Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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15 Human Secreted Proteins
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides
encoded by these polynucleotides, antibodies that bind these polypeptides,
uses of
such polynucleotides, polypeptides, and antibodies, and their production.
Background of the Invention
Unlike bacterium, which exist as a single compartment surrounded by a
membrane, human cells and other eucaryotes are subdivided by membranes into
many
functionally distinct compartments. Each membrane-bounded compartment, or
organelle, contains different proteins essential for the function of the
organelle. The
cell uses "sorting signals," which are amino acid motifs located within the
protein, to
target proteins to particular cellular organelles.
One type of sorting signal, called a signal sequence, a signal peptide, or a
leader sequence, directs a class of proteins to an organelle called the
endoplasmic
1 S reticulum (ER). The ER separates the membrane-bounded proteins from all
other
types of proteins. Once localized to the ER, both groups of proteins can be
further
directed to another organelle called the Golgi apparatus. Here, the Golgi
distributes
the proteins to vesicles, including secretory vesicles, the cell membrane,
lysosomes,
and the other organelles.
Proteins targeted to the ER by a signal sequence can be released into the
extracellular space as a secreted protein. For example, vesicles containing
secreted
proteins can fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the
extracellular space - a process called exocytosis. Exocytosis can occur
constitutively
or after receipt of a triggering signal. In the latter case, the proteins are
stored in
secretory vesicles (or secretory granules) until exocytosis is triggered.
Similarly,
proteins residing on the cell membrane can also be secreted into the
extracellular
space by proteolytic cleavage of a "linker" holding the protein to the
membrane.
Despite the great progress made in recent years, only a small number of genes
encoding human secreted proteins have been identified. These secreted proteins
include the commercially valuable human insulin, interferon, Factor VIII,
human
growth hormone, tissue plasminogen activator, and erythropoeitin. Thus, in
light of
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the pervasive role of secreted proteins in human physiology, a need exists for
identifying and characterizing novel human secreted proteins and the genes
that
encode them. This knowledge will allow one to detect, to treat, and to prevent
medical diseases, disorders, and/or conditions by using secreted proteins or
the genes
that encode them.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to novel polynucleotides and the encoded
polypeptides. Moreover, the present invention relates to vectors, host cells,
antibodies, and recombinant and synthetic methods for producing the
polypeptides
and polynucleotides. Also provided are diagnostic methods for detecting
diseases,
disorders, and/or conditions related to the polypeptides and polynucleotides,
and
therapeutic methods for treating such diseases, disorders, and/or conditions.
The
invention further relates to screening methods for identifying binding
partners of the
polypeptides.
Detailed Description
Definitions
The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain
terms used throughout this specification.
In the present invention, "isolated" refers to material removed from its
original
environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring), and
thus is
altered "by the hand of man" from its natural state. For example, an isolated
polynucleotide could be part of a vector or a composition of matter, or could
be
contained within a cell, and still be "isolated" because that vector,
composition of
matter, or particular cell is not the original environment of the
polynucleotide. The
term "isolated" does not refer to genomic or cDNA libraries, whole cell total
or
mRNA preparations, genomic DNA preparations (including those separated by
electrophoresis and transferred onto blots), sheared whole cell genomic DNA
preparations or other compositions where the art demonstrates no
distinguishing
features of the polynucleotide/sequences of the present invention.
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In the present invention, a "secreted" protein refers to those proteins
capable
of being directed to the ER, secretory vesicles, or the extracellular space as
a result of
a signal sequence, as well as those proteins released into the extracellular
space
without necessarily containing a signal sequence. If the secreted protein is
released
into the extracellular space, the secreted protein can undergo extracellular
processing
to produce a "mature" protein. Release into the extracellular space can occur
by many
mechanisms, including exocytosis and proteolytic cleavage.
In specific embodiments, the polynucleotides of the invention are at least 1
S,
at least 30, at least 50, at least 100, at least 125, at least 500, or at
least 1000
continuous nucleotides but are less than or equal to 300 kb, 200 kb, 100 kb,
50 kb, 15
kb, 10 kb, 7.5 kb, 5 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.0 kb, or 1 kb, in length. In a further
embodiment,
polynucleotides of the invention comprise a portion of the coding sequences,
as
disclosed herein, but do not comprise all or a portion of any intron. In
another
embodiment, the polynucleotides comprising coding sequences do not contain
coding
sequences of a genomic flanking gene (i.e., 5' or 3' to the gene of interest
in the
genome). In other embodiments, the polynucleotides of the invention do not
contain
the coding sequence of more than 1000, 500, 250, 100, 50, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5,
4, 3, 2, or
1 genomic flanking gene(s).
As used herein, a "polynucleotide" refers to a molecule having a nucleic acid
sequence contained in SEQ ID NO:X or the cDNA contained within the clone
deposited with the ATCC. For example, the polynucleotide can contain the
nucleotide sequence of the full length cDNA sequence, including the 5' and 3'
untranslated sequences, the coding region, with or without the signal
sequence, the
secreted protein coding region, as well as fragments, epitopes, domains, and
variants
of the nucleic acid sequence. Moreover, as used herein, a "polypeptide" refers
to a
molecule having the translated amino acid sequence generated from the
polynucleotide as broadly defined.
In the present invention, the full length sequence identified as SEQ ID NO:X
was often generated by overlapping sequences contained in multiple clones
(contig
analysis). A representative clone containing all or most of the sequence for
SEQ ID
NO:X was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection ("ATCC"). As
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4
shown in Table 1, each clone is identified by a cDNA Clone ID (Identifier) and
the
ATCC Deposit Number. The ATCC is located at 10801 University Boulevard,
Manassas, Virginia 20110-2209, USA. The ATCC deposit was made pursuant to the
terms of the Budapest Treaty on the international recognition of the deposit
of
microorganisms for purposes of patent procedure.
A "polynucleotide" of the present invention also includes those
polynucleotides capable of hybridizing, under stringent hybridization
conditions, to
sequences contained in SEQ ID NO:X, the complement thereof, or the cDNA within
the clone deposited with the ATCC. "Stringent hybridization conditions" refers
to an
overnight incubation at 42 degree C in a solution comprising 50% formamide, Sx
SSC
(750 mM NaCI, 75 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), Sx
Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 pg/ml denatured, sheared
salmon
sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in O.lx SSC at about 65 degree C.
Also contemplated are nucleic acid molecules that hybridize to the
polynucleotides of the present invention at lower stringency hybridization
conditions.
Changes in the stringency of hybridization and signal detection are primarily
accomplished through the manipulation of formamide concentration (lower
percentages of formamide result in lowered stringency); salt conditions, or
temperature. For example, lower stringency conditions include an overnight
incubation at 37 degree C in a solution comprising 6X SSPE (20X SSPE = 3M
NaCI;
0.2M NaH2P04; 0.02M EDTA, pH 7.4), 0.5% SDS, 30% formamide, 100 ug/ml
salmon sperm blocking DNA; followed by washes at 50 degree C with 1XSSPE,
0.1% SDS. In addition, to achieve even lower stringency, washes performed
following stringent hybridization can be done at higher salt concentrations
(e.g. 5X
SSC).
Note that variations in the above conditions may be accomplished through the
inclusion and/or substitution of alternate blocking reagents used to suppress
background in hybridization experiments. Typical blocking reagents include
Denhardt's reagent, BLOTTO, heparin, denatured salmon sperm DNA, and
commercially available proprietary formulations. The inclusion of specific
blocking
reagents may require modification of the hybridization conditions described
above,
due to problems with compatibility.
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Of course, a polynucleotide which hybridizes only to polyA+ sequences (such
as any 3' terminal polyA+ tract of a cDNA shown in the sequence listing), or
to a
complementary stretch of T (or U) residues, would not be included in the
definition of
"polynucleotide," since such a polynucleotide would hybridize to any nucleic
acid
molecule containing a poly (A) stretch or the complement thereof (e.g.,
practically
any double-stranded cDNA clone generated using oligo dT as a primer).
The polynucleotide of the present invention can be composed of any
polyribonucleotide or polydeoxribonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or
DNA or modified RNA or DNA. For example, polynucleotides can be composed of
single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- and double-
stranded regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA that is mixture of
single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA
that may be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded or a mixture
of single-
and double-stranded regions. In addition, the polynucleotide can be composed
of
triple-stranded regions comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA. A
polynucleotide may also contain one or more rriodified bases or DNA or RNA
backbones modified for stability or for other reasons. "Modified" bases
include, for
example, tritylated bases and unusual bases such as inosine. A variety of
modifications can be made to DNA and RNA; thus, "polynucleotide" embraces
chemically, enzymatically, or metabolically modified forms.
The polypeptide of the present invention can be composed of amino acids
joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds, i.e., peptide
isosteres, and may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino
acids.
The polypeptides may be modified by either natural processes, such as
posttranslational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are
well
known in the art. Such modifications are well described in basic texts and in
more
detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research literature.
Modifications
can occur anywhere in a polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino
acid
side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini. It will be appreciated that the
same
type of modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at several
sites in
a given polypeptide. Also, a given polypeptide may contain many types of
modifications. Polypeptides may be branched , for example, as a result of
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6
ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching. Cyclic,
branched,
and branched cyclic polypeptides may result from posttranslation natural
processes or
may be made by synthetic methods. Modifications include acetylation,
acylation,
ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent
attachment of a
heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative,
covalent
attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of
phosphotidylinositol,
cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation
of
covalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate,
formylation,
gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation,
iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, pegylation, proteolytic
processing,
phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-
RNA
mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and
ubiquitination.
(See, for instance, PROTEINS - STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES,
2nd Ed., T. E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1993);
POSTTRANSLATIONAL COVALENT MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, B. C.
Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York, pgs. 1-12 (1983); Seifter et al., Meth
Enzymol 182:626-646 (1990); Rattan et al., Ann NY Acad Sci 663:48-62 (1992).)
"SEQ ID NO:X" refers to a polynucleotide sequence while "SEQ ID NO:Y"
refers to a polypeptide sequence, both sequences identified by an integer
specified in
Table 1.
"A polypeptide having biological activity" refers to polypeptides exhibiting
activity similar, but not necessarily identical to, an activity of a
polypeptide of the
present invention, including mature forms, as measured in a particular
biological
assay, with or without dose dependency. In the case where dose dependency does
exist, it need not be identical to that of the polypeptide, but rather
substantially similar
to the dose-dependence in a given activity as compared to the polypeptide of
the
present invention (i.e., the candidate polypeptide will exhibit greater
activity or not
more than about 25-fold less and, preferably, not more than about tenfold less
activity, and most preferably, not more than about three-fold less activity
relative to
the polypeptide of the present invention.)
Polynucleotides and Polypeptides of the Invention
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 1
The translation product of this gene shares sequence homology with a family
of fatty acid transporters (see, e.g., Genbank Accession No. gb~AAC40187.1~
(AF072758); all references available through this accession are hereby
incorporated
by reference in their entirety herein). Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are an
important
source of energy for most organisms (see, e.g., Hirsch,D.et al. PNAS 95: 8625-
8629
(1998) which is hereby incorporated by reference herein). They also function
as blood
hormones, regulating key metabolic functions such as hepatic glucose
production.
Although LCFAs can diffuse through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane
into cells, this nonspecific transport cannot account for the high affinity
and specific
transport of LCFAs exhibited by cells such as cardiac muscle, hepatocytes, and
adipocytes. Transport of LCFAs across the plasma membrane is facilitated by
fatty
acid transport protein (FATP), a plasma membrane protein that increases LCFA
uptake when expressed in cultured mammalian cells (see, e.g., Schaffer, J. E.
&
Lodish, H. F. Cell 79:427-436 (1994) which is hereby incorporated by reference
herein). Based on the sequence similarity, the translation product of this
gene is
expected to share at least some biological activities with fatty acid
transporter
proteins. Such activities are known in the art, some of which are described
elsewhere
herein.
This gene is expressed primarily in immune and hematopoietic tissues
including Primary Dendritic Cells, lib 1.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the immune system. Similarly, polypeptides and antibodies
directed to
these polypeptides are useful in providing immunological probes for
differential
identification of the tissues) or cell type(s). For a number of disorders of
the above
tissues or cells, particularly of the immune system, expression of this gene
at
significantly higher or lower levels may. be routinely detected in certain
tissues or cell
types (e.g., immune, cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g.,
lymph,
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serum, plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or
sample
taken from an individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene
expression level, i.e., the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid
from an
individual not having the disorder.
The tissue distribution indicates that polynucleotides and polypeptides
corresponding to this gene would be useful for the diagnosis, detection,
prevention
and/or treatment of a variety of immune system disorders. Representative uses
are
described in the "Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections below, in
Example 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and elsewhere herein. Briefly, the
expression of this gene product indicates a role in regulating the
proliferation;
survival; differentiation; and/or activation of hematopoietic cell lineages,
including
blood stem cells. Involvement in the regulation of cytokine production,
antigen
presentation, or other processes indicates a usefulness in the treatment of
cancer (e.g.,
by boosting immune responses). Expression in cells of lymphoid origin,
indicates the
natural gene product would be involved in immune functions. Therefore it may
be
also used as an agent for immunological disorders including arthritis, asthma,
immunodeficiency diseases such as AIDS, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis,
granulomatous disease, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, acne, neutropenia,
neutrophilia, psoriasis, hypersensitivities, such as T-cell mediated
cytotoxicity;
immune reactions to transplanted organs and tissues, such as host-versus-graft
and
graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity disorders, such as autoimmune
infertility,
Tense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic lupus erythematosis, drug induced
hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's disease,
scleroderma and
tissues. Moreover, the protein may represent a secreted factor that influences
the
differentiation or behavior of other blood cells, or that recruits
hematopoietic cells to
sites of injury. In addition, this gene product may have commercial utility in
the
expansion of stem cells and committed progenitors of various blood lineages,
and in
the differentiation and/or proliferation of various cell types. Furthermore,
the protein
may also be used to determine biological activity, raise antibodies, as tissue
markers,
to isolate cognate ligands or receptors, to identify agents that modulate
their
interactions, in addition to its use as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as
well as,
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9
antibodies directed against the protein may show utility as a tumor marker
and/or
immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 2
The gene encoding the disclosed cDNA is believed to reside on chromosome
12, specifically at interval D12S78-D12S79. Accordingly, polynucleotides
related to
this invention would be useful as a marker in linkage analysis for chromosome
12.
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have a
transmembrane domain at about amino acid position 25 to about 41 of the amino
acid
sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene. Moreover, a cytoplasmic tail
encompassing amino acids 1 to about 24 of this protein has also been
determined.
Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the protein product of
this gene
shares structural features to type II membrane proteins.
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
NCI CGAP-Thyl; Primary Dendritic Cells, lib 1 and to a lesser extent in
NCI CGAP Col l; Human Bone Marrow, re-excision; Breast Cancer Cell line,
angiogenic; Human Fetal Dura Mater; Human Activated Monocytes; Ulcerative
Colitis; Macrophage (GM-CSF treated); Smooth muscle, serum induced,re-exc;
NCI CGAP Kidl l; Normal colon; NCI CGAP-GC6; Human Microvascular
Endothelial Cells, fract. A; Human Testes; Human Endometrial Tumor; Activated
T-
cell(12h)/Thiouridine-re-excision; T cell helper II; Soares NhHMPu_S1 and
NCI CGAP GCB 1.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the immune and/or hematopoietic systems. Similarly, polypeptides
and
antibodies directed to these polypeptides are useful in providing
immunological
probes for differential identification of the tissues) or cell type(s). For a
number of
disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly of the immune and/or
hematopoietic system, expression of this gene at significantly higher or lower
levels
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may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g., immune,
hematopoietic, cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., lymph,
serum,
plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample
taken from
an individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression
level,
5 i.e., the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an
individual not
having the disorder.
