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This applicat.i.on i.;:~ a divisional a~>~~lication of copending
<appli.cation 2, 1_61., 7'i'Ci, filed Febr-uax~y 20, 1995.
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR
THE WAVE SOLDERING OF CIRCUIT BOARDS
Background of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods and
apparatus i:or providing a non-oxidizing atmosphere at
the surface of a wave soldering bath to discourage the
formation of oxides on the liquid solder surfaces.
Wave soldering machines have been introduced
for a long time in the industry to automatically solder
components on a printed circuit board which operation was
previously done by hand. A usual wave soldering machine
comprises at least one preheating zone to preheat the
printed circuit board, at least one soldering zone to
solder the components to the board by coating the bottom
side of the printed circuit board with molten solder
contained in a solder pot, and at least one cooling zone
where the ;>older is solidified. This soldering process,
or coating process, is usually conducted in the presence
of a fluxing agent which agent is used to improve the
wetting of the copper surface on the bottom of the printed
circuit board which surface needs to be joined or coated.
The fluxing agents are usually corrosive and the excess or
residue of these agents must. be cleaned after the wave
soldering operation.
Low residue no-clean fluxes or flux-less
processes nave been developed wherein it is possible
to carry out the wave soldering process without the
inconvenience of standard fluxing agents, under a
substantially oxygen-:Free atmosphere, such as nitrogen.
U.S. Patent 3,705,457 discloses one of the
earliest wave soldering processes, including injection of
an inert ga.s to avoid oxidation of the metallic surfaces
of the printed circuit board.
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U.S. Patent ~~,538,757 discloses a wave soldering
process under a reducing atmosphere comprising nitrogen
and hydrogen, and nitrogen curtains at entrance and exit
of the machine to inhabit atmosphere exchange with the
ambient air'.
U.S. Patent 4,606,493 discloses a method and
apparatus for soldering printed circuit boards under an
inert gas atmosphere to prevent oxidation of the
electrical (usually copper) connections due to the heat
produced during soldering and reduce the occurrence of
thermal stress defect: in the circuit carrier. To this
end, an inert gas is :injected through slits to provide
a plurality of jets o:E high velocity which impinge the
bottom side of the printed circuit board. As a condition
of operation, the temperature of the inert gas jets is
about twice as high a:~ the temperature of the molten
solder in the solder pot (600°C).
U.S. Patent ~~,646,958 discloses a solder reflow,
or solder chip proces:~ which is carried out in a flux-less
or flux free system, under an atmosphere comprising
nitrogen and saline, or hydrogen and saline.
U.S. Patent ~~,821,947 discloses a process to coat
a molten metal to a m<~tal-comprising surface without using
a flux. This process is carried out in an inert
atmosphere in which the=_ temperature is sufficiently low
that no damage is done to the metal-comprising surface,
and no damage is done to materials such as components
adjacent to the metal--comprising surface.
U.S. Patent 5,071,058 discloses a process for
conducting a joining/coating operation which is carried
out in a controlled o:~:idizing atmosphere, having an
oxidation capability greater than that required to oxidize
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a metal-comprising fi:Ller material used for joining or
coating, but having less oxidation capability than that
of air. In case of a wave soldering process the oxygen
content in the inert gas atmosphere is at least 10 ppm
and preferably at least 500 ppm.
U.S. Patent 5,121,875 discloses a short hood for
wave soldering machines, wherein preheating of the printed
circuit boards is carried out under air. In this process
a no-clean flux i.s used and an oxygen concentration which
is less than 5o is rE~c~ommended at the solder pot.
U.S. Patent 4,921,156 discloses an apparatus
having a soldering chamber and comprising means to inject
a protective gaseous atmosphere in the soldering chamber
and sealing skirt means protruding downwardly into the
pool of molten metal :older. Preferably the protective
gaseous atmosphere is comprised of nitrogen and possibly
of some reducing agent.
U.S. Patent 4,746,289 discloses a process for
treating parts under a non-reactive atmosphere with
laminar flow conditions. The laminar flow conditions
disclosed in this pai:ent usually apply for inert gas
injection in wave soldering machines.
In sum, a substantially oxygen-free atmosphere
has been achieved by a so-called fully inerted wave
soldering system, anc3 a dross reduction boundary system.
The fully inerted wave soldering systems
currently uses a tunnel type of system. That type of
system is very expen:~:ive and time-consuming to install.
Because this type of machine uses a tunnel, the access
to the assemblies being soldered is greatly reduced.
To achieve the desired results that type of system must
operate at very high gas flow rates (over 1500 scfh).
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By doing this, the oxygen ppm level in the inerting system
is kept low, thus yielding the desired results. If the
flow rate is reduced, the atmosphere becomes unstable and
benefits are lost. The primary goal of the fully inerted
system is keep the oxygen ppm level below approximately
100 ppm. This then would yield the maximum dross
reduction with the greater wettability for soldering.
The dross .reduction boundary inerting system
was developed to address the problems of the fully inerted
system. The design was such that it can be easily
installed and is much lower in cost. The other goal of
this system was to have a reduced inerting gas flow rate.
While those goals appear to have been met, the performance
of that system is greatly reduced as compared to that of
the fully inerted sy~>tem. Because the baundary inerting
system depends on a circuit board being present for the
inerting to take place, the actual inerting effect is
never fully achieved. The dross reduction of such a
system is typically at: best 700 (with reference to a
solder pot operating without an inerting gas) with only
marginal if any imprc9vements in wettability.
Examples of a dross reduction boundary
inerting system can ~>e found in U.S. Patents 5,203,489
and 5,240,169. There. is disclosed therein a system in
which sold.=_r waves are established by wave pumps in a
solder reservoir. A conveyor transports circuit boards
so that their undersides pass through the solder waves.
