Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1 L99/00261
A METHOD FOR COMPARATIVE VISUAL RENDERING OF DATA
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of data processing. More
particularly, the invention relates to a method and system for
multi-dimensional rendering of data, by providing the user with a dynamic
interface to the data, using the simultaneous display of several dimensions
and continuous colors for comparative measurements.
Background of the Invention
Many modern organizations accumulate large amounts of information,
which is stored in commercial database systems which are available in the
market, or in custom designed data warehouses. Computers are used to
access the databases and retrieve data, and/or to add and store new data.
Databases have been at the back-end of most legacy systems. Each such
system had it's own front end user application. Data was normally
dispersed in numerous legacy system databases, and therefore, the entire
data could not be accessed as a whole. Data warehouses were created to
access all relevant data. Data warehouse collect data from various legacy
systems into a centralized repository, allowing queries on the entire data
stored by the organization.
On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) server technology was developed to
enable quick querying of the data. OLAP servers utilize special algorithms
to store aggregated and consolidated data in a way that rapid7y provides
answers to multidimensional queries, allowing for essential on-line
analysis of the data. Available OLAP client software connects users to
OLAP servers through proprietary or open interfaces. Data is retrieved
using user queries, and is then processed and presented to the user. The
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/IL99/00261
-2-
user actually serves as the front-end interface to the stored data, through
which investigation and analysis are performed.
OLAP became a widespread and powerful tool, for allowing users to
identify and better understand trends and events which mostly influence
their businesses, as well as problematic key points. OLAP provides the
user with intuitive tools for viewing and analyzing data. However, current
technology for the presentation of data taken from OLAP databases lacks
the capability of simultaneously rendering data from multidimensional
aspects and several measurements, and therefore limits the user's
capability, whenever fast analysis and understanding of complex data is
desired. Moreover, OLAP technology lacks simple visual parameters,
which rapidly direct the user to main key-points and allow him to obtain
inferences related to massive raw data.
Excel (to Microsoft corporation Redmond WA, USA) is a spreadsheet
software, in which data can be presented in two or three dimensional
graphs, or as tables. However, presentation of multidimensional data
requires many sucb two or three-dimensional graphs, which are complex
and cumbersome for analysis and presentation of the linkage between
different dimensions.
All the prior art methods have not yet provided satisfactory solutions to
the problem of providing the user with means to interactively analyze
multidimensional data in an intuitive way.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for
the on-Line analysis of multidimensional data.
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1L99/00261
-3-
It is another object of the invention to provide means efficiently outlining
to the user key data points out of a multidimensional data field containing
up to very large amount of data points.
It is a further object of the invention to provide means for carrying out a
multi-layered parametric investigation
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the
description proceeds.
Summary of the Invention
In the description to follow, the following terms have the meanings defined
below:
Dimension:
A dimension is a structural attribute that is a list of members, all of which
are of similar data type in the users' perception. For example all
continents, countries, cities make up a geography dimension. A dimension
acts as an index for identifying values within a multi-dimensional array.
Dimension Members:
A dimension member is a discrete name or identifier used to identify a
data items position and description within a dimension. For example,
January, or the first quarter of 1993, are typical examples of members of
the Time dimension.
Cell /Datapoint:
A single data-point that occurs at the intersection defined by selecting one
member from each dimension in a multidimensional array (database).
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1L99/00261
-4-
Multi-dimensional Array (database):
A group of data cells arranged by the dimensions of the data. For example,
a spreadsheet exemplifies a two-dimensional array with the data cells
arranged. in rows and columns, each being a dimension. A
three-dimensional array can be visualized as a cube with each dimension
forming a side of the cube, including any slice parallel with that side.
Higher dimensional arrays have no physical metaphor, but they organize
the data in the way the users think of the enterprise. Typical enterprise
dimensions are time, products, geographical regions, sales channels, etc.
Also referred to as a multi-dimensional cube.
Measurement:
Values stored for each cell in a multi-dimensional array. Each cell may
store one or more measurements. For example quantity, profit, prices.
Hierarchy:
Any dimension's members may be organized based on parent-child
relationships, typically where a parent member represents the
consolidation of the members which are its children. The result is a
hierarchy, and the parent/child relationships are hierarchical
relationships. For example, hierarchy related to time dimension may be
days, aggregated to weeks, months etc.
