Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
1
TITLE
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SCORING AND FOLDING SMET MATERIAL
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and
apparatus for manufacturing an object of a folded sheet
material. More particularly, the present invention
relates to a continuous method and apparatus for
manufacturing an object out of a corrugated fiberboard
material. Most particularly, the present invention
relates to a method and apparatus for making stringers and
cross stringers, to be assembled into pallets, from
corrugated fiberboard material.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Methods and apparatus for making stringers and cross
stringers from corrugated fiberboard material are shown in
the.,.art.. ,,..:U.,S... Patent No. 4,792, 32-5, issued December 20,
1988, to Schmidtke discloses a method and apparatus for
continuously making cardboard runners and stringers and
assembling them into a cardboard pallet. Whether a runner
or stringer is involved, the method involves essentially
supplying a fiberboard blank of appropriate composition in
size, running the blank through a perforating and scoring
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
2
roller to produce fold lines in the blank, and
progressively folding the blank from the outside in, by
passing it through a plurality of curvilinear rods, and
supplying adhesive to portions of the blank during the
folding process. The runners and stringers thus produced
are assembled together to form a cardboard pallet.
U.S. Patent No. 5,207,631, issued May 4, 1993, to
Schmidtke, et. al., shows a method and apparatus for
folding of sheet material into symmetrical and non-
symmetrical shapes. The method involves, essentially,
supplying a sheet of material such as a fiberboard blank
of appropriate composition and size, running the blank
through crushing and scoring rollers to produce fold lines
in the blank, and asymmetrically (making more folds from
one side of the blank than from the other side) or
symmetrically folding the blank into a predetermined shape
while applying adhesive at predetermined points. The
blank is folded by passing it through a multi-function
"rv' ' fc~ldin~ means'; 'including a liftin4'mdans; , whiCh .can
slightly lift the outside edge of the blank until a belt-
like folding and propelling means can then fold one panel
of a blank over onto the other panel while adhesive is
being applied.
While the machines in the art were certainly capable
of manufacturing pallet members from corrugated fiberboard
material, they proved unsuitable for continuous production
CA 02322938 2007-02-01
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
3
use. Problems were encountered with the inability of the
machines to handle paper which was over tolerance in
thickness, the inability to propel the paper along a flat,
horizontal plane of movement through the crushing and
scoring sections, instead imparting a slight "S" shape to
the paper, and the inability to control the fast moving
corrugated paperboard (loss of paper control) in the
folding stations. Thus, those skilled in the art
continued to search for a high volume production method
and apparatus for folding sheet material.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect of the present invention there is
provided an apparatus for folding of sheet material in a
continuous process including seriatim:
a) a slitting and scoring/crushing means having at
least one thickness qualifying roller;
b) a panel identifying means having identifying
rollers;
C) at least one glue station;
d) at least one gathering and pre-folding means;
and,
e) at least one active hinged folding means.
CA 02322938 2007-02-01
4
Another aspect of the invention provides a method of
folding sheet material including the steps of:
a) scoring/crushing and slitting a blank of sheet
material at a number of pre-determined positions to provide
a pre-determined series of panels in said blank while
passing said blank along a flat path of movement;
b) passing said blank through identifying rollers to
identify pre-determined fold lines adjacent certain of said
panels;
c) passing said blank through a gathering and pre-
folding means; and
d) folding said blank by moving said blank past a
plurality of active, hinged, folding means.
The method and apparatus of the present invention
addresses the problems found in the art in several ways.
An improved slitting and scoring/crushing section has a
qualifying means adjustable with respect to a flat plane of
movement to qualify, or bring within tolerance, corrugated
paperboard which is over thickness. Out of tolerance
paperboard can affect the folding operation in later
stages.
The slitting means, which slit the corrugated
paperboard or fiberboard, are adjustable with respect to
the flat plane of movement, like the crushing/scoring
means. All operations are performed properly, while still
maintaining the flat line of feed or horizontal paper path
CA 02322938 2007-02-01
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
through the machine, without causing the paper to assume a
"S" shape because of loss of paper control.
An identifying roller section and a gathering and
pre-folding section is provided to more easily make a
5 number of folds than previously possible. A number of
active folding devices are used to make the remaining
folds, which provide better control of the rapidly moving
fiberboard than was heretofore possible.
Also, novel slitting and scoring/crushing heads are
provided so that the machine may easily and rapidly be
changed from manufacturing one size and/or configuration
of pallet member to another without extensive disassembly
and down time of the machine.
Thus, the method and apparatus of the present
invention solves the problems in the prior art by slitting
and/or scoring and/or crushing a blank of sheet material
at a number of predetermined positions to provide a
predetermined series of fold lines and corresponding
panels in said sheet, all the while moving the corrugated
paperboard or fiberboard along a horizontal plane or flat
line of movement without distortion or the loss of paper
control.
After the blank passes through the slitting and/or
scoring and/or crushing operation, the apparatus then
folds and gathers the blank at the fold lines by first
moving the blanks through identifying rollers and a
CA 02322938 2007-02-01
WO 99/46113 PCTIUS99/04681
6
gathering section while applying glue at appropriate areas
to the pre-folded panels, all while longitudinally
propelling the blank through the apparatus under total
paper control. The remainder of the folds are made by
propelling the blank through a series of hinged folding
means, while further applying glue to secure the blank in
the shape of the part being manufactured.
15
25
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
7
Further objects and advantages of the present
invention will be apparent from the following description
and appended claims, reference being made to the
accompanying drawings forming a part of the specification,
wherein like reference, characters designate corresponding
parts in the several views.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a corrugated
paperboard pallet having pallet members manufactured
according to the method and apparatus of the present
invention.