The tissue distribution indicates that polynucleotides and polypeptides
corresponding to this gene would be useful for the diagnosis, detection,
prevention
and/or treatment of a variety of immune system disorders. Representative uses
are
10 described in the "Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections below,
in
Example 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and elsewhere herein. Briefly, the
expression of this gene product indicates a role in regulating the
proliferation;
survival; differentiation; and/or activation of hematopoietic cell lineages,
including
blood stem cells. Involvement in the regulation of cytokine production,
antigen
presentation, or other processes indicates a usefulness in the treatment of
cancer (e.g.,
by boosting immune responses). Expression in cells of lymphoid origin,
indicates the
natural gene product would be involved in immune functions. Therefore it may
be
also used as an agent for immunological disorders including arthritis, asthma,
immunodeficiency diseases such as AIDS, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis,
granulomatous disease, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, acne, neutropenia,
neutrophilia, psoriasis, hypersensitivities, such as T-cell mediated
cytotoxicity;
immune reactions to transplanted organs and tissues, such as host-versus-graft
and
graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity disorders, such as autoimmune
infertility,
lense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic lupus erythematosis, drug induced
hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's disease,
scleroderma and
tissues. Moreover, the protein may represent a secreted.factor that influences
the
differentiation or behavior of other blood cells, or that recruits
hematopoietic cells to
sites of injury. In addition, this gene product may have commercial utility in
the
expansion of stem cells and committed progenitors of various blood lineages,
and in
the differentiation and/or proliferation of various cell types. Furthermore,
the protein
may also be used to determine biological activity, raise-antibodies, as tissue
markers,
to isolate cognate ligands or receptors, to identify agents that modulate
their
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11
interactions, in addition to its use as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as
well as,
antibodies directed against the protein may show utility as a tumor marker
and/or
immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 3
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have
transmembrane domains at about amino acid position 12 to about 28; at about 52
to
about 68; and at about 76 to about 92 of the amino acid sequence referenced in
Table
1 for this gene. Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the
protein product
of this gene shares structural features to type IIIb membrane proteins.
Included in this invention as preferred domains are Phosphopantetheine
attachment sites, which were identified using the ProSite analysis tool (Swiss
Institute
of Bioinformatics). Phosphopantetheine (or pantetheine 4' phosphate) is the
prosthetic
group of acyl Garner proteins (ACP) in some multienzyme complexes where it
serves
as a 'swinging arm' for the attachment of activated fatty acid and amino-acid
groups.
Phosphopantetheine is attached to a serine residue in these proteins. ACP
proteins or
domains have been found in various enzyme systems including Fatty acid
synthetase
(FAS). The sequence around the phosphopantetheine attachment site is conserved
in
all these proteins and can be used as a signature pattern. The consensus
pattern is as
follows: [DEQGSTALMKRH]-[LIVMFYSTAC]-[GNQ]-[LIVMFYAG]-
[DNEKHS]-S-[LIVMST]- f PCFY]-[STAGCPQLIVMF]-[LIVMATN]-
[DENQGTAKRHLM]-[LIVMWSTA]-[LIVGSTACR]-x(2)-[LIVMFA] [S is the
pantetheine attachment site].
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, the following amino acid sequence: LLGLSSLVGVTWGLAI
(SEQ ID NO: 93). Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such
as,
for example, fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%,
90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or
polypeptides
encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to
the
polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention.
Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides
encoding
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12
these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention. Further preferred
are
polypeptides comprising the phosphopantetheine attachment site above, and at
least 5,
10, 15, 20, 25, 30, S0, or 75 additional contiguous amino acid residues of the
amino
acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene.
The additional contiguous amino acid residues may be N-terminal or C-
terminal to the phosphopantetheine attachment site. Alternatively, the
additional
contiguous amino acid residues may be both N-terminal and C-terminal to the
phosphopantetheine attachment site, wherein the total N- and C-terminal
contiguous
amino acid residues equal the specified number.
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
HEVIGTGSANSYGLYTIRDRENRTSLELCWFREGTTMYALYITVHGYFLITFLF
GMVVLALVVWKIFTLSRATAVKERGKNRKKVLTLLGLSSLVGVTWGLAIFTP
LGLSTVYIFALFNSLQGVFICCWFTILYLPSQSTTVSSSTARLDQAHSASQE
(SEQ ID NO: 94);
MVIGTGSANSYGLYTIRDRENRTSLELCWFREGTTMYALYITVHGYFLITFLF
GMV VLALV V WKIFTLSRATAVKERGKNRKKVLTLLGLSSLVGVTWGLAIFTP
LGLSTVYIFALFNSLQGVFICCWFTILYLPSQSTTVSSSTARLDQAHSASQE
(SEQ ID NO: 95);
MVIGTGSANSYGLYTIRDRENRTSLELCWFREGTTMYALYITVHGYFLITFLF
GMV V LAL
VVWKIFTLXRATAVKERGKNRKKVLTLLGLSSLVGVTWGLAIFTPLGLSTXY
IFALFNSL QAQRGITV (SEQ ID NO: 96);
PLGLSTVYIFALFNSLQGVFICCWFTI (SEQ ID NO: 97);
YITVHGYFLITFLFGMVVLALVVWKIFTLSR (SEQ ID NO: 98); and
VIGTGSANSYGLYTIRDRENRTSLELCWFREGTTMY (SEQ ID NO: 99).
Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such as, for example,
fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or polypeptides
encoded by
a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to the
polynucleotide
encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention. Antibodies that
bind
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13
polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides
are
also encompassed by the invention.
This gene is expressed primarily in immune and hematopoietic tissues, as
demonstrated by expression in the following tissues/cDNA libraries: Human
Neutrophil, Activated and to a lesser extent in Neutrophils control, re-
excision;
Human Neutrophils, Activated, re-excision; Human Neutrophil; neutrophils
control;
Human Pancreatic Carcinoma; Human Fetal Bone; NCI CGAP Col2; Human
Pancreas Tumor; Neutrophils IL-1 and LPS induced; Human Eosinophils;
Endothelial
cells-control and Neutrophils IL-1 and LPS induced.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the immune and/or hematopoietic systems. Similarly, polypeptides
and
antibodies directed to these polypeptides are useful in providing
immunological
probes for differential identification of the tissues) or cell type(s). For a
number of
disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly of the immune and/or
hematopoietic systems, expression of this gene at significantly higher or
lower levels
may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g., immune,
hematopoietic, cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., lymph,
serum,
plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample
taken from
an individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression
level,
i.e., the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an
individual not
having the disorder.
The tissue distribution in immune tissues indicates that polynucleotides and
polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful for the diagnosis,
detection,
prevention and/or treatment of a variety of immune system disorders.
Representative
uses are described in the "Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections
below,
in Example 1 l, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and elsewhere herein. Briefly,
the
expression of this gene product indicates a role in regulating the
proliferation;
survival; differentiation; and/or activation of hematopoietic cell lineages,
including
blood stem cells. Involvement in the regulation of cytokine production,
antigen
presentation, or other processes indicates a usefulness in the treatment of
cancer (e.g.,
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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14
by boosting immune responses). Expression in cells of lymphoid origin,
indicates the
natural gene product would be involved in immune functions. Therefore it may
be
also used as an agent for immunological disorders including arthritis, asthma,
immunodeficiency diseases such as A>DS, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis,
granulomatous disease, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, acne, neutropenia,
neutrophilia, psoriasis, hypersensitivities, such as T-cell mediated
cytotoxicity;
immune reactions to transplanted organs and tissues, such as host-versus-graft
and
graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity disorders, such as autoimmune
infertility,
lense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic lupus erythematosis, drug induced
hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's disease,
scleroderma and
tissues. Moreover, the protein may represent a secreted factor that influences
the
differentiation or behavior of other blood cells, or that recruits
hematopoietic cells to
sites of injury. In addition, this gene product may have commercial utility in
the
expansion of stem cells and committed progenitors of various blood lineages,
and in
the differentiation and/or proliferation of various cell types. Further the
tissue
distribution in hematopoietic tissues indicates that polynucleotides and/or
polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful for the treatment,
prevention,
detection and/or diagnosis of hematopoietic related disorders such as anemia,
pancytopenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or leukemia since stromal cells are
important in the production of cells of hematopoietic lineages. Briefly, the
uses
include bone marrow cell ex-vivo culture, bone marrow transplantation, bone
marrow
reconstitution, radiotherapy or chemotherapy of neoplasia. The gene product
may also
be involved in lymphopoiesis, therefore, it can be used in immune disorders
such as
infection, inflammation, allergy, immunodeficiency etc. Furthermore, the
protein may
also be used to determine biological activity, raise antibodies, as tissue
markers, to
isolate cognate ligands or receptors, to identify agents that modulate their
interactions,
in addition to its use as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as well as,
antibodies
directed against the protein may show utility as a tumor marker and/or
immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 4
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The computer algorithm BLASTX has been used to determine that the
translation product of this gene shares sequence homology with the murine
alpha/beta
hydrolase-1 (see, e.g., Genbank Accession No. gb~AAF01068.1 ~AF189764-1
(portions of the sequence of which are shown as SEQ ID NO:100 and SEQ ID
5 N0:102); all information available through the recited accession number is
incorporated herein by reference). Based on the structural similarity these
homologous polypeptides are expected to share at least some biological
activities.
Such activities are known in the art, some of which are described elsewhere
herein.
Assays for determining such activities are also known in the art, some of
which have
10 been described elsewhere herein.
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
SDILQTPDGGQLLLDWAKQPDSSQDPDPTTQPIVLLLPGITGSSQETYVLHLVN
QALRDGYQAVVFNNRGCRGEELRTHRAFCASNTEDLETVVNHIKHRYPQAP
15 LLAVGISFGGILVLNHLAQARQAAGLVAALTLSACWDSFETTRSLETPLNSLL
FNQPLTAGLCQLVER (SEQ ID NO: 101);
LQARTIRQFDERYTSVAFGYQDCVTYYK.AASPRTKIDAIRIPVLYLSAADDPF
SPVCALPIQAAQHSPYVALLITARGGHIGFLEGLLPWQHWYMSRLLHQYAKA
IFQDPEGLPDLRALLPSEDRN (SEQ ID NO: 103); and/or
TSLSPQNGTWADTFSLLLALAVALYLGYYWACV (SEQ ID NO: 104).
Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such as, for example,
fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or polypeptides
encoded by
a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to the
polynucleotide
encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention. Antibodies that
bind
polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides
are
also encompassed by the invention.
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have a
transmembrane domain at about amino acid position 134 to about 150 of the
amino
acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene. Moreover, a cytoplasmic
tail
encompassing amino acids 151 to about 242 of this protein has also been
determined.
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Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the protein product of
this gene
shares structural features to type Ia membrane proteins.
In specific embodiments polypeptide fragments comprise, or alternatively
consist of, the soluble extracellular domain of the protein of the invention.
In a further embodiment polypeptide fragments comprise, or alternatively
consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
MAPGQTPSLCSWLLPLPSTWATTGHVCFSDILQTPDGGQLLLDWAKQPDSSQ
DPDPTTQPIVLLLPGITGSSQETYVLHLVNQALRDGYQAVVFNNRGCRGEELR
THRAFCASNTEDLETVVNHIKHRYPQAP (SEQ ID NO: 105) and
TGHVCFSDILQTPDGGQLLLDWAKQPDSSQDPDPTTQPIVLLLPGITGSSQETY
VLHLVNQALRDGYQAVVFNNRGCRGEELRTHRAFCASNTEDLETVVNHIKH
RYPQAP (SEQ ID NO: 106).
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Soares testis NHT and to a lesser extent in Human Adult Testes, Large Inserts,
Reexcision; Human Testes; Soares NFL T GBC_S1; NCI CGAP-Ut3; Human
adult testis, large inserts; Human Liver, normal; NCI CGAP GC4 and Human
Testes, Reexcision.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the male reproductive system, particularly diseases of the
testes.
Similarly, polypeptides and antibodies directed to these polypeptides are
useful in
providing immunological probes for differential identification of the tissues)
or cell
type(s). For a number of disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly
of the
reproductive system, expression of this gene at significantly higher or lower
levels
may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g.,
reproductive, testicular,
cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., semen, lymph, serum,
plasma,
urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample taken from
an
individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression
level, i.e.,
the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an individual not
having the
di Border.
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The tissue distribution of this gene suggest that this clone or the protein
product from this gene may be useful for treatment and diagnosis of disorders
of the
reproductive and metabolic systems.
The tissue distribution in testicular cancer tissue indicates that
polynucleotides
S and polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful for the
treatment and
diagnosis of conditions concerning proper testicular function (e.g. endocrine
function,
sperm maturation), as well as cancer. Therefore, this gene product is useful
in the
treatment of male infertility and/or impotence. This gene product is also
useful in
assays designed to identify binding agents, as such agents (antagonists) would
be
useful as male contraceptive agents. Similarly, the protein is believed to be
useful in
the treatment and/or diagnosis of testicular cancer. The testes are also a
site of active
gene expression of transcripts that may be expressed, particularly at low
levels, in
other tissues of the body. Therefore, this gene product may be expressed in
other
specific tissues or organs where it may play related functional roles in other
processes, such as hematopoiesis, inflammation, bone formation, and kidney
function,
to name a few possible target indications. In addition, expression in the
testis may
implicate this gene product would be involved in normal testicular function.
In
addition, this gene product may be useful in the treatment of male
infertility, and/or
could be used as a male contraceptive. Furthermore, the protein may also be
used to
determine biological activity, to raise antibodies, as tissue markers, to
isolate cognate
ligands or receptors, to identify agents that modulate their interactions, in
addition to
its use as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as well as, antibodies directed
against the
protein may show utility as a tumor marker and/or immunotherapy targets for
the
above listed tissues.
Moreover, the membrane localization and testis specific expression indicates
that this gene would be a good target for antagonists, particularly small
molecules or
antibodies, which block functional activity (e.g., binding of the receptor by
its cognate
ligand(s); binding of an antibody directed to a protein for the invention).
Accordingly,
preferred are antibodies and or small molecules which specifically bind an
extracellular portion of the translation product of this gene.
The extracellular regions can be ascertained from the information regarding
the transmembrane domains as set out above and as shown in SEQ ID NO:105
and/or
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SEQ ID N0:106. Also provided is a kit for detecting testicular cancer. Such a
kit
comprises in one embodiment an antibody specific for the translation product
of this
gene bound to a solid support. Also provided is a method of detecting
testicular
cancer in an individual which comprises a step of contacting an antibody
specific for
the translation product of this gene to a bodily fluid from the individual,
preferably
serum and/or semen, and ascertaining whether antibody binds to an antigen
found in
the bodily fluid. Preferably the antibody is bound to a solid support and the
bodily
fluid is serum. The above embodiments, as well as other treatments and
diagnostic
tests (kits and methods), are more particularly described elsewhere herein.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 5
The translation product of this gene shares sequence homology with the
murine Sperizin protein (see, e.g., Genbank Accession No. dbj ~BAA77407.1 ~
(AB016984); all references available through this accession are hereby
incorporated
in their entirety herein). Sperizin, whose expression is induced in mouse
spermatogenic cells and specific to the round spermatid, is thought to be
involved in
spermatogenesis (see, e.g., Fujii et al. Genomics 57 (1), 94-101 (1999) which
is
hereby incorporated by reference herein). Based on the sequence similarity,
the
translation product of this gene is expected to share at least some biological
activities
with Sperizin. Such activities are known in the art, some of which are
described
elsewhere herein.
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have a
transmembrane domain at about amino acid position 186 to about 202 of the
amino
acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene. Moreover, a cytoplasmic
tail
encompassing amino acids 203 to about 359 of this protein has also been
determined.
Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the protein product of
this gene
shares structural features to type Ia membrane proteins.
In specific embodiments, polypeptide fragments comprise, or alternatively
consist of, the soluble extracellular domain of the protein of the invention.
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19
In a further embodiment, polypeptide fragments comprise or alternatively
consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
MGWPRPGRALVAVKALLVLSLLQVPAQAVVRAVLEDNSSSVDFADLPALFG
VPLAPEGIRGYLMEVKPANACHPIEAPRLGNRSLGAIVLIRRYDCTFDLKVLN
AQRAGFEAAIVHNVHSDDLVSMTHVYEDLRGQIAIPSVFVSEAASQDLRVILG
CNKSAHALLLPDDPPCHDLGCHPVLTVS (SEQ ID NO: 108) and
VVRAVLEDNSSSVDFADLPALFGVPLAPEGIRGYLMEVKPANACHPIEAPRLG
NRSLGAIVLIRRYDCTFDLKVLNAQRAGFEAANHNVHSDDLVSMTHVYEDL
RGQIAIPSVFVSEAASQDLRVILGCNKSAHALLLPDDPPCHDLGCHPVLTVS
(SEQ ID NO: 109). Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such
as,
for example, fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%,
90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or
polypeptides
encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to
the
polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention.
Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides
encoding
these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
Included in this invention as preferred domains are EGF-like domain
signatures, which were identified using the ProSite analysis tool (Swiss
Institute of
Bioinformatics). A sequence of about thirty to forty amino-acid residues long
found
in the sequence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to be present,
in a
more or less conserved form, in a large number of other, mostly animal
proteins. A
common feature is that these repeats are found in the extracellular domain of
membrane-bound proteins or in proteins known to be secreted (exception:
prostaglandin G/H synthase). The EGF domain includes six cysteine residues
which
have been shown (in EGF) to be involved in disulfide bonds. The main structure
is a
two-stranded beta-sheet followed by-a loop to a C-terminal short two-stranded
sheet.
The region between the 5th and 6th cysteine contains two conserved glycines of
which at least one is present in most EGF-like domains. Patterns for this
domain were
created, each including one of these C-terminal conserved glycine residues.
The
consensus pattern is as follows:C-x-C-x(5)-G-x(2)-C [The 3 C's are involved in
disulfide bonds].
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In specific embodiments, preferred polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, the following amino acid sequence: CKCIDPWFSQAPRRSC
(SEQ ID NO: 110). Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such
as,
for example, fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%,
90%,
5 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or
polypeptides
encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to
the
polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention.
Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides
encoding
these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
10 Further preferred are polypeptides comprising the EGF-like domain signature
above, and at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, or 75 additional contiguous
amino acid
residues of the amino acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene. The
additional contiguous amino acid residues may be N-terminal or C- terminal to
the
EGF-like domain signature.
15 Alternatively, the additional contiguous amino acid residues may be both N-
terminal and C-terminal to the EGF-like domain signature, wherein the total N-
and
C-terminal contiguous amino acid residues equal the specified number.
In a further embodiment, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, the following amino acid sequence:
20 PSSTQTAKRVTMGWPRPGRALVAVKALLVLSLLQVPAQAVVRAVLEDNSSS
VDFADLPALFGVPLAPEGIRGYLMEVKPANACHPIEAPRLGNRSLGAIVLIRR
YDCTFDLKVLNAQRAGFEAAIVHNVHSDDLVSMTHVYEDLRGQIAIPSVXVS
EAAR.RTCGSSWAATSRPTRCPADDPPCHDLAVTP (SEQ ID NO: 107).
Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such as, for example,
fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or polypeptides
encoded by
a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to the
polynucleotide
encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention. Antibodies that
bind
polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides
are
also encompassed by the invention.
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This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Human Adult Testes, Large Inserts, Reexcision; Human adult testis, large
inserts;
Soares NFL T GBC S 1.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
S differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the male reproductive system, particularly diseases of the
testes.
Similarly, polypeptides and antibodies directed to these polypeptides are
useful in
providing immunological probes for differential identification of the tissues)
or cell
type(s). For a number of disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly
of the
reproductive system, expression of this gene at significantly higher or lower
levels
may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g.,
reproductive, testicular,
cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., semen, lymph, serum,
plasma,
urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample taken from
an
individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression
level, i.e.,
the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an individual not
having the
disorder.
The tissue distribution of this gene suggest that polynucleotides and
polypeptides corresponding to this gene may be used for treatment and
diagnosis of
disorders of the reproductive system.
The tissue distribution in testicular cancer tissue indicates that
polynucleotides
and polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful for the treatment
and
diagnosis of conditions concerning proper testicular function (e.g. endocrine
function,
sperm maturation), as well as cancer. Therefore, this gene product is useful
in the
treatment of male infertility and/or impotence. This gene product is also
useful in
assays designed to identify binding agents, as such agents (antagonists) would
be
useful as male contraceptive agents. Similarly, the protein is believed to be
useful in
the treatment and/or diagnosis of testicular cancer. The testes are also a
site of active
gene expression of transcripts that may be expressed, particularly at low
levels, in
other tissues of the body. Therefore, this gene product may be expressed in
other
specific tissues or organs where it may play related functional roles in other
processes, such as hematopoiesis, inflammation, bone formation, and kidney
function,
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22
to name a few possible target indications. In addition, expression in the
testis may
implicate this gene product would be involved in normal testicular function.
In
addition, this gene product may be useful in the treatment of male
infertility, and/or
could be used as a male contraceptive. Furthermore, the protein may also be
used to
S determine biological activity, to raise antibodies, as tissue markers, to
isolate cognate
ligands or receptors, to identify agents that modulate their interactions, in
addition to
its use as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as well as, antibodies directed
against the
protein may show utility as a tumor marker and/or immunotherapy targets for
the
above listed tissues.
In addition, the membrane localization and testis specific expression
indicates
that this gene would be a good target for antagonists, particularly small
molecules or
antibodies, which block functional activity (e.g., binding of the receptor by
its cognate
ligand(s); and/or binding to an antibody directed to a protein of the
invention).
Accordingly, preferred are antibodies and or small molecules which
specifically bind
an extracellular portion of the translation product of this gene. The
extracellular
regions can be ascertained from the information regarding the transmembrane
domains as set out above and/or as shown in SEQ ID N0:109 and/or SEQ ID
NO:l 10. Also provided is a kit for detecting testicular cancer. Such a kit
comprises in
one embodiment an antibody specific for the translation product of this gene
bound to
a solid support. Also provided is a method of detecting testicular cancer in
an
individual which comprises a step of contacting an antibody specific for the
translation product of this gene to a bodily fluid from the individual,
preferably serum
and/or semen, and ascertaining whether antibody binds to an antigen found in
the
bodily fluid. Preferably the antibody is bound to a solid support and the
bodily fluid is
serum. The above embodiments, as well as other treatments and diagnostic tests
(kits
and methods), are more particularly described elsewhere. herein.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 6
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have a
transmembrane domain at about amino acid position 110 to about 126 of the
amino
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23
acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene. Moreover, a cytoplasmic
tail
encompassing amino acids 127 to about 240 of this protein has also been
determined.
Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the protein product of
this gene
shares structural features to type Ia membrane proteins.
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, the soluble extracellular domain (at about amino
acid 1 to
about 109 or alternatively, at about amino acid 30 to about 109), the
transmembrane
domain, and/or the cytoplasmic domain (at about amino acid 127 to about 240)
of the
amino acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene.
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
MTAPVPAPRILLPLLLLLLLTPPPGARGEVCMASRGLSLFPESCPDFCCGTCDD
QYCCSDVLKKFVWSEERCAVPEASVPASVEPVEQLGSALRFRPGYNDPMSGF
GAT (SEQ ID NO: 111);
EVCMASRGLSLFPESCPDFCCGTCDDQYCCSDVLKKFVWSEERCAVPEASVP
ASVEPVEQLGSALRFRPGYNDPMSGFGAT (SEQ ID NO: 112); and
CFTCSCCCLYKTCRRPRPVVTTTTSTTVVHAPYPQPPSVPPSYPGPSYQGYHT
MPPQPGMPAAPYPMQYPPPYPAQPMGPPAYHETLAGGAAAPYPASQPPYNP
AYMDAPKAAL (SEQ ID NO: 113). Moreover, fragments and variants of these
polypeptides (such as, for example, fragments as described herein,
polypeptides at
least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these
polypeptides, or polypeptides encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes,
under
stringent conditions, to the polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are
encompassed by the invention. Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the
invention and
polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the
invention.
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Soares ovary tumor NbHOT and to a lesser extent in Keratinocyte;
Soares fetal heart NbHHI9W; Human Primary Breast Cancer Reexcision;
NCI CGAP_Pr22; NTERA2, control; Soares-pregnant uterus NbHPU;
Soares fetal liver spleen-1NFLS S1; NCI CGAP_GC3; Clontech human aorta
polyA+ mRNA (#6572); Stratagene lung (#937210); Activated T-
cell(12h)/Thiouridine-re-excision; Colon Tumor II; Soares fetal liver spleen
1NFLS;
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24
Human Primary Breast Cancer,re-excision; NCI CGAP_Pr25; Soares adult brain
N2b4HBSSY; NCI CGAP Ut2; Human Thymus; Ovary, Normal: (9805C0408);
Human Thymus; Bone Marrow Stromal Cell, untreated; NCI CGAP_Panl; CD34
depleted Buffy Coat (Cord Blood), re-excision; NCI CGAP Brn25;
S Soares senescent fibroblasts_NbHSF; H. Frontal cortex,epileptic,re-excision;
Human
Endometrial Tumor; Hodgkin's Lymphoma II; Osteoblasts;
Soares_fetal lung NbHLI9W; Colon Normal III; Soares placenta Nb2HP; Human
Leukocytes,normalized control #4; Human Adult Liver; Human Spleen; Human Old
Ovary; Adenocarcinoma; Thyroid Normal (SDCA2 No); Human Whole 6 Week Old
Embryo (II), subt; LNCAP + 30nM 81881; Saos2 Cells, Vitamin D3 Treated; KG1-a
Lambda Zap Express cDNA library; NCI CGAP-Co2; Saos2 Cells, Untreated;
Resting T-Cell; Breast, Cancer: (9806C0128); Human promyelocyte;
NCI CGAP-GC2; Human OB HOS treated (10 nM E2) fraction I; Jia bone marrow
stroma; Human Adult Pulmonary; NCI CGAP_Ov23; Amniotic Cells - TNF induced;
NCI CGAP-Col2; Human Soleus; Human Pineal Gland; Breast, Cancer: (4005522
A2); B Cell lymphoma; Human endometrial stromal cells-treated with estradiol;
Smooth muscle, ILlb induced; Human pancreatic islet; Stratagene ovary
(#937217);
NCI CGAP_ColO; Healing groin wound, 6.5 hours post incision; Ovary, Cancer:
(4004332 A2); CD34 depleted Buffy Coat (Cord Blood); Stratagene
neuroepithelium
(#937231 ); NCI CGAP Pr2; Stratagene NT2 neuronal precursor 937230;
NCI CGAP Utl; NCI CGAP-Kid6; Human Fetal Kidney;
Soares~ineal-gland N3HPG; Human Osteoblasts II; Human
Hypothalmus,Schizophrenia; Stratagene HeLa cell s3 937216; Liver, Hepatoma;
NCI CGAP-Br2; Human Rhabdomyosarcoma; NCI CGAP_CLL1; Human Thymus
Stromal Cells; CHME Cell Line,treated S hrs; Stratagene hNT neuron (#937233);
Rejected Kidney, lib 4; Ovarian Tumor 10-3-95; Human Liver, normal;
NCI CGAP Co3; Smooth muscle, serum induced,re-exc; CHME Cell Line,untreated;
Fetal Liver, subtraction II; Smooth muscle, serum treated; breast lymph node
CDNA
library; H Macrophage (GM-CSF treated), re-excision; NCI CGAP-GC4; Dendritic
cells, pooled; 12 Week Early Stage Human II, Reexcision; Activated T-Cell
(l2hs)/Thiouridine labelledEco; NCI CGAP_KidS; NCI CGAP_Brn23; Monocyte
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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activated; Soares~lacenta 8to9weeks_2NbHP8to9W; T Cell helper I; Human
Testes; T cell helper II; Human Cerebellum and NCI CLAP GCB1.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
5 and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not
limited to:
disorders of the immune and/or reproductive system. Similarly, polypeptides
and
antibodies directed to these polypeptides are useful in providing
immunological
probes for differential identification of the tissues) or cell type(s). For a
number of
disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly of the immune and/or
reproductive
10 systems, expression of this gene at significantly higher or lower levels
may be
routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g., immune,
reproductive,
cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., vaginal pool, lymph,
serum,
plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample
taken from
an individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression
level,
15 i.e., the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an
individual not
having the disorder.
The tissue distribution of this sequence predicts that it is useful in the
diagnosis and treatment of ovary tumor, psoriasis, and colon cancers. The
tissue
distribution also indicates that polynucleotides and polypeptides
corresponding to this
20 gene would be useful for the diagnosis, detection, prevention and/or
treatment of a
variety of immune system disorders. Representative uses are described in the
"Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections below, in Example 11, 13,
14,
16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and elsewhere herein. Briefly, the expression of this
gene
product indicates a role in regulating the proliferation; survival;
differentiation; and/or
25 activation of hematopoietic cell lineages, including blood stem cells.
Involvement in
the regulation of cytokine production, antigen presentation, or other
processes
indicates a usefulness in the treatment of cancer (e.g., by boosting immune
responses). Expression in cells of lymphoid origin, indicates the natural gene
product
would be involved in immune functions. Therefore it may be also used as an
agent for
immunological disorders including arthritis, asthma, immunodeficiency diseases
such
as AIDS, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatous disease, inflammatory
bowel
disease, sepsis, acne, neutropenia, neutrophilia, psoriasis,
hypersensitivities, such as
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26
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity; immune reactions to transplanted organs and
tissues,
such as host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity
disorders,
such as autoimmune infertility, lense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic
lupus
erythematosis, drug induced hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis,
Sjogren's disease, scleroderma and tissues. Moreover, the protein may
represent a
secreted factor that influences the differentiation or behavior of other blood
cells, or
that recruits hematopoietic cells to sites of injury. In addition, this gene
product may
have commercial utility in the expansion of stem cells and committed
progenitors of
various blood lineages, and in the differentiation and/or proliferation of
various cell
types. Furthermore, the protein may also be used to determine biological
activity,
raise antibodies, as tissue markers, to isolate cognate ligands or receptors,
to identify
agents that modulate their interactions, in addition to its use as a
nutritional
supplement. Protein, as well as, antibodies directed against the protein may
show
utility as a tumor marker and/or immunotherapy targets for the above listed
tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 7
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
NTERA2, control; NCI CGAP Kidl l; Human Ovarian Cancer Reexcision and to a
lesser extent in NCI CGAP_KidB; Ovary, Cancer: (4004332 A2); Human Chronic
Synovitis; NCI CGAP Br2; Hepatocellular Tumor, re-excision; Pancreas normal
PCA4 No; NCI CGAP-Kid3; Soares multiple sclerosis 2NbHMSP;
Soares NFL T GBC_S1; Soares fetal heart NbHHI9W and Soares testis NHT.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell.type(s).present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the genitourinary tract, including diseases of the kidney,
particularly
cancers. Similarly, polypeptides and antibodies directed to these polypeptides
are
useful in providing immunological probes for differential identification of
the
tissues) or cell type(s). For a number of disorders of the above tissues or
cells,
particularly of the urinary tract, and/or reproductive system, expression of
this gene at
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27
significantly higher or lower levels may be routinely detected in certain
tissues or cell
types (e.g., urinary, genital, reproductive, kidney, cancerous and wounded
tissues) or
bodily fluids (e.g., lymph, serum, plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal
fluid) or
another tissue or sample taken from an individual having such a disorder,
relative to
the standard gene expression level, i.e., the expression level in healthy
tissue or bodily
fluid from an individual not having the disorder.
Expression in teratocarcinoma, ovarian cancer and other predominantly
neoplastic organs indicates that polynucleotides and polypeptides
corresponding to
this gene would be useful in the diagnosis, study and treatment of
developmental
disorders and cancers of reproductive, genitourinary tract, and other organs
where
expression is indicated.
Furthermore, the tissue distribution in kidney indicates that polynucleotides
and/or polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful in the
treatment,
prevention, diagnosis and/or detection of kidney diseases including renal
failure,
nephritus, renal tubular acidosis, proteinuria, pyuria, edema, pyelonephritis,
hydronephritis, nephrotic syndrome, crush syndrome, glomerulonephritis,
hematuria,
renal colic and kidney stones, in addition to Wilm's Tumor Disease, and
congenital
kidney abnormalities such as horseshoe kidney, polycystic kidney, and
Falconi's
syndrome.
The tissue distribution in ovarian cancer tissue, indicates that
polynucleotides
and polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful for the treatment
and
diagnosis of tumors, especially ovarian cancer, as well as cancers of other
tissues
where expression has been indicated. In addition, the expression in ovarian
cancer
tissue may indicate the gene or its products can be used to treat and/or
diagnose
disorders of the ovary, including inflammatory disorders, such as oophoritis
(e.g.,
caused by viral or bacterial infection), ovarian cysts, amenorrhea,
infertility,
hirsutism, and ovarian cancer (including, but not limited to, primary and
secondary
cancerous growth, endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary, ovarian papillary
serous
adenocarcinoma, ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma, Ovarian Krukenberg tumor).
