Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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THREE DIMENSIONAL MULTI-PHASE TUNNELING
METHOD AND EQUIPMENTS THEREOF
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a tunneling method;
and., more particularly, to a three dimensional multi-phase
tunneling method and equipments thereof, wherein a drilling
and blasting process can be carried out simultaneously
during excavating a pilot tunnel by means of tunnel boring
machine (TBM), thereby is capable of reducing the period and
the cost of excavation.
Background Art
In a rock tunneling work, for solving a problem on a
ground vibration and improving a tunneling excavation rate,
a Tunnel Boring Machine/New Austrian Tunneling Method
(TBM/NATM) has recently been proposed. According to the
combined TBM/NATM method, a pilot tunnel is excavated using
the TBM while the remaining section for enlargement is
excavated using the NATM.
For the conventional tunnel excavation or the blasting
for enlargement using a TBM pilot tunnel, the drilling and
blasting has been generally carried out by using a
longitudinal drilling and blasting method for achieving a
drilling and blasting in a tunneling direction (hereinafter,
referred to as a longitudinal drilling and blasting method).
In most of tunneling faces, a leg drill or a jumbo drill is
used to drill charge holes in an area to be excavated,
depending on work situation.
A conventional longitudinal drilling and blasting
method will be described in brief in conjunction with Fig. 1
and Figs. 2A to 2D.
Referring to Fig. 1, the charge holes 4 are drilled
according to a pattern, where reference numerals indicated
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in each circle assigned to each charge hole 4 denote a
sequential blasting order.
Figs. 2A to 2D are schematic views respectively
illustrating sequential steps of a conventional longitudinal
drilling and blasting method. Here, reference numerals 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5 denote a pilot tunnel, an upper half section, a
lower half section, charge holes, and a line drilling area,
respectively.
According to the conventional drilling and blasting
method, first, the charge holes 4 are drilled in the upper
half section 2 as shown in Fig. 2A. The drilling work is
carried out using leg drills for drilling a predetermined
length of tunnel or jumbo drills for drilling rockbolt holes
or charge holes, depending on the work situation.
Thereafter, a charging of the charge holes 4 is carried
out as shown in Fig. 2B. At this time, the blasting delay
order of the charge holes 4 is determined. The blasting
delay order for generating the blast sequentially, starting
at an area nearest to a free face of a pilot tunnel 1 in
order to obtain a free face effect provided by a pilot
tunnel 1, is made such that the sequential blast is
processed from the innermost area nearest to the pilot
tunnel 1 to the outermost area farthest from the pilot
tunnel 1. At this time, the blasting delay order of the
line drilling area 5 is also determined. In similar to that
of the pilot tunnel 1, the blasting delay order of the
outermost section is made such that it corresponds to the
order of a bottom portion, a lower portion and a ceiling
portion. On the basis of the determined blasting delay
order, a charging of the line drilling area 5 is carried out.
In this case, a predetermined precise blasting powder is
charged in the blasting portions of the line drilling area 5,
taking into consideration a loosened area of rock generated
after the drilling and the blasting as shown in Fig. 2B.
After completing the charging, a blast is carried out
in the planned blasting delay order. A muck produced after
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the blasting is then removed as shown in Fig. 2C. Thereafter,
the charge holes 4 having a predetermined length are drilled
in the full section as shown in Fig. 2D. The above
procedures are repeated to achieve a desired tunneling.
In the conventional longitudinal blasting method for
excavating a tunnel in the above-mentioned sequence, a blast
vibration is propagated to a face of the ground through the
entire length of the tunnel because the charge holes 4 are
arranged in a tunneling direction. As a result, the blast
vibration of the ground may occur when a blast pressure and
energy is transmitted from a blast source to rock masses.
Due to such the ground vibration, structures installed on an
area adjacent to the portion disposed over the tunnel and
the other establishments sensitive to the vibration may be
severely damaged.