Fig. 2 is a sectional view, taken in the direction of
the arrows, along the section line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a sectional view, taken in the direction of
the arrows, along the section line 3-3 of Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is a partial plan view of a corrugated
paperboard or fiberboard blank before being folded by the
app2lratus 73f the"present invention into the cros"s-stri?lger
shown in Figs. 1-2.
Fig. 5 is an elevational view of the construction
shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 6 is a partial plan view of a corrugated
paperboard or fiberboard blank before being folded by the
apparatus of the present invention into the stringer shown
in Figs. 1 and 3.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
8
Fig. 7 is an elevational view of the construction
shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 8 is an elevational view of a construction
embodying the present invention.
Fig. 9 is an elevational view of a construction
embodying a modification of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic, perspective, view of an
improved slitting and scoring/crushing means embodying the
present invention, which may be used to form a blank such
as that shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 11 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 11-11 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 12 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 12-12 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 13 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 13-13 of Fig. S.
Fig. 14 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 14-14 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 15 is a sectional view,'taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 15-15 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 16 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 16-16 of Fig. S.
Fig. 17 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 17-17 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 18 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 18-18 of Fig. B.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
9
Fig. 19 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 19-19 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 20 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 20-20 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 21 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 21-21 of Fig. S.
Fig. 22 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 22-22 of Fig. S.
Fig. 23 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 23-23 of Fig. S.
Fig. 24 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 24-24 of Fig. S.
Fig. 25 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 25-25 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 26 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 26-26 of Fig. S.
Fig. 27 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 27-27 of Fig. 9.
Fig. 2'S' 'i9' a'sactional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 28-28 of Fig. 9.
Fig. 29 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 29-29 of Fig. 9.
Fig. 30 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 30-30 of Fig. 9.
Fig. 31 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 31-31 of Fig. 9.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
Fig. 32 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 32-32 of Fig. 9.
Fig. 33 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 33-33 of Fig. 9.
5 Fig. 34 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 34-34 of Fig. 9.
Fig. 35 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 35-35 of Fig. 9.
Fig. 36 is a exploded perspective view of a slitting
10 means embodying the construction of the present invention.
Fig. 37 is a view similar in part to Fig. 36, but
showing the slitting means set up to hold a single
slitting blade.
Fig. 38 is a view similar in part to Fig. 36, but
showing the slitting means set up to hold two widely
spaced slitting blades.
Fig. 39 is similar in part to Fig. 36, but showing
the slitting means set up to hold two spaced apart
slitting blades.
Fig. 40 is a view in similar in part to Fig. 36, but
showing the slitting means set up to hold three spaced
apart slitting blades.
Fig. 41 is an exploded perspective view of a
scoring/crushing means embodying the construction of the
present invention.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
11
Fig. 42 is a view similar in part to that shown in
Fig. 41, but showing a scoring/crushing means having a
single scoring head.
Fig. 43 is a view similar in part to Fig. 41, but
showing the scoring/crushing means set up to have two
different width scoring heads separated by a spacer.
Fig. 44 is a view similar in part to Fig. 41, but
showing a scoring/crushing means set up to have two
different width scoring heads separated by a wide spacer.
Fig. 45 is a diagrammatic plan view of a gathering
device or section embodying the construction of the
present invention being used to gather and pre-fold a
cross-stringer.
Fig. 46 is an elevational view of the construction
shown in Fig. 45, taken in the direction of the arrows,
along the view line 46-46 of Fig. 45.
Fig. 47 is a partial, sectional, diagrammatic view,
taken in the direction of the arrows, along the section
line 47-47 of Fig. 46.
Figure 48 is a sectional view, taken in the direction
of the arrows, along the section line 48-48 of Fig. 45.
Fig. 49 is a modification of the construction shown
in Fig. 45 being used to gather and pre-fold a stringer.
Fig. 50 is an elevational view of the construction
shown in Fig. 49, taken in the direction of the arrows,
along the view line 50-50 of Fig. 49.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
12
Fig. 51 is a partial, sectional, diagrammatic view,
taken in the direction of the arrows, along the section
line 51-51 of Fig. 50.
Fig. 52 is a partial, sectional, diagrammatic view,
taken in the direction of the arrows, along the section
line 52-52 of Fig. 49.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to Fig. 1, there is shown a product made of
corrugated paperboard or fiberboard in the form of a
pallet, generally designated by the numeral 60. While the
pallet 60 is illustrated, it should be understood that
this is used by way of example, and a wide range of
corrugated paperboard, fiberboard, or other sheet
materials may be used to form a wide variety of products
using the method and apparatus of the present invention.
Such products may be such as pallets, corner posts,
internal packaging supports, or any other practicable
product made of a sheet material, whether the sheet
material be made of paper, corrugated paperboard,
fiberboard, plastic, or other material, and whether the
product so made has only one fold therein, or multiple
folds.
With reference to Figs. 1-3, the cross-stringers and
stringers making up pallet 60 may be identical, or
different. In the embodiment shown, cross-stringer 61 and
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
13
stringer 62 are of different cross-section. Each cross
stringer 61 may have a plurality of notches 63 in which to
insert the fork tines of a fork lift truck or pallet jack.
Likewise, each of the stringers 62 may have a notch 64
into which to insert the fork lift or pallet jack tines.
Generally, the notch 64 in the stringer 62 is smaller than
the notch 63 in the cross-stringer 61 because, in the
typical pallet construction, the cross section of the
stringer 62 will be smaller than the cross-section of the
cross-stringer 61. However, the notches (63,64) may be of
the same or different sizes as desired.
Referring to Fig. 4-5, there is shown a first or
cross-stringer blank 67 immediately after it has passed
through the slitting and scoring/crushing means 100 to be
hereinafter described. For ease of illustration, the
holes which have been previously punched in the cross-
stringer blank 67 to form the notches 63 described
hereinabove have been omitted. The pre-punching of the
cross-stringer blank 67 is optional, well known in the
art, and forms no part of the present invention.