Furthermore, the protein may also be used to determine biological activity, to
raise
antibodies, as tissue markers, to isolate cognate ligands. or receptors, to
identify agents
that modulate their interactions, in addition to its use as a nutritional
supplement.
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Protein, as well as, antibodies directed against the protein may show utility
as a tumor
marker and/or immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 8
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have two
transmembrane domains at about amino acid position 3 to about 19; and at about
amino acid position 212 to about 228 of the amino acid sequence referenced in
Table
1 for this gene. Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the
protein product
of this gene shares structural features to type IIIb membrane proteins. In
specific
embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or alternatively consist
of, the
soluble domains of the protein of the invention.
In further specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
GPVQAPAAPPSL (SEQ ID NO: 114) and
SRARGSGCRAGTGARGAGAEGREGEACGTVGLLLEHSFEIDDSANFRKRGSL
LWNQQDGTLSLSQRQLSEEERGRLRDVAALNGLYRVRIPRRPGALDGLEAGG
YVSSFVPACSLVESHLSDQLTLHVDVAGNVVGVSVVTHPMAPCSPRGFPPAH
GVEP (SEQ ID NO: 115). Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides
(such as, for example, fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least
80%, 85%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or
polypeptides encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent
conditions, to the polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed
by
the invention. Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the invention and
polynucleotides
encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Soares fetal heart NbHHI9W and to a lesser extent in NCI CGAP_LuS;
Soares NFL T GBC S1; Human Primary Breast Cancer Reexcision;
NCI CGAP-Kid3; Soares ovary tumor NbHOT; Human Pineal Gland; Colon
Carcinoma; NCI CGAP-Brn25; NCI CGAP-Kids; Nine Week Old Early Stage
Human; Soares placenta Nb2HP; Human Placenta, subtracted; Human OB HOS
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treated (1 nM E2) fraction I; Human Prostate; Stratagene pancreas (#937208);
NCI CGAP_Panl; Soares breast 3NbHBst; Soares melanocyte 2NbHM;
Soares fetal lung NbHLI9W; Soares testis NHT; Soares fetal liver spleen 1NFLS;
Human Thymus Tumor; Human adult lung 3' directed MboI cDNA; Namalwa Cells;
Crohn's Disease; Human placenta polyA+ (TFujiwara); LNCAP + o.3nM 81881;
Barstead pancreas HPLRB1; Human Uterus, normal; NCI CGAP Pr24;
NCI CGAP_Eso2; NCI CGAP-Prl l; NCI CGAP_GC2; NCI CGAP-KidB; Human
Primary Breast Cancer,re-excision; Human placenta cDNA (TFujiwara); Healing
Abdomen wound,70&90 min post incision; Resting T-Cell, re-excision; CD40
activated monocyte dendridic cells; NCI CGAP-GC3; NCI CGAP Ut4; B Cell
lymphoma; Human endometrial stromal cells-treated with estradiol; Human
Hypothalamus,schizophrenia, re-excision; human corpus colosum; Human
Osteosarcoma; NCI CGAP_Co 14; Human Osteoclastoma, re-excision;
NCI CGAP-Prl2; wilm's tumor; Prostate BPH; Breast, Normal: (4005522B2);
NCI CGAP_Ewl; Gessler Wilms tumor; KMH2; Human Brain, Striatum;
NCI CGAP Utl; NCI CGAP-Pr22; Apoptotic T-cell; Human Fetal Kidney; human
ovarian cancer; Human Adult Testes, Large Inserts, Reexcision; Stratagene HeLa
cell
s3 937216; Olfactory epithelium,nasalcavity; Ovary, Cancer: (4004576 A8);
Human
Thymus; Synovial Fibroblasts (control); Soares breast 2NbHBst; Human Adrenal
Gland Tumor; Hepatocellular Tumor, re-excision; Human Ovary; Macrophage-
oxLDL, re-excision; Pancreas Islet Cell Tumor; 12 Week Old Early Stage Human;
NCI CGAP_GC4; Human Synovial Sarcoma; Human Adult Pulmonary,re-excision;
Endothelial-induced; Stratagene lung (#937210); NCI CGAP-Brn23; Monocyte
activated; Spleen, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; Colon Normal III and Primary
Dendritic Cells, lib 1.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the reproductive, immune and/or hematopoietic systems. Similarly,
polypeptides and antibodies directed to these polypeptides are useful in
providing
immunological probes for differential identification of the tissues) or cell
type(s). For
a number of disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly of the
reproductive,
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immune and/or hematopoietic systems, expression of this gene at significantly
higher
or lower levels may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types
(e.g.,
reproductive, immune, cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g.,
lymph,
serum, plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or
sample
5 taken from an individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard
gene
expression level, i.e., the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid
from an
individual not having the disorder.
Enriched expression in fetal heart and lung, and in breast cancer, and colon
carcinoma suggests utility in the study and treatment of cardiopulmonary and
vascular
10 disorders, congenital and functional heart defects, gastrointestinal
inflammatory
conditions and cancer. Further, the tissue distribution in immune tissues
indicates that
polynucleotides and polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful
for the
diagnosis, detection, prevention and/or treatment of a variety of immune
system
disorders. Representative uses are described in the "Immune Activity" and
"Infectious
15 Disease" sections below, in Example 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and
elsewhere
herein. Briefly, the expression of this gene product indicates a role in
regulating the
proliferation; survival; differentiation; and/or activation of hematopoietic
cell
lineages, including blood stem cells. Involvement in the regulation of
cytokine
production, antigen presentation, or other processes indicates a usefulness in
the
20 treatment of cancer (e.g., by boosting immune responses). Expression in
cells of
lymphoid origin, indicates the natural gene product would be involved in
immune
functions. Therefore it may be also used as an agent for immunological
disorders
including arthritis, asthma, immunodeficiency diseases such as AIDS, leukemia,
rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatous disease, inflammatory bowel disease,
sepsis,
25 acne, neutropenia, neutrophilia, psoriasis, hypersensitivities, such as T-
cell mediated
cytotoxicity; immune reactions to transplanted organs and tissues, such as
host-
versus-graft and graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity disorders, such
as
autoimmune infertility, lense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic lupus
erythematosis, drug induced hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis,
30 Sjogren's disease, scleroderma and tissues. Moreover, the protein may
represent a
secreted factor that influences the differentiation or behavior of other blood
cells, or -
that recruits hematopoietic cells to sites of injury. In addition, this gene
product may
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31
have commercial utility in the expansion of stem cells and committed
progenitors of
various blood lineages, and in the differentiation and/or proliferation of
various cell
types.
In addition, the expression in reproductive tissues indicates that
polynucleotides and/or polypeptides of the invention would be useful in the
detection,
prevention and/or treatment of disorders of the reproductive organs, such as,
for
example, disorders of the ovary including inflammatory disorders, such as
oophoritis
(e.g., caused by viral or bacterial infection), ovarian cysts, amenorrhea,
infertility,
hirsutism, and ovarian cancer (including, but not limited to, primary and
secondary
cancerous growth, endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary, ovarian papillary
serous
adenocarcinoma, ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma, Ovarian Krukenberg tumor);
disorders of the breast including breast neoplasia and breast cancers, such as
fibroadenoma, pipillary carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, Paget's disease,
medullary
carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, secretory carcinoma and
apocrine carcinoma, as well as juvenile hypertrophy and gynecomastia, mastitis
and
abscess, duct ectasia, fat necrosis and fibrocystic diseases; disorders of the
prostate
including inflammatory disorders, such as chronic prostatitis, granulomatous
prostatitis and malacoplakia, prostatic hyperplasia and prostate neoplastic
disorders,
including adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinomas, ductal carcinomas,
squamous
cell carcinomas, or as hormones or factors with systemic or reproductive
functions.
Furthermore, the protein may also be used to determine biological activity,
raise
antibodies, as tissue markers, to isolate cognate ligands or receptors, to
identify agents
that modulate their interactions, in addition to its use as a nutritional
supplement.
Protein, as well as, antibodies directed against the protein may show utility
as a tumor
marker and/or immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 9
The computer algorithm BLASTX has been used to determine that the
translation product of this gene shares sequence homology with several
cytochrome
P450 isoforms (see, e.g., Genbank Accession Nos. gb~AAB27705.1 ~ (a portion of
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32
which are shown as SEQ ID N0:116) or gb~AAA31434.1 ~; all information
available
through the recited accession number is incorporated herein by reference). The
cytochrome P450 2B4 isoform Bx metabolizes androstenedione, testosterone, and
7-
ethoxycoumarin in a manner characterized by preference for 16 beta-
hydroxylation of
androstenedione, low testosterone 16-hydroxylation, and high ethoxycoumarin O-
deethylation. Expression is induced by phenobarbital in rabbits. Based on the
structural similarity these homologous polypeptides are expected to share at
least
some biological activities. Such activities are known in the art, some of
which are
described elsewhere herein. Assays for determining such activities are also
known in
the art (see, for example, Ryan et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 304:454-463
(1993))
some of which have been described elsewhere herein.
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
FSPQTYEMFSWFLRPLPGPHKQLLHHVSTLAAFTVRQVQQHQGNLDASGPAR
DLVDAFLLKMAQEEQNPGTEFTNKNMLMTVIYLLFAGTMTVSTTVGYTLLL
LMKYPHVQKWVREELNRELGAGQAPSLGDRTRLPYTDAVLHEAQRLLALVP
MGIPRTLMRTTRFRGYTLPQGTEVFPLLGSILHDPNIFKHPEEFNPDRFLDADG
RFRKHEAFLPFSLGKRVCLGEGLAKAELFLFFTTILQAFSLESPCPPDTLSLKPT
VSGLFNIPPAFQLQ (SEQ ID NO: 117); and
HASGRPAEMEATGTWALLLALALLLLLTLALSGTRARGHLPPGPTPLPLLGN
LLQLRPGALYSGLMRLSKKYGPVFTIYLGPWRPVVVLVGQEAVREALGGQA
EEFSGRGTVAMLEGTFDGHGVFFSNGERWRQLRKFTMLALRDLGMGKREGE
ELIQAEARCLVETFQGTEGRPFDPSLLLAQATSNVVCSLLFGL;RFSYEDKEFQ
AVVRAAGGTLLGVSSQGGQVSGWDPSPTTFPEGSCQGPMRTSCPSPHRPTRC
SPGSCGPCQAPTSSSSTTSAPWLPSQSGRCSSTRGTWMLRAPHVTLSMPSC
(SEQ ID NO: 118). Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such
as,
for example, fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%,
90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or
polypeptides
encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to
the
polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention.
Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides
encoding
these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
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33
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Human (HCC) cell line liver (mouse) metastasis, remake; Olfactory
epithelium,nasalcavity; Human Testes Tumor; Monocyte activated and to a lesser
extent in H Macrophage (GM-CSF treated), re-excision; Soares ovary tumor
NbHOT;
Human colon mucosa; Healing groin wound - zero hr post-incision (control);
NCI CGAP ColO; Human Adult Small Intestine; NCI CGAP Kid6; Human Testes
Tumor, re-excision; NTERA2, control; NCI CGAP_Co3; CHME Cell
Line,untreated; Colon Normal II; Dendritic cells, pooled; Primary Dendritic
cells,frac
2; Soares NFL T GBC S1; Soares_fetal heart NbHHI9W and Soares fetal liver
spleen 1NFLS.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the immune system and/or disorders of the digestive system.
Similarly,
polypeptides and antibodies directed to these polypeptides are useful in
providing
immunological probes for differential identification of the tissues) or cell
type(s). For
a number of disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly of the
immune and/or
digestive systems, expression of this gene at significantly higher or lower
levels may
be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g., immune,
digestive, liver,
cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., lymph, bile, serum,
plasma,
urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample taken from
an
individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression
level, i.e.,
the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an individual not
having the
disorder.
The tissue distribution indicates that polynucleotides and polypeptides
corresponding to this gene would be useful for the diagnosis, detection,
prevention
and/or treatment of a variety of immune system disorders. Representative uses
are
described in the "Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections below, in
Example 11, 13, 14, 1G, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and elsewhere herein. Briefly, the
expression of this gene product indicates a role in regulating the
proliferation;
survival; differentiation; and/or activation of hematopoietic cell lineages,
including
blood stem cells. Involvement in the regulation of cytokine production,
antigen
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34
presentation, or other processes indicates a usefulness in the treatment of
cancer (e.g.,
by boosting immune responses). Expression in cells of lymphoid origin,
indicates the
natural gene product would be involved in immune functions. Therefore it may
be
also used as an agent for immunological disorders including arthritis, asthma,
immunodeficiency diseases such as A>DS, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis,
granulomatous disease, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, acne, neutropenia,
neutrophilia, psoriasis, hypersensitivities, such as T-cell mediated
cytotoxicity;
immune reactions to transplanted organs and tissues, such as host-versus-graft
and
graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity disorders, such as autoimmune
infertility,
lense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic lupus erythematosis, drug induced
hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's disease,
scleroderma and
tissues. Moreover, the protein may represent a secreted factor that influences
the
differentiation or behavior of other blood cells, or that recruits
hematopoietic cells to
sites of injury. In addition, this gene product may have commercial utility in
the
expansion of stem cells and committed progenitors of various blood lineages,
and in
the differentiation and/or proliferation of various cell types. In addition,
the tissue
distribution indicates the polynucleotides and/or polypeptides corresponding
to this
gene would be useful for the detection and treatment of liver disorders and
cancers
(e.g. hepatoblastoma, liver cancer, jaundice, hepatitis, liver metabolic
diseases and
conditions that are attributable to the differentiation of hepatocyte
progenitor
cells).Furthermore, the protein may also be used to determine biological
activity, raise
antibodies, as tissue markers, to isolate cognate ligands or receptors, to
identify agents
that modulate their interactions, in addition to its use as a nutritional
supplement.
Protein, as well as, antibodies directed against the protein may show utility
as a tumor
marker and/or immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 10
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The gene encoding the disclosed cDNA is believed to reside on chromosome
1, specifically at interval D1S2635-D1S2844. Accordingly, polynucleotides
related to
this invention are useful as a marker in linkage analysis for chromosome 1.
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have a
5 transmembrane domain at about amino acid position 670 to about 686 of the
amino
acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene. Moreover, a cytoplasmic
tail
encompassing amino acids 687 to about 709 of this protein has also been
determined.
Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the protein product of
this gene
shares structural features to type Ib membrane proteins.
10 In specific embodiments, polypeptides which comprise the soluble
extracellular domain, or fragments thereof, are included in the invention.
In specific embodiments, polypeptides comprising the soluble extracellular
domain comprise, or alternatively consist of, the following amino acid
sequence:
MATAGGGSGADPGSRGLLRLLSFCVLLAGLCRGNSVERKIYIPLNKTAPCVRL
15 LNATHQIGCQSSISGDTGVIHVVEKEEDLQWVLTDGPNPPYMVLLESKHFTR
DLMEKLKGRTSRIAGLAVSLTKPSPASGFSPSVQCPNDGFGVYSNSYGPEFAH
CREIQWNSLGNGLAYEDFSFPIFLLEDENETKVIKQCYQDHNLSQNGSAPSFPL
CAMXLFSHMHAVISTATCMRRSSIQSTFSINPEIVCDPLSDYNVWSMLKPINTT
GTLKPDDRVVVAATRLDSRSFFWNVAPGAESAVASFVTQLAAAEALQKAPD
20 VTTLPRNVMFVFFQGETFDYIGSSRMVYDMEKGKFPVQLENVDSFVELGQV
ALRTSLELWMHTDPVSQKNESVRNQVEDLLATLEKSGAGVPAVILRRPNQSQ
PLPPSSLQRFLRARNISGVVLADHSGAFHNKYYQSIYDTAEN1NVSYPEWLSP
EEDLNFVTDTAKALADVATVLGR.ALYELAGGTNFSDTVQADPQTVTRLLYG
FLIKANNSWFQSILRQDLRSYLGDGPLQHYIAVSSPTNTTYVVQYALANLTGT
25 VVNLTREQCQDPSKVPSENKDLYEYSWVQGPLHSNETDRLPRCVRSTARLAR
ALSPAFELSQWSSTEYSTWTESRWKDIRARIFLIASKELEL (SEQ ID N0:119).
Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such as, for example,
fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or polypeptides
encoded by
30 a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to the
polynucleotide
encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention. Antibodies that
bind
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36
polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides
are
also encompassed by the invention.
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Primary Dendritic Cells, lib 1 and to a lesser extent in Soares placenta
Nb2HP; Soares
S infant brain 1NIB; Soares melanocyte 2NbHM; Soares-pregnant uterus NbHPU;
Soares_testis NHT; NCI CGAP_LuS; Soares fetal liver spleen 1NFLS; Smooth
muscle, serum treated; H Macrophage (GM-CSF treated), re-excision;
Soares-parathyroid tumor NbHPA; Smooth muscle,control; normalized infant brain
cDNA; Bone Marrow Stromal Cell, untreated; Human Adrenal Gland Tumor; Fetal
Heart; Activated T-Cell (l2hs)/Thiouridine labelledEco;
Soares multiple sclerosis 2NbHMSP; Monocyte activated;
Soares-placenta 8to9weeks 2NbHP8to9W; Soares ovary tumor NbHOT; Human
Endometrial Tumor; Soares_NFL T GBC_S1; NCI CGAP-Lul; Lung, Cancer
(4005313 A3): Invasive Poorly Differentiated Lung Adenocarcinoma,; STROMAL -
OSTEOCLASTOMA; Smooth muscle, ILlb induced; Human Osteoclastoma Stromal
Cells - unamplified; Human endometrial stromal cells; Myoloid Progenitor Cell
Line;
Human Umbilical Vein, Reexcision; Stratagene HeLa cell s3 937216; Liver,
Hepatoma; Human Hippocampus; Stratagene liver (#937224); NCI CGAP_CoB;
Primary Dendritic cells,frac 2; Human Adult Pulmonary,re-excision;
NCI CGAP_Brn25; Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells, fract. A; Human
Cerebellum; Soares_fetal heart NbHHI9W; Human normal gingiva;
NCI CGAP_Ovl; Human pancreatic cancer cell line Patu 8988t; NCI CGAP HN3;
NCI CGAP_Co4; Human colorectal cancer; Colon, Cancer: (9808C064R); Human
OB HOS treated (1 nM E2) fraction I; NCI CGAP Brn35; NCI CGAP-LymS;
Infant brain, Bento Soares; Human OB MG63 treated (10 nM E2) fraction I; Human
Aortic Endothelium; Jia bone marrow stroma; Human Cerebellum, subtracted;
Human Placenta; Fetal Heart, re-excision; Smooth Muscle Serum Treated, Norm;
NCI CGAP_Col2; Human Quadriceps; NCI CGAP-Ut4; Human retina cDNA
randomly primed sublibrary; Healing groin wound - zero hr post-incision
(control); B
Cell lymphoma; Hepatocellular Tumor,re-excision; human corpus colosum; Human
Umbilical Vein, Endo. remake; NTERA2 + retinoic acid, 14 days; Glioblastoma;
Ovary, Cancer: (15799A1F) Poorly differentiated carcinoma; Human endometrial
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37
stromal cells-treated with progesterone; Jurkat T-cell G1 phase; Jurkat T-
Cell, S
phase; Synovial Fibroblasts (Ill/TNF), subt; Breast, Normal: (4005522B2);
Human
Infant Brain; Human Chronic Synovitis; Ovary, Cancer (15395A1F): Grade II
Papillary Carcinoma; Gessler Wilms tumor; NCI CGAP Utl; Monocyte activated,
re-excision; Apoptotic T-cell; HUMAN JLJRK.AT MEMBRANE BOUND
POLYSOMES; NCI CGAP-Gas4; Ovary, Cancer (9809C332): Poorly differentiated
adenocarcinoma; Ovary, Cancer: (4004576 A8); Human Rhabdomyosarcoma; Human
Thymus; Hemangiopericytoma; NCI CGAP CLL1; Macrophage (GM-CSF treated);
CHME Cell Line,treated 5 hrs; Ovarian Tumor 10-3-95; Hepatocellular Tumor, re-
excision; NCI CGAP_Panl; Macrophage-oxLDL, re-excision; NCI CGAP_Co3;
Pancreas Islet Cell Tumor; PC3 Prostate cell line; CHME Cell Line,untreated;
Fetal
Liver, subtraction II; Colon Tumor; Stratagene colon (#937204); Colon
Carcinoma;
Human Eosinophils; Brain frontal cortex; Adipocytes; Normal colon; Dendritic
cells,
pooled; Human Fetal Kidney, Reexcision; Human Synovial Sarcoma; B-cells
1 S (stimulated); Human Placenta; Endothelial-induced; Endothelial cells-
control;
Anergic T-cell; Soares senescent fibroblasts NbHSF; NCI CGAP_Kid3;
NCI CGAP_KidS; NCI CGAP-Brn23; Pancreas Tumor PCA4 Tu; Neutrophils IL-1
and LPS induced; Human fetal heart, Lambda ZAP Express;
Soares total fetus Nb2HF8 9w and NCI CGAP GCB1.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the immune and/or hematopoietic systems. Similarly, polypeptides
and
antibodies directed to these polypeptides are useful in providing
immunological
probes for differential identification of the tissues) or cell type(s). For a
number of
disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly of the immune and/or
hematopoietic systems, expression of this gene at significantly higher or
lower levels
may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g., immune,
hematopoietic, cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., lymph,
serum,
plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample
taken from
an individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression
level,
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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38
i.e., the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an
individual not
having the disorder.
Enriched expression in dendritic cells and placenta suggests utility in the
study
and treatment of hemopoietic, immune and inflammatory and metabolic and
reproductive disorders. The tissue distribution indicates that polynucleotides
and
polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful for the diagnosis,
detection,
prevention and/or treatment of a variety of immune system disorders.
Representative
uses are described in the "Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections
below,
in Example 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and elsewhere herein. Briefly,
the
expression of this gene product indicates a role in regulating the
proliferation;
survival; differentiation; and/or activation of hematopoietic cell lineages,
including
blood stem cells. Involvement in the regulation of cytokine production,
antigen
presentation, or other processes indicates a usefulness in the treatment of
cancer (e.g.,
by boosting immune responses). Expression in cells of lymphoid origin,
indicates the
natural gene product would be involved in immune functions. Therefore it may
be
also used as an agent for immunological disorders including arthritis, asthma,
immunodeficiency diseases such as AIDS, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis,
granulomatous disease, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, acne, neutropenia,
neutrophilia, psoriasis, hypersensitivities, such as T-cell mediated
cytotoxicity;
immune reactions to transplanted organs and tissues, such as host-versus-graft
and
graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity disorders, such as autoimmune
infertility,
lense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic lupus erythematosis, drug induced
hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's disease,
scleroderma and
tissues. Moreover, the protein may represent a secreted factor that influences
the
differentiation or behavior of other blood cells, or that recruits
hematopoietic cells to
sites of injury. In addition, this gene product may have commercial utility in
the
expansion of stem cells and committed progenitors of various blood lineages,
and in
the differentiation and/or proliferation of various cell types. Furthermore,
the protein
may also be used to determine biological activity, raise antibodies, as tissue
markers,
to isolate cognate ligands or receptors, to identify agents that modulate
their
interactions, in addition to its use-as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as
well as,
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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39
antibodies directed against the protein may show utility as a tumor marker
and/or
immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 11
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have a
transmembrane domain at about amino acid position 117 to about 133 of the
amino
acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene. Moreover, a cytoplasmic
domain
encompassing amino acids 134 to about 293 of this protein has also been
determined.
Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the protein product of
this gene
shares structural features to type Ia membrane proteins.
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, the extracellular soluble domain (e.g., from about
amino acid
1 to about 116; or alternatively, from about amino acid 24 to about 116 of the
amino
acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene); the cytoplasmic domain;
the
transmembrane domain; and/or combinations of the above (e.g., the
extracellular
domain and the transmembrane domain without the cytoplasmic domain).
In further specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
MTGLYELV WRVLHALLCLHRTLTS WLRVRFGTWNWIWRRCCRAASAAVLA
PLGFTLRKPPAVGRNRRHHRHPRGGSCLAAAHHRMRWRADGRSLEKLPVH
MGLVITEVEQEPSFSD (SEQ ID NO: 123);
SWLRVRFGTWNWIWRRCCRAASAAVLAPLGFTLRKPPAVGRNRRHHRHPR
GGSCLAAAHHRMRWRADGRSLEKLPVHMGLVITEVEQEPSFSD (SEQ ID NO:
124); and
VYDHQGIFKRNNSRLMDEILKQQQELLGLDCSKYSPEFANSNDKDDQVLNCH
LAVKVLSPEDGKADIVRAAQDFCQLVAQKQKRPTDLDVDTLASLLSSNGCPD
PDLVLKFGPVDSTLGFLPWHIRLTEIV SLPSHLNISYEDFFSALRQYAACEQRL
GK (SEQ ID NO: 125). Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides
(such
as, for example, fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%,
85%, 90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or
polypeptides
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encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to
the
polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention.
Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides
encoding
these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
In other specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
PEDGKADIVRAAQDFCQXVAQKQXRPTDLDVDTL (SEQ ID NO: 120),
FANSNDKDDQVLNCHLAVKVLS (SEQ ID NO: 121) and VYLVQMVVLILI
(SEQ >I7 NO: 122). Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides
(such as,
10 for example, fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%,
90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or
polypeptides
encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to
the
polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention.
Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides
encoding
15 these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Human Endometrial Tumor and to a lesser extent in Human Osteoclastoma; Ovary,
Cancer: (4004576 A8); Soares placenta Nb2HP; NCI CGAP_GCB1;
NCI CGAP Utl; Soares breast 3NbHBst; Soares infant brain 1NIB; Ovarian Tumor
20 10-3-95; Stratagene lung (#937210); Human adult small intestine,re-
excision;
Salivary Gland, Lib 2; Human Osteoclastoma, re-excision; Jurkat T-cell G1
phase;
Monocyte activated, re-excision; Human Placenta (re-excision); Human Fetal
Heart;
human tonsils; NCI CGAP-GC6; Endothelial-induced; NCI CGAP_KidS; Monocyte
activated; Osteoblasts; Soares-parathyroid tumor NbHPA;
25 Soares total fetus Nb2HF8 9w; Soares NhHMPu_Sl; Human Infant Adrenal
Gland; Healing Abdomen Wound,l5 days post incision; HPAS (human pancreas,
subtracted); Human colorectal cancer; Ku 812F Basophils Line; Human (Caco-2)
cell
line, adenocarcinoma, colon, remake; Adipocytes,re-excision; HUMAN STOMACH;
Fetal Heart, re-excision; NTERA2 teratocarcinoma cell line+retinoic acid (14
days);
30 HEL cell line; Stomach cancer (human),re-excision; pBMC stimulated w/ poly
I/C;
Human adult (K.Okubo); human corpus colosum; Healing groin wound, 7.5 hours
post incision; NCI CGAP Col4; Myoloid Progenitor Cell Line; Stratagene lung
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41
carcinoma 937218; L428; Human Heart; Stromal cell TF274; Macrophage-oxLDL;
Human Hypothalmus,Schizophrenia; Stratagene endothelial cell 937223;
Ulcerative
Colitis; Epithelial-TNFa and INF induced; Macrophage (GM-CSF treated); Human
Adult Heart,re-excision; Human Gall Bladder; PC3 Prostate cell line; Human
Testes
Tumor; Primary Dendritic cells,frac 2; Human Testes, Reexcision; 12 Week Early
Stage Human II, Reexcision; Anergic T-cell; NCI CGAP-Brn25;
NCI CGAP_Brn23; HUMAN B CELL LYMPHOMA; Spleen, Chronic lymphocytic
leukemia; H. Frontal cortex,epileptic,re-excision; NCI CGAP_LuS; normalized
infant brain cDNA; Human 8 Week Whole Embryo; T cell helper II;
Soares_pregnant uterus NbHPU; Soares_testis NHT and Primary Dendritic Cells,
lib 1.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the immune and/or reproductive systems, including but not limited
to
ovarian cancer. Similarly, polypeptides and antibodies directed to these
polypeptides
are useful in providing immunological probes for differential identification
of the
tissues) or cell type(s). For a number of disorders of the above tissues or
cells,
particularly of the immune and/or reproductive systems, expression of this
gene at
significantly higher or lower levels may be routinely detected in certain
tissues or cell
types (e.g., immune, reproductive, cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily
fluids
(e.g., lymph, vaginal pool, serum, plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal
fluid) or
another tissue or sample taken from an individual having such a disorder,
relative to
the standard gene expression level, i.e., the expression level in healthy
tissue or bodily
fluid from an individual not having the disorder.
Enriched expression in endometrial and ovarian tumors and in osteoclastoma
indicates that polynucleotides and polypeptides corresponding to this gene
would be
useful in the study, detection, prevention and treatment of endometrial
bleeding;
endometrial, ovarian and other neoplasms; vascular, circulatory, hemopoietic
disorders, osteoporosis and tumor metastases. The tissue distribution in
ovarian
cancer tissue, indicates that polynucleotides and polypeptides corresponding
to this
gene would be useful for the treatment and diagnosis of tumors, especially
ovarian
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42
cancer, as well as cancers of other tissues where expression has been
indicated. The
expression in ovarian cancer tissue may indicate the gene or its products can
be used
to treat and/or diagnose disorders of the ovary, including inflammatory
disorders,
such as oophoritis (e.g., caused by viral or bacterial infection), ovarian
cysts,
S amenorrhea, infertility, hirsutism, and ovarian cancer (including, but not
limited to,
primary and secondary cancerous growth, endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary,
ovarian papillary serous adenocarcinoma, ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma,
Ovarian Krukenberg tumor).
The tissue distribution in immune tissues indicates that polynucleotides and
polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful for the diagnosis,
detection,
prevention and/or treatment of a variety of immune system disorders.
Representative
uses are described in the "Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections
below,
in Example 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and elsewhere herein. Briefly,
the
expression of this gene product indicates a role in regulating the
proliferation;
survival; differentiation; and/or activation of hematopoietic cell lineages,
including
blood stem cells. Involvement in the regulation of cytokine production,
antigen
presentation, or other processes indicates a usefulness in the treatment of
cancer (e.g.,
by boosting immune responses). Expression in cells of lymphoid origin,
indicates the
natural gene product would be involved in immune functions. Therefore it may
be
also used as an agent for immunological disorders including arthritis, asthma,
immunodeficiency diseases such as AIDS, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis,
granulomatous disease, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, acne, neutropenia,
neutrophilia, psoriasis, hypersensitivities, such as T-cell mediated
cytotoxicity;
immune reactions to transplanted organs and tissues, such as host-versus-graft
and
graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity disorders, such as autoimmune
infertility,
lense tissue inj ury, demyelination, systemic lupus erythematosis, drug
induced
hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's disease,
scleroderma and
tissues. Moreover, the protein may represent a secreted factor that influences
the
differentiation or behavior of other blood cells, or that recruits
hematopoietic cells to
sites of injury. In addition, this gene product may have commercial utility in
the
expansion of stem cells and committed progenitors of various blood lineages,
and in
the differentiation and/or proliferation of various cell types. Furthermore,
the protein
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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43
may also be used to determine biological activity, raise antibodies, as tissue
markers,
to isolate cognate ligands or receptors, to identify agents that modulate
their
interactions, in addition to its use as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as
well as,
antibodies directed against the protein may show utility as a tumor marker
and/or
immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 12
The polypeptide encoded by this gene has been determined to have a
transmembrane domain at about amino acid position 98 to about 114 of the amino
acid sequence referenced in Table 1 for this gene. Moreover, a cytoplasmic
domain
encompassing amino acids 11 S to about 604 of this protein has also been
determined.
Based upon these characteristics, it is believed that the protein product of
this gene
shares structural features to type Ia membrane proteins. In specific
embodiments,
polypeptides of the invention comprise or alternatively consist of, the
extracellular
domain, the transmembrane domain, the cytoplasmic domain and/or combinations
of
one, two, or all of these domains.