Drill Down/Up:
Drilling down or up is a specific analytical technique whereby the user
navigates among levels of data ranging from the most summarized (up) to
the most detailed (down). The drilling paths may be defined by the
hierarchies within dimensions or other relationships that may be dynamic
within or between dimensions. For example, when viewing sales data for
North America, a drill down operation in the Region dimension would the
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1L99/00261
-5-
display Canada, the Eastern United States and the Western United
states.
Rotation:
Rotation is the process whereby the dimensions, which are to be displayed
together in a view, are chosen.
Selection
A selection is a process whereby a criterion is evaluated against the data
or members of a dimension in order to restrict the set of data retrieved.
Slice and Dice:
The user-initiated process of navigating by calling different displays
interactively, through the specification of views via rotation, selection,
dimension member scoping and drill down/up.
OLAP Server:
An OLA.P server is a data manipulation engine specifically designed to.
support and operate on multi-dimensional data structures. A
multi-dimensional structure is arranged so that every data item is located
and accessed based on the intersection of the dimension members, which
define that item. The design of the server and the structure of the data are
optimized for rapid ad-hoc information retrieval in any orientation, as well
as for fast, flexible calculation and transformation of raw data based on
formulaic relationships.
OLAP User Application:
End user applications that can request slices from OLAP servers and
provide two-dimensional or multi-dimensional displays, user modification,
CA 02332579 2000-11-17
EPO - G 1
17-07-2000 IL 009900261
VO 99/60491 PCT/IL99100261
04. 09. 2000 :'.': ': .'
. . . . . . . . . . .. .
-6- . . . . . . . . .
. . ... . .. . .. ..
selections, ranking, calculations, etc., for visualization and navigation
purposes.
Legacy System:
Transaction based database systems (usually implemented on relational
database technology) that tracks and stores operational data, allowing
modifications of the input and the output from the database.
The invention is directed to a method for the interactive graphical
presentation of multidimensional data to a user. Data is extracted from an
n dimensional accessible database, arranged and stored according to
predetermined data attributes. The attributes represent different
measures for each dimension. A data processing means coupled to said
database, is used for extracting data from the database and for processing
the extracted data for a predetermined presentation. The data processing
means comprises a user interface for communicating with the user and a
display for displaying the presentation to the user. Upon receiving a
request for presentation from the user, data which is relevant to the
request is extracted from the corresponding dimension(s) in the database.
One or more comparative visual scales are generated for each dimension,
by processing the extracted data that is associated with other dimensions.
The comparative visual scales are used to display the processed relevant
data in two or more separate windows, linked to each other, so that any
change in the presented data set is concurrently reflected in all the
displayed windows. Each window corresponds to a single dimension and
contains comparative presentation of the data related to the single
dimension. The comparative presentation in each window contains one or
more visual parameter(s) used by the user as comparative measurement(s)
of displayed data that is relative to other displayed data. Preferably, each
dimension comprises one or more members, and each data point in the
database is determined by the combination of individual members, or by
AMENDED SHEET
CA 02332579 2000-11-17
17-07-2000VO 99160491 . . . .... .. ..PCT/II,99/09261 IL 009900261
= .. .. .. . . . . . . . .
. . . = . . . . . .. .
. . . . . . . . . . .. .
. . _g~ . . . . . . . . .
. . .. . .. . .. ..
values representing a combination or a transformation of a plurality of
individual members with a dimension. Each individual member value is
selected from a different dimension.
AMENDED SHEET
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1L99/00261
-7-
Preferably, the processing means may be software installed in a
workstation, or a processing circuitry. The interface to the user may be a
mouse and/or a keyboard, connected to a workstation.
The length and/or color of each bar is related to the length and/or color of
all other bars in the window, over a predefined color scale. Preferably,
user-controllable visual selection means for one or more visual parameters
are provided to the user, for displaying data dimensions relevant to one or
more selected parameters. Upon selecting one or more visual parameter in
a window, all other visual parameters in said window are disselected, and
the presentation is updated with data dimensions relevant only to the
selected visual parameter(s).