In the conventional longitudinal drilling and blasting
method, the blasting for enlargement of the TBM pilot tunnel
is carried out only in the longitudinal direction after
removing a rail for a TBM muck car, so that a one-time
drilling length is limited. And an overbreak and a drilling
time may be increased due to the increase of the excavation
length. It is inconvenient for the drilling of the charge
holes after the excavation due to a severe roughness of a
tunnel face, and the length of drilling for the charge holes
in the tunneling direction is limited. Furthermore,
drilling-charging-blasting-muck removing procedures should
be repeatedly carried out in the tunnel excavating work
after a pilot tunnel has been excavated using the TBM. As a
result, the pilot tunnel may be inefficiently used. These
result in a long construction period and a high construction
expense. In addition, since the muck stacked on the area
beneath the excavating section is loaded into dump trucks
one by one using an appropriate mechanical equipment, it
takes a long time to remove all the muck so that next
process can not be carried out until all the mucks are
removed.
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In this process of removing the muck, a number of
supportable subsequent vehicles and mobilities are limited,
thereby serving as an obstructing factor in improvement of
the excavating length. In addition, as the excavating
length becomes increased, an overbreak may be also
inevitably increased. Although the overbreak in a
predetermined area is allowed so as to extend the excavating
length, an amount of the muck is increased and it takes much
time to remove the muck. Therefore, there is a limitation on
an increase of the excavating length in view of tunnel
excavation cycle time.
To solve the above problem, a bi-directional drilling
and blasting method and charge hole drilling apparatus is
disclosed in Korea Patent No. 98-143712. Figs. 3A and 3B
show patterned charge holes, respectively, whereas Fig. 3C
shows two sectional views, respectively taken along a line
A-A and a line B-B of Figs. 3A and 3B. Figs. 4A to 4D are
schematic views respectively illustrating sequential steps
of a bi-directional drilling and blasting method.
Referring Figs. 3A to 3C, lattice-shaped charge holes
are drilled in a radial direction of the pilot tunnel 7, and
then a drilling is carried out in a longitudinal direction
in an outermost tunneling section. At this time, reference
numerals, indicated in each circle, assigned to each of
charge holes 9 denote the blasting order.
Transverse charge holes 9 are radially drilled in an
upper half section 8 in a direction perpendicular to a
longitudinal direction in a pilot tunnel 7 excavated by the
TBM. Simultaneously, longitudinal charge holes are also
drilled in an outermost section 10 in the longitudinal
direction as shown in Fig. 4A. A charging of the
longitudinal and transverse charge holes is carried out as
shown in Fig. 4B. Then, a blast is carried out. Referring to
Fig. 4C, the muck produced by the blast is removed using an
appropriate mechanical equipment, for example, a load head
bucket. The line charge holes 5 are drilled again in a
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predetermined portion of the outermost section 10 as shown
in Fig. 4D.
Although the conventional bi-directional drilling and
blasting method has an advantage that drilling and blasting
period can be shortened, the muck should be removed in the
same manner as the longitudinal drilling and blasting method,
so that there is few efficiency of tlae tunnel excavation
cycle time. That is, as an excavating length becomes long,
the muck removal time to be required is also increased.
Furthermore, a drilling equipment is needed to carry
out the bi-directional drilling and blasting for enlargement.
Since it is difficult for installing the drilling equipment
on the TBM to drill the radial holes on the lower half
section of the tunnel because of the blasting pattern in the
bi-directional drilling and blasting method, the drilling
should be processed with another drilling equipment, e.g.,
the jumbo drill so that the efficiency of the drilling
equipment is decreased. Moreover, it is somewhat difficult
for the jumbo drill to approach the pilot tunnel made by the
TBM owing to the size and the drilling position is also
hardly confirmed even if drilled with the jumbo drill.
Although the small size jumbo drill is used, there is
also several problems that cables attached on the jumbo
drill and water supplying pipes should be entered the tunnel
in the drilling process, whereby these cables and pipes
should be removed outside the tunnel to prohibit the damage
from the blasting process. Therefore, it takes long time
for the excavation and moreover, it is difficult to proceed
the drilling process and the tunnel boring process
simultaneously. In addition, because the longitudinal
drilling and blasting method is still used at the lower half
section, this method has the limitation to shorten the
drilling time to be spent.
As described above, the drilling and blasting are
processed after the complete tunnel boring by the TBM in
longitudinal drilling and blasting methods or in bi
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directional drilling and blasting method, the only radial
drilling process can be carried out during the tunnel boring
by the TBM, but the blasting process should be carried out
after completing the tunnel boring.
If the drilling and blasting process and the tunnel
boring process are carried out simultaneously, facilities
required for the TBM tunneling, i.e., electricity supply
cable, water supply pipe, air supply pipe and so on, are
damaged and the rail for the muck car is buried due to the
blasting for enlargement inevitably.