In further embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
MVEEPGRFLPLWLHILLITVLLVLSGIFSGLNLGLMALDPMELRIVQNCGTEK
ERRYARKIEPIRRKGNYLLCSLLLGNVLVNTSLTILLDNLIGSG (SEQ ID NO:
127);
GLNLGLMALDPMELRIVQNCGTEKERRYARKIEPIRRKGNYLLCSLLLGNVL
VNTSLTILLDNLIGSG (SEQ ID NO: 128);
LPQALCSRHGLAVGANTILLTKFFMLLTFPLSFPISKLLDFFLGQEIRTVYNRE
KLMEMLKVTEPYNDLVKEELNMIQGALELRTKTVEDIMTQLQDCFMIRSDAI
LDFNTMSEIMESGYTRIPVFEDEQSNIVDILYVKDLAFVDPDDCTPLKTITRFY
NHPVHFVFHDTKLDAMLEEFKKGKSHLAIVQKVNNEGEGDPFYEVLGLVTL
EDVIEEIIKSEILDESDMYTDNRSRKRVSEKNKRDFSAFKDADNELKVKISPQL
LLAAHRFLATEVSQFSPSLISEKILLRLLKYPDVIQELKFDEHNKYYARHYLYT
RNKPADYFILILQGKVEVEAGKENMKFETGAFSYYGTMALTSVPSDRSPAHP
TPLSRSASLSYPDRTDVSTAATLAGSSNQFGSSVLGQYISDFSVRALVDLQYIK
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44
ITRQQYQNGLLASRMENSPQFPIDGCTTHMENLAEKSELPV VDETTTLLNERN
SLLHKASHENAI (SEQ ID NO: 129); and
SGIFSGLNLGLMALDPMELRIVQNCGTEKERRYARKIEPIRRKGNYLLCSLLL
GNVLVNTXLTILLDNLIGSGLMAVASSTIGIVIFGEILPQALCSRHGLAVXANTI
LLTKFFMLLTFPLXFPISKLLDFFLGQXIRTVYNRXKL,MXM (SEQ ID NO: 126).
Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such as, for example,
fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or polypeptides
encoded by
a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to the
polynucleotide
encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention. Antibodies that
bind
polypeptides of the invention and polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides
are
also encompassed by the invention.
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Synovial hypoxia-RSF subtracted and to a lesser extent in Soares placenta
Nb2HP;
NCI CGAP-GCB1; NCI CGAP-Br2; Colon Normal II; Human Cerebellum;
Soares NFL T GBC_S1; Soares_fetal heart NbHHI9W; Human Adult Testes,
Large Inserts, Reexcision; Human Fetal Heart; NCI CGAP_GC6; Human Adult
Pulmonary,re-excision; Soares retina N2b4HR; Soares ovary tumor NbHOT;
Soares NhHMPu_S1; Soares testis NHT; Soares infant brain 1NIB; Human
epidermal keratinocyte; Breast, Cancer: (4005385 A2); Human OB HOS treated (10
nM E2) fraction I; NTERA2 teratocarcinoma cell line+retinoic acid (14 days);
Human
retina cDNA randomly primed sublibrary; Human Colon Cancer,re-excision; Smooth
muscle, ILIb induced; NTERA2 + retinoic acid, 14 days; Human endometrial
stromal
cells; Ovary, Cancer: (4004332 A2); Human Brain, Striatum;
Soares-pineal_gland N3HPG; Human Hypothalmus,Schizophrenia; Human Pancreas
Tumor, Reexcision; NCI CGAP-CLL1; NCI CGAP_Panl; 12 Week Old Early
Stage Human; Human Placenta; Dendritic cells, pooled; Human Fetal Kidney,
Reexcision; Human Osteoclastoma; NCI CGAP Brn25;
Soares-placenta 8to9weeks 2NbHP8to9W; Spleen, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia;
Human Testes; Soares-parathyroid tumor NbHPA;
Soares total fetus Nb2HF8 9w; Soares fetal liver spleen-1NFLS_S1 and Soares
fetal liver spleen 1NFLS.
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Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the immune; musculoskeletal, nervous and/or reproductive systems.
5 Similarly, polypeptides and antibodies directed to these polypeptides are
useful in
providing immunological probes for differential identification of the tissues)
or cell
type(s). For a number of disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly
of the
immune, musculoskeletal, nervous and/or reproductive systems, expression of
this
gene at significantly higher or lower levels may be routinely detected in
certain
10 tissues or cell types (e.g., immune, nervous, musculoskeletal,
reproductive, cancerous
and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., lymph, serum, plasma, urine,
synovial
fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample taken from an individual
having
such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression level, i.e., the
expression
level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an individual not having the
disorder.
15 Preferential expression in hypoxic synoviocytes and homology to
Mycoplasma and C. elegans hemolysins indicates utility for the diagnosis,
study and
treatment of arthritic and general musculoskeletal disorders as well as
hemopoietic
and immune disorders and impaired wound healing. The tissue distribution
indicates
that polynucleotides and polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be
useful for
20 the diagnosis, detection, prevention and/or treatment of a variety of
immune system
disorders. Representative uses are described in the "Immune Activity" and
"Infectious
Disease" sections below, in Example 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and
elsewhere
herein. Briefly, the expression of this gene product indicates a role in
regulating the
proliferation; survival; differentiation; and/or activation of hematopoietic
cell
25 lineages, including blood stem cells. Involvement in the regulation of
cytokine
production, antigen presentation, or other processes indicates a usefulness in
the
treatment of cancer (e.g., by boosting immune responses). Expression in cells
of
lymphoid origin, indicates the natural gene product would be involved in
immune
functions. Therefore it may be also used as an agent for immunological
disorders
30 including arthritis, asthma, immunodeficiency diseases such as AIDS,
leukemia,
rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatous disease, inflammatory bowel disease,
sepsis,
acne, neutropenia, neutrophilia, psoriasis, hypersensitivities, such as T-cell
mediated
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46
cytotoxicity; immune reactions to transplanted organs and tissues, such as
host-
versus-graft and graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity disorders, such
as
autoimmune infertility, lense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic lupus
erythematosis, drug induced hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis,
Sjogren's disease, scleroderma and tissues. Moreover, the protein may
represent a
secreted factor that influences the differentiation or behavior of other blood
cells, or
that recruits hematopoietic cells to sites of injury. In addition, this gene
product may
have commercial utility in the expansion of stem cells and committed
progenitors of
various blood lineages, and in the differentiation and/or proliferation of
various cell
types.
Alternatively, the tissue distribution in cerebellum and brain tissues
indicates
that polynucleotides and/or polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be
useful
for the detection, diagnosis, treatment, and/or prevention of
neurodegenerative disease
states, behavioral disorders, or inflammatory conditions. Representative uses
are
described in the "Regeneration" and "Hyperproliferative Disorders" sections
below, in
Example 11, 15, and 18, and elsewhere herein. Briefly, the uses include, but
are not
limited to the detection, treatment, and/or prevention of Alzheimer's Disease,
Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Tourette Syndrome, meningitis,
encephalitis, demyelinating diseases, peripheral neuropathies, neoplasia,
trauma,
congenital malformations, spinal cord injuries, toxic neuropathies induced by
neurotoxins, peripheral neuropathies, multiple sclerosis, neoplasia of
neuroectodermal
origin, ischemia and infarction, aneurysms, hemorrhages, schizophrenia, mania,
dementia, paranoia, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, panic disorder,
learning disabilities, ALS, psychoses, autism, and altered behaviors,
including
disorders in feeding, sleep patterns, balance, and perception. In addition,
elevated
expression of this gene product in regions of the brain indicates it plays a
role in
normal neural function. Potentially, this gene product is involved in synapse
formation, neurotransmission, learning, cognition, homeostasis, or neuronal
differentiation or survival. Similarly, the expression in reproductive tissues
indicates
that polynucleotides and/or polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be
useful
in the treatment, prevention and/or detection of disorders of reproductive
organs,
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47
particularly cancers including, but not limited to, ovarian, endometrial,
testicular and
of other tissues where expression has been indicated.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 13
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, the following amino acid sequence:
MPRASCCHCLCGPESWTCPSDSGVAAWAGSVTLGCYTFWELDRSGCLGGL
WHPGMLYILGTGQEWLLGWALAPWDVIHSGNCNQPLEKSELQEVTLGWDL
GTWPGQHGDTRLQQELWSVLGSLGAGLRPWAGFLQAEVLGKW
GSQASCRLPHYVASDSSSLMKAIWFITLKL (SEQ ID NO: 130). Moreover,
fragments and variants of these polypeptides (such as, for example, fragments
as
described herein, polypeptides at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,
99%,
or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or polypeptides encoded by a
polynucleotide
which hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to the polynucleotide encoding
these
polypeptides) are encompassed by the invention. Antibodies that bind
polypeptides of
the invention and polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also
encompassed
by the invention.
The gene encoding the disclosed cDNA is believed to reside on chromosome
8, more specifically at interval D8S272-qTEL. Accordingly, polynucleotides
related
to this invention would be useful as a marker in linkage analysis for
chromosome 8.
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Human Cerebellum and to a lesser extent in Stratagene schizo brain 511; Human
Whole Brain #2 - Oligo dT > l.SKb; Human OB MG63 control fraction I; Human
Brain, Striatum; Human Substantia Nigra; Soares breast 3NbHBst; Human Fetal
Kidney, Reexcision; normalized infant brain cDNA; Keratinocyte and Soares
infant
brain 1NIB.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
neurodegenerative disorders and/or disorders of the reproductive system.
Similarly,
polypeptides and antibodies directed to these polypeptides are useful in
providing
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48
immunological probes for differential identification of the tissues) or cell
type(s). For
a number of disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly of the
nervous and/or
reproductive system(s), expression of this gene at significantly higher or
lower levels
may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g., nervous,
neural,
neuronal, cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., amniotic
fluid,
lymph, serum, plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another
tissue or
sample taken from an individual having such a disorder, relative to the
standard gene
expression level, i.e., the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid
from an
individual not having the disorder.
The expression of this gene in neurological tissues indicates that
polynucleotides and polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful
for the
detection, diagnosis, treatment, and/or prevention of neurodegenerative
disease states,
behavioral disorders, or inflammatory conditions. Representative uses are
described
in the "Regeneration" and "Hyperproliferative Disorders" sections below, in
Example
11, 15, and 18, and elsewhere herein. Briefly, the uses include, but are not
limited to
the detection, treatment, and/or prevention of Alzheimer's Disease,
Parkinson's
Disease, Huntington's Disease, Tourette Syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis,
demyelinating diseases, peripheral neuropathies, neoplasia, trauma, congenital
malformations, spinal cord injuries, toxic neuropathies induced by
neurotoxins,
peripheral neuropathies, multiple sclerosis, neoplasia of neuroectodermal
origin,
ischemia and infarction, aneurysms, hemorrhages, schizophrenia, mania,
dementia,
paranoia, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, panic disorder, learning
disabilities, ALS, psychoses, autism, and altered behaviors, including
disorders in
feeding, sleep patterns, balance, and perception. In addition, elevated
expression of
this gene product in regions of the brain indicates it plays a role in normal
neural
function. Potentially, this gene product is involved in synapse formation,
neurotransmission, learning, cognition, homeostasis, or neuronal
differentiation or
survival.
In addition, the expression of this gene in reproductive tissues indicates
that
polynucleotides and/or polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful
in the
treatment, prevention, detection and/or diagnosis of disorders of the
reproductive
system, including, but not limited to, breast cancer, testicular cancer and/or
ovarian
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49
cancer and/or developmental disorders. Furthermore, the protein may also be
used to
determine biological activity, to raise antibodies, as tissue markers, to
isolate cognate
ligands or receptors, to identify agents that modulate their interactions, in
addition to
its use as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as well as, antibodies directed
against the
protein may show utility as a tumor marker and/or immunotherapy targets for
the
above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 14
This gene is expressed primarily in PC3 Prostate cell line.
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the male reproductive system, particularly diseases of the
prostate.
Similarly, polypeptides and antibodies directed to these polypeptides are
useful in
providing immunological probes for differential identification of the tissues)
or cell
type(s). For a number of disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly
of the
reproductive system, expression of this gene at significantly higher or lower
levels
may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g.,
reproductive, cancerous
and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., semen, serum, plasma, urine,
synovial
fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample taken from an individual
having
such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression level, i.e., the
expression
level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an individual not having the
disorder.
The protein product of this clone would be useful for the treatment,
detection,
and/or prevention of reproductive diseases and/or disorders, particularly
prostate
cancers. The expression in the prostate tissue may indicate polynucleotides
and
polypeptides corresponding to this gene would be useful for treating,
preventing,
detecting and/or diagnosing disorders of the prostate, including inflammatory
disorders, such as chronic prostatitis, granulomatous prostatitis and
malacoplakia,
prostatic hyperplasia and prostate neoplastic disorders, including
adenocarcinoma,
transitional cell carcinomas, ductal carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, or
as
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
WO 01/34644 PCT/US00/30679
hormones or factors with systemic or reproductive functions. Furthermore, the
protein
may also be used to determine biological activity, to raise antibodies, as
tissue
markers, to isolate cognate ligands or receptors, to identify agents that
modulate their
interactions, in addition to its use as a nutritional supplement. Protein, as
well as,
5 antibodies directed against the protein may show utility as a tumor marker
and/or
immunotherapy targets for the above listed tissues.
FEATURES OF PROTEIN ENCODED BY GENE NO: 15
The computer algorithm BLASTX has been used to determine that the
translation product of this gene shares sequence homology with the murine
ubiquitinating enzyme E2-230 kDa (see, e.g., Genbank Accession No.
gb~AAA69916.1 ~ (a portion of which is shown as SEQ ID N0:131); all
information
available through the recited accession number is incorporated herein by
reference).
Based on the structural similarity these homologous polypeptides are expected
to
share at least some biological activities. Such activities are known in the
art, some of
which are described elsewhere herein. Assays for determining such activities
are also
known in the art, some of which have been described elsewhere herein.
In specific embodiments, polypeptides of the invention comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group:
WGALSVCLPSQGRASQDCLGMSRKKLRPGGGLYGQEGEAPVEEAGCADHV
MLPRHPV (SEQ ID NO: 132);
IPGSTHASADSVSPPPSVITQENLGRVKRLGCFDHAQRQLGERCLYVFPAKVE
PAKIAWECPEKNCAQGEGSMAKKVKRLLKKQVVRIMSCSPDTQCSRDHSME
DPDKKGESKTKSEAESASPEETPDGSASPVEMQDEGAEEPHEAGEQLPPFLLK
EGRDDRLHSAEQDADDEAADDTDDTSSVTSSASSTTSSQSGSGTSRKKSIPLSI
KNLKRKHKRKKNKITRDFKPGDRVAVEVVTTMTSADVMWQDGSVECNIRS
NDLFPVHHLDNNEFCPGDF V VDKRVQSCPDPAVYGV V QSGDHIGRTCMVK
WFKLRPSGDDVELIGEEEDVSVYDIADHPDFRFRTTDIVIRIGNTEDGAPHKED
EPSVGQVARVDVSSKVEVVWADNSKTIILPQHLYNIESEIEESDYDSVEGSTSG
ASSDEWEDDSDSWETDNGLVEDEHPKIEEPPIPPLEQPVAPEDKGV VISEEAA
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51
TAAVQGAVAMAAPMAGLMEKAGKDGPPKSFRELKEAIKILESLKNMTVEQL
LTGSPTSPTVEPEKPTREKKFLDDIKKLQENLKKTLDNVAIVEEEKMEAVPDV
ERKEDKPEGQSPVKAEWPSETPVLCQQCGGKPGVTFTSAKGEVFSVLEFAPS
NHSFKKIEFQPPEAKKFFSTVRKEMALLATSLPEGIMVKTFEDRMASRLGMG
S RCRCAVWAPSAQEATNLGSPNLRG (SEQ ID N0:133);
MAKKVKRLLKKQV VRIMSCSPDTQCSRDHSMEDPDKKGESKTKSEAESASP
EETPDGSASPVEMQDEGAEEPHEAGEQLPPFLLKEGRDDRLHSAEQDADDEA
ADDTDDTSSVTSSASSTTSSQSGSGTSRKKSIPLSIKNLKRKHKRKKNKITRDF
KPGDRVAVEVVTTMTSADVMWQDGSVECNIRSNDLFPVHHLDNNEFCPGDF
VVDKRVQSCPDPAVYGVVQSGDHIGRTCMVKWFKLRPSGDDVELIGEEEDV
S VYDIADHPDFRFRTTDIVIRIGNTEDGAPHKEDEPS VGQVARVDV S SKVEV V
WADNSKTIILPQHLYNIESEIEESDYDSVEGSTSGASSDEWEDDSDSWETDNG
LVEDEHPKIEEPPIPPLEQPVAPEDKGVVISEEAATAAVQGAVAMAAPMAGL
MEKAGKDGPPKSFRELKEAIKILESLKNMTVEQLLTGSPTSPTVEPEKPTREK
KFLDDIKKLQENLKKTLDNVAIVEEEKMEAVPDVERKEDKPEGQSPVKAEWP
SETPVLCQQCGGKPGVTFTSAKGEVFSVLEFAPSNHSFKKIEFQPPEAKKFFST
VRKEMALLATSLPEGIMVKTFEDRMASRLGMGRCRCAV WAPSAQEATNLGS
PNLRG (SEQ 117 N0:134). Moreover, fragments and variants of these polypeptides
(such as, for example, fragments as described herein, polypeptides at least
80%, 85%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to these polypeptides, or
polypeptides encoded by a polynucleotide which hybridizes, under stringent
conditions, to the polynucleotide encoding these polypeptides) are encompassed
by
the invention. Antibodies that bind polypeptides of the invention and
polynucleotides
encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
In addition, the translation product of this gene shown as SEQ ID N0:134 is
predicted to have a nuclear localization and may represent a novel factor
involved in
DNA compaction, replication and/or transcription.