Brief Description of the Drawings
The above and other characteristics and advantages of the invention will
be better understood through the following illustrative and non-limitative
detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof, with reference to
the appended drawings, wherein:
- Fig. 1 schematically illustrates data flow from several databases to
an OLAP front-end interface, which renders extracted and
processed data to an OLAP user;
- Fig. 2 schematically illustrates data exchange between an OLAP
front-end interface and data presentation, according to a preferred
embodiment of the invention; and
- Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a presentation of a data set,
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments
Fig. 1 schematically illustrates data flow from several databases to an
OLAP front-end interface, which renders extracted and processed data to
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1L99/00261
-8-
an OLAP user. Data is stored in one or more databases 100-100", each of
which is related to several legacy systems. The databases 100-100" are
linked to a centralized data warehouse 101, which enables the warehouse
101 to access and retrieve data from all linked databases 100-100". The
data warehouse 101 is linked to an OLAP server 102, which is also linked
to an OLAP user 103, who wishes to view data stored in the databases
100-100". Upon receiving a request (a query) for data from the user 103,
the OLAP server 102 extracts the required data from the relevant
databases 100-100" through the data warehouse 101. Data is provided
rapidly to the user's workstation, processed in the OLAP server 102 by
suitable software (known to the skilled persons which is therefore not
described herein in detail, for the sake of brevity), and supplied to the user
according to predetermined presentation selected by him. Alternatively,
data can be extracted directly from the warehouse 101 and stored in the
OLAP database. In this case, the legacy systems are not accessed and
therefore, the processing time is substantially shortened. Data extraction
using a combined query (i.e., accessing the legacy systems to extract a
portion of the required data) is also possible.
Fig. 2 schematically illustrates data exchange between an OLAP front-end
interface and data presentation, according to a preferred embodiment of
the invention. At the first step, the user transfers a data request to the
OLAP server 102, via a graphical interface 201, which may be, for
example, a workstation with graphical color display. At the next step the
OLAP server extracts the required data from the databases and returns
the extracted data to the graphical interface 201. The aggregated and
consolidated data, provided by an OLAP server 102, is processed by the
graphical interface 201 (by performing predetermined summations of the
relationship between displayed dimensions), and presents the outcome
graphically to the user, as a graphical image 202 which comprises a
portion or all of the required information. The displayed image also
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/IL99/00261
-9-
functions as an interface for further investigation of the data. The
displayed image 202 allows the user to interactively change display
formats by performing slice and dice, drill up/down, and scoping
operations of the extracted data. These operations require further queries
which are sent from the user to the OLAP server 102, which in turn
supplies the new data to the interface 201. The final graphical display
presentation comprises colored bars 203, each of which represents a
summation result based on relationships between the dimensions that are
currently displayed.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the representation
comprises several windows, each window consists of the colored bars 203,
which represent members of one dimension. Each bar uses both length
and color to display two different measurements. The color and length of
each bar representing the two measurements are calculated in relation to
all the members in the remaining windows (dimensions).
Single-Layer Static Presentation
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a static
presentation is displayed to the user when examining single-layer data.
The view results from comparison between two or more dimensions and
two or more measurements. For the sake of simplicity, a three
dimensional model with two measurements is described.
The set of data for presentation comprises two different dimensions of
comparison, the dimension of time, and two measurement values, which
correspond to these two dimensions. Each dimension is represented in its
own window. Each window consists of bars, whose combination of length
and color represents the measurements. The essence of this presentation
is in the underlying linking that connects the windows. This unique
linking advantageously expands the analytical capability of the data, since
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1L99/00261
-10-
it allows for a meaningful representation of more than two dimensions,
and information which lies in the relationship between the dimensions.
Student achievements are taken as an exemplary data set, as shown in
the presentation display of Fig. 3. The three dimensions that are compared
are students, learning material, and time. In this example, the amount of
material completed is the first measurement, and the grade that is given
to each student per question is the second measurement.
The basic view 300 of Fig. 3 is composed of three windows, 301, 302 and
303, each of which represents a dimension in the comparison of this single
example. Each window contains a graphical display of bars, where each
bar represents the two measurements per member in the specific
dimension.
Window 301 "Dimension Window A" (hereinafter referred to simply as
"Window A") displays the students dimension. In this window each
individual bar represents an individual student. Window 302 "Dimension
Window B" (hereinafter referred to simply as "Window B") displays the
learning material dimension. In this window each bar represents a
question. In the third dimension, shown in Window 303, time is
represented in the "Time Line" where each bar represents a specific day
(date).
