believed to improve fluorescence of the signal-generating groups.
Representative
example of host moieties characterized by small molecules include
cyclodextrins,
e.g., a-cyclodextrins, ~i-cyclodextrins, y cycfodextrins; carcerands;
calixiranes;
molecular clefts; cucurbiterils; and cyclophanes. Carcerands are described in
J.-
M. Lehn, Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 16 (1973) 1; J.-M. Lehn, Acc. Chem. Res. 11
1 5 (1948) 49; P. G. Potvin, J.-M. Lehn in R. M. Izatt, J. J. Christensen
(Eds.): Synthesis
of Macrocycles: The Design of Selective Complexing Agents (Progress in
Macrocycle Chemistry, Vol. 3), Wiiey, New York 1987, p. 167; D. J. Cram,
Angew.
Chem. 98 (1986) 1041; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl. 25 (1986) 1039; B. Dietrich,
J. Chem. Ed 62 {1985) 954; and D. J. Cram, K. N. Trueblood, Top. Curr. Chem.
2 0 98 (1981 ) 43. Calixiranes are described in
B. Xu and T. Swager, "Host-Guest Mesomorphism: Cooperative Stabilization of a
Bowiic Columnar Phase", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5011-5012. Molecular '
clefts are described in J. Rebek, Jr., Acc. Chem Res. 17 (1984) 258 and
Science
r
235 (1987) 1478. Cucurbiturils are described in Mock, W. L., Shih, N. Y., J.
Org.
32
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
Chem. , 1983, 48 (20), 3618-3619. Cyclophanes are described in F. Diederich,
M.
R. Heester, M. A. Uyeki, Angew. Chem. 1988, i00, 1775; Angew Chem. 1n>'. Ed:
Engl, 1988, 27, 1705.
Enhancement of the signal generated by the signal-generating groups of
the polymeric dyes described herein is preferably achieved by attaching
cyclodextrin, preferably (3-cyclodextrin aldehyde, via covalent bond to the
polymeric entity, preferably to the backbone of an optimized highly-
fluorescent
polymer. Alternatively, the cyclodextrin need not be covalentiy bonded to the
polymeric entity, but need only be in close proximity to the polymeric entity.
1 0 The enhancement of an optimized highly-fluorescent polymer with ~i-
cyclodextrin aldehyde via covalent bonding wiN be described below. The
enhancement of an optimized highly-fluorescent polymer with one of the
alternative hosting moieties is substantially similar to that enhancement
achievable with a cyclodextrin. Attachment of cyclodextrin aldehyde to the
1 5 polymeric entity of the polymeric dye by covalent bonding is preferred,
because it
has been found to provide the greatest enhancement of fluorescence. The
cyclodextrin molecule can be attached to the polymeric entity by the primary
rim of
the cyclodextrin molecule by selectively incorporating a single reactive group
on
the primary rim of the cyclodextrin molecule. Thus, the secondary rim wilt be
2 0 unhindered and the hydrophobic cavity will be accessible to guest
molecules.
Attaching the primary rim of a cyclodextrin molecule to a polymeric entity
having
amine functional groups can be accomplished by converting a single aldehyde
group on the primary rim of the cyclodextrin molecule and then reacting that
group
with an amine group present on the polymeric entity, whereby the cyclodextrin
2 5 molecule is attached to the polymeric entity via a single covalent bond.
As
previously mentioned, the generation of a single aldehyde group at the primary
rim of a cyclodextrin molecule can be accomplished by methods known in to one
of ordinary skill in the art. For example, an aldehyde can be generated at the
primary rim of cyclodextrin by using the Dess-Martin periodonane reagent. D.B.
33
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/LTS97/01429
Dess et al., J. Org. Chem., 48, 4155-4156 (1983). This reaction can be carried
out
in a heterogeneous system containing stoichiometric amounts of Dess-Martin
reagent and cyclodextrin dissolved in tetrahydrofuran {THF). Although 6-
cyclodextrin monoaldehyde is produced, Dess-Martin reagent is potentially
explosive and is no longer readily available from commercial sources. Other
routes to the monoaldehyde involve three to four steps that produce toxic and
potentially explosive azide intermediates.
Alternatively, a method of producing 6-cyclodextrin monoaldehydes that
does not involve the production of dangerous intermediates has been
discovered.
1 0 The method can be carried out with materials that are readily available
commercially. Generally, the method involves two steps and can be carried out
as
shown below in Scheme 1.
OTs
OH Tosyl Chloride
DMSO
H
O
1 5 Scheme 1
The first step of the method involves converting a cyclodextrin to its
monotosylate derivative. The tosylate derivative is then oxidized to yield the
cyclodextrin monoaldehyde.
34
CA 02244768 2004-10-26
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97I01429
There are several methods for converting the cyclodextrin to its
monotosylate derivative. See L.D. Melton et al., Carbohydrate Research, 18,
1971, 29-37 or R.C. Petter et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3360-3368.
After the monotosylate has been formed, it can
be separated from the reaction mixture by methods known to those of ordinary
skill
in the art, preferably, High Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC). The
solid monotosylate can then be recovered by removing the solvent from the
solution containing dissolved cyclodextrin monotosylate by methods known to
those of ordinary skill in the art. The solid cyclodextrin monoaldehyde can
then be
1 0 used in the second step of the process.
The oxidation step of the method can be carried out by a variety of methods.
Typically, the oxidation step involves a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-mediated
reaction that can be catalyzed through the addition of a base. It was found
that
heating the monotosylate derivative to a temperature of from about 75°C
to about
1 5 85°C in DMSO resulted in the slow conversion (about 1-3 days) of
the tosylate
derivative to the monoaldehyde.
The addition of base to the DMSO-mediated reaction can be used to
increase the rate of conversion from the monotosylate to the monoaldehyde. For
example, a trace amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be used to accelerate
2 0 the reaction. Preferred bases for use in this step of the process include
hindered
amine bases, such as diisopropyl amine, N-methyl morpholine, triethyl amine,
trimethyl amine, and the like. Diisopropylethyl amine (also known as Hunig's
Base) is a particularly preferred hindered amine base. The conversion of the
monotosylate to the monoaldehyde is preferably accomplished when the
2 5 monotosylate is present in solution at a concentration of from about 0.5%
to about
20% by weight, more preferably from about 1 % to about 15% by weight, and most
preferably from about 2% to about 10% by weight. The amount of hindered amine
base suitable for the conversion can range from about 0.1 to about 1.0 molar
equivalents of the monotosylate in solution, preferably from about 0.3 to
about 0.7
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/1JS97/U1429
molar equivalents of the monotosyfate in solution. The cycfodextrin
monoaldehyde thus formed can be separated from any unreacted material by
methods known to one of ordinary skit! in the art and reacted with an amine-
functional polymer. Alternatively, the final reaction mixture can be directly
reacted
with an amine-functional polymer.
The cyclodextrin monoafdehyde provided herein can easily be attached to
compounds that have amine or hydrazide functional groups by means of standard
covalent chemistry methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Examples
of such amine functional groups include, but are not limited to:
1 0 -C(O)-NH-NH2, -NH2, -NHR wherein R represents a member selected from
the group consisting of alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, inclusive,
isopropyl,
-(CH2)2CO2 , -(CH2)2SO3 , -(CH2)2NH3-~, -(CH2)2NH2+(CH2)2SO3-,
-(CH2)2O(CH2)2O(CH2)2OH and -(CHOH)4CH20H. Examples of compounds that
have these amine functional groups include, but are not limited to, amine
1 5 functional polymers such as polyacrylamide hydrazide and amine functions!
solid
phases, such as aminated microparticles.
In cases where primary or secondary amine functional compounds are
reacted with cycfodextrin monoafdehyde to form covalent bonds, an additional
step is preferred. After the initial reaction between the compound and the
2 0 monoaldehyde takes place, a Schiff base is formed and the reduction of the
Schiff
base can be accomplished in the manner previously described.
The cyclodextrin monoaldehyde can be attached to amine functional
polymeric entities that do not contain signal-generating groups or to amine
functional polymeric dyes, which contain signal-generating groups. If the
2 5 cycfodextrin monoaldehyde is added to an amine functional polymeric entity
that
does not contain signal-generating groups, the polymeric entity can
subsequently
be rendered fluorescent by addition of signal-generating ffuorophores to the
polymeric entity. One way in which the polymeric entity can be rendered
36
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
fluorescent is through the attachment of the signal-generating groups to the
amine
functional polymeric entity by covalent bonds.
The fluorescence of conjugates containing the polymeric dyes of this
invnetion can be enhanced by adding cyclodextrin to the conjugate by means of
a
non-covalent bond. When cyclodextrin is used in this manner, no modification
need be made to the cyclodextrin molecule or to the conjugate. While not
wishing
to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the cyclodextrin associates
with the
signal-generating groups present on the polymeric dye by hosting the
covalently
bonded signal-generating groups within the hydrophobic center of the
1 0 cyciodextrin molecule. When cyclodextrin is used to enhance the
fluorescence of
a polymeric dye, it is preferably used in concentrations ranging from about 5
mM
to about 200 mM, preferably from about 10 mM to about 20 mM.
As previously mentioned the conjugate of this invention has a variety of
uses. The preferred method of using the conjugate of this invention is in a
flow
1 5 cytometry application that employs a fluorescent conjugate or multiple
fluorescent
conjugates to detect cells contained in a test sample. An example of a flow
cytometer is the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS 1l) manufactured by
Becton, Dickinson & Co, Franklin Lakes, N.J. In general, an imaging system
contains an excitation source and a detection device. The excitation source
2 0 excites the signal generating group associated with the conjugate and the
detection device detects the signal emitted from the excited signal generating
group.