Disclosure of Invention
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to
provide a three dimensional multi-phase tunneling method to
enhance a period and a cost of tunnel excavation, wherein a
drilling and blasting is carried out simultaneously during
excavating a pilot tunnel.
It is another object of the present invention to
provide equipments in use for the method, which are capable
of effectively improving a tunnel excavation rate and a
removal of muck.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention, there is provided a method for excavating a
tunnel, comprising the steps of: a) drilling an oblique
charge hole on an upper half section in a pilot tunnel being
excavated by a tunnel boring machine (TBM) and drilling an
outermost charge hole to a predetermined length in a
tunneling direction (longitudinal direction) at an outermost
tunneling section during excavating the pilot tunnel, and
charging and blasting the upper half section, wherein the
oblique charge hole is turned at a predetermined angle from
a transverse direction to a longitudinal direction; and b)
charging and blasting the lower half section except the
central portion apart at a distance from the tunnel face.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present
invention, there is provided a device for tunneling,
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comprising: a main body of tunnel boring machine (TBM)
excavating a pilot tunnel while advancing in tunneling
direction, and having a trailer; a drilling means for
drilling oblique holes on a upper half section of the pilot
tunnel while the TBM excavates the pilot tunnel, and the
drilling means being installed on the main body of the TBM,
wherein the oblique holes are turned at predetermined angle
from a transverse direction to a longitudinal direction; a
first rotating means for rotating the drilling means in the
oblique direction and a circumferential direction; a muck
removing means, installed in the bottom area of the lower
half section, for carrying the muck produced by the blast
outside the tunnel; and a second rotating means for rotating
a bucket, installed on the front of a loader, for loading
the muck easily at the narrow area of the upper and the
lower half section by rotating the bucket at a predetermined
angle in a horizontal plane.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Other objects and aspects of the invention will become
apparent from the following description of the embodiments
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a conventional
longitudinal drilling and blasting pattern;
Figs. 2A to 2D show a sequential steps of a
conventional longitudinal drilling and blasting method;
Figs. 3A to 3C illustrate schematic views of a
conventional bi-directional drilling and blasting patterns;
Figs. 4A to 4D depict a sequential steps of a
conventional bi-directional drilling and blasting method;
Figs. 5A and 5D represent a schematic views of drilling
and blasting patterns in accordance with the present
invention;
Fig. 6 presents a perspective view of the three
dimensional multi-phase tunneling method in accordance with
the present invention;
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Figs. 7A to 7D provide a sequential steps of the three
dimensional multi-phase tunneling method in accordance with
the present invention;
Fig. 8A is a schematic view of a two way rail track
system of the conventional tunneling method;
Figs. 8B and 8C are schematic views of a three way rail
track system of the three dimensional multi-phase tunneling
method in accordance with the present invention;
Fig. 8D shows a schematic view of a variable ladder for
use in the three dimensional multi-phase tunneling method in
accordance with the present invention;
Figs. 9A to 9C illustrate a diagram, illustrating a
structure of a wedge coupler for use in the present
invention;
Figs. 10A to lOG depict schematic views of sequential
steps of removing muck produced by the three dimensional
multi-phase tunneling method in accordance with the present
invention;
Figs. 11A to 11C represent schematic views of a tunnel
boring machine (TBM) for use in the conventional and present
invention;
Figs. 12A to 12D present schematic views of a rotating
means for use in the three dimensional multi-phase tunneling
method in accordance with the present invention;
Figs 13 and 14 provide schematic views of a carrying
means of the muck in use for the three dimensional multi-
phase tunneling method in accordance with the present
invention;
Fig. 15 is a perspective view of a ventilation duct
system of a three dimensional multi-phase tunneling method
in accordance with the present invention; and
Figs. 16A to 16C show schematic views of lining form
for use in the three dimensional multi-phase tunneling
method in accordance with the present invention.
Best Mode for Carrvinct out the Invention
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Figs. 5A and 5B are schematic views illustrating a
drilling and blasting patterns of three dimensional multi-
phase tunneling method in accordance with the present
invention.