Certain areas of the cross-stringer blank 67 have
been scored and crushed by the slitting and
scoring/cushing means 100 to form scored and crushed
panels 76, 78, and 80. The cross-stringer blank 67 has
also been slit on either the top or bottom as indicated by
the letters A,B,C,D,E and L, while fold lines F,G,H,I,J,
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
14
and K have been introduced by the scoring/crushing means
133 of the slitting and scoring/crushing means 100. Due
to the scale of the drawings, such fold lines F-K are not
readily visible in Fig. 5, but are illustrated in
Fig. 4. Thus, the cross-stringer blank 67, after passing
through the slitting and scoring/crushing means 100 has
been divided into a plurality of longitudinally extending
panels 70-82, including scored/crushed panels 76,78, and
80.
Likewise, the stringer blank 82 (Figs. 7-8) is shown
just after it has passed through a slitting and
crushing/scoring means 100A set up to properly slit and
score/crush said stringer blank. Scored/crushed panels
have been provided as indicated at 84 and 86, with fold
lines M,N,O,P therein, while slits Q,R, and S have been
provided in the top or bottom of the blank as illustrated,
to form panels 83,85,87-90.
Referring to Fig. 8, an apparatus embodying the
construction of the present invention to form the cross-
stringer blank 67 into the finished cross-stringer 61 is
illustrated. The apparatus may include such as a slitting
and scoring/crushing means 100, an identifying means 101,
a gathering and pre-folding means (left and right side)
102, a first active folding means (left side) 103, second
active folding means (right side) 104, third active
folding means (right side) 105, fourth active folding
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
means (right side) 106, and first compression means 107.
The folding means may be referred to as "active" folding
means as they are in motion to perform the folding
operation for at least part of the time that the part
5 being folded is passing through them. Means well known in
the art are provided to control and operate slitting and
scoring/crushing means 100, identifying means 101,
gathering and pre-folding means 102, first active folding
means 103, second active folding means 104, third active
10 folding means 105, fourth active folding means 106, first
compression means 107, as well as any equipment auxiliary
thereto, and need not be described in detail herein.
Referring to Fig. 9 there is shown a construction
embodying the present invention adapted to manufacture the
15 stringer 62 illustrated in Fig. 3. In this embodiment of
the invention there is shown a slitting and scoring/
crushing means 100A, which as will be described
hereinafter as similar to the slitting and
scoring/crushing means 100. Likewise, the identifying
means 101A is similar to the identifying means 101, shown
in connection with the embodiment of Fig. 8.
In addition, gathering and pre-folding means 102A is
similar to the gathering and pre-folding means 102 shown
in the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig. 8.
Spaced longitudinally downstream of the gathering and pre-
folding means 102A is a plurality of hinged folding means
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
16
96, such as first active stringer (left side) folding
means 109, second active stringer (right side) folding
means 110, and a third active stringer (right side)
folding means 112. A second compression section ill is
provided downstream from the second stringer folding means
112.
It can be understood that by those skilled in the art
that the openings needed in the cross-stringer blank 67 or
stringer blank 82 may be present when the blanks (67,82)
go through slitting and scoring/crushing means (100,100A),
or may be accomplished in the slitting and scoring/
crushing means (100, 100A) simply by the addition of well
known cutting dies. However, for ease of understanding,
any holes in the blanks 67,82 have simply been omitted,
and no cutting apparatus is illustrated in connection with
the improved slitting and scoring/crushing means of the
present invention.
Referring now to Fig. 10, an example of a
,,..,t.,,...,
construction"embodying the improved slitting...and
scoring/crushing means 100 of the present invention is
illustrated. It is important to note that all of the
adjustments to be described are made with regard to a
straight line, planar, or flat path (paper line) of
movement through the machine indicated by the straight
parallel path of movement lines 114 and 115. The
horizontal plane defined by these lines will be the
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
17
straight path of movement which the cross-stringer blank
67 follows through the machines. It is the bottom or
underside 67A of the cross-stringer blank 67 which travels
in this plane, and it is with regard to this plane that
all adjustments are made.
The cross-stringer blank 67 illustrated in Fig. 10 is
shown at a position where it has just come between a first
lower feed roller 118 and a first adjustable qualifying
roller 119. The first lower feed roller 118 would
generally be driven, and the path of movement (114,115)
would be tangent to its circumference.
The first qualifying roller 119 is vertically
adjustable with regard to the first lower feed roller 118,
and thus, to the plane of movement (114,115). The first
qualifying roller 119 is biased toward the first lower
feed roller 118 to maintain sufficient pressure on the
cross-stringer blank 67 to cause it to be driven by the
first lower feed roller 118, but has an adjustable maximum
upward travel such that an over thick or over tolerance
cross-stringer blank 67 will not be allowed to pass under
the first qualifying roller 119 without being slightly
crushed into, or at least close to, the maximum thickness
permitted for the cross-stringer blank 67 being slit, and/
or scored and/or crushed.
It can be understood by those skilled in the art that
the slits and scores put in the cardboard blank depend on
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
18
a certain maximum tolerance. For example, if the panels
70-75 of the cross-stringer blank are pre-folded in a
manner to be described, and are thicker than they should
be due to over tolerance thickness of the cardboard, they
will not fit in to the score/crush 76 when they are folded
therein by the folding means to be described. Thus, the
provision of the qualifying roller(s) in the present
invention solves a major problem present in the prior art
devices.