In a typical imaging system analysis, a test sample is incubated with a
fluorescent conjugate, which specifically binds certain cells that may be
present in
2 5 the test sample. The incubation takes place for a time and at a
temperature
conducive for the binding of the conjugate to specific cell populations
contained in
the sample. The cells bound with the conjugate are commonly referred to as
being stained and the staining procedure can be executed multiple times,
sequentially or at the same time, with multiple conjugates, which emit signals
of
37
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97128447 PCT/LTS97/01429
varying wavelengths. After the staining procedure is complete, the sample can
be
analyzed using a flow cytometer.
In an alternative preferred embodiment of flow cytometry with the polymeric
dye of the present invention, a test sample is incubated with a solution of
primary
reagent, which specifically binds certain cells that may be present in the
test
sample to form primary complexes. The unbound reagent, if any, can be washed
from the sample, and a fluorescent conjugate specific for the bound primary
reagent is then incubated with the primary complexes. The unbound conjugate,
if
any, can then be removed from the primary complexes and the fluorescence
1 0 associated with the cells can then be determined as above. It will be
understood
that the staining procedure can be repeated multiple times with primary
reagents
specific for different cell markers and conjugates which fluoresce at the same
or at
different wavelengths. It will also be understood, of course, that the
staining
procedure can be accomplished in a sequential manner or in a batch type
1 5 manner, wherein all of the components necessary for cell staining are
added to
the sample before the fluorescence associated with the cells is determined.
In an alternative embodiment, the conjugate and method of the present
invention can be adapted for use in conventional solid phase immunoassays such
as, for example, a sandwich type immunoassay. A sandwich type immunoassay
2 0 typically involves contacting a test sample suspected of containing an
anaiyte with
a substantially solid inert plastic, latex or glass bead or microparticle, or
other
support material which has been coated with a specific binding member that
forms
a binding pair with the anaiyte. The binding member-coated support material is
commonly referted to as a "capture reagent". After the analyte is bound to the
2 5 support material, the remaining test sample is removed from the support
material.
The support material, to which the analyte is bound, is treated with a
conjugate,
which generally comprises a second binding member labeled with a signal-
generating group. The conjugate becomes bound to the analyte, which is bound
to the support material. The combination of support material having the first
38
CA 02244768 2004-10-26
WO 97128447 PCT/US97/014Z9
binding member, the analyte, and the conjugate bound thereon is separated from
any unbound conjugate, typically with one or more wash steps. The signal
generated by the signal generating group, through appropriate excitation, can
then be observed visually, or more preferably by an instrument, to indicate
the
presence or amount of an analyte in a test sample. It will be understood, of
course, that the order and number of the steps employed to perform such assays
are not intended to limit the invention described herein.
As previously mentioned, the analyte detected by such an immunoassay
can be the product or products of an amplification reaction. Accordingly, the
1 0 anaiytes can comprise nucleic acid sequences or are otherwise the products
of a
hybridization reaction such as LCR, which is described in European Patent
Applications EP-A-320-308 and EP-A-439-182, and PCR, which is described in
U.S. Patents Numbered 4,683,202 and 4,683,195.
In cases where the analytes comprise, for example, LCR or
1 5 PCR reaction products or sequences, the sequences can comprise or be
modified
to comprise a binding member that forms a binding pair with an indicator
reagent
and a binding member that forms a binding pair with a capture reagent.
Automated systems suitable for performing sandwich type immunoassays
such as, for example, a Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassays (MEIAs) are well
2 0 known in the art. A particularly preferred and commercially available
automated
instrument which can be employed to perform MEIAs is the IMx~ system, which is
available from Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL. Protocols for MEIAs such
as
those performed by the Abbott IMx~ instrument are well known in the art and
have
been described'in Fiore, M. et al.; Clin. Chem., 34l 9:1726-1732 (1988),
The hosting group-enhanced polymeric dyes of this invention provide
exceptional results in flow cytometry, far exceeding those obtained with the
heretofore known fluorescent dyes, polymers, and conjugates. These polymeric
39
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dyes can be used in place of the heretofore known fluorescent dyes, polymers,
and conjugates, such as phycobiliprotein-Cy5 tandems and the like.
Conventional signal-generating groups (i.e., fluorophores) with high
Stokes' shifts are too dim to detect with reasonable sensitivity for
multiplexing
applications. The invention overcomes that problem and may be employed in a
number of applications, including, but not limited to, multiplexing assays,
including
multiplexing by multicolor fluorescence immunoassay, flow cytometry, immuno-
phenotyping assays, imaging applications, immunological staining, fluorescence
microscopy, immuno-chromatographic staining, fluorescence polarization
I 0 immunoassay (FPIA), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH),
fluorescence
detection of analytes, and others. The invention is particularly effective for
flow
cytometry applications. However, it is not limited to those applications and,
in fact,
is suitable for many applications in which fluorescence testing or detection
is
involved and which are subject to problems like those previously discussed
with
1 5 respect to the prior art.
Additionally, many of the signal-generating groups suitable for use in this
invention are synthetic. Synthetic signal-generating groups are typically more
stable than naturally-occurring fluorophores.
The present invention decreases the environmental sensitivity of these and
2 0 other dyes by providing these dyes with an appropriate and desired
microenvironment. By so fixing the dyes in such a microenvironment, the
effectiveness of the fluorescing properties of these dyes is not significantly
affected
by macroenvironment, conjugation, or other factors.
The invehtion will be more specifically illustrated by the following non-
2 5 limiting examples. In these examples, the following buffers were employed:
Phosphate buffer that contained 100 mM phosphate and 100 mM NaCI, pH
5.5 (hereinafter "Buffer No. 1 ")
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
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Phosphate buffer that contained 100 mM phosphate and 100 mM NaCi, pH
7.0 (hereinafter "Buffer No. 2")
Triethanolamine buffer that contained 50 mM triethanolamine, 160 mM
NaCI, pH 8.0 (hereinafter "Buffer No. 3")
Acetate buffer, pH 4.5 (0.1 N acetate, 0.1 N NaCI) (hereinafter "Buffer No.
4")
1 0 Acetate buffer, pH 5.5 (0.1 N acetate, 0.1 N NaCI) (hereinafter "Buffer
No.
5")
Phosphate buffer that contained 50 mM triethanolamine, 160 mM NaCI, pH
7.0 with 0.1 mM ZnCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2. (hereinafter "Buffer No. 6")
HEPES buffer, pH 6.8 {0.1 N HEPES)(hereinafter "Buffer No. 7")
Phosphate buffer that contained 100 mM phosphate and 100 mM NaCI, pH
7.5 (hereinafter "Buffer No. 8")
25
20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (0.02 N phosphate, 0.02 N sodium
chloride) (hereinafter ""Buffer No. 9")
In these examples, the following trademarks were employed:
"SEPHACRYL S-300", Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology AB
"CENTRICON-30", W. R. Grace & Co.
3 0 "PARK", Parr Instrument Co.
"CELITE'~, Celite Corporation
"SEPHADEX G-25", Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology AB
"CENTRIPREP-30", W. R. Grace & Co.
"BIO-GEL TSK-50XL", Toso-Haas Corporation
41
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"BIO-SIL SEC-300", BioRad Corporation
Aniline Monoene Pol,~mer
Dye 1 was prepared by reacting 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde with
Synthetic Intermediate I in the presence of base. Synthetic intermediate I was
prepared by reacting 4-methyl pyridine with 3-iodo propionic acid. Acrylamide
I 0 __hydrazide pyridinium aniline monoene polymer 11 B was prepared by
reacting
Dye 1 at the carboxyl substituent with a hydrazine moiety of acrylamide
hydrazide
polymer 11A using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyfaminopropyl) carbodiimide (hereinafter
"EDAC") as a dehydrating agent. The resultant polymeric dye 11 B was further
reacted with cyclodextrin aldehyde 6 to produce a cyciodextrin derivative of
I 5 acryfamide hydrazide pyridinium aniline monoene polymer 11 D.
A reaction mixture was prepared by combining 4-
2 0 (diethylamino)benzaldehyde (0.5 g, 2.8 mmofes, Aldrich Chemical Co.,
Milwaukee, W1), an intermediate (Synthetic intermediate 1, 0.462 g), and
piperidine (1 mL) in anhydrous ethanol (5 mL).
The reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of 100 °C and
maintained at that temperature for four hours, then was cooled to room
2 5 temperature (25 °C). The ethanol solvent was removed in vacuo, and
the product
subsequently was purified by preparative HPLC on a C-8 reverse phase column
eluted with 2:1 methanol/water Liquid phase. The yield of Dye 1 was 29%. The
preparation is illustrated in Scheme 2A.
x
42
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WO 97/28447 PCTNS97101429
H /'-
HO +N~ / CH3
0
Synthetic Intermediate I
HO~+Nv / / \ /
p
Dye 1
Scheme 2A
Synthetic intermediate I was prepared by refluxing a solution that consisted
of 4-methyl pyridine (1 g, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI) and 3-
iodopropionic acid (10.7 g, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI) in ethanol.
The
preparation is illustrated in Scheme 2B.
H02CCH2CH21 . +
N~ ~ CHI HO ~ N' ~ CHI
o I \_
Synthetic Intermediate I
Scheme 2B
Synthetic Intermediate I was purified by silica gel chromatography using a
gradient of 5 to 20% CH30H in CH2C12 mobile phase.