Referring to Figs . 5A to 5D, based on the fact that a
blast vibration is propagated at a larger magnitude in a
tunneling direction through a length direction of charge
holes, the charge holes 22 are in advance drilled at a
predetermined length in an oblique direction during
excavating the pilot tunnel by a tunnel boring machine (TBM).
That is, the oblique charge hole is slanted from a
transverse direction to a longitudinal direction on a
tunneling section. The longitudinal charge holes 23 for a
smooth blasting are drilled to a predetermined length at an
IS outermost tunneling section and then a first oblique
blasting and longitudinal blasting for enlargement is
carried out in the region that is hundreds of meters distant
from a TBM tunnel face. Thereafter, the longitudinal charge
holes 26 are drilled again on the lower half section except
the central portion to a predetermined length at the zone of
blasting for enlargement (hereinafter, referred to as a NATM
tunnel face) and then a second blasting for enlargement is
carried out. And finally, using the transverse charge holes
drilled in advance on the central portion of the lower half
section, a third blasting for enlargement is carried out
after completing the pilot tunnel 21 by the TBM and
dismantling a rail for a muck car. Therefore, a tunnel
excavation cycle time and an expense for excavation can be
reduced.
The three dimensional mufti-phase tunneling procedures
will be described more detailed with reference to Fig. 6 and
Figs. 7A to 7D.
Referring to Fig. 6, there is provided a perspective
view of present invention showing whole the charge holes and
a muck removing means for carrying the muck.
To begin with, the oblique holes 22 having a
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predetermined angle and length are drilled in advance on the
upper half section by using a jumbo drill mounted near a
head or back-up system of the TBM, and then line drilling
holes 23 in the outermost tunneling section are drilled
longitudinally to reduce an overbreak at the region which is
hundreds of meters distant from the TBM tunnel face. In
accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present
invention, the length of the line drilling hole (la) is 2~4
m correspondent to the oblique charge holes of which the
l0 distance is 2~4 m as represented in Fig. 7A. At this time,
the end of the longitudinal charge hole should be
correspondent to the end of the oblique charge hole as shown
a dotted line "a" in Fig. 7A.
It is preferable that the angle of the oblique charge
holes are appropriately determined in order to concentrate
the muck produced by the blast in the middle of the tunnel
face after blasting as shown in Fig. 7B. In the embodiment
of the present invention, the oblique charge hole is slanted
to the entrance of the tunnel, of which angle is of 20° ~ 40°.
And next, a second blasting for enlarging the lower half
section except the central portion is carried out, at the
region which is tens of meters distant from the NATM tunnel
face, by the longitudinal drilling and blasting method as
shown in Fig. 7D. Finally, a third blasting for enlarging
the central portion of the lower half section is carried out
by the transverse drilling and blasting method, of which the
holes are in advance drilled.
Although there is provided a single blasting for the
first blasting in accordance with the embodiment of the
present invention, a double blasting can be carried out to
obtain longer length of a tunnel excavation and to remove a
remained rock completely by longitudinal drilling and
blasting method for the outermost tunneling section after
single blasting is finished as described in Fig. 7C.
However, this method should be done at the same time of the
second blasting in consideration of the amount of the muck
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to be transported. This makes the remained rock removed
clearly so that the length of the tunnel excavation can be
increased.
Another embodiment of the present invention will be
described with reference to Figs. 9A to 9C providing a wedge
coupler for the present invention to control the charging of
charge holes.
When drilling the oblique charge holes 22, for
maximally reducing the cycle time of tunnel excavation, the
oblique charge holes 22 is in advance drilled to a length
identical to a sum of the length of a blasting hole and a
rockbolt hole 24, to thereby maximize the efficiency of the
pilot tunnel. That is, the combined charge hole/rockbolt
hole is used as a blasting hole for a first oblique blasting.
After a second precise blasting of the outermost tunneling
section, the combined charge hole/rockbolt hole can be re-
used as the rockbolt hole. Therefore, since it is
unnecessary to carry out an additional rockbolt drilling for
the stabilization of the excavated tunneling section, the
rockbolt drilling time can be remarkably reduced. At this
time, in an intersection of the combined oblique charge
hole/rockbolt hole and the longitudinal charge hole, the
flow of water can be observed at the oblique charge holes
since the water generated from the drilling work is flowed
in the longitudinal drilling. Therefore, if the intersection
occurs, that problem can be solved by again carrying out the
longitudinal drilling at an area apart from a first charge
hole.