As depicted in FIG. 10, a cover plate (C) extends across
the top of the reservoir (R) and includes recesses to
accommodate the solder waves. On the sides of each solder
wave there is thus formed a chamber (CH) bordered on its
top by the cover, on its bottom by the solder reservoir,
one side by the solder wave, and on an opposite side by
either (i) a stationary wall (of the solder pot or solder
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pot housing), or (ii) another solder wave (in the case
where the chamber is :situated between two solder waves).
Each chamber includes a gas outlet defined by a gap (G)
formed between the solder wave (SW) and an edge of the
cover slot.
Disposed within each chamber is a gas discharge
pipe (P) extending parallel to the length of the solder
wave. A shield gas i:~ discharged from orifices in the gas
discharge pipe to create an inert. atmosphere within the
chamber (CH). A flow (F) of shield gas exits the chamber
through the outlet. 'that gas flow is intended to provide
an inert blanket across the portion of the wave side which
projects above the gap (G) when a circuit board is
present. However, whE~n no circuit board is present, the
portion (TS) of the top surface of the wave which curves
away from the gap (G) is exposed to any ambient oxygen
which may be present in the ambient atmosphere, whereupon
dross can be formed. In the case of soldering operations
in which there occurs <~ wide spacial gap between
successive circuit bo<~.rds being conveyed to the solder
pot, it is not unusua_L for the solder wave pumps to be
deactivated between the soldering of successive boards in
order to minimize dross formation.
Furthermore, the behavior of the gas flow (F)
emerging from the chamber can actually promote the
formation of dross on the solder wave. In that regard,
the pressure difference between the gas in the discharge
pipe on the one hand <~nd the atmosphere disposed above
the chamber outlet, on the other hand, is relatively
low. As a result, the velocity of the gas traveling
within the chamber toward the outlet is relatively slow.
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Due to its slow trave.l., the gas will be significantly
heated by i:he hot solder wave. Consequently, the hot gas
flow (F) emerging from the gap (G) has a tendency to
rapidly ri:~e and create a free swirling convection current
(CC) which draws the cooler atmosphere (and any oxygen
contained therein) downwardly toward the solder wave,
thus resulting in the formation of dross.
Another region in which dross is formed in the
solder is at the place where the drive shafts for the wave
pumps enter the solder reservoir. The rotation of those
shafts produces a churning of the solder, whereby
oxidation is promoted.
It. will be appreciated that the dross formed in
the solder eventually builds up to a level requiring that
the solder pot be shut-down to enable the dross to be
skimmed off the top of the solder reservoir. The
frequency a.t which those costly shut-downs occur is
a function of the rate of dross formation.
Therefore, it would be desirable to minimize
the rate of dross formation beyond the rates currently
achieved. It would also be desirable to minimize the
amount of solder which is exposed to an oxidizing
atmosphere in the bath.
Summary of the Invention
The present :invention relates to process and
apparatus aspects relating to the wave soldering of a
member such as a circuit board. The process involves
emitting a solder wave upwardly from a solder nozzle,
and passing the member along a path so that at least an
underside of the member passes through the solder wave.
Shield gas is provided within first and second gas plenums
disposed upstream and downstream, respectively, of the
solder wave as defined with reference to the direction
of travel of the member. Each gas plenum includes a side
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wall disposed opposite the solder wave, with orifice means
formed in 'the side wall. The shield gas is pressurized
within each plenum so that the shield gas exits the
orifice means for travel toward the solder wave at a
velocity in the ranc:~e of 1-30 m/s.
In another aspect of the process, shield gas is
introduced into each plenum by conducting the shield gas
along a delivery conduit extending longitudinally within
the plenum. The gas is discharged along the longitudinal
length of 'the delivery conduit. The shield gas is
conducted outwardly from each plenum through the
orifice means such that the velocity of the shield gas
is substantially increased and is directed toward the
solder wave.
In still another aspect of the process, the
plenum side=_ wall faces the solder wave, with vertically
spaced orifice means in the side wall. Each plenum is
arranged such that an upper portion of the side wall is
spaced horizontally from the solder wave to form a gap
therebetwee~n, with an upper portion of the top surface of
the solder wave being disposed above, and curving away
from, the chap. Pressurized shield gas is provided within
the plenums such that the shield gas is ejected from the
orifice means for travel toward the solder wave, with at
least an upper portion of the ejected gas being directed
toward and across the portion of the top surface of the
solder wavEa which curves away from the gap.
In still another aspect: of the process, the
shield gas may be ejected from d top wall of the plenum
instead of, or in addition to, the discharging of shield
gas from a side wal:l.. Such upwardly discharged shield
gas impinges against:. the underside of the member to
strip the ait from suh underside.
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An apparatus aspect of the invention comprises a
solder reservoir, a solder nozzle disposed in the solder
reservoir, a pump for ejecting an upward solder wave from
the solder nozzle, and a conveyor for conveying the member
such that an underside thereof passes through the solder
wave.
First and second gas plenums are disposed
adjacent upstream and downstream sides, respectively,
of the solder wave, as defined with reference to a
direction of travel of the conveying means. Means is
provided for delivering pressurized shield gas into each
plenum. E<~ch plenum includes a side portion opposing
a solder w~~ve. Eactn e~ide portion has orifice means
for discharging the pressurized shield gas toward the
solder wave. The orifice means is dimensioned so that
pressurized shield gas is discharged through the solder
means toward the solder wave at a velocity in the range
of 1-30 m/a.