Alternatively, Dye 1 can be synthesized using a modified synthetic route as
1 5 described by Stevens, A.C. et al., Bioconjugate Chemistry, 1993, 4, 19-24.
43
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WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
Polymeric dye 11 B was prepared by attachment of Dye 1 to polymeric entity
11 A using EDAC as a dehydrating agent. Polymeric entity 11 A (5 mg, Sigma
Chemical Co., catalog #P-9505, MW 180,000) was dissolved in 1.0 ml phosphate
buffer that contained 100 mM phosphate and 100 mM NaCI, pH 5.5 (hereinafter
"Buffer No. 1 "). Approximately 150 molar equivalents of Dye 1 (1.4 mg, 4.2 x
10-6
mole) was added to this solution. Several 10 mg aliquots of solid EDAC were
added at approximately 1/2 hour intervals while the reaction mixture was being
I 0 stirred over the course of several hours. Purification was accomplished by
size
exclusion chromatography ("SEPHADEX G-25") using Buffer No. 1 as the mobile
phase. The void volume fractions were then pooled.
After the chromatography step was carried out as described above, the
concentration of the stock solution of resultant polymeric dye 11 B in Buffer
No. 1
was 0.5 mg/mL. An aliquot (3.0 mL) of the stock solution of polymeric dye 11 B
in
Buffer No. 1 (1.5 mg of polymeric dye 11 B) was taken and cyclodextrin
aldehyde 6
2 U (9.0 mg, prepared as described in Huff, J. B., Bieniarz, C., J. Org. Chem.
1994, 59,
7511-7516) was added to the aliquot. The
resulting solution was allowed to incubate at room temperature (25 °C)
for at least
24 hours. The resultant polymeric dye 11 D was purified on a medium pressure
column ("SEPHACRYL S-300") at a flow rate of approximately 1.0 mUmin using a
2 5 peristaltic pump. The high molecular weight fractions were collected,
pooled, and
concentrated using a microconcentator ("CENTRICON-30").
The relative fluorescence intensities of Dye 1, polymeric dye 11 B, and
polymeric dye 11 D with excitation at 488 nm and emission at 614 nm are shown
in
44
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WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
FIG. 1. In FIGS. 1-9, fluorescence intensity, whether relative or corrected,
is
expressed in arbitrary units.
t EXAMPLE II
Preparation Of Polymeric Dye 11 D
Polymeric dye l 1 D was prepared as described in EXAMPLE I. Dye 1 was
prepared as described in EXAMPLE I. The attachment of Dye 1 to polymeric
entity
11 A was effected by using EDAC as a dehydrating agent as described in
l 0 EXAMPLE 1.
Signal enhancement was improved substantially by the addition of
cyclodextrin aldehyde 6 to the solution of polymeric dye 11 B. Cyclodextrin
and
Dye 1 were attached to the acrylamide hydrazide polymeric backbone via the
carboxylic group of the dye, as shown in Scheme 3. The resultant polymeric dye
1 5 11 D, which had covalently attached cyclodextrin (via cycfodextrin
aldehyde 6),
can be diluted to provide linear response to concentration of polymeric dye as
shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, Curve A indicates the fluorescence intensity of
polymeric dye 11 B as a function of concentration, where the excitation
wavelength
is 488 nm and the emission wavelength is 580 nm; Curve B indicates the
2 0 fluorescence intensity of polymeric dye 11 B as a function of
concentration, where
the excitation wavelength is 488 nm and the emission wavelength is 614 nm;
Curve C indicates the fluorescence intensity of polymeric dye 11 D as a
function of
concentration, where the excitation wavelength is 488 nm and the emission
wavelength is 580 nm; Curve D indicates the fluorescence intensity of
polymeric
2 5 dye 11 D as a function of concentration, where the excitation wavelength
is 488 nm
and the emission wavelength is 614 nm. A comparison of relative fluorescence
intensity as a function of wavelength is shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, Curve A
indicates the relative fiuorescence intensity of polymeric dye 1 l B as a
function of
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
W~ 97!28447 PCTlUS97/01429
wavelength; Curve B indicates the relative fluorescence intensity of polymeric
dye
11 D as a function of wavelength.
H
H
11A
OH
n
H
i
~N
O NHz H
HTNH
H O
O HzN O Hz
NHz p HZN
11 B, 12B 11 C, 12C
~ ~ + o
O ~ ~ " OH
n
H
~N
O NHz
HZNH
+ H O
O H N O H N O H
n
11 D, 12D
S Polymer 11 /12
Scheme 3
In polymeric dyes 11 B and 11 D, n = 1. In polymeric dyes 12B and 12 D, n = 2.
46
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Pr~,Raratian Of C',~yciodextrin Derivative Of Acrylamide Hydrazide Pvridinium
Dye 3 was prepared by reacting traps-4-
(diethylamino)cinnamaidehyde with Synthetic Intermediate 1 in the presence of
base. Polymeric dye 12B was prepared by reaction of Dye 3 at the carboxyl
substituent with a hydrazine moiety of polymer 11 A using EDAC as a
dehydrating
agent. The resultant polymeric dye 12B was further reacted with cyclodextrin
1 0 aldehyde 6 to produce the polymeric dye 12D.
A reaction mixture was prepared by combining traps-4-
1 5 (diethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (0.43 g, Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee,
WI), Synthetic Intermediate I (0.62 g ), and piperidine (1 mL) in methanol (10
mL).
The reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of 110 °C and
maintained at
that temperature for 1l2 hour, and then was cooled on an ice bath (0
°C). The
methanol solvent was removed by filtration onto a sintered glass funnel. The
2 0 resultant precipitate was washed with diethyl ether. The solid product was
then
purified either by preparative HPLC on a C-8 reverse phase column eluted with
70:30 methanol/water liquid phase or by precipitation with diethyl ether. The
preparation is illustrated in Scheme 4.
47
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97128447 PCTlU597/01429
_ ~
H I ~ / N~
O~
HO N v / CH3
O I_
Synthetic Intermediate l
HO N v /
O I-
Dye 3
Scheme 4
Polymer 11 A (4 mg, Sigma Chemical Company, catalog #P-9905, MW
180,000) was dissolved in Buffer No. 1 (2.0 mL) by means of magnetic stirring
for
at least 8 hours at room temperature (25 °C). Dye 3 (1.45 mg, 0.0268
mmole, 75
molar equivalents of the dye per mole of polymer) was dissolved in N,N-
1 0 dimethylformamide (DMF) (200 p.L) to form a stock solution, and the
resulting stock
solution was then added to the reaction mixture containing polymer 11 A with
stirring. Four aliquots (50 p.L each) of an EDAC stock composed of 2.37 mg
EDAC
dissolved in 200 p,L of Buffer No. 1 were added at 1/2 hour intervals (2.5
molar
equivalents of EDAC per mole of dye for each aliquot) to the reaction mixture.
The
1 S reaction mixture was stirred for from 3 to 4 hours, and the polymeric dye
was
purified by size exclusion chromatography on a column ("SEPHADEX G-25") in
phosphate buffer that contained 100 mM phosphate and 100 mM NaCI, pH 7.0
(hereinafter "Buffer No. 2"). The void volume material that contained the
polymeric '
48
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
dye was collected and was concentrated using a microconcentrator
{"CENTRICON-30 ") to approximately 1.5 mL.
Examlhe 1V1V
Preparation Of Polymeric Dye 12B
Polymeric dye 12B was also prepared in the following manner:
Polymer 11 A (10.0 mg, Sigma Chemical Co., catalog #P-9905, MW 180,000) was
dissolved in a Buffer No. 1 (2.0 mL) by means of magnetic stirring for at
least 8
1 0 hours at room temperature (25 °C). Dye 3 {2.9 mg, 0.0536 mmole, 150
molar
equivalents of dye per mole of polymer) was dissolved in N,N-dimethyl
formamide
(200 g.L) to form a stock solution The entire stock solution containing Dye 3
was
then added to the safution containing polymer 11 A with stirring. Finally,
four
aliquots (250 mg each) of solid EDAC were added to the stirred reaction
mixture at
1 5 the initial time, and at times of 1/2 hour, 2 hours, and 3 1/2 hours. The
reaction
mixture was stirred for 3 to 4 additional hours.
Polymeric dye 12B was purified by size exclusion chromatography on a
column ("SEPHADEX G-25") in Buffer No. 2. The void volume material was
collected and polymeric dye 12B was then concentrated using a
2 0 microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-30") to approximately 1 to 2 mL.
A comparison of the relative fluorescence intensity of Dye 3, polymeric dye
12B, and polymeric dye 12B in the presence of 0.1 M cyclodextrin is shown in
FIG.
4.
2 5 Preparation Of Polymeric Dye 12D
Polymeric dye 12B was reacted with cyclodextrin aldehyde to yield
polymeric dye 12D. Polymeric dye 12B (250 g.L at a concentration of 1.1 mg/mL)
was reacted with cyclodextrin aldehyde (1.5 mg, prepared as described in Huff,
49
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/LTS97l01429
J.B., Bieniarz, C., J. Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 7511-7516) at a final
concentration of
6.0 mg/mL of cyclodextrin in Buffer No. 1. The reaction was conducted for
about
four hours at ambient temperature in the dark. The resultant polymeric dye 12D
was then purified by size exclusion chromatography ("SEPHADEX G-25"}, and the
void volume fractions were pooled and concentrated using a microconcentrator
("CENTRICON-30").