After completing the drilling of the oblique charge
holes 22 and the longitudinal charge holes, an equipment for
removing the muck produced by the blast is installed on the
floor of the tunnel. By appropriately adjusting the section
for enlargement up and down in a lower half section of the
pilot tunnel, a carrier 33 of the equipment 31 for removing
the muck can be protected from a blasting pressure and the
falling muck due to the blasting.
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As shown in Fig. 14, a rail 432 is laid on both sides
of the floor of the pilot tunnel and a wheel 433A is
attached on the lower portion of the equipment to thereby
enable the equipment to be moved. Furthermore, a carrier
433 includes a connecting ring for continuously connecting
to the end of the equipment and a container 434 with a space
to contain the muck, wherein the container 434 is laid on
the upper portion of the carrier 433 and can be lift up on
dump trucks. At this time, a rubber 435 is attached to the
inside of the carrier 433 in contact with the outside of the
container 434 to thereby minimize a damage and a noise
caused by the dispersion of the falling muck.
As shown in Figs. 9A to 9C, after installing the
equipment 31 for removing the muck, the oblique charge holes
22 and the longitudinal charge holes 23 are charged. At
this time, in the case where the oblique charge holes 22 are
drilled longer than they are designed, a wedge coupler is
installed at the oblique holes 22 of an oblique blasting
section and a sand stemming 25 is carried out to an
appropriate length, so that the drilling length for charging
can be controlled in order to carry out a first blasting.
At this time, a diameter of the wedge coupler is
manufactured a few larger than those of the oblique charge
holes 22. The wedge coupler 1400 includes a rubber coupler
42, in which a wedge groove 42A is formed, and a wedge 43
which is inserted to the wedge groove 42A of the rubber
coupler 42. Therefore, the blasting powder is reliably
charged up to the oblique blasting section by the wedge
coupler 900 and the sand stemming 25.
Fig. 9C is a diagram illustrating a structure of a
wedge coupler 1400 for controlling a charging length in
accordance with the present invention.
First, after drilling the oblique charge holes 22, the
rubber coupler 42 is inserted into an entrance of the charge
holes 22 and is pushed into the oblique charge holes 22
using a scaled pipe 44 acccrding to a design for the
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drilling length. Thereafter, the wedge 43 is inserted into
the rubber coupler 42 through the scaled pipe 44 using a
wedge rod 45, so that the blasting powder is charged up to
the drilling length of the oblique blasting section.
Although the oblique charge hole is drilled longer than
that is designed, using the wedge coupler 1400 can control
the drilling length for the charging, so that a precise
tunneling is possible.
When the charging of the oblique charge holes 22 and
the longitudinal charge holes 23 are completed, a first
blasting for the oblique blasting and the longitudinal
blasting is carried out as described in Fig. 7B.
The muck produced by the first blast concentrates to
the middle of the tunnel face due to the oblique charge
holes 22, to thereby be accumulated into the container 34
laid on the carrier 33 as shown in Fig. 11C. The carrier 33
containing the muck is rapidly withdrawn backward, to
thereby obtain a space for next work. The container 34 of
the backward-withdrawn carrier 33 is lifted up on the dump
trucks, to thereby easily remove the muck as shown in Fig.
11D. Meanwhile, the rest muck, which is not fallen into the
carrier, can be loaded into the container 34 using a loader
bucket.
After carrying out the first blasting, a longitudinal
drilling is carried out at the lower half section except the
central portion, then a second blasting is carried out.
The muck produced by the second blasting for
enlargement can be loaded into the container on the carrier.
Moreover, the first and the second blasting are carried out
simultaneously and the time for a subsequent process, e.g.,
ventilation process can be reduced.
While the blasting process, a rail switch 890 on a deck
plate for facilitating the muck car or a locomotive 500 to
move easily is installed in the long tunnel.
Referred to Fig. 8A, there is provided a schematic view
of a toy way rail track, where n a deck plate is installed
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on every distance of 1 ~ 2 km in the floor of the lower half
section of the pilot tunnel and then the muck car or the
locomotive can move along mutually. But, in the present
invention as referred to Figs . 8B and 8C, a three way rail
track is installed, wherein the remained central portion of
the lower half section and both sides of the lower half
section already excavated is connected each other with a
deck plate 870 and the support 880 is set on the ends of the
deck plate 870. Therefore, the muck car and carrier are
moved easily. In addition, the loader bucket is designed to
be rotated in a narrow region of both sides of the lower
half section by means of a horizontal rotating device so
that the muck produced by the second blasting can be loaded
into the muck car easily.