To place the scored and crushed areas 76,78, and 80
into the blank, the cross-stringer blank 67 next travels
through a scoring/crushing means 133 having a first
adjustable scoring/crushing head assembly 134, and a
second adjustable scoring /crushing head assembly 135, to
be described in more detail hereinafter. First adjustable
scoring/crushing head assembly 134, and second adjustable
scoring /crushing head assembly 135 are rotatably carried
by a shaft which will be adjusted a fixed distance from
thq,..rubber,..bl.anke,t 136. The scoring/crushing means 133
will crush and score the cross-stringer blank 67 to
provide panels 76,78, and 80, and scores F-K.
If, desired, the rubber blanket 136 may be replaced
with a steel roller mounted on a shaft. If a steel roller
is used, it may have an appropriate profile such that the
scoring crushing head assembly 134 and the steel roller
(not shown) can be in a male-female relationship.
The cross-stringer blank 67 then progresses to the
first slitting means 122 having a first adjustable
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
19
slitting knife assembly 220 having a total of four
slitting knives 230 to slit the cross-stringer blank 67
from the bottom. The slitting knives 230 press against
first metal roller 125.
Since the cross-stringer blank 67 must travel along
the path of movement defined by lines 114,115, the first
slitting knife assembly 220 is adjustable toward and away
from the first metal or steel roller 125, which is fixed
with regard to the path of movement 114,115. This allows
the cardboard to be slit from the bottom, keeping the
bottom 67A of the cross-stringer blank 67 in the flat path
of movement while making sure that the first slitting
knives 230 do not cut into the top sheet (liner) of the
cross-stringer blank 67. It can be understood by those
skilled in the art that the first adjustable slitting
knife assembly 230 may need to be adjusted depending upon
the type and caliper of corrugated cardboard being
fabricated into the cross-stringer blank 67. For example,
__.,. _..:....._.._. .
Y rv AC fl-ute paper is thicker than BC'*flUt'e 'paper, and the'
first slitting means 122 must be adjusted when the paper
type is being changed. Slitting knives 230 will have now
placed slits A,C,E and L in the cross-stringer blank 167
(Fig. 4).
The cross-stringer blank 67 next encounters a second
slitting means 127, including a second adjustable slitting
knife assembly 233, to be described further hereinafter,
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
including a pair of slitting blades 230. The slitting
knife assembly 223 would normally be driven against a
second metal (steel) roller 130. Said second pair of
slitting blades 230 would be responsible for slits B and D
5 (Fig.4) in the cross-stringer blank 67.
The cross-stringer blank 67 then travels over a
second lower feed roller 140, which may be driven if
desired, having opposite thereof a second adjustable
qualifying roller 141. The second qualifying roller 141
10 may be adjusted lower or the same as first qualifying
roller 119, i.e., if the first qualifying roller 119
brings the cross-stringer blank 67 completely within
tolerance there is no need for the second qualifying
roller 141 to bring the cross-stringer blank 67 within
15 tolerance. However, in some locations without a quality
dependable supply of corrugated fiberboard, excessive over
tolerance conditions may be encountered, in which case it
may be desirable not to have all of the qualifying or
. : _ . __
~li,fj~ing""
br 'inging.w it~Yiin . tolerance done by the first" qua.
20 roller 119, but to have that function shared. For
example, the first qualifying roller 119 may crush the
cross-stringer blank 67 for one half the necessary amount,
with the second qualifying roller 141 bringing the
cardboard sheet into tolerance before proceeding through
the identifying and folding sections.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
21
It can be seen that by virtue of the improvements in
the construction of the present invention over the prior
art the corrugated paperboard travels in a completely flat
and true (paper line) plane of movement through the
slitting and scoring means 100, while the corrugated
paperboard or fiberboard being used for the cross-stringer
blank 67 is brought into tolerance if needed.
It can easily be understood that by adjusting or
varying the numbers and/or location of the qualifying
10' rollers 119,141 the slitting means (122,127) and the
scoring and crushing means 133, a wide variety of
scoring/crushing and slitting patterns may be provided on
the top and/or bottom of a cardboard or fiberboard blank
to produce a wide variety of parts. For this reason it
can be easily accepted and understood how the stringer
blank 82 shown in Figs. 6 and 7 would be prepared and a
description of the slitting and scoring/crushing means, as
set up for the stringer blank, is omitted for the purposes
of clarity.
Referring now to Figs. 8 and 11, another major
advantage of the present method and apparatus over the
prior method and apparatus can be seen. This major
improvement resides in the provision of, and the use of
identifying rollers.
The identifying means 101 includes a first shaft 145
suitably mounted for rotation, on which are mounted a
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
22
first plurality of identifying rollers 146. Identifying
rollers 146 may be of any desired shape and cross-section.
In the preferred embodiment they are of a V-shape. Also,
one, or a plurality, of first identifying rollers 146, or
none at all, may be used depending upon the particular
application of the identifying means 101. As will be
shown hereinafter, the identifying means 101A used in
connection with the stringer blank is similar to the
identifying means 101 used for formation of the cross-
stringer.
A second shaft 147 (mounted directly under first
shaft 145) carries a second number or plurality of second
identifying rollers 148. The first number or plurality of
identifying rollers 146 are mounted in a spaced apart
parallel relationship on first shaft 145. The second
number or plurality of identifying rollers 148 is mounted
on second shaft 147. The first plurality of identifying
rollers 146 is offset from the second plurality of
'identi-fyirig rollers,148 a predetermined distande so that
the tips of the rollers 146,148 correspond with the scores
A-E shown in Figs. 4-5. It can be seen that for different
applications, different numbers and arrangements of the
first and second identifying rollers (146,148) may be
used.
The tips of the first plurality of identifying
rollers are interspersed among the tips of the second
CA 02322938 2007-02-01
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
23
plurality of identifying rollers in an overlapping
relationship (i.e., the tips of first identifying rollers
146 are below the tips of the second identifying rollers
148) to cause the panels A-E to fold slightly with respect
to an adjacent panel and thus identify where the folds are
for the remainder of the apparatus.