Preparation Of Cyclodextrin Derivative Of Ar,~r(amide Hydrazide
Benzothiazofium
i 0 Aniline Monoene Polymer
Polymeric dye 17D was prepared by the reaction of cyclodextrin
monoaldehyde with acrylamide hydrazide benzothiazolium aniline monoene
polymer. The latter polymer, in turn, was made by reaction of Dye 2 with
polymer
1 5 11A using EDAC as a dehydrating agent. Dye 2 was synthesized by the
condensation of Synthetic Intermediate V and traps-4-
(diethylamino}cinnamaldehyde in the presence of piperidine, and the
appropriate
structural adduct was isolated from the reaction mixture by HPLC.
Alternatively,
Dye 2 can be prepared by the condensation of 2-methyibenzothiazolium
2 0 compound intermediate (hereinafter "Synthetic intermediate V") and 4-
(diethylamino)benzaldehyde iri the presence of piperidine.
The synthesis of Dye 2 is illustrated in Scheme 5.
SO
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/US97l01429
H2N
_ Sa-.CHa O H
H C.O~ OH --a- H3C'~ C~ N H3C~0J o N ~ I N CH3
3 p
p
Synthetic Intermediate II Synthetic Intermediate III
k
O~ w A 'N S O N
HO~ N CH3 ~. H3C. ~ ~ ~ CH3
Synthetic Intermediate V
-O3S
Synthetic Intermediate IV
0
~OA H /-
HO v v o
Dye 2
Scheme 5
,~renaration Of Synthetic Intermediate V
Adipic acid monoethyl ester (17.42 g, Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO.)
was reacted with SOCI2 (9.0 mL, Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO.) by
refluxing
a reaction mixture composed of the two compounds in the presence of a drop of
N,N-dimethyl formamide as a catalyst for the reaction. The reaction mixture
was
1 0 heated to a temperature of 90°C and maintained at that temperature
for 1/2 hour.
The bulk of the excess SOCI2 was removed in vacuo. Then a minimal amount of
diethyl ether was added to the mixture, and the mixture was heated in vacuo to
remove the SOC12/diethyl ether azeotrope. This step involving azeotrope
removal
was repeated twice. The remaining traces of thionyl chloride and diethyl ether
1 5 were then removed via exposure to high vacuum for one hour. Synthetic
intermediate l1 was isolated as an oil and was used without futher
purification.
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WO 97/28447 PCT/US97l01429
Synthetic Intermediate II (5.83 g) and 5-amino-2-methylbenzothiazole (6.0
g, Aldrich) were dissolved in pyridine with dimethylaminopyridine (0.46 g) as
an
acylation catalyst. The reaction mixture was heated for several hours at a
temperature of 110°C. The bulk of the pyridine solvent was removed in
vacuo,
and the remaining traces were removed by pyridine/CH2C12 azeotrope_ The
reaction mixture was partitioned into CH2C12 and saturated NaHC03. The organic
layer was dried over anhydrous Na2S04, filtered, and the solvent was removed
in
vacuo. The residue was dissolved in a minimal amount of CH2C12 and diethyl
ether was added. The precipitate was filtered off and discarded. The filtrate
was
t 0 collected, and the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield crystalline
Synthetic
Intermediate III.
The amide Synthetic Intermediate III (7.4 g) was dissolved in a minimal
amount of acetonitrile, and ~ ,3-propane suitone {6.9 g) was added to the
solution.
The reaction mixture was refluxed for 72 hours until thin layer chromatography
1 5 (TLC) indicated that no more starting material remained. The reaction
product
was then isolated by dissolving in methanol and precipitating with diethyl
ether. A
quaternized ester, Synthetic Intermediate IV, was recovered as a white soiid.
The quaternized ester Synthetic Intermediate IV was hydrolyzed in 0.02 to
0.4 N HCI. The degree of hydrolysis was carefully monitored by TLC, and the
2 0 hydrolysis was stopped at completion. The quaternized ester Synthetic
Intermediate IV (0.30 g) was dissolved in 0.4 N HCI (30 mL). In an alternate
method, the quaternized ester Synthetic Intermediate IV (0.5 g) was dissolved
in
4.0 N HCi in lieu of 0.4 N HCI to achieve the same result. The 2-
methyfbenzothiazolium hydrolysis product, Synthetic intermediate V, was
isolated
2 5 by first freezing the reaction mixture and then removing the solvent by
use of a
rotary evaporator at approximately 0.1 mm Hg pressure.
52
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97!28447 PCT/US97/01429
Synthetic Intermediate V (100 mg, 0.24 mmole} and traps-4-
(diethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (50 mg, 0.24 mmole) were dissolved in methanol
(4 ml) and piperidine (0.25 ml} was added to the solution. The reaction
mixture
was heated to reflux for four hours. Excess solvent was removed, and the
residue
was redissolved in methanol. A solid material was precipitated with diethyl
ether
and was collected by filtration. The benzothiazoiium aniline monoene, Dye 2,
1 0 was dried on a vacuum pump overnight. !f desired, the pure dye can be
obtained
by reversed phase HPLC chromatography, and the structure can be confirmed by
1 H NMR and mass spectral analysis.
In an alternative method, Synthetic Intermediate V (100 mg, 0.24 mmole)
and traps-4-(diethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (0.24 mmole) can be dissolved in
t 5 methanol (4 ml), and piperldine (0.25 ml) can be added to the solution.
The
reaction mixture can be heated to reflux for four hours. Excess solvent can
then
be removed, and the residue can be redissolved in methanol. The solid product
can then be precipitated with diethyl ether and collected by filtration.
2 0 preparation Of Polymeric Dye 17B
Polymeric dye 17B (a precursor to polymeric dye 17D) was synthesized by
attachment of Dye 2 to polymer 11 A using EDAC as a dehydrating agent. The
preparation is shown in Scheme 6.
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WO 97/28447 PC3'/US97/01429
~N- H
~,[~FIO
NHz
Fo
H-tI O O H ~O NHz
H H
11A p
H~"
o + so,-
M
N-H H
O
H ~N
'Oz ~'~z t'7.
H ~ N~ H
H ~ H O Hz v
n'il~tf O Hz Hx O N-Iz H O
O H N~ i O H~ O H~ O ~z
i7B 17C
o ~ +t~'~
H ~SO,_
O
H
K
NHz H
.Oa~ H W
H O
+ N' O Ht O HzN O ~z
O H
J
17D
Scheme 6
Polymer 11 A (20 mg, Sigma Chemical Co., catalog # P-9505, MW 180,000) was
dissolved in Buffer No. 1 (4.0 mL), to give a concentration of polymer of 5
mg/mL
(2.78 x 10-8 mole polymer). Approximately 150 molar equivalents of Dye 2 (5.0
mg, 4.17 x 10-6 mole) were added to the solution containing the polymer by
dissolving Dye 2 (5.0 mg) in DMSO, and adding this solution to the buffered
I 0 aqueous solution of the polymer. Five 300 mg aliquots of solid EDAC were
added
at approximately 1 /2 hour intervals as the reaction mixture was stirred in
the dark
overnight.
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The polymeric dye from the reaction mixture was separated from unbound
- dye by elution in Buffer No. 1 on a column ("SEPHADEX G-25"). The void
volume
- fractions were collected (approximately 3.0 mL total volume}, and the
product was
concentrated using a centrifugal microconcentrator {"CENTRICON-30").
Polymeric dye 17B was diluted to a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL in Buffer
No. 1 to form as stock solution. An aliquot of polymeric dye 17B in solution
(3.0
1 0 mL, 3.0 mg of polymer) was taken from the stock solution containing
Polymeric
dye 17B, and cyciodextrin aldehyde 6 {1.9 mg, prepared as described in Huff,
J.B.,
Bieniarz, C., J. Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 7511-7516) was added. The solution was
allowed to incubate at room temperature (25 °C) for 72 hours in the
dark. The
resultant polymeric dye 17D was purified on a column ("SEPHACRYL S-300") by
1 5 elution in Buffer No. 2 at a flow rate of approximately 1 to 3 mUmin using
a
peristaltic pump. The high molecular weight fractions were collected
(approximately 5.0 mL), pooled, and concentrated using a microconcentator
("CENTRICON-30").
A comparison of fluorescence emission for polymeric dye 17B atone,
2 0 polymeric dye 17B plus cyclodextrin not covalently bonded, and polymeric
dye
17D (covaientiy attached cyclodextrin) is shown in FiG. 5. In FIG. 5, Curve A
indicates the relative fluorescence intensity of polymeric dye 17B as a
function of
wavelength; Curve B indicates the relative fluorescence intensity of polymeric
dye
17B plus cyclodextrin not covalentiy bonded as a function of wavelength; Curve
C
2 5 indicates the relative fluorescence intensity of polymeric dye 17D as a
function of
wavelength. FIG. 6 shows the dilution curves of polymeric dye 17D. These
curves
demonstrate a linear fluorescence response to concentration of polymeric dye
17D. Also included is the dilution curve for polymeric dye 17B alone and
polymeric dye 17B in a 0.25 mg/mi cyclodextrin stock diluent. in FIG. 6, Curve
A
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indicates fluorescence of polymeric dye 17D as a function of dilution of dye;
Curve
B indicates fluorescence of polymeric dye 17B as a function of dilution of
dye;
Curve C indicates polymeric dye 17B plus cyclodextrin not covalently bonded as
a
function of dilution of dye.
1 0 Dye 4 was covalently bonded to acrylic acid polymer by using EDAC
methodology. Cyclodextrin monoamine 7 was covalently bonded to acrylic acid
pyridinium aniline monoene polymer using EDAC methodology.