The length of a bar in Window 301 is determined by the amount of items
in Window 302, for which the specific item has a record entered-during the
period specified in the Time-Line. In this window, the length of a bar
representing a student is determined by the amount of questions the
students has answered during the designated period.
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/IL99/00261
-11-
The length of each bar in Window 302 is similarly calculated. The length
of each specific bar in Window 302 is determined by the amount of items
in Window 301 for which the specific item has a record in the data set
entered during the period designated by the Time Line. In this window,
the length of a bar representing a single specific question is determined by
the number of students who have completed the question (i.e. for which a
grade is entered in the data set) during the designated period.
Looking at Window 303, the height (length) of each time bar is calculated
as the number of entries for the particular time unit, for all items in
Window 301 and Window 302. In this window, the height of each bar
represents the number of questions which appear in Window 302, that are
solved by students which appear in Window 301, on the specific day which
corresponds to that bar.
Any change in data affects all windows. A change in any window is
reflected in all other window. The same applies to any change in the Time
Line of Window 303. Thus, even though the Windows 301 to 303 in this
example may seem to be separated, they are, in fact, bound together.
A bar can be of any color, e.g., in the spectrum ranging from red through
green. The color of each bar represents the second measurement in the
data set of the example. The green color represents the highest
measurement (100%) and the red color represents the lowest
measurement (0%).
The color of a bar in Window 301 represents the average measurement for
the specific item calculated over all the items in Window B during the
period specified by the Time Line. The bar of a student in Window 301
represents the average of the grades for all the questions appearing in
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/IL99/00261
-12-
Window 302 for which the student has an entry in the data set. Thus the
color represents his average grade over the specified period.
Similarly to the calculation of length, the calculation of color in Window
302 is carried out exactly the same as for Window 301, but based on the
values in. Window 301 during the time period designated by the Time Line
in window 303. The color of a bar in Window 302 represents the average of
the measurement for the item calculated over all the items in Window 301.
In this example, the color of a bar for a specific question represents the
average of all the grades achieved by the students in Window 301 who has
completed the question during the designated period. The color of the bar
is derived from the average of the values for all the entries (both sides) on
that particular time unit. Returning to the example, the average grade
achieved on the questions appearing in Window 302 by the students
appearing in Window 301 on the particular day. The same linkage
between the Windows for the calculation of the lengths of bars, also exists
for the calculation of the color of bars. Thus every change in the data set
affects all Windows.
The representation for a data set containing three dimensions (A, B, and
time T), and two measurements (length and color) is defined as follows:
A is the set of members of dimension A (displayed in Window 301).
B is the set of members of dimension B (displayed in Window 302).
T is the set of members of the time dimension (displayed in the Time Line
window 303).
(a, b, t) is a cell (a EA, b EB, t ET).
L(a, b, t) is the length measurement for that cell.
C(a, b, t) is its color measurement.
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1 L99/00261
-13-
The length of a bar in Window 301 which represents the member a is
calculated as:
L(a) L(a, b, t)
bEB,t eT
The color of a bar in Window 301 which represents the member a is
calculated as:
C(a) = Avg C(a, b, t)
bEB,tET
Averaging is only an example for calculation of comparative measures.
Additional calculation methods for comparative measures may be used as
well. Foi- example, the calculation may be arithmetic averaging, simple
summation, maximization functions over the data sets, etc.
The length of a bar in Window 302 which represents the member b is
calculated as:
L(b) L(a, b, t)
aEA,IET
The color of a bar in Window 302 which represents the member b is
calculated as:
C(b) = Avg C(a, b, t)
aEA,t ET
The length of a bar in the Time Line (Window 303) which represents the
member t is calculated as:
L(t) = I L(a, b, t)
aEA,bEB
The color of a bar in the Time Line (Window 303) which represents the
member t is calculated as:
C(t) = Avg C(a, b, t)
aEA,bEB
The unique linkage between Windows 301 to 303, together with the use of
color and length as measurements, outline key relationships, which are
buried within the data and which would otherwise be difficult to notice.
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1L99/00261
-14-
The innovative display method for viewing multidimensional data,
according to the present invention, allows for the quick identification of
problematic points. Looking back at the above example, three powerful
views may be obtained from the data sets.