At this point in the apparatus the cross-stringer
blank 67 is no longer being driven by the first and second
feed rollers 118,140 used in the slitting and scoring/
crushing means 100, but is being driven between an upper
conveyor belt 150 and a lower conveyor belt 151 supported
and driven by means known in the art. The upper conveyor
belt 150 has a first protuberance 153 which rides in a
complimentary shaped recess 154 in the belt supporting
means 155. The lower conveyor belt 151 also has a
protuberance 153A riding in recess 154A in lower belt
supporting means 155A.
Continuing on its path through the apparatus of the
present invention, after passing through the identifying
means 101, the cross-stringer blank 67 will pass under
first glue station 158 (Fig. 12) where cold glue will be
applied as shown in two locations to the top of panel 81
and in one location to the tops of panels 71,73, and 75,
and also to the bottom of panels 71 and 74.
CA 02322938 2007-02-01
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
24
Referring to Figs. 45-48, after passing underneath
the first gluing station 158, the cross-stringer blank 67
proceeds to the cross-stringer gathering and/or pre-
folding device or section 102. At the beginning of the
gathering section 102, the cross-stringer blank 67 will
have the cross section shown in Fig. 12, and will be
driven by the upper transfer belt(s) 275 and lower
transfer belt(s) 276. As the cross stringer blank 67
travels in the direction of the arrow shown in Fig. 45.
the panel 70 will encounter inwardly curving, curvilinear,
guide rail 277, which is mounted to, or adjacent, a first
low friction surface 278. The first low friction surface
is preferably made of an UHMV (ultra high melt viscosity)
polymer material, but any suitable low friction material
can be used. The first low friction surface 278 may run
parallel to and/or adjacent one of the lower transfer
belt(s) 276.
On the other side of lower transfer belt(s) 276 is an
open area identified by the numeral 279. Although the open
area 279 is used in the preferred embodiment, another low
friction surface, or other type surface may be
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
provided. Mounted in the open area 278 is an upwardly
inclined, inwardly curving, curvilinear lifting rail 280.
The upwardly inclined, inwardly curving, curvilinear
lifting rail 280 is preferably made of a low friction
5 material such as UHIKV, but may be made of other materials.
At approximately the same time the panel 70 (Fig. 12)
encounters the curvilinear guide rail 277, and the panel
70, together with panels 71-74, are being gathered
inwardly toward the lower transfer belt 276, the panel 82
10 will encounter the curvilinear lifting rail 280 and be
lifted upwardly from its' horizontal position to a
vertical position as the cross-stringer blank 67 nears the
end of the cross stringer gathering section or device 102.
The momentum imparted to the panel 82 should be
15 sufficient, in the preferred embodiment, so that the panel
82, after being lifted to its vertical position, continues
to travel about it's hinged connection with panel 81, and
actually fold over on top of panel 81, as shown in Fig. 13
just before the blank approaches roller(s) 281. 1
20 Likewise, the panels 70-74, after they are fully
gathered together by the curvilinear guide rail 206,
should continue to fold over on to the top of panel 75, as
shown in Fig. 13.
Fig. 13 shows the cross section of the cross stringer
25 blank 67 after it has passed through the cross stringer
gathering device or section 102, and just before it enters
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
26
second glue station 161. It can be easily understood that
if a different sheet material were being folded, the guide
rail 206, the lifting rail 209, and any other components,
may be easily rearranged, as desired.
After the cross-stringer blank 67 exits from the
second glue station 161, it will proceed through the first
cross-stringer folding means 103 illustrated in more
detail in Figs. 14 and 15. First cross-stringer folding
means 103 has a suitable base portion 162 having an upper
conveyor belt or belts 163 and a pair of lower conveyor
belts 164 driving the cross-stringer blank 67 in its
partially formed configuration through the first cross-
stringer folding means.
Attached to the base is a single hinged folding
member 165 having a mounting portion 166 attached to the
base, a hinge member 167, and an angled member 168. A
bracket 169 helps support the angled member 168 in its
opened position. A fluid operated cylinder (not shown),
well khown in the art, is operably 'attached to, cylinder
bracket 170 (and preferably base 162) to rotate the angled
member from its open position shown in Fig. 14 to a 135
degree rotated position shown in Fig. 15.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
27
Since cross-stringers 61 are required in widely
varying lengths, depending on the application, it is
usually desirable to split the angled member 168 into two
or more members or sections, with the attendant apparatus
to operate and control each section.
In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the single
hinged folding member 165 has an upstream section which is
50 inches in length, and a downstream section which is 25
inches in length. When the cross-stringer blank is over
fifty inches in length, the upstream and downstream
sections will operate in unison, and usually not until the
blank has reached substantially the end of the downstream
section. When the cross-stringer blank is less than 50
inches in length, only the upstream section is used. By
being able to use one, shorter, section for shorter cross-
stringers, faster cycle times can be achieved. It can be
understood that the exact dimensions and usage will vary,
depending on the application.
A'second fluid"operated cylinder 176,' having a shaft
171, is provided. While the cross-stringer blank 67 is
entering the first cross-stringer folding means 103, the
shaft 171 of second fluid operated cylinder 176 is
extended so that the adjustable arm 173 attached to the
adapter 172 by fastening means 174 bears against the
cross-stringer blank 67 so that it will not lift until the
angled member 168 starts folding panels 81 and 82 of the
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
28
cross-stringer blank 67. As the angled member 168
approaches the 135 degree position, the second fluid
operated cylinder 176 is operated to retract shaft 171 and
thus, adjustable arm 173, so it can clear the panels 81
and 82. These panels (81,82) make contact with panel 79
when they are passed from this folding station to the
upper drive belt. Since glue was applied at the second
glue station 161 this portion of the cross-stringer being
formed will be setting up in the glued position while
under pressure of the drive belt.