In another aspect of the apparatus, a delivery
conduit may extend lcPngitudinally within each plenum for
introducing shield gas into the plenum so that the p:lenum
is pressurized with e;hield gas. The side wall includes
orifice means arranged to eject the pressurized shield
gas toward the solder wave and is dimensioned to produce
a substantial increase in the velocity of the shield gas.
In yet another aspect of the apparatus, a side
portion of the plem.zm disposed opposite the solder wave
has vertically spaced orifices for discharging shield
gas. An u~?per portion of the plenum is spaced from the
respective solder wave to form a gap therebetween, with
a portion of a top surface of the solder wave disposed
above, and curving away from, the gap. Lower ones of
the orifices are arranged to direct pressurized shield
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gas toward a portion of the solder wave situated below
the gap. Llpper ones of the orifices are arranged to
direct pressurized shield gas toward and across a portion
of the top surface of the solder wave curving away from
the gap.
In still a further aspect of the apparatus,
a top wall of the plenum may include orifice means
instead of, or in addition to, the orifice means provided
in a side wall. Shield gas discharged upwardly from the
orifice means in the 'top wall impinges against the
underside of a member to strip entrained air therefrom.
In yet another aspect of the apparatus, the
conveyor which conveys the member, is adjustable to vary
the conveyor width and accommodate members of different
widths. An enclosure overlying the solder reservoir
includes an inlet and an outlet for a member being
conveyed. An atmosphere of shield gas is established
within the enclosure. A curtain extends horizontally
across at least one o:E the inlet. and outlet ends to cover
a portion thereof not occupied by the conveyor. One end
of the curtain is connected to the adjustable portion of
the conveyc>r for movement therewith when the conveyor
width is adjusted.
In still anoi=her aspect of the apparatus,
a motor-driven shaft extends downwardly into the solder
reservoir for operating the pump. A stationary hollow
sleeve extends downwardly below the solder surface, with
the shaft extending through the sleeve, in order to
restrict churning of solder to a region within the sleeve.
Pressurized. shield gas is conducted into the sleeve to
inert the solder being churned therein.
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Another aspect of the apparatus involves
an inerting assembly adapted for use in a wave soldering
apparatus i=o provide an inerting atmosphere. The assembly
comprises a plenum having a top wall and two downwardly
depending ride walls extending between opposite
longitudinal ends of the plenum. At least one of the
side walls includes orifice means formed therein. A gas
delivery conduit extends longitudinally within the plenum
for introducing shield gas into the plenum.
Another aspect of the apparatus involves
providing t:he plenum with a bottom wall and submerging
that bottom wall into the solder in the reservoir so that
the solder situated directly beneath the bottom wall is
not exposed.
The plenums are preferably adjustable angularly
about a longitudinal ,axis of they plenum, and either
horizontally or vertically.
Brief Description of_ the Drawings
The objects and advantages of the invention will
become apparent from ~:he following detailed description
of preferred embodiments thereof i.n connection with the
accompanying drawings in which like numerals designate
like elements and in s~hich:
FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view taken through
a solder pot as a circuit board is being passed
therethrough, in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a frragmentary perspective view of a gas
plenum according to one embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view taken through
the solder pot along a vertical plane oriented
perpendicular to a direction of movement of circuit boards
and passing through a drive shaft of a wave pump;
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FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 with the
vertical plane passing through one of the pressurized gas
plenums;
F:IG. 5 is a top perspective view of a first
embodiment of a gas plenum assembly according to the
present invention;
F:IG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 4 of a second
embodiment of a gas plenum assembly according to the
present invention;
F:IG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 4 of a third
embodiment of a gas I>lenum assembly according to the
present invention;
F:LG. 8 is a fragmentary schematic view showing
the direction of gas flow from a pressurized gas plenum
according i~o the present invention;
F:CG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 8 of a modified
plenum;
F=CG. 10 is a view similar to FIG. 8 of a prior
art arrangement;
F=CG. 11 is a vertical sectional view taken
through a solder pot as a circuit board is being passed
therethrouc~h, i.n accordance with a fourth embodiment of
the present. invention;
F~_G. 12 is a top perspective view of a gas plenum
assembly according t:o the fourth embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 13 is a vertical sectional view taken
through the solder pot and a gas plenum according to the
fourth embodiment of the invention;
F7:G. 14 is a fragmentary schematic view showing
the direction of gas flow from <~ pressurized gas plenum
according t:o the fourth embodiment of the present
invention;
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FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view through a
modified gas plenum;
F:IG. 16 is a view similar to FIG. 1 of a fifth
preferred embodiment of the invention;
F:IG. 17 is a vertical sectional view through an
adjustable gas plenum according to the invention;
F:IG. 18 is a sectional view taken along the
line 18-18 in FIG. 17;
F:IG. 19 is a view similar to FIG. 18 of a
modified adjustable ga.s plenum; and
FIGS. 20, 21 and 22 are cross-sectional views of
modified p:Lenums, respectively, for use in the FIG. 16
embodiment.
Detailed Dc=_scription of Preferred
Embodiment:5 of the Invention
Depicted in F'IC~. 1 is a solder pot (10) that
contains a solder reservoir or bath (11) in which a pair
of solder waves (12, 14) has been established by
respective wave nozzles (16, 18) and adjustable pumps (20,
22) in a conventional. manner. The wave (12) can be a
turbulent wave, and the wave (14) can be a laminar wave,
although the waves could exhibits any desired flow
characteri:~tics .
The wave (1.2) is disposed upstream of the wave
(14), as defined wit=h reference to the direction of travel
(T) of circuit boards (26) that are conveyed by a
conventional conveyor (30) such that at least the
undersides of the circuit boards (26) pass sequentially
through the solder waves (12, 14). The direction of
travel (T) is inclined upwardly at an angle to horizontal,
although it. could be horizontal if desired.