This gene is expressed primarily in the following tissues/cDNA libraries:
Healing groin wound, 6.5 hours post incision; Dendritic cells, pooled; HUMAN B
CELL LYMPHOMA; Bone Marrow Cell Line (RS4,11); normalized infant brain
cDNA.
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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52
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are useful as reagents for
differential identification of the tissues) or cell types) present in a
biological sample
and for diagnosis of diseases and conditions which include but are not limited
to:
disorders of the immune and/or hematopoietic systems. Similarly, polypeptides
and
S antibodies directed to these polypeptides are useful in providing
immunological
probes for differential identification of the tissues) or cell type(s). For a
number of
disorders of the above tissues or cells, particularly of the immune and/or
hematopoietic systems, expression of this gene at significantly higher or
lower levels
may be routinely detected in certain tissues or cell types (e.g., immune,
hematopoietic, cancerous and wounded tissues) or bodily fluids (e.g., lymph,
serum,
plasma, urine, synovial fluid and spinal fluid) or another tissue or sample
taken from
an individual having such a disorder, relative to the standard gene expression
level,
i.e., the expression level in healthy tissue or bodily fluid from an
individual not
having the disorder.
The tissue distribution indicates that polynucleotides and polypeptides
corresponding
to this gene would be useful for the diagnosis, detection, prevention and/or
treatment
of a variety of immune system disorders. Representative uses are described in
the
"Immune Activity" and "Infectious Disease" sections below, in Example 11, 13,
14,
16, 18, 19, 20, and 27, and elsewhere herein. Briefly, the expression of this
gene
product indicates a role in regulating the proliferation; survival;
differentiation; andlor
activation of hematopoietic cell lineages, including blood stem cells.
Involvement in
the regulation of cytokine production, antigen presentation, or other
processes
indicates a usefulness in the treatment of cancer (e.g., by boosting immune
responses). Expression in cells of lymphoid origin, indicates the natural gene
product
would be involved in immune functions. Therefore it may be also used as an
agent for
immunological disorders including arthritis, asthma, immunodeficiency diseases
such
as AIDS, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatous disease, inflammatory
bowel
disease, sepsis, acne, neutropenia, neutrophilia, psoriasis,
hypersensitivities, such as
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity; immune reactions to transplanted organs and
tissues,
such as host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host diseases, or autoimmunity
disorders,
such as autoimmune infertility, lense tissue injury, demyelination, systemic
lupus
erythematosis, drug induced hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin's rheumatoid arthritis,
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
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53
Sjogren's disease, scleroderma and tissues. Moreover, the protein may
represent a
secreted factor that influences the differentiation or behavior of other blood
cells, or
that recruits hematopoietic cells to sites of injury. In addition, this gene
product may
have commercial utility in the expansion of stem cells and committed
progenitors of
various blood lineages, and in the differentiation and/or proliferation of
various cell
types. Furthermore, the protein may also be used to determine biological
activity,
raise antibodies, as tissue markers, to isolate cognate ligands or receptors,
to identify
agents that modulate their interactions, in addition to its use as a
nutritional
supplement. Protein, as well as, antibodies directed against the protein may
show
I O utility as a tumor marker and/or immunotherapy targets for the above
listed tissues.
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
WO 01/34644 PCT/US00/30679
54
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CA 02388914 2002-04-23
WO 01/34644 PCT/US00/30679
cue, 01 O v7 O O ~ ~O ~ 01 l~ N
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CA 02388914 2002-04-23
WO 01/34644 PCT/US00/30679
56
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CA 02388914 2002-04-23
WO 01/34644 PCT/US00/30679
57
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58
Table 1 summarizes the information corresponding to each "Gene No." described
above. The nucleotide sequence identified as "NT SEQ ID NO:X" was assembled
from partially homologous ("overlapping") sequences obtained from the "cDNA
clone ID" identified in Table 1 and, in some cases, from additional related
DNA
clones. The overlapping sequences were assembled into a single contiguous
sequence
of high redundancy (usually three to five overlapping sequences at each
nucleotide
position), resulting in a final sequence identified as SEQ m NO:X.
The cDNA Clone >D was deposited on the date and given the corresponding
deposit number listed in "ATCC Deposit No:Z and Date." Some of the deposits
contain multiple different clones corresponding to the same gene. "Vector"
refers to
the type of vector contained in the cDNA Clone ID.
"Total NT Seq." refers to the total number of nucleotides in the contig
identified by "Gene No." The deposited clone may contain all or most of these
sequences, reflected by the nucleotide position indicated as "5' NT of Clone
Seq."
and the "3' NT of Clone Seq." of SEQ m NO:X. The nucleotide position of SEQ m
NO:X of the putative start codon (methionine) is identified as "5' NT of Start
Codon."
Similarly , the nucleotide position of SEQ m NO:X of the predicted signal
sequence
is identified as "5' NT of First AA of Signal Pep."
The translated amino acid sequence, beginning with the methionine, is
identified as "AA SEQ )D NO:Y," although other reading frames can also be
easily
translated using known molecular biology techniques. The polypeptides produced
by
these alternative open reading frames are specifically contemplated by the
present
invention.
The first and last amino acid position of SEQ m NO:Y of the predicted signal
peptide is identified as "First AA of Sig Pep" and "Last AA of Sig Pep." The
predicted first amino acid position of SEQ ID NO:Y of the secreted portion is
identified as "Predicted First AA of Secreted Portion." Finally, the amino
acid
position of SEQ >D NO:Y of the last amino acid in the open reading frame is
identified as "Last AA of ORF."
SEQ >D NO:X (where X may be any of the polynucleotide sequences
disclosed in the sequence listing) and the translated SEQ-ID NO:Y (where Y may
be
any of the polypeptide sequences disclosed in the sequence listing) are
sufficiently
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59
accurate and otherwise suitable for a variety of uses well known in the art
and
described further below. For instance, SEQ ID NO:X is useful for designing
nucleic
acid hybridization probes that will detect nucleic acid sequences contained in
SEQ ID
NO:X or the cDNA contained in the deposited clone. These probes will also
hybridize to nucleic acid molecules in biological samples, thereby enabling a
variety
of forensic and diagnostic methods of the invention. Similarly, polypeptides
identified from SEQ ID NO:Y may be used, for example, to generate antibodies
which bind specifically to proteins containing the polypeptides and the
secreted
proteins encoded by the cDNA clones identified in Table 1.
Nevertheless, DNA sequences generated by sequencing reactions can contain
sequencing errors. The errors exist as misidentified nucleotides, or as
insertions or
deletions of nucleotides in the generated DNA sequence. The erroneously
inserted or
deleted nucleotides cause frame shifts in the reading frames of the predicted
amino
acid sequence. In these cases, the predicted amino acid sequence diverges from
the
actual amino acid sequence, even though the generated DNA sequence may be
greater
than 99.9% identical to the actual DNA sequence (for example, one base
insertion or
deletion in an open reading frame of over 1000 bases).
Accordingly, for those applications requiring precision in the nucleotide
sequence or the amino acid sequence, the present invention provides not only
the
generated nucleotide sequence identified as SEQ 117 NO:X and the predicted
translated amino acid sequence identified as SEQ ID NO:Y, but also a sample of
plasmid DNA containing a human cDNA of the invention deposited with the ATCC,
as set forth in Table 1. The nucleotide sequence of each deposited clone can
readily
be determined by sequencing the deposited clone in accordance with known
methods.
The predicted amino acid sequence can then be verified from such deposits.
Moreover, the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by a particular clone
can
also be directly determined by peptide sequencing or by expressing the protein
in a
suitable host cell containing the deposited human cDNA, collecting the
protein, and
determining its sequence.
The present invention also relates to the genes corresponding to SEQ ID
NO:X, SEQ ID NO:Y, or the deposited clone. The corresponding gene can be
isolated in accordance with known methods using the sequence information
disclosed
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herein. Such methods include preparing probes or primers from the disclosed
sequence and identifying or amplifying the corresponding gene from appropriate
sources of genomic material.
Also provided in the present invention are allelic variants, orthologs, and/or
5 species homologs. Procedures known in the art can be used to obtain full-
length
genes, allelic variants, splice variants, full-length coding portions,
orthologs, and/or
species homologs of genes corresponding to SEQ ID NO:X, SEQ ID NO:Y, or a
deposited clone, using information from the sequences disclosed herein or the
clones
deposited with the ATCC. For example, allelic variants and/or species homologs
may
10 be isolated and identified by making suitable probes or primers from the
sequences
provided herein and screening a suitable nucleic acid source for allelic
variants and/or
the desired homologue.
Table 2 provides preferred epitopes contained in certain embodiments of the
15 invention and polynucleotide sequences that may be disclaimed according to
certain
embodiments of the invention. The first column refers to each "Gene No."
described
above in Table 1. The second column provides the sequence identifier, "NT SEQ
ID
NO:X", for polynucleotide sequences disclosed in Table 1. The third column
provides
the sequence identifier, "AA SEQ ID NO:Y", for polypeptide sequences disclosed
in
20 Table 1. The fourth column provides a unique integer "ntA" where "ntA" is
any
integer between 1 and the final nucleotide minus 15 of SEQ ID NO:X, and the
fifth
column provides a unique integer "ntB" where "ntB" is any integer between 15
and
the final nucleotide of SEQ ID NO:X, where both ntA and ntB correspond to the
positions of nucleotide residues shown in SEQ ID NO:X, and where ntB is
greater
25 than or equal to a + 14. For each of the polynucleotides shown as SEQ ID
NO:X, the
uniquely defined integers can be substituted into the general formula of a-b,
and used
to describe polynucleotides which may be preferably excluded from the
invention.
Column 6 lists residues comprising predicted epitopes contained in the
polypeptides
. encoded by each of the preferred ORFs (SEQ ID NO:Y). Identification of
potential
30 immunogenic regions was performed according to the method of Jameson and
Wolf
((1988) CABIOS, 4; 181-186); specifically, the Genetics Computer Group (GCG)
implementation of this algorithm, embodied in the program PEPTIDESTRUCTURE
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61
(Wisconsin Package v10.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wisc.). This
method returns a measure of the probability that a given residue is found on
the
surface of the protein. Regions where the antigenic index score is greater
than 0.9
over at least 6 amino acids are indicated in Table 2 as "Preferred Epitopes".
Polypeptides of the invention may possess one, two, three, four, five or more
antigenic epitopes comprising residues described in Table 2. It will be
appreciated
that depending on the analytical criteria used to predict antigenic
determinants, the
exact address of the determinant may vary slightly.
Table 3 summarizes the expression profile of polynucleotides corresponding
to the clones disclosed in Table 1. The first column provides a unique clone
identifier, "Clone ID", for a cDNA clone related to each contig sequence
disclosed in
Table 1. Column 2, "Library Codes" shows the expression profile of tissue
and/or cell
line libraries which express the polynucleotides of the invention. Each
Library Code
in column 2 represents a tissue/cell source identifier code corresponding to
the
Library Code and Library description provided in Table 4. Expression of these
polynucleotides was not observed in the other tissues and/or cell libraries
tested. One
of skill in the art could routinely use this information to identify tissues
which show a
predominant expression pattern of the corresponding polynucleotide of the
invention
or to identify polynucleotides which show predominant and/or specific tissue
expression.
Table 4 provides a key to the Library Code disclosed in Table 3. Column 1
provides the Library Code disclosed in Table 3, column 2. Column 2 provides a
description of the tissue or cell source from which the corresponding library
was
derived. Library codes corresponding to diseased Tissues are indicated in
column 3
with the word "disease".
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62
Table 2
Gene NT SEQ AA SEQ nt A nt B Preferred Epitopes
ID ID
# NO: X NO: Y
1 11 52 1 - 15 - Asp-57 to Glu-62
2325 2339
Thr-91 to Ala-96
Thr-114 to Ser-131
Gly-133 to Pro-160
Gln-356 to Arg-365
Pro-383 to His-391
Leu-401 to Trp-406
Pro-430 to As
-436.
1 26 67 1 - 15 - As -57 to Gl -64.
383 397
2 12 53 1 - 15 - Arg-62 to Arg-67
1560 1574
Cys-75 to Thr-80
Lys-117 to Gln-126
Pro-321 to Met-331
Ile-366 to Thr-372
Ile-391 to Tyr-399
Ala-443 to Phe-450.
2 27 68 1 - 15 - Ar -62 to Gln-69.
621 635
2 28 69 1 - 15 -
2529 2543
3 13 54 1 - 15 - L s-40 to L s-48.
1417 1431
3 29 70 1 - 15 - L s-40 to L s-48.
2488 2502
3 30 71 ~1 - 15 -
824 838
4 14 55 1 - 15 - Lys-46 to Thr-58
1131 1145
Asn-95 to Arg-105
Ile-125 to Gln-131
Ser-171 to Leu-178
Thr-234 to Arg-242.
4 31 72 I - 15 - Lys-45 to Thr-57
1077 1091
Asn-94 to Arg-104
Ile-124 to Gln-130
Ser-170 to Leu-177
Thr-233 to Ar
-241.
15 56 1 - 15 - Gly-2 to Gly-7
1200 1214
Asp-169 to His-174
Cys-213 to Lys-220
Glu-245 to Asp-250
Trp-269 to Cys-278
Asp-290 to Thr-296
Phe-299 to Ser-305
Pro-307 to Pro-312
Pro-333 to Ser-338
Pro-353 to Gln-359.
5 32 73 1 - 15 - Gly-2 to Gly-7.
805 819
5 33 74 1 - 15 -
663 677
6 16 57 1 - 15 - Thr-51 to Cys-57
1991 2005
Pro-97 to Met-103
Thr-138 to Arg-143
Pro-158 to His-178
Pro-196 to Ala-201
Pro-222 to Ala-231.
6 34 75 1 - 15 - Thr-51 to Cys-57
2059 2073
Pro-97 to Met-103
Thr-138 to Arg-143
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Pro-158 to His-178
Pro-196 to Ala-201
Pro-222 to Ala-231.
7 17 58 1 - 15 - Arg-30 to Thr-38
2315 2329
Ser-55 to Asn-75
Gln-93 to Gln-105.
7 35 76 1 - 15 - Arg-30 to Thr-38
1915 1929
Ser-55 to Asn-75
Gln-93 to Gln-105.
8 18 59 1 - 15 - Ser-23 to Ala-32
1438 1452
Gly-40 to Ala-48
Ser-86 to Arg-97
His-194 to Ser-199.
8 36 77 1 - 15 - Ser-23 to Ala-32
776 790
Gly-40 to Ala-48
Ser-86 to Ar -97.