Looking first at Window 301 in Fig. ,3 above, the student represented by
the bottom bar encounters more problems with the learned material,
compared to the other students the. class. His bar 3011 is longer than
other bars in window 301. Thus, he has completed more questions.
Furthermore, the color of his bar 3011 is closer to red than any other bar
in Window 301. The color provides a further indication, that he has
completed the question with a poor average grade as well. In Fig. 3, the
following letters define the represented colors:
- "lg": light green;
- "o": orange;
- "dg": dark green;
- "b": blue;
- "r": red;
Looking at Window 302, the third question from the bottom in the data set
seems to be problematic. Even though several students have completed
the question as seen from the length of the bar 3011, most students have
not succeeded to answer the question, as indicated by the red color of bar
3021. The inference that arises from the presentation indicates that the
students represented in Window 301 do not master specific material,
associated with a specific question.
Looking at the "Time Line" Window 303, the bar most remarkable bar is
the sixth bar from the left 3031, representing Saturday. The bar 3031 is
shorter and closer to red than the rest of the bars in the window. The color
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/1L99/00261
-15-
provides a further indication, that the material learned on Saturday was
problematic.
Each of theses indications can be analyzed and understood (e.g., it is
possible that a substitute teacher taught the material on Saturday, or that
a specific topic should be learned again differently). The presentation
quickly identifies problematic key points hidden in the data. The
underlying linkage allows to discover issues and problems in each
analyzed dimension, and the relationships between them.
Dynamic Presentation
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, further information
may be obtained by actively investigating the data rendered by the static
presentation. The dynamic attributes of the view results from the
underlying linkage between the three windows described above.
Additional issues and key points hidden in the data can be rapidly reached
by using dynamic investigation.
Looking again at Fig. 3 above, according to a preferred embodiment of the
invention each bar contained in every Window may be either selected or
not selected by the user. The length and color calculations of the
measurements in the remaining Windows are performed with respect to
the bars which are selected in a current Window. For the sake of clarity,
selections are preferably, but non-limitatively, performed on one bar at a
time. The unselected bars in the window remain visible and present the
values calculated, based on the selected members in all the other windows.
Using the dynamic presentation, the selected bars in each window. affect
the presentation of both selected and unselected bars in all other windows.
The static presentation indicates that the student's bar 3011 in the list is
problematic, compared with the rest of the students in the class. This is
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/IL99/00261
-16-
derived from the length of the bar 3011, representing this student, which
is significantly longer than the other bars. While the color of that bar is
closer to red than the color of the other bars in Window 301. At this stage,
the other Windows 302 and 303 in the view do not provide additional
information related to this particular student. Both remaining windows
302 and. 303 represent an average of all the other students either per
question or by time. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention,
by selecting the specific bar representing the weak student (e.g., by a
mouse clicking or any other selection method, depending on the software
implementation of the view) the remaining Windows 302 and 303 are
updated with relevant information related to the selected student. This
enables the user to investigate a problem, identified in the static
presentation in further details, so as to reveal the weaker student.
After the selection is made in Window 301, the bars in Window 302
represerit the achievement per question, only of the student selected in
Window 301. Further examination reveals which particular questions (and
thus, which associated topics) are difficult to the student. After selection,
Window 302 shows that the bars representing the third and fourth
questions were not completed successfully by this student (they are almost
red). In addition, Window 302 shows that the last question was not even
completed (its corresponding bar has no length). Thus, the dynamic
presentation quickly identified not only the problematic student, but also
the type of material causes the problem. The remaining unselected bars in
Window 301 are visible and represent each of the students' achievements
related to the questions and the time periods selected in Windows 302 and
303, respectively. The unselected bars may be rendered by dimming or any
other visible modification.
The selection also updates Window 303 which contains time bars
representing the selected students' achievements on each particular day.
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/IL99/00261
-17-
In order to identifying the problematic student and the problematic
material, it is possible to discover when this material has been learned
(the questions completed) and on which days the student had problems
with the material. More findings regarding the problem being investigated
are obtained by the selection. In the above example, it can be seen that on
Saturday the student did not complete any questions successfully. Hence,
the problematic material designated in Window 302, which was learned on
that day, is the problematic point of this particular student. More relevant
facts can lead to other plausible scenarios (e.g., the student missed the
lesson on that particular day, etc.).