Referring to Fig. 8D, a variable ladder 850 for guiding
the equipments for the tunnel excavation, e.g., the jumbo
drill and loader with ease can be installed. At this time,
a first, a second and a third decks 801, 802 and 803 can be
adjustable by using a hinge 804 and two support beams 805
stand beneath the second deck plate 802, which can modulate
the height of the deck 801, 802 and 803 by using a bolt 806.
Therefore, it is possible to adjust the ladder 850 to the
variation of the height of the lower half section.
The second deck plate 802 is connected with a
horizontal beam 807 and wheels 808 installed beneath the
horizontal beam 807 so that the ladder 850 can be moved
easily according to the work situation. And. the third deck
plate 803 can be up and down to be putted on the lower half
section by a hinge 804 and a winch typed wire 809.
Although the blast cannot be carried out in the central
portion of the lower half section because of the rail, the
both sides of the lower half section can be blasted if the
facilities of the TBM, e.g., cables, air or water supplying
pipe, ventilation duct and so on, are protected from the
blast during excavating the pilot tunnel by the TBM.
That is, the second blasting can be carried out in the
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area that is tens of meters distant from the NATM tunnel
face at the same time of the first blast, and then it is
possible for the third blast to be carried out by a
transverse drilling and blasting method after complete
tunneling work by the TBM, wherein the drilling can be
carried out in advance during excavating the pilot tunnel
Referring back to Figs. 5A to 5D, it is necessary for a
smooth blasting in a boundary between the central portion of
the lower half section and the both sides to protect the
facilities of the TBM during the second blasting. The muck
produced by the second blast can be removed at same manner
of the first blast as described already. This work is
carried out during stabilizing the tunnel, e.g., installing
the rockbolt or steel rib, so that the total cycle time can
be reduced. The transverse charge holes for the third
blasting are drilled in advance using the spare time of the
drilling equipment, and then the third blasting is carried
out after completing the pilot tunnel by the TBM and
dismantling the rail for the muck car.
Referring to the Figs. 10A to 10G, sequential steps of
carrying the muck produced in blasting is illustrated in
detail, wherein the muck is carried by means of a muck car
28, carriers 27, 33 and a locomotive 500. The muck is
loaded into the muck car 28, which moves along the rail, and
the locomotive 500 withdraws the muck car 28 or the carrier
27, 33 to the outside tunnel.
The muck produced in excavating the pilot tunnel by the
TBM is carried through a conveyor belt to be loaded into the
muck car. Then the muck car is withdrawn outside the tunnel
by the locomotive 500.
And most of the mucks produced by the first blast are
gathered in the container on the carrier 33, and the others
remained are loaded by the loader bucket, then the carrier
33 is withdrawn outside the tunnel by the locomotive 300.
Next, the muck produced by the second blast is loaded
in a bottom carrier 27 or the carrier 33 and these are
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withdrawn by the locomotive 500, also. Since the muck
produced by the first and the second blasts is loaded into
the carrier and withdrawn outside the tunnel rapidly by the
locomotive, it is possible to secure the working space for
drilling process and reduce the cycle time of tunnel
excavation.
If the first and the second blasts are carried out
simultaneously to reduce the cycle time, the carrier 33 and
the bottom carrier 27 having the muck are withdrawn outside
the tunnel rapidly by the locomotive 500.
Referring to the Fig. 11A, there is provided equipments
for tunnel excavation including a main body 100 of the TBM
for excavating the pilot tunnel with a backup trailer 101 of
the TBM and backup facilities 102 of the TBM, a jumbo drill
200 mounted on the predetermined position of the backup
trailer 101 of the TBM to drill the oblique charge hole on
the upper half section, a first rotating means 300 on the
backup trailer 101 of the TBM for rotating and tilting the
drill, a muck removing means, disposed on the bottom of the
lower half section, for carrying the muck produced by the
blast, a second rotating means for rotating the loader
bucket to load the muck at the narrow area of the lower half
section into the carrier, a locomotive 500 for pulling the
muck car and the carrier outside the tunnel, a variable
ladder for guiding the whole equipments used in tunneling,
and a deck 870 and a rail switch 890 for facilitating the
muck car and the carrier to move easily.