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A shield gas system is provided for resisting
the oxidation of the solder in the reservoir. That
system comprises a plurality of gas plenums (40, 50, 60).
The first gas plenum (40) is located upstream of the
first wave (12) (as defined with reference to the
direction of conveyance of the circuit boards); the second
gas plenum (50) is located between the waves (12, 14); the
third gas plenum (60) is located downstream of the second
wave (14). Each plenum is spaced from a respective solder
wave to form a horizonal gap (G) therebetween.
Each gas plenum includes three upstanding walls,
namely, one vertical end wall, two vertical side walls,
and a top wall. For a};ample, shown in FIG. 5 are first
and second ones of they gas plenums (40, 50). The first
gas plenum (40) includes a vertical end wall (42), two
vertical side walls (49:, 46), and a top wall (48).
Likewise, the second gas plenum (42) includes one end wall
(52), two side walls (54, 56), and a top wall (58).
Depicted in FIG. 1 ane the- side walls (64, 66) and top
wall (68) o» the third gas plenum (60). The plenums (40,
50, 60) are open at their bottom sides so that each plenum
is partially immersed in the solder, and the floor of the
plenum chamber is defined by the surface of the solder.
Also, the end of the plenum (40) disposed opposite the end
wall (42) is open (see FIG. 4) and placed sealingly
against a fixed vertical wal~_ (32) disposed within the
reservoir. One end of the plenum (40) is attached to a
wall ( 33 ) of the solc,~er pot by means of a bracket ( 34 ) ,
and the othE:r end is attached to the wall (32) by a
bracket (35).
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S_Lmilar brackets (not shown) are provided
for attach_'W g the other plenums (50, 60) to the walls
(32, 34). Extending longitudinally within the plenum (40)
is a gas delivery pipe. (47). That pipe (47) is fastened
to the wall'~_ (32) and is connected to a gas supply
hose (36), the latter being connected to a source of
pressurized shield gas, such as an inert gas, for example
nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, a noble gas or any
mixture thereof, or a mixture of an inert gas and a
reducing gas such as f-IZ, a hydride such as silicon
hydrides, etc. The delivery pipe (47) includes suitable
outlets for enabling the shield gas to be discharged
generally uniformly along the length of the plenum.
Each of the other plenums (50 and 60) is pravided
with its own gas delivery pipe (57, 67), respectively,
functioning in a manner similar to the pipe (47).
Each of the gas plenums has longitudinally spaced
gas discharge orifices for discharging the gas. The first
gas plenum (40) includes orifices (45) formed in its side
wall (46) facing the :First wave (12); the second gas
plenum (50) has gas o~~ifices (55) formed in its side wall
(54) facing the first wave (12), and orifices (55') in its
side wall (56) facing the second wave (14); the third gas
plenum (60) has orifices (65) in its side wall (64) facing
the second wave (14). Those orifices result in a uniform
distribution of gas a_Long the length of the wave.
The dischargEa orifices (45, 55, 55', 65) are
shown as comprising horizontally elongated slits arranged
as vertically spaced rows of horizontally spaced slits,
but they can assume any other desired configuration, such
as horizontally spaced, vertical slits. Instead of
elongated slits, the orifices could be circular, oval or
any other shape. Importantly, the area of the discharge
orifices of each gas plenum is designed in conjunction
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with the magnitude of the gas flow provided to each plenum
by the respective delivery pipe (47, 57, 67) to create a
pressure in the range of 0.01-5U.0 inches of water in each
plenum, and such that the shield gas discharged therefrom
in laminar streams having a high velocity in the range of
1-30 m/s, more preferably 3-8 m/s.
Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 8 the gas discharge
orifices oi= the plenum are arranged to direct the high
velocity shield gas toward the r.-espective solder wave from
the bottom to the top thereof. Thus, the lowermost row of
slits (45') directs gas toward a lower portion of the wave
(either horizontally or at an angle relative to horizontal
(see FIG. ~3)); the middle row of slits (45") directs gas
toward an untermediate portion of the wave; and the
uppermost now (45w) of slits directs gas toward an upper
portion of the wave.
In particular, the gas from the uppermost row of
slits (45"') is directed toward and across the portion of
the top surface (TS) of the wave located above, and
curving aw~iy from, the gap (G), as shown in FIG. 8. As a
result, high velocity gas emerging upwardly from the gap
(G) is deflected to travel across the top of that portion
(TS) of the wave top aurface. The high velocity of the
deflected c~as providers the gas with a relatively high
momentum which resists being displaced away from the wave
by thermally generated forces emanating from the wave.
Thus, even when there is no circuit board passing through
the wave, a. substanti~~l portion (i.f not all) of the top
surface of the wave wall be blanketed by the gas, which
tends to follow the contour of the wave for a substantial
distance. This will not occur in the case of slow-moving
gas which is not caused to be deflected, as shown in
FIG. 10.
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Furthermore, the high velocity of the gas
according to the present invention minimizes the contact
time between the gas and hot solder wave, so the gas
exiting the gap (G) is relatively cool. That means that
there will be less of a tendency for a swirling air
current to be establi:~hed above the gap which could draw
cooler atmosphere (anct possibly air) down toward the wave
as compared to slower moving air which is significantly
heated by the wave as previously described in connection
with FIG. 10.
In addition, by discharging gas at high velocity
from the slits, the s7_its will be less likely to become
clogged by solder which may tend to splash toward the
plenum. That would not: be the case if the gas were to
exit at such a slow speed that it could not effectively
push away t:he solder.
It will be appreciated that the side walls
(46, 54, 56, 64) need not be flat or perfectly vertical.