Immediately after this operation the cross-stringer
blank 79 proceeds to the third glueing station 178 (Fig.
16) wherein additional cold glue heads 159 apply
additional cold glue, or other desired adhesives, to
panels 76,77 and 78.
After passing under third glue station 178 the cross-
stringer blank travels into second cross-stringer folding
means 104 illustrated in Figs. 17, 18 and 19. The
operations'illustrated in Fig. 17, 18 and 19 take place
each time a partially formed cross-stringer 61 or cross-
stringer blank 67 enters the second cross-stringer folding
means. Second cross-stringer folding means includes a
double hinged folding means 180, including a first hinge
portion 181, a first hinge 182, a second hinge portion
183, a second hinge 184, and a third substantially
C-shaped hinge portion 185, with the "C" facing backwards.
It can be understood that if third hinge portion 185 were
viewed from the opposite direction, the "C" shape would no
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
29
longer appear to be facing backwards. As before,
depending on the application, the double hinged folding
means or member 180 may be split into two or more portions
or sections, depending on the application.
It can be seen that the upper portion 186 of the
C-shaped portion 185 is slightly shorter than the lower
portion 187. Attached to the second hinged portion 183 is
a stop member 188 having angled arm portion 189, and a
stop portion 190, for purposes to be hereinafter
described. An opening 191 is provided in stop number 190.
An adjustable stop means 194 is rotatably mounted to stop
bracket 195, while a fluid operated cylinder, well known
in the art (not shown) is connected to cylinder mounting
bracket 196.
As the cross-stringer blank 67 continues to be
propelled by suitable conveyer belts (not shown), the
partially folded cross-stringer blank 67 will enter the
second cross-stringer folding means 104 and, in doing so,
will pass on'to the double hinged folding means 180
illustrated in Fig. 17. Initially, the double hinged
folding means 180 is in its open position as illustrated
therein. The portion of the cross-stringer blank 67
consisting of panels 70-75 is ready to be folded into the
scored/crushed area 76. The portion of the cross-stringer
consisting of said panels 70-75 is partially enclosed at
this point by the third, substantially backward C-shaped
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
portion 185 of the double hinged folding means 180, and
pressure is maintained thereon by a UHMV rod 197 mounted
to a spring steel or other suitable member 198. As the
partially formed cross-stringer blank 67 advances within
5 the second cross-stringer folding means 104, the fluid
cylinder (not shown) attached to the fluid cylinder
mounting bracket 196 (and preferably base 162) starts to
extend, causing the mounting bracket 196, and thus third
substantially backward C-shaped portion 185 to also
10 rotate.
C-shaped portion 185 is designed to rotate 90 degrees
before the adjustable stop means 194 engages the stop 190
of stop member 188. Adjustable stop means 194, depending
on the application, may permit up to 180 of rotation, if
15 desired. At this time C-shaped portion 185 of double
hinge folding means 180 almost completely encloses panels
70-75 of the partially folded cross-stringer blank 67.
At this point the fluid cylinder attached to mounting
bracket-196''continues to rotate, which causes''sdjustable
20 stop means 194, which has engaged stop 190 of stop member
188, to cause the second hinge portion 183 of the second
cross-stringer folding means to rotate until the stop 190
engages a second stop 200 (omitted for clarity from Figs.
17 and 18). This allows the upper portion 186 of the by
25 now rotated substantially backward C-shaped third portion
185 to clear the remainder of the cross-stringer blank 67,
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
31
which it would otherwise engage and cause binding in the
operation of the apparatus of the present invention.
With the cross-stringer blank 67 still traveling in a
longitudinal path in a flat plane of movement, the blank
67 now leaves the second cross-stringer folding means and
enters the third cross-stringer folding means 105 (Figs.
21,22,23).
The construction of the third cross-stringer folding
means 105 is substantially similar to the construction of
the second cross-stringer folding means 104 except that
third substantially C-shaped portion 185 of the second
cross-stringer folding means has been replaced by L-shaped
portion 203. For ease of understanding this will be
referred to as modified double hinged folding means 205 in
Figs. 21-23. As before, the modified double hinged
folding means can be split into two or more sections,
depending on the application.
It can also be seen that the shape, but not the
furiction of stop'member 188 and- stop 190 have changed.
For ease of understanding these have been renumbered 188A
and 190A.
As the by now almost fully formed cross-stringer
blank 67 proceeds through the third cross-stringer folding
means 105, panels 70-75 are folded onto the top of panel
77. An additional 90 degrees of rotation folds panels
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
32
70-77 over onto a portion of panel 78 as the blank 67
completes its travel through the third cross stringer
folding means 105.
The cross-stringer blank 67 then leaves the third
cross-stringer folding means 105, and enters the fourth
cross-stringer folding means 106. It can be seen that the
fourth cross-stringer folding means 106 is substantially
identical to the third cross-stringer folding means 105.
As before, the forth cross stringer means can be split
into two or more sections, depending on the application.
While passing from the third cross-stringer folding
means 105 into the fourth cross-stringer folding means
106, the cross-stringer blank 67 passes underneath a hot
glue head 207 to place a bead of hot melt glue or other
suitable adhesive at a pre-determined position on panel 81
to glue panels 70-75 and 77 to the top of panel 81 when
the fold shown taking place in Figs. 25 and 26 is
completed to form the completed cross-stringer 61.
Having fo'llowed the formation of the coinpleted cross-
stringer 61, it can now be understood how the apparatus of
the present invention can be easily modified to run other
parts made of folded fiberboard or cardboard, such as
stringer 62 or rectangular cardboard member made from the
stringer blank illustrated Fig. 6 and 7.