Referring to Figs. 11A to 11C, there is shown the main
body 100 of the TBM which includes a plurality of cutters
112 with high speed revolution for breaking the rock, a head
110 surrounded by head jacket 116 having a plurality of
buckets for carrying the muck backward, a hydraulic cylinder
122 mounted on the rear of the head 110 for making the head
110 move forward, an inner kelly 120 having a driving unit
to provide the revolution power to the head 110, a plurality
of clamping pads 132 installed on the outer part of the
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inner -kelly 120, a plurality of pad cylinders 134 disposed
on a outer kelly 130 for moving the clamping pads 132 to the
radial direction of a pilot tunnel 1, the outer Kelly 130
for supporting the head 110, a belt conveyor 141 and an
auxiliary conveyor 142 for carrying the muck in the bucket
114 from the main body 100 of the TBM to the backup trailer
101 of the TBM.
Referring to Fig. 12A, there is shown the jumbo drill
200 mounted on a platform 103 of the backup trailer 101 of
the TBM, including a drill 210 for drilling a plurality of
charge holes and rockbolt holes, a drifter 220 for driving
the drill 210 and a feed cylinder 230 for making the drifter
220 move forward or backward direction. The feed cylinder
230 is controlled by an outer control unit for adjusting the
IS drilling depth according to the condition of the tunnel face.
Although the jumbo drill 200 is mounted on the platform
103 of the backup trailer 101 of the TBM not being
interfered with belt conveyor 141 in the embodiment of the
present invention, it is possible to install the jumbo drill
200 either on the inner Kelly 120 or the main beam of the
main body 100 of the TBM. At this time, why the position of
the jumbo drill 200 is apart at a distance from the main
body 100 of the TBM is to obtain the sufficient space for
drilling.
The operating mechanism of drilling equipment is
referred to Figs. 12A to 12C.
The head of the main body 100 of the TBM is progressed
by the hydraulic cylinder 122 on the inner Kelly 120 to
excavate the pilot tunnel with the cutter of which the
driving force is transmitted through the driving unit 124.
The muck produced by the excavation is carried by the belt
conveyor into the backup facilities 102, and the muck car is
withdrawn outside the tunnel by the locomotive.
While the TBM excavates the pilot tunnel, the jumbo
drill 200 mounted on the platform of the backup trailer 101
of the TBM drills the oblique charge holes on the upper half
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section. At this time, considering the condition of the
rock, the rockbolt hole can be drilled either simultaneously
or separately with the charge hole.
Referring to Figs. 12A and 12B, there is shown the
rotating unit 300 including a rotary gear for rotating the
feeder in circumferential direction that has the same
central axis to that of the pilot tunnel and is equipped
with the jumbo drill 200, a first motor 330 for rotating the
feeder individually in the preferable rotation angle of -90°
l0 ~ +90°, a bracket unit 340 . mounted on the rotary frame 320
for rotating the drill obliquely and a stepping motor 350
mounted on the bracket unit 340 for supplying the rotation
power in the oblique direction.
Referring to Fig. 12B, there is illustrated the bracket
IS unit 1200 including a bracket 341 for assembling the rotary
shaft 320 with bolts of which the shape is concave type like
"U" and the hole 341A in the middle of the bracket is
pierced, a bearing 346 to be inserted into the hole 341A, a
circumscribed gear 342 attached on the spindle of the
20 stepping motor 350, and a ring gear plate 343 having an
inscribed gear 344 for fitting the circumscribed gear 342,
wherein the inscribed gear is attached on a plate 345.
The angle of the drilling hole is adjusted by the
rotation of the rotary gear on the rotary frame 320 driven
25 by the first motor 330 through the rotation unit 300 and the
bracket unit 1300. And the oblique charge hole is drilled
by the power of the stepping motor 350 through the
circumscribed and the inscribed gears 342, 344. At this
point, it is preferable that the oblique angle of the ring
30 gear plate 343 driven by the stepping motor 350 is about 20°
to 40°. And the oblique charge holes are drilled by the
driving force transmitted by the drifter 220 and feed
cylinder 230.