Instead, they could be curved in any direction (e. g.,
see the broken lines i.n FIG. 9) and/or angled relative
to vertical (see the ~~olid lines in FIG. 9). It is only
necessary tizat they be located generally opposite the
respective ;solder wavE~ so that gas streams emitted
therefrom c~~n contact t:he wave.
The=_ top wal:Ls; of one or all of the gas plenums
can also be provided with gas discharge orifices. In that
regard, attention is directed to FIG. 5 depicting the
first and sE~cond gas plenums (40, 50) having gas discharge
orifices (4!a, 59) in their respective side and top wa:Lls.
Gas discharged upwardly from those orifices (49, 59) bears
against the undersides of the circuit boards to strip
therefrom o:~ygen-containing air which may be entrained
by the circuit boards. The total area of those orifices
is designed to provide a gas velocity in the range
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of 1-30 m/s, more preferably 3-8 m/s. Such a gas velocity
is able to strip entrained air, without disrupting any
solder (in the case of the second and third plenums
(50, 60)). The top walls need not be flat, but can have
other shapes, including a curved shape as shown in broken
lines in FIG. 9.
In the event. that a gas plenum is provided with
discharge orifices in more than one wall thereof, it may
be desirable to independently control the velocity of gas
discharged from each wall. This can be accomplished by
providing a divider within the plenum to segregate the
gases discharged from the respective walls. For example,
attention is directed to FIG. 2 depicting a divider (70)
disposed within the ~;econd plenum (50). That divider
creates three chambers (72, 74, 76) which are fed by
three respective gas delivery pipes (not shown).
The gases discharged through the=_ respective discharge
openings (55, 55', 59) can thus have their velocities
independently controlled. In similar fashion, either or
both of the first and third gas plenums (40, 60) could be
provided with a divider which divides the plenum inta two
chambers for independent control.
If desired, shield gas can be discharged solely
through th~~ side wa:l.ls, as depicted in FIG. 6, or solely
through the top wal:l.s, as depicted in FIG. 7. In FIG. 6,
gas discharge openings (45, 55, 55') are formed solely in
the side walls of the gas pl.enums (40A, 50A). In FIG. 7,
discharge openings (;47, 59) are formed solely in the top
walls of the gas plenums (40B, 50B).
Iii is preferred that an enclosure (80) be
arranged o~~er the solder reservoir, with inlet and outlet
curtains (t32, 84) being positioned over inlet and outlet
ends of thE~ enclosure. In that way, the shield gas can
be better retained i.n the vicinity of the solder waves
(12, 14). The curtains can comprise vertical strips of
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flexible material arranged in horizontally overlapping
relationship. The strips would be attached only at their
upper ends to enable t=he conveyor and circuit boards to
push them aside. The enclosure preferably has a cover
(86) which includes a transparent middle section (88)
preferably formed of class to permit the soldering
operation to be observed. The cover (80) can be hinged
at (90) (see FIG. 3) to permit the cover to be raised if
desired.
The cover (80) is hinged to a section (92) of
the solder reservoir through which pump drive shafts (94)
extend (see FIG. 3). Each pump drive shaft (94) is driven
by a respective motor (96). In order to inert the area of
the solder which is churned by the rotating action of the
drive shafta (94), tl-ie.re is provided a stationary hollow
sleeve (100) for eact-i drive shaft. That sleeve (100) is
of cylindrical configuration and extends downwardly below
the upper level (102) of solder in the reservoir. Each
drive shaft (94) extends through its respective sleeve
(100). A shield gas under pressure is fed to the interior
of the sleeve (7.00) by a supply hose (101), and the gas
exits the s:Leeve (100) through a hole (103) formed in the
sleeve. Hence, the only portion of the solder reservoir
which is churned by the rotating drive shaft (94) is
disposed wit=hin the sleeve and is inerted by the shield
gas which is maintained under pressure within the sleeve
(100) .
ThEa conveyor (30) for the circuit boards (26)
travels on conventional carriers (110, 110') (see FIG. 3).
That is, the conveyor comprises a pair of endlessly
rotating chains (30', 30'"). The chain (30') includes
a flight (30'A) traveling into the plane of the paper in
FIG. 3 (i.e., travel:in~~ away from the observer), and a
f light ( 30' FS) traveli.n~~ out of the paper (toward the
observer). Likewise, the conveyor chain (30") includes
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
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flights (30"A, 30"B) traveling into and out of the paper,
respectively. That conveyor arrangement is conventional.
The carrier (110) is mounted to a wall (111) which is
horizontal_Ly adjustable toward and away from the other
carrier (1.10') in a conventional manner (not shown) to
vary the spacing between the conveyor chains (30', 30")
in order to accommodate circuit boards (26) of different
widths. The carrier (110) is connected to a horizontal
curtain (1:L2) which is separate from the aforementioned
curtains (82, 84) and is provided to overlie the portion
of the inlE=_t and/or outlet not occupied by the conveyor
(30). One end of the curtain (112) is mounted to a
vertical roller (114) which is biased in rotation by coil
torsion springs (113). The other end of the curtain is
connected t:o the carrier (110). When the carrier (110) is
horizontal7_y adjusted in order to vary the conveyor width,
the curtain (112) i;~ automatical:ly rolled (or unrolled).
The curtain (112) can be disposed at the inlet and/or
outlet of t:he enclosure.
Instead of employing a curtain (113) which rolls
up, a collapsible curtain, e.g., a bellows-like member,
could be employed which expands and contracts in an
accordion-like manner when the carrier (110) is adjusted.