In a similar way, a specific bar in any available window can be selected.
By selecting a bar in a window, the remaining windows are updated
accordingly and present data which is relevant to the selected item.
Normally, the selection is made by the user according to the initial view,
and to the most remarkable problematic point.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, if in the initial view
of the data a question in Window 302 is accentuated (i.e., a problem is
identified, compared to the rest of the questions), the question is selected
to start the investigation. Once the bar representing the problematic
question is selected, the remaining two windows are updated so that they
represent data pertinent to the selected question. The updated student
window (Window 301) will contain bars representing the grade that were
given to each student for the selected question. A bar with no length
indicates that the student has not completed the question. The'Time Line
represents the achievements related to the selected question per day. The
new view reveals details about the problematic question. For example, an
indication that a different teacher taught the material related to the
selected question (based on the day the question was answered) may be
obtainecl. A specific group of students who had difficulty with the learned
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/I L99/00261
-18-
material may be discovered. Therefore, the relationships between the
windows in the view enables to investigate and quickly find key points of
dissonance in the data set. By actively selecting accentuated bars based on
one or niore measurements, an intuitive perception and exploration may
be rapidly obtained from the static view in any of the displayed three
dimensions. This active presentation of data allows to easily explore
complex data.
An improved definition of the view, which takes into consideration the
selection process follows.
A is the set of members of dimension A (displayed and selected in Window
301).
B is the set of members of dimension B (displayed and selected in Window
302).
T is the set of members of the time dimension (displayed and selected in
the Time Line window 303).
The length of a bar in Window 301 which represents the member a is
calculated as:
L(a) = I L(a, b, t)
bESB,t E:T
The color of a bar in Window A which represents the member a is
calculated as:
C(a) = Avg C(a, b, t)
br_B,lE=.T
The definitions for B and T are similar.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the presentation of
data can be expanded to multilevel hierarchical data structures.
Predefined hierarchical data can be presented to the user, or alternatively,
the user can dynamically define data groups and levels. The data for each
analyzed dimension can be organized in levels. Some equal dimensions
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/IL99/00261
-19-
may comprise multiple layers, while other dimensions may comprise
single level. The static and active representation of data remains the same
for hierarchical representation. It is possible to view and investigate
multilevel data and drill down to reveal detailed explanations to
accentuated problematic points that appear at the higher levels. In many
cases, problematic points can not be--seen at lower hierarchy levels, but
appear only at higher levels as products of their parts. In addition,
comparing data at higher levels may be required and become easier than
comparing data at the lowest level unit in each dimension.
Table 1. is a simple exemplary database for the achievements of two
students related to answering two questions:
Student A Student B Average grade
per question
Question 1 70 100 85
Question 2 50 100 75
Total average 60 100
grade per student
Table 1
Prior art graphic presentation of the data in table 1 requires
two-dimensional graphs:
- A graph for presenting the grades 70 and 50 of student A;
- A graph for presenting the grades 100 and 100 of student A;
- A graph for presenting the average grades (85 and 75) for question 1
of students A and B, respectively;
- A graph for presenting the total average grades (60 and 100) for
students A and B, respectively.
Using the presentation of Fig. 3 above, the data of table 1 may be
presented by two windows, 301 and 302. In the static presentation mode,
CA 02332579 2000-11-16
WO 99/60491 PCT/IL99/00261
-20-
Window 301 renders two bars, representing the total average grades (60
and 100) of Students A and B, respectively. Window 302 also renders two
bars, representing the average grade (85 and 75) between the two students
for questions 1 and 2, respectively. By selecting the bar of Student A in
window 301 (switching to a dynamic presentation), the bars in Window
302 render the grades 70 and 50, which are the grades of Student A for
questions 1 and 2, respectively. By selecting the bar of Student B in
window 301 (switching to a dynamic presentation), the bars in Window
302 render the grades 100 and 100, which are the grades of Student B for
questions 1 and 2, respectively. The color of each bar provides additional
comparative visual information, related to the rendered grade with respect
to the color scale.
The above examples and description have of course been provided only for
the purpose of illustrations, and are not intended to limit the invention in
any way. As will be appreciated by the skilled person, the invention can be
carried out in a great variety of ways, employing more than one technique
from those described above, all without exceeding the scope of the
invention.