Referring to Figs. 13 and 14, there is shown equipments
35 for carrying the muck including a rail 432 installed on both
sides of the bottom of the tunnel, a carrier 433 which moves
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on the rail 432 by a wheel 433a and has a link to connect
another carrier 433, a container 434 on the carrier 433 for
the muck being loaded, a rubber plate 435 between the
carrier 433 and the container 434 for reducing the impact
and the noise, and a spring beneath the carrier for reducing
the impact. At this time, the carrier 433 and the container
434 are designed to be loaded the muck as much as possible,
e.g., the height of those is little lower than the central
horizontal axis of the pilot tunnel.
The carrier and the bottom carrier are determined by
the work situation of the area of the blasting for
enlargement. If the height of the carrier is higher than
that of the section of the blasting for enlargement, it is
possible to load the muck more but the carrier cannot be
protected from the blasting process. Therefore, the carrier
should be chosen considering the work situation.
The equipment 400 having the muck is withdrawn by the
locomotive 500. That is, the muck car or the carrier is
withdrawn outside the tunnel only one locomotive 500, so
that the rate of the operation can be increased.
The first blasting is carried out after completing the
processes of oblique charge holes being drilled,
longitudinal holes being drilled and charging of charge
holes. And most of the mucks produced by the first blast
are accumulated in the middle of the pilot tunnel, e.g.,
accumulated in the container and the carrier, are withdrawn
outside the tunnel by the locomotive.
It is necessary for the subsidiary facilities to be
protected from the blast. In the embodiment of the present
invention as described in Fig. 14, the cables, the air
supplying pipes and the water supplying pipes are located
below the carrier to be protected from the blast so that it
is possible to carry out the drilling and blasting with the
excavation of the pilot tunnel simultaneously and safely.
Therefore, the speed of the excavation of the tunnel is
enhanced, and the upper and lower half sections of the pilot
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tunnel- are utilized efficiently in the present invention
than the conventional method. That is, the upper half
section is used when the first blasting of the oblique
charge holes and the lower half section is used for the
second and third blasting, and the subsidiary facilities are
protected from the blast by the carrier laid on the lower
half part of the pilot tunnel, therefore the efficiency of
the pilot tunnel is enhanced remarkably.
Referring to Fig. 15, there is shown a perspective view
of a ventilation duct system of a three dimensional multi
phase tunneling method in accordance with the present
invention.
The ventilation duct 600 can be installed either in the
top area of the pilot tunnel or in the side area. In the
embodiment of the present invention, the ventilation duct
600 for the TBM excavation is still used so that the main
duct 602 can be separated from the duct 603 placed in the
rear of the NATM tunnel face, and then the blasting for
enlargement is carried out. Since the ventilation duct 600
is designed a zipper 700 type and is hung by a hanger 701 to
be separated easily, the blasting for enlargement can be
carried out and a dust can be ventilated out. In case of
the TBM excavation, it is possible to ventilate the dust
produced during the excavation by connecting the main duct
602 and the duct 603 placed in the rear of the NATM tunnel
face again.
The duct 603 placed in the rear of the NATM tunnel face
is used for ventilating the NATM tunnel face, and is used
for ventilating the TBM tunnel face by connecting both ducts
again. Since the ventilation duct 600 for the TBM
excavation is utilized for the blasting for enlargement, the
efficiency of the duct can be increased. At this point, the
ventilation duct for the TBM tunnel face and for the NATM
tunnel face can be installed in parallel. In this case, the
contamination material, e.g., dust is ventilated out
efficiently by using two ventilation ducts.
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Final process of tunnel excavation, i.e., a concrete
grouting process is carried out on the outer face of the
tunnel after the blast and the installation of the rockbolt
and shotcrete grouting is completed. In a conventional
method, the concrete grouting can be carried out only after
the excavation of pilot tunnel and the blasting for
enlargement are completed. However, a special designed
lining form is used in the present invention for enabling
the transporting facilities, e.g., the muck car, the carrier,
to move. Moreover, the concrete lining process can be
carried by means of the hinge and winch in the upper part of
the lining form as shown in Figs. 16A to 16C.
During the blast for the remained central portion of
the lower half section, it is possible for the concrete
lining to be protected from the blast by using the shell
made of steel, having the wheel and rubber plate.
While the present invention has been described with
respect to certain preferred embodiments only, other
modifications and variation may be made without departing
from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set
forth in the following claims.
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