4-Methyl pyridine (10 g) was reacted with 3-bromopropyfphthalimide (28.8
g) in ethanol solvent (20 ml.) as the reaction mixture was heated to
100°C and
held at that temperature for 20 minutes. The N-quaternized species of N-(3-
phthalimidopropyl) -4-methylpyridinium bromine (hereinafter "Synthetic
2 0 Intermediate Vl"} was purified by removing the solvent in vacuo and
redissolving
the residue in methanol. This solution was then titrated with diethyl ether
and
cooled to a temperature of from 2 to 8°C until precipitate had formed.
The
precipitate (23.3 g, Synthetic Intermediate Vi} was then separated by
filtration.
Preparation of Synthetic Intermediate VI is illustrated in Scheme 7.
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O
- CgH402N(CH2)2CH2Br / ' ~N\ ~ CH3
o Br_
Synthetic Intermediate V!
Scheme 7
Synthetic intermediate VI {5.0 g) was dissolved in pyridine (10 mL). 4-
(diethylamino)benzaldehyde (7 g, Aldrich Chemical Co.) was added to the
reaction mixture. The resultant suspension was then solubilized by the
addition of
anhydrous ethanol (4 mL). This reaction mixture was stirred for four hours at
a
temperature of 100°C, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The imide
intermediate was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluted with a
1 0 mixture of CH2CI2 (95% by volume)/methanol (5% by volume). The imide
intermediate was hydrolyzed to free amine compound Dye 4 by refiuxing in
concentrated HC1 (30 mL) for five hours. The acidic reaction mixture was
cooled
to room temperature, and the remaining solvent was removed in vacuo. The
residue was purified to provide Dye 4 by preparative HPLC using a C-8 reversed
1 5 phase column and methanol with 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile
phase.
Preparation of this dye is illustrated in Scheme 8.
H ~ _
\ / ~ O / \ /
0 ~-~-N
O _ ~ ~ 1 N--/~-N ~ /
N-~N ~ ~ CH3 O 8r-
0 Br_
Synthetic Intermediate VI ~ HC1, heat
+H3N-/~-N ~ / / \ / N~.
Dye 4
Scheme 8
57
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WO 97!28447 PCT/US97Ip1429
Cyclodextrin amine was prepared as illustrated in Scheme 9.
0
O H O-S ~ / CH3 N3 NHy
O
..
Scheme 9
!U
Beta-cyclodextrin was obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company. Cyclodextrin
t5
monotosyiate was prepared as described in Petter, R.C., Salek, J.S., Sikorski,
C.T.,
Kumaravel. G., Lin, F.-T., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112. 3360-3368.
A reaction mixture was prepared by the addition of beta-cyclodextrin tosylate
(3.06
g) and sodium azide (0.76 g) to dimethyl formamide solvent (60 mL). The
resulting mixture
0 was heated to a temperature of 80°C and held at that temperature
overnight, and then
concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated residue was filtered through reversed
phase (C-
18) silica (40 g, Fluka, #60756) in a sintered glass funnel. Unreacted
cyclodextrin
monotosylate was washed from the C-18 silica with water, and the cyclodextrin
monoazide
product was removed from the C-18 silica by washing though the column with a
mixture of
'_ 5 acetonitriie (50% by volume) and water (50% by volume) followed by
washing through the
column with acetonftrile (100%). Fractions from the C-18 silica washings were
checked by
normal phase TLC using a solvent mixture of isopropanol~(55% by
voiume)/ammonium
S8
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hydroxide (35% by volume)lwater (10% by volume). The ammonium hydroxide was
concentrated ammonium hydroxide in water. The C-18 silica wash fractions that
were free
' of monotasylate, as determined by TLC, were combined and concentrated under
reduced
pressure. The concentrated material was dissolved in methanol, and the
product,
cyclodextrin monoazide, was precipitated with diethyl ether. The solid
cyclodextrin
monoazide product was then filtered and washed with diethyl ether.
l 0 Cyclodextrin monoazide (0.51 g) was dissolved in water (50-100 mL). Carbon
containing 5% palladium (150 mg) was added to the solution under a nitrogen
atmosphere. The carbon/palladium catalyst did not dissolve. The reaction
suspension
was placed under a hydrogen atmosphere and shaken overnight (at 20 psi H2
pressure) in
a shaker/hydrogenator ("PARK"}. The reaction mixture was monitored by normal
phase
1 S TLC using a mixture of isopropanol (55% by volume)/ammonium hydroxide (35%
by
volume)/water (10% by volume) as a developing solvent. The ammonium hydroxide
was
concentrated ammonium hydroxide in water. The reaction mixture was filtered
through a
filter aid ("CEL1TE") two times. After confirming the lack of unreacted
starting material in
the reaction mixture, the aqueous filtrate was concentrated in vacuo , and
cycfodext~in
2 0 monoamine (0.28 g) was obtained. An additional wash of the reaction
residue on filter aid
("CELITE") with water (500 mL) followed by concentration yielded additional
cyciodextrin
monoamine (0.057 g). Bath batches of product were combined and used without
further
purification for the preparation of polymeric dyes 13D, 15D, and 18D.
2 S Preaaration Of Acrvli . Acid Pvridinium Anifin f~~onoene
A stock solution of acrylic acid polymer 13A (about 200,000 MW,
Polysciences, Warrington, PA) was prepared by dissolving acrylic acid polymer
in
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deionized water at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. A reaction mixture was
prepared
by combining a 1 mL aliquot of the stock solution of acrylic acid polymer and
Dye
4 (0.68 mg, 20 mole equivalents). Aliquots of solid EDAC (3.3 mg each) were
added at 1/2 hour intervals in five increments over a two hour period while
the
S reaction mixture was stirred continuously. The resultant polymeric dye 13B
was
purified by collection of the void volume on a size exclusion column (100 -
300
mesh, "SEPHADEX G-25"}.
Preparation Of Cyrclodextrin Derivative Of Acrylic Acid Pyridinium Aniline
1 0 Monoene Polymer (Polym _ri~ ye 13p~
A reaction mixture containing Dye 4 (0.68 mg ), cyclodextrin monoamine 7
{4.0 mg), and a solution of acrylic acid polymer (1.0 mL, 20 mg/mL) in
deionized
water was prepared. Five aliquots of EDAC (10 mg each) were added to the
1 S reaction mixture over a period of two hours. The mixture was stirred
continuously.
The resultant polymeric dye was purified by size exclusion chromatography
("SEPHADEX G-25"). The void volume fractions were combined and
concentrated to 3.0 mL using a centrifugal concentrator ("CENTRiPREP-30") .
The
mixture was frozen using a dry ice/acetone bath, and subsequently iyophilized
to
2 0 obtained the pure solid polymeric dye 13D. Preparation of polymeric dye
13D is
illustrated in Scheme 10.
FiG. 7 compares the fluorescence of purified polymeric dye 13B at 1.1 x 10-~
M {Curve A) with purified polymeric dye 13D at 1.1 x 10-~ M (Curve B) (both
using
488 nm excitation).
60
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WO 97!28447 PCT/US97101429
OH
OH
F~ v
O
~ O Hp O O
13A H,N
NHs
OH
OH O OH
HO v ~.~p \
O ~ 1"O
l
H O ~ O ~ O OH O HD O HO O OH
O
13B 13C
NHS
J
O OH
HO v
+ O
t O ~ O OH
H p HO
13D
Scheme 10
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WO 97!28447 PCT/US97101429
Both permethyfcyclodextrin 8 and Dye 4 were covafentfy bonded to acrylic
acid polymer by using EDAC methodology.
PLeD~ration Of Permeth~~cfnr~~xtrrn Monoazide
1 0 Beta-cyclodextrin was obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company. The
cycfodextrin
monotosyiate was prepared as described in Petter, R.C., Safek, J.S., Sikorski,
C.T.,
Kumaravei, G., Lin, F.-T., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1990, 1 l 2, 3360-. The
cycfodextrin
monotosylate was then converted to the cyciodextrin monoazide as described in
Example
V! and then converted into the permethylcyclodextrin monoazide in the
following manner.
I 5 Beta-cyciodextrin monoazide (0.242 g, 0.2 mmole) was suspended in a
mixture
containing 3.5 mL dimethylformamide and 3.5 mL dimethyfsulfoxide, and the
resulting
suspension was stirred for 1 /2 hour anti! the stirred suspension was observed
to be clear.
Then, Ba0 (1.95 g) and Ba(OH)2~8H20 (1.95 g) were added to the suspension in
successive portions. The suspension was cooled to a temperature of 0°C
using an ice
2 0 bath. Dimethyl sulfate (3.3 mL, 34 mmoies) was added to the suspension
over a period of
one hour. The reaction mixture was stirred for 48 hours at a temperature of 2-
8°C. The
reaction was quenched by the addition of concentrated ammonium hydroxide (10
mL), and
the remaining solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The remaining solid
was
stirred in one liter of CHC13, and the resulting suspension was filtered. The
resultant solid
2 S was then once again washed with CHC13 (one liter). The CHCi3 extracts were
combined,
reduced to a minimum volume by removing most of the CHC13 under reduced
pressure
and adding hexane (1 L) to give permethylcyciodextrin monoazide (140 mg).
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PrQ,~paration Of Permethy,(cyclodextrin Monoamine
x Permethyicycfodextrin monoazide (100 mg) was dissolved in water (20 mL).