In operation, circuit baards (26) are conveyed by
the conveyor (30) to 'the solder reservoir. The circuit
boards may have been pre-treated with a flux and heated,
in a conventional manner. As the circuit boards travel
past the inlet curtain (82) and enter the enclosure (80),
shield gas discharged upwardly from the top slits (49) of
the first pressurized gas plenum (40) impinges against the
underside of the circuit board to strip away entrained air
as the board passes that gas flow. After passing the
first pressurized gas plenum, the underside of the circuit
board travels through the first solder wave (12) and is
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
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coated with solder ire the customary manner. Then, the
underside of the circuit board sequentially travels
across: (i) an air--stripping f:Low of shield gas
discharged from the tap slits (59) of the second
pressurized gas plenum (50), (i:i) the second solder
wave (14), and (iii) an air-stripping flow of shield gas
discharged from top slits of the third pressurized gas
plenum (60). The speed of the air-stripping gas flowing
from the top slits of the second and third pressurized gas
plenums (50, 60) is not great enough to disturb or remove
solder from the under~,ides of the circuit boards.
The formation of dr-oss in the solder is
minimized lay the effective measures taken to keep air
away from 'the solder. That is, the air-stripping flows
of shield gas discharged from the top slits of the gas
plenums (40, 50, 60) minimize the concentration of oxygen
traveling :in the vicinity of the solder. There is thus
achieved a shielding atrnosphere which is retained by the
enclosure (80).
Furthermore, the surfaces of the solder waves
are amply protected by shield gas ejected from the side
slits (55 and 55') c~f. the three pressurized gas plenums.
Those gas :Flows are discharged at relatively high speed
from the pressurized plenums, and are deflected by at
least an upper gas flow from the plenum so as to travel
across and in contacts with the portion (TS) of the top
surface of the wave which curves away from the gap (G).
That gas produces an effective inerting of the wave
surface (TS) even in the absence of a circuit board.
The high velocity of the gas traveling toward the
gap (G) results in the gas emerging from the slot (G)
being cooler than in the case of. slow-moving gas. Hence,
there is less of a tendency for circular convection
currents to be established which can pull oxygen-
containing atmospher.-a down toward the wave.
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
- 21 -
As an example, a plenum operated in accordance
with the present invention employed orifices in a side
wall reprE~senting about one percent of the surface area of
the side wall. A flow of 100 scfh was established in the
plenum to produce about 0.06 in/water of pressure, and a
gas velocity at the orifices of about 6 m/s. For a flow
of 300 sci:h, a pressure of about 0.5 inches of water and
gas veloc_Lty of about. 18 m/s was established.
'7~'his can be compared to values calculated for
similar fT_ows of an inerting system according to FIG. 10,
wherein for a flow of 100 scfh a pressure of 0.0001 inches
of water was calculated that would give a gas velocity at
the gap ofd about 0.24 m/s. At a 300 scfh flow rate, the
pressure was calculated to be 0.0008 inches of water and
the gas velocity at: the gap about .72 m/s. It will be
appreciatE_d that in the FIG. 10 structure, the gas
velocity increases as the gas approaches the gap (which
defines a restriction). Thus, the gas flow within the
chamber (C~H) of FICT. 10 would be even lower than the
0.24 m/s a.nd 0.72 m/s values. Those values can be
compared, respectively, to the velocities of about 6 m/s
and 18 m/s achievable in connection with the presently
claimed invention.
The relative=ly high pressure of shield gas within
the gas plenums serv~:s to expel any oxygen therefrom.
The solder which is churned by the rotating drive
shafts (94) of the wave pumps will not be oxidized,
because it is blanket=ed by pressurized shield gas within
the sleeves (100).
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
- 2 2 --
Depicted in FIGS. 11-15 is a fourth embodiment of
the invention wherein each of the plenums includes a top
wall, a bottom wall and at least three upstanding walls,
namely, one vertical E=Ild wall, and two vertical side
walls. For example, shown in FIG. 12 are first and second
ones of the gas plenums (240, 250). The first gas plenum
(240) includes a vertical end wall (242), two vertical
side walls (244, 246), a bottom wall (243) and a top wall
(248). Likewise, the second gas plenum (250) includes one
end wall (252), two side walls (254, 256), a bottom wall
(243), and a top wall_ (258). Depicted in FIG. 11 are the
side walls (264, 266), bottom wall (263), and top wall
(268) of th~s third gas plenum (260). The top walls (248,
258, 268) a:re always situated be:Low or even with a topside
of the adjacent solder wave. The height of the solder
bath is cons=inuously controlled so that the bottom walls
of all of the plenum~ are always submerged in the solder.
By thus submerging the bottom walls, it is ensured that
all solder disposed beneath the plenums will be shielded
from oxygen, thereby eliminating the need to inert the
entire surface of the solder.
The end of the plenum (240) disposed opposite the
end wall (29:2) can be open (see FIG. 13) and placed
sealingly against a fixed vertical wall (232) disposed
within the reservoir. One end of the plenum (240) is
attached to a wall (233) of the Balder pot by means of a
bracket (234), and the other end i.s attached to the wall
(232) by a bracket (23~>). Similar brackets (not shown)
are provided for attaching the other plenums (250, 260) to
the walls (232, 234).
Alternatively, both ends of the plenums could
contain a wall, whereby the interior of the plenum is
entirely enclosed, as will be explained later in
connection with FIG. :L7..
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
~i
1
_ 23 _
I3xtending longitudinally within the plenum (240)
is a gas delivery pipe (247) for pressurizing the interior
chamber oi: the plenum (240) with shield gas. That pipe
(247) is fastened to the wall (232) and is connected to a
gas supply hose (236), the latter being connected to a
source of pressurized shield gas. The delivery pipe (247)
includes ~cuitable outlets for enabling the shield gas to
be discharged generally uniformly along the length of the
plenum.
Each of the other plenums (250 and 260) is
provided with its own gas delivery pipe (257, 267)
functioning in a manner similar to the pipe (247).