Referring to Fig. 9 the apparatus of the present
invention is shown easily modified to form the cross-
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
33
stringer blank 82 into a rectangular folded member. From
the previous explanation it can easily be seen how the
slitting and scoring/crushing assembly or means 100 can be
set up to slit and score/crush the stringer blank 82. The
modified slitting and scoring/crushing means is
illustrated as 100A.
Referring to Fig. 27, there is shown a modified
identifying means 101A very similar to the identifying
means 101 shown in Fig. 11. Again there is shown an upper
conveyor belt 150 and a lower conveyor belt 151 driving
the stringer blank 82. There is a first plurality of
identifying rollers 146 on the top side of the stringer
blank and a second plurality of identifying rollers 148 on
the bottom of the stringer blank 82. It can be understood
thati any number of identifying rollers could be used on
the kop or bottom of the blank 82 depending upon the part
beinLp- formed. It is even possible that no identifying
rollbrs would be needed in some applications.
After passing through the modified identifying means
101A, the stringer blank 82 passes under first stringer
glueing station 210 (Fig.28) where six cold glue heads 159
apply cold glue or other suitable adhesive or bonding
material to the top of stringer panel 89, and to both
sides of stringer panel 88.
Referring to Figs. 49-52, after passing through first
stringer glueing station 210. the stringer blank will pass
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
34
through stringer gathering and pre-folding device or
section 102A. At the beginning of the stringer gathering
section 102A, the stringer blank 82 will have the cross-
section shown in Fig. 28,and will be driven by the upper
transfer belt(s) 285, and the lower transfer belt(s) 286.
As the stringer blank 82 travels in the direction of the
arrow shown in Fig. 49, the panel 90 will encounter a
flat, curvilinear rail or bar 287. The flat, curvilinear
rail or bar 287 may be parallel or adjacent to a second
low friction surface 288. It is preferred that second low
friction surface 288 be made of UHKV, but other surfaces
may be provided.
As the panels 88-90 (Fig. 52) continue to be pushed
in the direction of the arrow, the elevation of the panel
90 increases. To maintain paper control, a curvilinear,
upwardly inclined, inverted L-shaped channel 290 is
provided. The inverted channel 290 is preferably elevated
with respect to the second low friction surface 288, and
the flat rail or bar 287. The slope of the inverted
channel 290 preferably closely matches the rate of
increase of the elevation of the panel 90. The panel 90 is
controlled while the stringer blank travels along the path
of movement through the stringer gathering section 102A.
The panel 90, as it completes its' travel through the
stringer gathering section 102A will contact panel 293.
The panel 293 is sharply angled inwardly and may be
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
designed to impart extra momentum to the panel 90, and
thus panels 88,89. The extra momentum, in the preferred
embodiment, should be sufficient so that the panels 88-90,
as they are lifted to their vertical position, continue to
5 travel about their hinged connection with panel 87, and
actually fold over on to the top of panel 87, as shown in
Fig. 29, before passing under rollers 294.
After passing out of stringer gathering means 102A,
the stringer blank 82 will pass under second cross-
10 stringer glueing station 211 (Fig. 29), where two glue
heads 159 apply additional cold glue or other adhesive or
bonding agent to the top of panel 85. The momentum
created by gathering means 102B will cause panels 88,89
and 90 to continue to rotate and fall over onto the top of
15 panel 87 after the glue is applied in the first cross-
stringer glueing station.
After exiting the glueing station, the stringer blank
82 enters first stringer folding means 109 (Figs. 30,31),
which is substantially identical to the first cross-
20 stringer folding means 103 shown in Fig. 14. Identical
part numbers have been applied thereto.
Since the stringers being formed are also required in
a wide variety of lengths, as with the angled member 168
forming a part of the first cross-stringer folding means
25 103, the angled member 168 forming a portion of the first
stringer folding means 109 may be divided into two or more
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
36
portions, such as an upstream portion and a downstream
portion, with the attendant apparatus to operate each
portion.
In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the upstream
portion of the angled member 168 forming a portion of the
first stringer folding means 109 is again fifty inches in
length, while the downstream portion of angled member 168
forming a portion of the first stringer folding means 109
is twenty five inches in length. These dimensions may
vary, depending on the application. As before, the first
portion and the second portion will operate in unison if
the stringer being formed is over fifty inches in length.
If the stringer being formed is less than fifty inches in
length, only the first portion will be used.
In the first stringer folding means 109, as the
stringer blank 82 travels from section line 30-30 to
section line 31-31 panels 87-90 are folded over onto the
top of panel 85, as the angled member 168 rotates through
135 .
After passing through the first stringer folding
means 109, the stringer blank passes into the second
stringer folding means 110 illustrated in Figs. 32 and 33.
The second stringer folding means 110 is very similar to
the first stringer folding means 109, which is
substantially similar to the first cross-stringer folding
means 103. It can be seen that a single hinged folding
means is used to fold the cross-stringer blank 82 while an
upper conveyor belt 163 and a lower conveyor belt 164
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
37
drive the stringer blank through the folding means. The
angled member 168 serves to fold panel 83 ninety degrees.
A damper 214 is added to the second stringer folding means
for smoothness of operation. As with the first stringer
folding means 109, the second stringer folding means 110
may be split into two or more sections, depending on the
application.