Then,
solid carbon containing 10% palladium {30 mg) was added, and the reaction
mixture was
shaken vigorously overnight using a "PARK" shaker under a hydrogen atmosphere
at
about 20 psi pressure. The resultant product was filtered through a filter aid
{"CELITE"),
and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the product
permethylcyclodextrin monamine 8. Permethylcyclodextrin monoamine 8 was
prepared
1 0 as illustrated in Scheme 11.
O H O-Ts N (~CH3)s (OCH3)s
3 RNs -~.NH2
-.-
(OCH3)7 (OCH3)~
Scheme 11
p~gdaration Of Permethy!(gyclodextrin Derivative Of Acryrlic Acid Pyridinium
Aniline
Monoene Monoamine Polymer (P~,ymeric Dye 14D),
Dye 4 was prepared in the manner previously described. Polyacrylic acid
2 0 (5 mg) was dissolved in deionized water (0.25 mL). To this solution were
added
Dye 4 {3.4 mg) and permethyfcyclodextrin monoamine 8 (24 mg). Five aliquots of
EDAC {each 52 mg) were added to the reaction mixture, each aliquot being added
at a 1 /2 hour interval. The resulting product was purified by centrifugation
("CENTRIPREP-30") followed by repeated washes with fresh deionized water until
2 5 no remaining dye passed through the membrane. Preparation of polymeric dye
14D is illustrated in Scheme 12.
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0 off
Ho v
0
HO ~ O HO O OH
O
14A ~N -~~~ (oMa),
_ ~ + (MeO)e 6
J~ NHs EDAC EDAC
z
s (OMe),
(Me0) -
OH
OH O
j.ip \ OH
HO v
OH O
H p HO O HO O O ~~i
O ~"~p
14B i4C
EDAC EDAC +
~tvH,
J
x
(OMe),
(Me0)e s
2
s (OMe),
(Me0)e-
O OH
HO v
+ O
J~ H O HO O HO O OH
i4D
Scheme 12
The resultant polymeric dye 14D was then tested for fluorescence and its
intensity was compared with the intensity of phycobilliprotein phycoerythrin.
FIG. 8
shows the results of the fluorescence test comparing the fluorescence of
polymeric
dye 14D (Curve A) and phycoerythrin (Curve B) at the same concentration.
1 0 The relative photostabiiity over 16 hours for polymeric dye 14D compared
with that of phycoerythrin under the same conditions in ambient room light is
shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. In FiG. 9A, Curve A indicates the initial relative
fluorescence intensity of polymeric dye i 4D as a function of wavelength;
Curve B
64
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WO 97/28447 PCT/LTS97/01429
indicates the relative fluorescence intensity of polymeric dye 14D as a
function of
wavelength 16 hours after the initial spectra were observed. In FIG. 9B, Curve
A
indicates the initial relative fluorescence intensity of phycoerythrin as a
function of
wavelength; Curve B indicates the relative fluorescence intensity of
phycoerythrin
as a function of wavelength 16 hours after the initial spectra were observed.
FIGS.
9A and 9B indicate that polymeric dye 14D is more stable than phycoerythrin.
I0
Dye 5 was prepared by the condensation of Synthetic Intermediate VI with
traps-4-(diethylamino)cinnamaldehyde in a procedure identical to that
described
I 5 in Example V1 for the preparation of Dye 4, except that traps-4-
(diethylamino)cinnamaldehyde was substituted for N,N-diethyl benzaldehyde.
The procedure is illustrated in Scheme 13.
\ / N~
O O O ~ \ / N,,_-
~N-~N~/--CH3 ~N~N /
'~O a~_
O Br-
Synthetic Intermediate VI HCI
f _ ~ ~ \ / N~
+H3N-~-N. /
B r-
Dye 5
t 20
Scheme 13
CA 02244768 1998-07-24
WO 97/28447 PCT/LTS97/01429
Dye 5 was purified by C-8 reverse phase HPLC using acetonitrile (25% by
volume)/water (75% by volume) mobile phase.
Polymer (Polymeri !~ 18D)
Acrylic acid pyridinium aniline diene polymer can be prepared as described
in Example VI, except that Dye 5 is substituted for Dye 4. This procedure is
illustrated in Scheme 14.
I0
p OH
OH
HO v
O
HO ~ O ~ O OH
O
+ 18A
NHa Ei,N
OH
HO v
O
O O HO O HO O OH
18C
/r-~~ NH3
HZN ~'~~ \
OH
I~
H O
O ~ O OH
/~N+ O
18D
Scheme 14
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onjuaation Of Acrvlamide Hydrazide Pyridinium Aniline Monoene Polymer To
A stock solution of polymeric dye 11 D was prepared as described in
Example ! to give a concentration of 2.7 mg/mL. A stock solution of anti-CD8
IgG
antibody was prepared in Buffer No. 2 at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. An
aliquot
containing 5.0 mg anti-CD8 IgG antibody was removed from the stock solution
and
concentrated to around 300 uL using a microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-30").
1 0 The concentrated material was then diluted with a buffer containing 50 mM
triethanolamine, 160 mM NaCI, pH 8.0 (hereinafter "Buffer No. 3"). The final
concentration of anti-CD8 IgG antibody was approximately 3 to 4 mg/mL.
A stock solution of sodium periodate in Buffer No. 3 was prepared at a
concentration of 42.8 mg/mL. Approximately 120 ~.L of this stock solution was
1 5 added to the anti-CD8 IgG antibody in triethanolamine buffer. The reaction
mixture was incubated at a temperature of 2-8°C in the dark while it
was gently
shaken with a mechanical shaker for one hour. The resultant oxidized IgG
antibody was then purified by elution through a column (100-300 mesh,
"SEPHADEX G-25") with Buffer No. 1. Fractions were assayed by ultraviolet
2 0 spectroscopy (UV), and those void volume fractions with greater than 0.2
AU
(blanked against the same Buffer No. 1 ) were pooled and concentrated to give
a
final volume of from 1 to 3 mg/mL.
Polymeric dye 11 D was prepared by the reaction of polymeric dye 11 B
(0.24 mg/ml) with cyclodextrin aldehyde (6.0 mg/mL, prepared as described in
J.
2 5 Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 7511-7516). The progress of the reaction was
monitored
by size exclusion HPLC using a size exclusion column ("BIO-GEL TSK-50XL" or "
' BIO-SIL SEC-300") at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute in Buffer No. 2. Polymeric
dye
11 D, prepared as described in Example l, was then combined with the freshly
prepared oxidized antibody. The molar ratios of polymeric dye 11 D to IgG
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antibody antibodywere either 1.5/1.0 or 3.0/1Ø The yield of the
bioconjugation
was estimated by accurate injections of starting material stocks and reaction
mixture on a size exclusion column ("BIO-SIL SEC-300" or "BIO-GEL TSK-50XL").
The resulting conjugate was then purified on a medium pressure column
("SEPHACRYL S-300") by elution with Buffer No. 2. The high molecular weight
fractions were collected and concentrations estimated from ultraviolet spectra
of
the fractions. Fractions were tested in a flow cytometer for performance.
I 0 Conj~oation Of Acrvlamide Hvdrazide Pyridinium Aniline Monoene Polymer To
Alternatively, polymeric dye 11 B can be conjugated to IgG antibody.
The conjugate comprising polymeric dye 11 B is used in place of a conjugate
I 5 comprising polymeric dye 11 D (see Example IX) and the former is then
converted
to the latter in situ by the addition of cyclodextrin aldehdye at a
concentration of
about 6 mg/ml. In the alternate method, the concentration of conjugate is from
about 0.2 to about 0.4 mg/ml.
Coni~g~ation Of Aciylamide Hydrazide ~ridinium aniiinP l7iPnP Polymer To Anti-
2 S Polymeric dye 12B was conjugated to IgG antibody in the following
manner. IgG antibody was oxidized as described in Example IX. The igG
antibody was purified using a column ("SEPHADEX G-25") equilibrated with
Buffer No. 1. The antibody was then diluted to a concentration of about 3.0
mg/ml
(as determined by A2g0 UV measurement). The lgG antibody was then
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exchanged into acetate buffer (pH 4.5, 0.1 N acetate, 0.1 N NaCI) (hereinafter
- "Buffer No. 4") using a microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-30"), with the final
concentration being about 3.0 mg/ml . Polymeric dye 12B (prepared as described
in Example IV) was then exchanged into acetate buffer (pH 5.5, 0.1 N acetate,
0.1
N NaCI) (hereinafter "Buffer No. 5") using a microconcentrator ("CENTRiCON-
30")
Finally, a portion (400 microliter, 1.2 mg) of antibody stock in Buffer No. 4
at a
concentration of 3.0 mg/ml was added to a portion of polymeric dye 12B (1.5
ml,
4.5 mg) at a concentration of 3.0 mg/ml in Buffer No. 5. The resulting mixture
was
allowed to react overnight at a temperature of 2-8°C with gentle
shaking in the
dark.
The resultant conjugate was then reacted with cyclodextrin aldehyde by
adding sufficient cyclodextrin aldehyde to give a final concentration of 3.0
mg of
cyciodextrin aldehyde per ml of buffer. The crude bioconjugate was then
incubated overnight in the presence of cyclodextrin aldehyde and and purified
1 5 using a column ("SEPHACRYL S-300").