Each of the gas plenums has longitudinally spaced
gas discharge orifices for discharging the gas. The first
gas plenum (240) includes orifices (245) formed in its
side wall (246) facing the first wave (212), and
(optionally) o:rifice~> (245') in the top wall (248) (see
FIGS. 12, 14); the sE:c:ond gas plenum (250) has orifices
(255) formed in its side walls (254, 256) facing the first
and second waves (12, 14), respectively, and (optionally)
orifices (255') formed :in the tap wall (258); the third
gas plenum (260) has orifices (265) in its side wall (264)
facing the second wave (214), and (optionally) orifices
(265') formed in the top wall (268). The orifices (245,
255, 265) produce a uniform distribution of gas along the
length of i~he wave.
The discharge orifices are shown as comprising
horizontal~~_y elongated slits arranged as vertically spaced
rows of horizontally .spaced slits, but they can assume any
other desired configuration, such as horizontally spaced
vertical s~_its. Insta_ad of elongated slits, the orifices
could be circular, czv~~l or any other shape.
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
- 24 -
Importantly, the area of the discharge orifices
of each side wall facing a solder wave is designed in
conjunction with the magnitude of the gas flow provided
to each ple.num by the respective delivery pipe (247, 257,
267) to create a pressure in the range of 0.01-50.0 inches
of water in. each plenum, and such that the shield gas
discharged therefrom in laminar streams toward the solder
waves having a high velocity in the range of 1-30 m/s,
more preferably 3-8 m/s.
Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 14 the gas
discharge orifices of the side walls of each plenum are
arranged to direct the high velocity shield gas toward the
respective solder wave from the bottom to the top thereof.
Thus, the lower rows) of slits (245) directs gas toward
a lower portion of the wave (either horizontally or at an
angle relative to hor:izontal); and the uppermost row of
slits (245) directs ga.s toward an upper portion of the
wave.
In particula~_-, the gas from the upper row of
slits (245) is directed toward and across the portion of
the top surface (TS) of the wave located above, and
curving away from, thE~ gap (G), as shown in FIG. 14. As a
result, high velocity c~as emerging upwardly from the gap
(G) is deflected to travel across the top of that portion
(TS) of the wave top surface.
As a result, the same advantages occur as in the
first embodiment, namely the top surface of the wave being
blanketed by the gas, there being less of a tendency for a
swirling air current t:o be established above the gap, and
there being less of a tendency for the slits in the plenum
to clog.
It will be appreciated that the side walls
(246, 254, 256, 264) reed not be flat or perfectly
vertical. Instead, they could be curved in any direction
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
- 25 -
and/or angled relative to vertical. It is only necessary
that they '.be located generally opposite the respective
solder wave so that gas streams emitted therefrom can
contact the=_ wave. Attention is directed to FIG. 15
wherein each of the side walls of the plenum (250B) has
upper and .Lower portions (254B', 254B", 256B', 256B").
The upper portions ('254B', 256B') are angled with respect
to the lower portions to direct the inerting gas toward
the top of the respective solder wave. That is, each
upper portion faces in a direction having vertical and
horizontal components, with the horizontal component being
directed toward the adjacent solder wave.
The plenum (250B) is also provided with a non-
apertured divider (270) for dividing the plenum interior
chamber into two subchambers (250B', 250B"), each
subchamber having a g<is delivery pipe (257', 257"). By
separately regulating the gas supplied by each pipe (257',
257"), the velocities of gases emitted from respective
sides of the plenum can be varied relative to one another,
so that those velocities can be adapted to the inerting
requirements of the turbulent and laminar solder waves,
respectively.
The side and top walls may assume any suitable
configuration, such as convexly or concavely curved, as
long as the inerting gas is directed toward the solder
wave.
As observed earlier, the top walls of one or all
of the gas plenums c~~n, if desired, be provided with gas
discharge orifices. Gas discharged upwardly from those
orifices beers against the undersides of the circuit
boards to si~rip therc.>.from oxygen--containing air which
may be entrained by t:he circuit boards. The total area
of those top orifices is designed to provide a gas
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
\9
- 26 -
velocity in the range of 1-30 m/s, more preferably
3-8 m/s. :~uch a gas velocity is able to strip entrained
air, without disrupting any solder (in the case of the
second and third plenums (250, 260).
Each gas ple:num (240, 250, 260) may be mounted
so as to be: adjustable about a horizontal axis (280)
extending parallel to the adjacent wave (see FIGS. 17-19),
and to be further adjustable either vertically or
horizontally. In particular, the gas plenum (240) is
shown in FIG. 17 as having, in addition to the previously
described top, bottom, end, and side walls, an additional
end wall (242') which is welded to a jamnut (282) having
an internal screw thread. Welded to the outer periphery
of the gas delivery pipe (247) is a fitting (284) which
includes a first slee~re part (284A) extending through a
vertical slot (286) formed in the wall (232) of the solder
pot, the sleeve part (<?84A) including an external screw
thread. The fitting further includes a polygonal nut
(284B) to which a turning tool (e.g., wrench) can be
applied, and a hose-re:c:eiving sleeve part (284C) to which
the hose (236) is attached.
The gas plenum (240) is mounted on the gas
delivery pipe (247) by threading the jamnut (282) onto the
sleeve part (284A) of the fitting (284). A free end of
the gas delivery pipe (247) is loosely received in a
support col_Lar (287) attached to an opposite end wall
(242) of the plenum.