After exiting second stringer folding means 110 the
stringer blank will pass through third stringer glueing
station 216 (Fig. 34) where a combination of cold glue
heads 159 and hot glue head 207 will apply a combination
of hot and cold glues, adhesives or suitable bonding
agents to the underside of panel 83 of the by now almost
fully formed stringer blank 82. After passing through
glue station 216 (Fig. 35), stringer blank 82 will pass
through third stringer folding means 112 (Fig. 35). The
construction of third stringer folding means can be seen
to be substantially identical, to the construction of the
second stringer folding means, except that the orientation
of the angled member 168 in its operative position has
been rotated 90 degrees, and the mounting portion 166A of
the single hinged folding means 165 has been modified
accordingly. As before, the third stringer folding means
112 may be divided into two or more sections, depending on
the application.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
38
It should be understood that the now fully formed
rectangular member or stringer 62 now passes through a
second or stringer compression station 111, substantially
similar to the first or cross-stringer compression station
107 where a top and a bottom belt will keep the
rectangular member 82A under compression until the glue
sets, at which time the stringer 82A is complete. As with
the cross-stringer compression station 107, the stringer
compression station 111 is known in the art, and is not
shown in detail herein.
The ease of adapting the apparatus of the present
invention for slitting various parts to be made of folded
fiberboard or corrugated paperboard material can be seen
by reference to Figs. 36-40, showing the fully adjustable
slitting blade assembly of the present invention. Second
adjustable slitting knife assembly 233, is illustrated by
way of example. Hub 221 is mounted to a shaft 222. The
flange 223 of hub 221 has plurality of threaded openings
therein to accept a plurality of threaded fasteners 225.
Outer flange 226 has a plurality of apertures 227
complementary in position to the threaded openings 224.
It can be seen that the threaded fasteners 225 may be
passed through the spaced apertures 227 in the outer
flange 226 to attach it to the flange 223 of hub 221. In
like manner any number and width of spacers 229 may be
provided having the spaced apertures 227 to make the
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
39
second adjustable slitting knife assembly 233 as wide or
as narrow as desired.
One, or a plurality, of split slitting blades 230
having upper half or portion 231, and lower half or
portion 232, may be used. Each of said upper half or
portion 231 and lower half or portion 232 has the
appropriate number of spaced apertures 227 to be engaged
by the threaded fastener when put between the outer flange
226 and/or the spacer 229 and/or the flange 224 of the hub
221. It can be seen that since the hub 221 is mounted to
keyed shaft 222, and the spacer 229 and the outer flange
226 are mounted to the hub 221 the threaded fasteners 225
may easily be removed without disassembling the entire
slitter knife assembly 220, and new slitting blades 230
may simply be installed quickly and easily with no
disassembly, and virtually no down time of the machine.
The wide versatility of this arrangement can be seen by
referring to Figs. 37-40.
Fig. 37 shows an adjustable slitting knife assembly
219 having a single slitting blade 230 mounted between
flange 223 and outer flange 226.
Fig. 38 shows slitting knife assembly 219 having a
pair of blades 230 mounted between flange 223 of hub 221,
a wide spacer 229A and an outer hub 226.
Fig. 39 shows the construction of Fig. 36 in its
assembled condition. Fig. 40 shows a construction similar
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
to Fig. 39, but having an additional spacer member 229 and
an additional slitting blade 230 mounted thereon.
A similar innovation is made in providing the fully
adjustable scoring/crushing means 133. An exploded view of
5 the second scoring and crushing assembly 135, which forms
a part of the scoring/crushing means 133 is shown by way
of example in Fig. 41. A hub 221 is mounted to a keyed
shaft 222. The threaded openings 224 are again provided,
but instead of flange 223, there is provided an outer or
10 first portion of a scoring head 235 having scoring portion
236 and radius portion 237. Scoring portion 236, by way
of example, would make the scores labeled F,G,H,I,J, and K
illustrated on the cross-stringer blank in Fig. 5, while
the radius portions would make the radiuses, for example,
15 shown at the edges of panels 76,78 and 80.
In place of outer flange 226 is provided a second or
outer portion of a scoring head 239, in which are provided
the spaced apertures 227. As many inner portions of
scoring heads 235, or outer portions of scoring heads 239,
2'0 az desired'may be provided. It is noted that the second
scoring/crushing head assembly 235, as contrasted to the
second adjustable slitting knife assembly 233, the scoring
heads 235 and 239 are solid, while it is the spacers
(crushing section of assembly) 240 that are split, having
25 an upper portion 241 and a lower portion 242. Spaced
apertures 227 are provided, but a pair of opposed spaced
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
41
apertures 227 are replaced by a pair of opposed slots 243.
Thus, the spacers work just like the slitting blades of
the prior assembly when the scoring arrangement provided
by the second adjustable scoring head assembly 135 need to
be changed. The threaded fasteners 225 are simply
loosened, the desired spacers (crushing section) 240 are
removed, or added as required, and the threaded fasteners
225 are simply re-tightened making for a quick and easy
changeover of the second adjustable scoring/crushing head
assembly 135 without any disassembly, and with minimum
downtime to the apparatus of the present invention. It
can be seen that the spacers/crushers 240 may be of widely
varying thicknesses as desired. Figure 43 shows the
second scoring/crushing assembly 135 in its assembled
condition.
Referring to Fig. 42, there is shown a modified
scoring/crushing head assembly 234 having a
scoring/crushing head 245 formed of a single outer or
ri"lht side 'porticsn of a scoring head 235;' and a single
outer or left side portion of a scoring/crushing head 236,
mounted on the hub 221. It can be understood that the
addition of a suitable spacer between right side portion
of scoring head 235 and left side portion of scoring head
236 would produce the construction shown in Fig. 10 for
the first adjustable scoring/crushing head assembly 134.
CA 02322938 2000-09-06
WO 99/46113 PCT/US99/04681
42
Fig. 44 shows a construction similar to Fig. 43,
except the smaller diameter spacer 250 is much larger to
provide a wide space between the scoring/crushing heads
245.
Thus, by carefully studying the problems present in
prior art corrugated paperboard or fiberboard folding
devices we have produced a new and novel method and
apparatus for folding of corrugated paperboard or
fiberboard.
15
25