In an alternative embodiment, polymeric dye 12D was conjugated to !gG
antibody in the following manner. Polymeric dye 12B was prepared as described
in Example IV. Then, solid cyclodextrin aldehyde was added at a ratio of 1.5
mg
cyclodextrin aldehyde for each 0.4 mg of polymeric dye 12B in 0.250 ml of
Buffer
2 5 No. 5. The cyclodextrin aldehyde and polymeric dye 12B reacted as the
reaction
mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature in the dark. The reaction
product was purified by size exclusion chromatography ("SEPHADEX G-25"} to
yield polymeric dye 12D. Polymeric dye 12D was then reacted at a ratio of 3.0
equivalents of polymeric dye for each equivalent of 1gG antibody as described
in
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WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/01429
Example XI using polymeric dye 12B. Bioconjugation was then followed by HPLC
as described in Example XI. The resulting conjugate was purified using a size
exclusion column ("SEPHACRYL S-300").
EXAMPLE XIII
Polymeric dye 17D was prepared in the manner described in Example V.
1 0 An aliquot of polymeric dye (3.0 ml, 1.0 mg of polymeric dye per 1.0 ml of
solution}
was removed from a stock solution of the polymeric dye in Buffer No. 2. Buffer
No.
1 was used to exchange out Buffer No. 2 using a microconcentrator
("CENTRICON-30"). The concentration of the polymeric dye was then 2.36 mg/ml.
The antibody was oxidized in the manner described in Example lX, and
1 5 bioconjugation of polymeric dye 17D to igG antibody was conducted in the
manner described for polymeric dye i 1 D in Example XI.
Scheme 15 is a schematic diagram of the process for preparing the
conjugate of this example.
17D
I H
H
N.~
p N NHZ
H
H H p
~N H N ~12N ~ Nz
~ O 2
Scheme 15
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WO 97/28447 PCT/US97/014Z9
Maleimide Derivatized Anti-Cd4 I,1G Antibody
Preparation Of ThiohhosDhorvlated Acrylic Acid Polymer
Acrylic acid polymer (100 mg) was dissolved in deionized water (50 ml).
Cystamine S-phosphate (1.6 mg, Aldrich Chemical Company) was added to the
solution. Then five aliquots of EDAC (8.5 mg each) were added to the solution
at
1 0 1J2 hour intervals over a several hour period as the solution was stirred
continuously. The resulting product was purified by filtration purification
("CENTR1PREP-30"). A portion was dispensed, hydrolyzed, and assayed.
Standard DTNB thiol assay methodology was used to determine that the portion
was found to contain nine thiol groups per polymeric dye on the average.
Thionhospho_rylated Pol er Polymeric dye 15D)
Thiophosphate polymer (5.0 mg) was dissolved in of deionized water {1.0
2 0 ml_}. Next, Dye 4 (l .7 mg, prepared in the manner described in Example
VI) and
cyciodextrin amine 7 {12 mg, prepared as described in Example VI) were added
to
this solution. Five aliquots of EDAC (26 mg each) were added to the reaction
mixture at 1/2 hour intervals. The material was then purified by
centrifugation
{"CENTR1PREPT30"} and used for conjugation to lgG antibody.
Conjugation Of Polymeric Dye 15D To 1gG Antibody,
An aliquot of anti-CD4 IgG antibody (0.500 ml) was taken from a stock
solution containing 4.0 mg antibody per 1.0 ml solution. The material was
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exchanged into Buffer No. 3 using a microconcentrator ("CENTR1CON-30"). A
second exchange was conducted to bring the igG antibody back into Buffer No.
3.
Oxidation was conducted by dissolving sodium periodate (42.8 mg) in Buffer No.
3
and adding 0.100 ml of this stock solution to the antibody to form a reaction
mixture. The concentration of antibody for this reaction was at 1.0 mg/mI. The
reaction mixture was incubated for one hour at a temperature of 2-8°C.
The
oxidized antibody was then purified using a column ("SEPHADEX G-25")
equilibrated with Buffer No. 5. Fractions were collected and those void volume
fractions containing AU readings of at least 0.1 at A280 were combined. Then
the
1 0 solution containing IgG antibody was concentrated to give a concentration
of
about 1.5 mg/ml.
Then, hydrazido maleimide M2C2H (0.369 mg, Pierce Chemical, catalogue
# 22304) was dissolved in Buffer No. 2 (0 .100 ml) and added to the oxidized
IgG
antibody (about 2.0 mg IgG antibody). The mixture was then incubated at room
1 5 temperature for two hours and gently shaken overnight at a temperature of
about
2-8°C. The maleimide derivatized IgG antibody was then purified by size
exclusion chromatography ("SEPHADEX G-25"), and the void volume fractions
were combined.
The IgG antibody solution (1.7 mg) was first concentrated to around
2 0 0.3-0.4 ml and then diluted to 1.0 ml with pH 7.0 phosphate buffer with
0.1 mM
ZnCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2 (hereinafter "Buffer No. 6"). An aliquot of alkaline
phosphatase (0.005 ml of a 10 mg enzyme/ml stock concentration, Boehringer-
Mannheim) was then added to this solution.
Next, polymeric dye 15D {2.55 mg) was diluted with deionized water (2.31
2 5 mf), and the resulting solution added to the maleimide derivatized IgG
antibody/aikaline phosphatase system. The reaction mixture was incubated for
24
hours at a temperature of 2-8 °C in the dark with gentle shaking.
Optionally, the
remaining thiols can be capped with 100 equivalents of N-ethyl maleimide
before
purification. The reaction mixture was purified using a column ("S EPHACRYL S-
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WO 97/28447 PCTlLTS97/01429
300") with Buffer No. 2, and the conjugate was isolated from the void volume.
The
amount of conjugate was estimated from UV analysis or visual scoring. Analysis
by HPLC indicated consumption of unconjugated 1gG antibody.
Scheme 16 illustrates preparation of the bioconjugate of this example.
OH
OH
HO v
O
HO O Lap O OH
13A
-03P~ OH
O OH
H H
~O
HO ~ O ~H
O
-OsP~ HJ
O OH
'~~ H ~ N
H
H C~
Hz O H ~ O
+~/ O HO O HO O OH
H O
OH
N ~O
~H
O
N-r- ~ OH
H ~ O
Hz O +
I
r'~
Scheme 16
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Polymeric dye 13D was prepared in the manner described in Example V1. ,
Polymeric dye 13D was then conjugated to IgG antibody in the following manner.
Anti-CD4 IgG antibody was exchanged into pH 6.8 HEPES buffer (0.1 N HEPES)
(hereinafter "Buffer No. 7") using a microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-30"). IgG
antibody was then diluted with Buffer No. 7 to give a concentration of 1.0 mg
antibody per ml. Polymeric dye 13D was then exchanged into deionized water
1 0 using a microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-30") to a give a concentration of
about
1.0 mg polymeric dye per ml. Then, sulfo-N-hydroxy-succinimide (0.0036 mf of a
30 mg/mi stock) in deionized water (0.108 mg} and EDAC (0.0039 ml of 50 mg/mi
stock) in deionized water was added to polymeric dye 13D in deionized water to
activate polymeric dye 13D for conjugation. Activated polymeric dye 13D in
1 5 deionized water (1.8 ml, 1.8 mg) was mixed with IgG antibody (1.0 ml, 1.0
mg) in
Buffer No. 7. The progress of the reaction was then monitored by size
exclusion
HPLC using a "BIO-GEL TSK-50XL" column with Buffer No. 1 as the mobile
phase. The reaction product was then purified by size exciusion chromatography
("SEPHACRYL S-300") using Buffer No. 7 as the mobile phase.
2 0 Scheme 17 illustrates the procedure of this example .
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o EDAC = o off
OH O
O
NHx HO ~H ~ OH
O O
OH OH OH ~H
O O
NH ~ H
13D ' ~ +!
i
I
I
rN1
Scheme 17
EXAMPLE XVI
~~jyation Of Maleimide Derivatized Acrylic Acid PYridinium Aniline Monoene
Polymer To Thioiated IaG Antibody
Acrylic acid polymer (100 mg) was dissolved in deionized water (5.0 mL)
and reacted with hydrazidomaleimide linker M2C2H (15 mg, Pierce Chemical Co.,
I 0 Rockford, IL) by EDAC coupling. The coupling was effected by the addition
of five
aliquots of EDAC (15 mg each) aver a two hour period at room temperature with
stirring. The resultant maleimide derivatized polymer was purified by
centrifugation ("~ENTRIPREP-30").
To assay for maleimides, maieimide derivatized polymer 13A (1 mg) was
I 5 dissolved in i mL of 100 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.5. Cystaeamine~HCI
(0.1
mg) was added to the solution, and the mixture allowed to incubate for one
hour.
Exactly 0.100 mL of the above mixture was diluted to 1 mL with phosphate
buffer
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that contained 100 mM phosphate and 100 mM NaCi, pH 7.5 (hereinafter "Buffer
No. 8"), and a standard DTNB assay for thiols was conducted. The solution
adsorption was read at 412 nm and compared to the cysteamine/DTNB standard
curve. Thus, the number of thiols that had been covalently bonded to the
available maieimides could be indirectly determined from the difference
observed.
The maleimide derivatized polymeric dye (5.0 mg) as prepared above was
dissolved in deionized water (1.0 mL). Dye 4 (1.7 mg) and cyclodextrin amine 7
were then added to this solution. Finally, five aliquots of EDAC (26 mg each)
were
added at equal intervals over a two hour period. The resulting material was
then
I 0 purified by size exclusion chromatography ("SEPHADEX G-25").
Polymeric dye 16 was conjugated to thioiated IgG antibody in the following
manner. Anti-CD4 IgG antibody (3.0 mg) was exchanged into Buffer No. 3 using a
microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-30"} and diluted to a final volume of 1.0 mi.