The plenum is then positioned at a desired
elevation within the solder pot by raising or lowering
the gas delivery pipe (247) within the slot (286). Also,
the plenum is positioned in a desired angular orientation
by being rotated about the axis (280) until the side wall
(246) is in a desired orientation relative to the solder
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
- 27 -
wave (e.g., the side wall i.s oriented vertical as shown in
sold lines in FIG. 14, or at an inclination to vertical
as shown in phantom :lines in FIG. 14). Then, the gas
delivery tube (247) :is rotated by rotating the nut (284B)
to draw the plenum a:~ially toward the wall (232) to
tightly sandwich a sealing washer (288) between the jamnut
(282) and the wall (:?32), whereby the plenum is securely
held in position. Tree angular orientation of the plenum
shown in phantom lines in FIG. 14 would not be performed
in connection with the second plenum (250) whose side
walls oppose respective solder waves, because when one
side wall thereof is inclined at a desired angle to
vertical, the other aide would not be properly inclined.
If angular adjustment: is desired, the second plenum (250)
would be formed of two separate plenums of similar
construction to the first and third plenums (240, 260).
In order to enable the first and third plenums to
be rotated about axis (280), a slight horizontal spacing
is provided between each of those plenums and the adjacent
wall of th<~ solder pct. as shown in FIG. 11. If no angular
adjustment is provided, the plenums would be arranged
flush with the respective walls of the solder pot.
Instead of being vertically adjustable within
a vertical slot (28E~), the plenums could be horizontally
adjustable within a horizontal slot (286A) as shown in
FIG. 19. Of course, the ability to angularly adjust
the plenum about the axis (280) would be maintained.
Thus, the ~>tructure of FIG. 19 would be identical to
that of FIGS. 17 and 18, except that the slot (286A) is
horizontal rather than vertical.
If it is desired to mal~:e a plenum adjustable in
three direcaions, i.e., vertically, horizontally, and
angularly, a suitable mounting arrangement (not shown)
could be provided.
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
~~1
-- 2 8 -
There is also provided a cover and retractable
curtain for the solder pot as described in connection with
the first embodiment.
The operation of the fifth embodiment is the same
as that described in connection with the first embodiment.
The surface of the solder reservoir is protected against
oxidation by being isolated from air, due to the
submerging of the boi~tom walls of the plenums in the
solder reservoir.
Furthermore,. the surfaces of the solder waves
are protected against. oxidation by shield gas ejected from
the side slits (245, 255, 265) of the three pressurized
gas plenums which gravel ac=Toss and in contact with the
portion (TS) of the top surface of the wave which curves
away from the gap (G). That gas produces an effective
inerting of the wave surface (TS) even in the absence of
a circuit board.
The high velocity of the gas traveling toward the
gap (G) results in the gas emerging from the slot (G)
being cooler than in the case of slow-moving gas. Hence,
there is less of a tendency for circular convection
currents to be established which can pull oxygen-
containing atmosphere down towai_-d the wave.
Another embodiment of the invention, depicted in
FIG. 16 is similar to that disclosed in connection with
Fig. 11 except that the plenums (240, 250, 260) are not
submerged within the solder reservoir. Rather, the bottom
wall of each plenum is spaced above the surface (B) of the
solder reservoir, and is provided with orifices (245"~,
255~~~, 265'~~) to eject inerting gas into a space (S)
formed between the bottom wall and the solder surface (B).
The velocity of that gas is preferably less than that of
gas emitted. from the ride orifices; those gas velocities
can be independently regulated by controlling the total
areas of the respectiva_ sets of gas orifices.
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
- 29 -
Alternatively, the plenums can be provided with
a gas non-permeable divider (270) as shown in FIG. 20 with
respect to the second plenum (250C). The divider (270")
divides the interior chamber of the plenum (250) into
four subc:hambers (272, 274, 276, 278), each of which
being provided with its own gas delivery pipe (257).
By controlling the amounts of gas supplied by the
respective=_ pipes (257) (and/or by controlling the orifice
size as noted earlier), the velocities of gas emitted from
the respective walls can be independently regulated.
As an alternative to providing separate gas
delivery tubes for the respective sub-chambers, a single
gas delivery tube (257} could be provided for delivering
gas to onE: sub-chamber. For example, with reference to
FIG. 21, am apertured (i.e., gas permeable) divider (270")
is provided which divides the interior of plenum (250D)
into two sub-chambers (272A, 276A). The gas delivery tube
(257) is situated within the sub-chamber (272A), and gas
is discharged from that sub-chamber through orifices
formed in the top anc~ side walls and also in the divider
(270"). The total area of orifices in the divider is
designed in conjunct_Lon with the rate of gas inflow from
the delivery tube to create a desired pressure within the
sub-chamber (272A). The velocities of gases emitted from
the respective top and side walls can be controlled by the
sizes of orifices provided therein.
The sizes of the respective orifices in the
divider (270") and bottom w<zll (253) of FIG. 21 can be
designed to provide a desired gas pressure within the
sub-chamber (276A) and a desired velocity of gas emitted
from the bottom wall.. The velocity of gas discharged
from the bottom wall. can thus be reduced to a desired
low value.
CA 02349690 2001-06-14
- 30 -
FIG. 22 depicts another embodiment of a gas
plenum (450) comprising three subchambers (452, 454,
456), each separated from the other by a non-permeable
divider (4'58). Each subchamber has its own gas delivery
pipe (452P, 454P, 456P) providing an independent control
of gas flows and velocities. Particularly, the velocity
of the gas discharged through the wall of the lower
subchamber (456) can be smaller than the velocity of the
gas discharged from other subchambers (452, 454), in
consideration of the relatively small distance between the
bottom wal:L (460) of the plenum and the surface (422) of
the molten solder.
A7_though the present invention has been described
in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, it will
be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additions,
deletions, modifications, and substitutions not
specifically described may be made without departing from
the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the
appended claims.