Then Na104 (0.110 ml of 42.8 mg/ml stock solution} was added to this IgG
I 5 antibody-containing solution, and the resulting solution incubated for one
hour at
a temperature of 2 to 8°C. The oxidized IgG antibody was then purified
by gel
filtration chromatography ("SEPHADEX G-25") with Buffer No. 2 as the eluant.
The void volume fractions were then combined and concentrated to a volume of
0.086 ml to give a final concentration of IgG antibody of about 3.5 mg/ml.
2 0 Cystamine (0.250 ml of 170 mg/ml stock solution) in Buffer No. 3 was
added to the freshly oxidized IgG antibody prepared as described above to form
a
reaction mixture. After the reaction mixture had been incubated for 15 minutes
at
ambient temperature, NaCNBH3 (0.063 ml of 20 mg/ml stock solution) in Buffer
No.3 was added to this mixture, and the resulting mixture incubated for about
one
2 5 hour at ambient temperature. The modified IgG antibody was then purified
on a
column ("SEPHADEX G-25") and the void volume fractions were concentrated
using a microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-30"). The resultant disulfide-
functionalized IgG antibody was then reduced by the addition of 0.050 mi of a
6.2
mg/ml stock solution of dithiothreitol in Buffer No. 2. After the mixture had
been
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incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes, the reduced IgG antibody was
purified by size exclusion chromatography ("SEPHADEX G-25"), and the void
volume was pooled and concentrated using a microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-
u 30"). The solution was diluted to about 0.30 mg/ml using 20 mM phosphate
buffer,
pH 7.0 (0.02 N phosphate, 0.02 N sodium chloride) (nereinafter "Buffer No.
9").
Polymeric dye 16D, prepared in the manner described above, was then
exchanged into deionized water using a microconcentrator ("CENTRICON-30"),
and then diluted to give a final concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. A portion of
polymeric
dye stock {0.500 ml, 0.5 mg polymer, 1 mg / ml) in deionized water was added
to
1 0 maleimide derivatized IgG antibody (1.0 m1, 0:3 mg/ml, 0.3 mg maleimide
derivatized IgG antibody) in Buffer No. 9. The progress of the reaction was
monitored by HPLC and consumption of igG antibody was indicated by loss of
area for the unmodified IgG peak. The mixture was fractionated by size
exclusion
chromatography ("SEPHACRYL S-300").
1 5 Scheme t 8 illustrates the procedure of this example.
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O OH
HO v
HO ~ O ~ O OH
O
13A
0
0
HZ
H
O OH
O
O H
HO ~ O ~ O
O
O
H
'td-'-
O
O O OH
H
+ O ~
SH O ~~H
H O
O
H2 O
H OH
H
+ O O
~~ H O HO O HO O OH
Scheme 18
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Comparison Of Commercially Available Fluorescent onjs,~ygates With Conjugates
In this example, a flow cytometry format was used to make a comparison
between the signals generated from commercially available or otherwise readily
prepared fluorescent phycobiiiprotein-based immunoconjugates and the synthetic
polymeric fluorescent immunoconjugates as prepared in Example IX, X, and XI.
The comparison was made between conjugates that are specific for lymphocyte
I 0 markers CD4 or CDB.
The results for the comparison of the conjugates derived from polymer 11 D,
prepared as described in Example IX, and phycoerthyrin conjugates derived from
antibody with the same specificity are shown in FIGS. 10-12.
The conjugates of the anti-phycoerythrin were obtained from Coulter
I S (Hialeah, Florida) or derived from anti-CD8 antibody available from
Couiter.
Alternatively, anti-CD8 antibody can be obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St.
Louis, MO} or DAKO Corporation (Copenhagen, Denmark). In another alternative
embodiment, phycoerythrin {product #P-801 ) can be obtained from Molecular
Probes (Eugene, Oregon). SMCC and Traut's reagent can be obtained from
2 0 Pierce (Rockford, Illinois). Thiolation of IgG antibody using Traut's
reagent and
mafeimide derivatization of phycoerythrin can be carried out using standard
bioconjugation chemistry known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
Purification and
characterization of thiolated IgG antibody and maleimide derivatized
phycoerythrin can be conducted using procedures known to one of ordinary skill
2 5 in the art. Bioconjugation and purification of the thiolated !gG antibody
and
maliemide derivatized phycoerthrin can be conducted using methods known to
one of ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, the phycoerythrin can be
derivatized
with Traut's reagent and IgG antibody can be derivatized with maleimide using
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SMCC and the conjugation of the two entities can be carried out by methods
known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The results for the comparison of the conjugates derived from polymer 12D,
prepared as described in Example XI, and phycoerythrin-cy5 conjugates derived
from antibody with the same specificity are shown in FIG. 13.
Phycoerythrin-Cy5 conjugates were obtained by reacting phycoerythrin
with Cy5 as follows. Reactive Cy5 (Biological Detection Systems, Pittsburgh,
PA)
was reacted with R-phycoerythrin (Molecular Probes Corporation, Eugene,
Oregon). Ratios of dye to phycoerythrin were calculated to be between 5:1 to
I 0 15:1. Derivatization was accomplished using methods known to one of
ordinary skill in the art. Purification was accomplished by methods such as
gel
filtration chromatography or centrifugal-based membrane concentration, which
methods are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Conjugation of the
resultant
phycoerythrin-Cy5 dye tandem to the anti-CD8 antibody was effected using
I 5 methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. A 30-atom linker,
prepared as
described in U. S. Patent No. 5,002,883, was
used to derivatize the phycoerythrin-Cy5 tandem dye. Anti-CD8 antibody was
thiolated using methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The
thiolated
anti-CD8 antibody and maleimide derivatized phycoerythrin-Cy5 were then
2 0 conjugated and purified by size exclusion chromatography or other method
known
to one of ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, SMCC can be used in place
of the
30-atom linker. SMCC can be used to derivatize the phycoerythrin-Cy5 tandem
by reaction with phycoerythrin-CyS, followed by purification using column
chromatography or other purification methods known to one of ordinary skill in
the
2 5 art.
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Alternatively, phycoerythrin-Cy5-anti-CD8 conjugates can be obtained from
Dako (Copenhagen, Denmark), Coulter (Hialeah, Florida) or Sigma Chemical
Company (St. Louis, MO). Alternatively, anti-CD8-Tricolor can be obtained from
Caltag.
Other reagents used in this example included pH 7.0 phosphate buffered
saline (PBS) having 0.1 % sodium azide and 1.0% bovine serum albumin (BSA),
which were added to the conjugates, and ammonium chloride iysing solution. The
lysing solution was prepared as follows:
1 0 ,~,~~~r_edient Amount la)
NH4C1 8.26
KHC03 1.0
NaEDTA 0.037
The ingredients listed above were dissolved in distilled water (i .0 liter)
and the
resulting solution was adjusted to a pH of 7.3 with HEPES buffer, which is
commercially available from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. The lysing
2 0 solution was warmed to a temperature of 41 oC before use.
Protocol
The reagents were used directly to detect a specific cell surface receptor.
The test
tubes in which tMe tests were carried out contained the primary reagents in
the
2 5 amount of 5 g.g. Fresh whole blood (200 g.L) was then placed in each of
the test
tubes. Then the contents of each tube were gently vortexed and incubated at
room temperature in the dark for 15 minutes. After incubation, the tubes were
washed once in 3 ml of the modified PBS. The washed tubes were then
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centrifuged for 3 minutes at 500 x gravity, the supernatants from these tubes
were
then aspirated, and the cell pellets were resuspended in the modified PBS.
After incubation, the tubes were treated with ammonium chloride lysing
solution according to the following protocol.
1. 3.0 ml of the lysing solution was added to each tube.
2. The contents of each tube were thoroughly mixed by a disposable
pipette.
3. The contents of each tube were incubated at room temperature for 7
minutes.
1 0 4. The contents of the tubes were centrifuged for 3 minutes at 2000
rpm.
5. All but 100 ~,L of the supernatants from each tube were aspirated.
6. The contents of the tubes were vortexed to resuspend the pellets.
7. 3.0 mi of PBS having 0.1 % sodium azide and 1.0% BSA was then
1 5 added to the resuspended pellets.
8. Steps 4-7 were repeated.
9. 0.5 mi of PBS having 0.1 % sodium azide and 1.0% BSA was then
added to the resuspended pellets. The PBS also contained 10 mM (60 mg/ml)
pentosanpolysulfate (Sigma Chemical Company (P8275) ) adjusted to pH 7.5.
The contents of each tube was analyzed using a Facscan 11 fluorescence
activated cell sorter available from Becton-Dickinson Inc. The instrument
settings
were optimized for visualization on lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes
on
forward verse side scatter parameters. "Quick Cal" beads (available from Flow
2 5 Cytometry Standards Corporation, Durham, N.C.) were run, as instructed by
the
accompanying software program, in order to generate a calibration curve. The
percent fluorescent events on the histogram was determined for each tube using
the three light scatter gates.
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The results of these experiments are shown in FIGS. 10, 11, and 12 for anti-
s CD8/phycoerythrin and the anti-CD8-pyridinium aniline monoene conjugate of
Example IX, and in FIG. 13 for the anti-CD8/phycoerythrin-cyanine and the anti-
CD8-pyridinium aniline diene conjugate of Example X. The conjugates of the
present invention provided adequate resolution of labeled and unlabeled
lymphocytes and provided resolution results comparable to those of
commercially
1 0 available conjugates.
Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent
to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of
this
invention, and it should be understood that this invention is not to be unduly
limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein.
83