8 37 78 1 - IS - Ser-21 to Ala-30
841 855
Gly-38 to Ala-46
His-70 to Ser-75.
9 19 60 1 - 15 - Thr-26 to His-31
2764 2778
Gln-94 to Gly-100
Asn-120 to Lys-129
Met-140 to Gly-145
Phe-160 to Phe-168
Gly-221 to Pro-253
Pro-275 to Gl
-286.
9 38 79 1 - 15 - Thr-26 to His-31
3016 3030
Gln-94 to Gly-100
Asn-120 to Lys-129
Met-140 to Gly-145
Phe-160 to Phe-168
Gly-221 to Pro-253
Pro-275 to Gl
-286.
9 39 80 1 - 1 S - Gln-17 to Asn-24
774 788
Gln-44 to Asn-57
Ser-109 to Thr-118
Pro-134 to Cys-142
Pro-151 to Ser-161
Pro-169 to Thr-179
T -207 to Lys-212.
20 61 1 - 1 S - Ser-8 to Ser-14
2851 2865
Asp-88 to Pro-93
Leu-I 11 to Ser-116
C s-195 to Ser-206.
10 40 81 1 - 15 - Ser-8 to Ser-14
1294 1308
Asp-88 to Pro-93
Leu-111 to Ser-116
Cys-195 to Ser-206
Cys-230 to Ile-236
Gly-267 to Asp-273
Leu-282 to Phe-287
Thr-380 to Val-390.
10 41 82 1 - 15 - Thr-97 to Val-107
2026 2040
Arg-132 to Pro-140
Leu-188 to Asp-193
Thr-299 to Leu-316
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His-327 to Arg-336
T -357 to Ile-373.
11 21 62 1 - 15 - 2513Gly-63 to Gly-75
2499
Val-108 to Ser-113
Lys-142 to Leu-148
Cys-164 to Glu-170
Ala-172 to Gln-180
Gln-213 to As
-220.
11 42 83 1 - 15 - 2620Gly-63 to Gly-75
2606
Val-108 to Ser-113
Lys-142 to Leu-148
Cys-164 to Glu-170
Ala-172 to Gln-180
Gly-194 to Ser-203
Pro-213 to Thr-218.
12 22 63 1 - 15 - 2185Cys-49 to Arg-56
2171
Glu-62 to Asn-69
Glu-178 to Val-184
Glu-241 to Asn-246
Glu-293 to Ser-299
Val-307 to Pro-315
Thr-345 to Asp-360
Lys-365 to Leu-371
Lys-418 to Tyr-426
Tyr-432 to Asp-439
Ala-453 to Lys-459
Pro-477 to His-484
Ile-540 to Asn-547
Arg-553 to Gln-559.
12 43 84 1 - 15 - 537 Cys-49 to Arg-56
523
Glu-62 to Asn-69.
12 44 85 1 - 15 - 4224Val-17 to Pro-25
4210
Thr-55 to Asp-70
Lys-75 to Leu-81.
12 45 86 1 - 15 - 624 Cys-49 to Arg-56
610
Glu-62 to Asn-69.
13 23 64 1 - 15 - 2512Leu-16 to Gly-26
2498
Gly-39 to Lys-48
Gly-55 to Trp-68
Pro-101 to Val-111
Ser-119 to Pro-126.
13 46 87 1 - 15 - 1543Leu-16 to Gly-26
1529
Gly-39 to Lys-48
Gly-55 to Trp-68
Glu-104 to Pro-109
Pro-125 to Gly-133
Gl -204 to T -210.
13 47 88 1 - 15 - 810 Asn-1 to Trp-14
796
Thr-36 to Leu-43
Leu-63 to Asp-69
Ar -76 to Gln-89.
14 24 65 1 - 15 - 1996Met-1 to Gly-8
1982
Pro-33 to Ser-42
His-128 to Gln-133.
14 48 89 1 - 15 - 746 Met-1 to Gly-8
732
Pro-33 to Ser-42
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His-128 to Gln-133.
14 49 90 1 - 15 -
832 846
15 25 66 1 - 15 -
2602 2616
I 50 91 1 - I5 -
5 790 804
15 51 92 1 - 15 - Ala-I to Gly-6
832 846 Ala-22 to T -30.
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Table 3
Clone Library
ID Codes
HDPVW H0087HO100H0124H0255H0327H0393H0428H0457H0484H0506
11
H0509H0521H0522H0549H0575H0581H0587H0619H0645H0653
H0670H0672H0698L1290S002850212 0380
50278
S0280
S0354
5
S0386
HDPWP69 H0038H0046H0123H0250H0266H0484H0506H0543H0672L1290
S014450374S3014
HNGNN78 H0271H0416H04S750428
HTLHC59 H0038H0253HOS10H0616H0618L1290
HTLJF15 H0253H0618L1290S0052
HHATA33 H0003H0012H0028H0038H0042H0046H0052H0063H0087H0102
H0124H0132H0135H0187H025SH0264H0265H0266H0292H0294
H0306H0341H0376H0386H0393H0402H0412H0413H0422H0423
H0427H0435H0436H0445H0457H0486H0494H0497H0509HOS
10
H0518H0519H0520H0522H0529H0539H0542H0543H0545H0547
H0551H0555H0556H0580H0583H0586H0606H0617H0618H0619
H0622H0624H0626H0627H0628H0630H0650H0651H0660H0663
H0664H0666H0667H0668H0672H0690H0696H0697H0698L1290
5000250027S0028S0037 250
S0045
50051
S0126
S0212
S0222
S0
S027850328S0358S0360
S0366
S0404
S0418
S0420
S0424
S0458
5047053014T0006
HNTDL21 H0309H0519H0529H0574H0615H0666L1290S0378S0474
HWLJE21 H0012H0024H0026H0032H0052H0058H0087HO100HO111H0131
H0135H0144H0156H0170H0252H0253H0290H0327H0328H0352
H0424H0428H0445H0489H0521H0539H0544H0545H0546H0547
H0550H0560H0574H0575H0576H0583H0593H0599H0600H0606
H0617H0618H0635H0637H0638H0651H0656H0660H0662H0672
H0687H0690L0022L1290S0002S0007 0049
50044 S0134
50046
S
50192S021050214S0216
50344
S0356
S0358
S0388
S0420
S0442
T0006T0069
HBIMT93 H0036H0040H0519H0522H0580H0592H0593H0634H0656L0022
50002502785035450420
50434
T0109
HNTNK95 H0030H0031H0036H0046H0051H0052H0056H0083H0087H0124
H0135H0156H0194H0265H0266H0286H0290H0309H0327H0333
H0351H0393H0435H0457H0494H0509H0520H0521H0522H0529
H0539H0540H0544H0545H0547H0555HOSS6H0574H057SH0580
H0583H0592H0619H0620H0623H0628H0632H0634H0638H0645
H0646H0656H0657H0658H0659H0660H0662H0672H0675H0687
H0689H0698H0702L002250001S0002 0028
50011
S0022
50027
S
S0037S00405004550046 212
50053
50114
50134
S0144
50152
S0
S024250278S032850344
S0356
S0364
S0374
S0376
S0380
50418
S042050426S3012T0010
T0041
T0042
T0048
HWEAD64 H0013H0014H0021H0040H0046H0050HO100-H0264H0270H0316
H0318H0327H0373H0422H0435H0436H0445H0478H0497H0506
H0518H0519H0521H0522H0529H0543H0547H05S5H0556H0561
HOS75H0587H0590H0595H0599H0601H0616H0624H0625H0641
H0644H064SH0648H0658H0659H0670H0672H0684H0686L0022
S0002S0003S002650046 144
S0051
50114
S0126
50132
50142
50
50152S02145022250328
S0342
S0426
T0041
T0114
HWLHZ28 H0050H0052H0170H0251H0271H0292H044SH0483H0520H0544
H0575H0618H0620H0622H0666H0669L00225003750049S0354
HCE2P86 H0051H0052H0150H0284H0441H0494H0539H0550H0599H0620
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H0646 H0687 L0022 S0036 S0038 S0049
HPJCC05 50152
HWHHD11 H0041 H0052 H0081 H0135 H0224 H0225 I-I0255
H0265 H0286 H0309
H0373 H0411 H0542 H0547 H0549 H0556 H0581 H0586
H0592 H0618
H0620 H0646 H0674 H0684 L0022 50007 S0010 50028
S0040 50114
S0216 S0222 S0328 S0360 50424 T0006 T0049
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Table 4
Library Library Description Disease
Code
H0003 Human Adult Liver
H0012 Human Fetal Kidne
H0013 Human 8 Week Whole Embr o
H0014 Human Gall Bladder
H0021 Human Infant Adrenal Gland
H0024 Human Fetal Lun III
H0026 Namalwa Cells
H0028 Human Old Ovar
H0030 Human Placenta
H0031 Human Placenta
H0032 Human Prostate
H0036 Human Adult Small Intestine
H0038 Human Testes
H0040 Human Testes Tumor disease
H0041 Human Fetal Bone
H0042 Human Adult Pulmona
H0046 Human Endometrial Tumor disease
H0050 Human Fetal Heart
H0051 Human Hi ocam us
H0052 Human Cerebellum
H0056 Human Umbilical Vein, Endo. remake
H0058 Human Thymus Tumor disease
H0063 Human Thymus
H0081 Human Fetal E ithelium (Skin)
H0083 HUMAN JURKAT MEMBRANE BOUND POLYSOMES
H0087 Human Th us
HO100 Human Whole Six Week Old Embr o
H0102 Human Whole 6 Week Old Emb o II ,
subt
HO111 Human Placenta, subtracted
H0123 Human Fetal Dura Mater
H0124 Human Rhabdom osarcoma disease
H0131 LNCAP + o.3nM 81881
H0132 LNCAP + 30nM 81881
H0135 Human Synovial Sarcoma
H0144 Nine Week Old Earl Stage Human
H0150 Human Epidid mus
H0156 Human Adrenal Gland Tumor disease
H0170 12 Week Old Early Stage Human
H0187 Restin T-Cell
H0194 Human Cerebellum, subtracted
I-I0224 Activated T-Cells, 12 hrs, subtracted
H0225 Activated T-Cells, l2hrs, differentially
ex ressed
H0250 Human Activated Monoc es
H0251 Human Chondrosarcoma disease
H0252 Human Osteosarcoma disease
H0253 Human adult testis, large inserts
H0255 breast 1 h node CDNA librar
H0264 human tonsils
H0265 Activated T-Cell (l2hs)/Thiouridine
labelledEco
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H0266 Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells,
fract. A
H0270 HPAS human ancreas, subtracted)
H0271 Human Neutro hil, Activated
H0284 Human OB MG63 control fraction I
H0286 Human OB MG63 treated 10 nM E2 fraction
I
H0290 Human OB HOS treated (1 nM E2 fraction
I
H0292 Human OB HOS treated (10 nM E2) fraction
I
H0294 Amniotic Cells - TNF induced
H0306 CD34 de leted Buffy Coat (Cord Blood)
H0309 Human Chronic S novitis disease
H0316 HUMAN STOMACH
H0318 HUMAN B CELL LYMPHOMA disease
H0327 human co us colosum
H0328 human ovarian cancer disease
H0333 Heman io eric oma disease
H0341 Bone Marrow Cell Line (RS4,11
H0351 Glioblastoma ' disease
H0352 wilm's tumor disease
H0373 Human Heart
H0376 Human S leen
H0386 Leukoc a and Lung, 4 screens
H0393 Fetal Liver, subtraction II
H0402 CD34 de leted Buff Coat (Cord Blood),
re-excision
H0411 H Female Bladder, Adult
H0412 Human umbilical vein endothelial
cells, IL-4 induced
H0413 Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial
Cells, uninduced
H0416 Human Neutro hits, Activated, re-excision
H0422 T-Cell PHA 16 hrs
H0423 T-Cell PHA 24 hrs
H0424 Human Pituita , subt IX
H0427 Human Adi ose
H0428 Human Ovar
H0435 Ovarian Tumor 10-3-95
H0436 Restin T-Cell Library,II
H0441 H. Kidney Cortex, subtracted
H0445 Spleen, Chronic lym hoc is leukemia disease
H0457 Human Eosino hils
H0478 Salivar Gland, Lib 2
H0483 Breast Cancer cell line, MDA 36
H0484 Breast Cancer Cell line, angio enic
H0486 Hod kin's L homa II disease
H0489 Crohn's Disease disease
H0494 Keratinoc a
H0497 HEL cell line
H0506 Ulcerative Colitis
H0509 Liver, He atoms disease
H0510 Human Liver, normal
H0518 pBMC stimulated w/ poly I/C
H0519 NTERA2, control
H0520 NTERA2 + retinoic acid, 14 da s
H0521 Primar Dendritic Cells, lib 1
H0522 Primar Dendritic cells,frac 2
H0529 Myoloid Progenitor Cell Line
~
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H0539 Pancreas Islet Cell Tumor disease
H0540 Skin, burned
H0542 T Cell hel er I
H0543 T cell hel er II
H0544 Human endometrial stromal cells
H0545 Human endometrial stromal cells-treated
with ro esterone
H0546 Human endometrial stromal cells-treated
with estradiol
H0547 NTERA2 teratocarcinoma cell line+retinoic
acid (14 days
H0549 H. E ididiymus, ca ut & co us
H0550 H. E ididiymus, cauda
H0551 Human Thymus Stromal Cells
H0555 Re'ected Kidne , lib 4 disease
'
H0556 Activated T-cell(12h /Thiouridine-re-excision
H0560 KMH2
H0561 L428
H0574 He atocellular Tumor, re-excision disease
H0575 Human Adult Pulmonar ,re-excision
H0576 Restin T-Cell, re-excision
H0580 Dendritic cells, ooled
H0581 Human Bone Marrow, treated
H0583 B Cell 1 homa disease
H0586 Healing groin wound, 6.5 hours ost disease
incision
H0587 Healing groin wound, 7.5 hours ost disease
incision
H0590 Human adult small intestine,re-excision
H0592 Healin roin wound - zero hr ost-incisiondisease
(control)
H0593 Olfacto a ithelium,nasalcavi
H0595 Stomach cancer human ,re-excision disease
H0599 Human Adult Heart,re-excision
H0600 Healing Abdomen wound,70&90 min ost disease
incision
H0601 Healing Abdomen Wound,l5 da s ost disease
incision
H0606 Human Primar Breast Cancer,re-excisiondisease
H0615 Human Ovarian Cancer Reexcision disease
H0616 Human Testes, Reexcision
H0617 Human Primary Breast Cancer Reexcisiondisease
H0618 Human Adult Testes, Large Inserts,
Reexcision
H0619 Fetal Heart
H0620 Human Fetal Kidne , Reexcision
H0622 Human Pancreas Tumor, Reexcision disease
H0623 Human Umbilical Vein, Reexcision
H0624 12 Week Earl Sta a Human II, Reexcision
H0625 Ku 812F Baso hils Line
H0626 Saos2 Cells, Untreated
H0627 Saos2 Cells, Vitamin D3 Treated
H0628 Human Pre-Differentiated Adi oc es
H0630 Human Leukoc es,normalized control
#4
H0632 He atocellular Tumor,re-excision
H0634 Human Testes Tumor, re-excision disease
H0635 Human Activated T-Cells, re-excision
H0637 Dendritic Cells From CD34 Cells
H0638 CD40 activated monocyte dendridic
cells
H0641 LPS activated derived dendritic cells
H0644 Human Placenta re-excision
H0645 Fetal Heart, re-excision
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H0646 Lung, Cancer (4005313 A3): Invasive
Poorly
Differentiated Lung Adenocarcinoma,
H0648 Ovary, Cancer: (4004562 B6) Papillarydisease
Serous Cystic
Neo lasm, Low Mali nant Pot
H0650 B-Cells
H0651 Ovar , Normal: (9805C040R)
H0653 Stromal Cells
H0656 B-cells unstimulated
H0657 B-cells stimulated
H0658 Ovary, Cancer (9809C332): Poorly disease
differentiated
adenocarcinoma
H0659 Ovar , Cancer (15395A1F : Grade II disease
Pa illa Carcinoma
H0660 Ovary, Cancer: (15799A1F) Poorly disease
differentiated
carcinoma
H0662 Breast, Normal: (4005522B2)
H0663 Breast, Cancer: 4005522 A2 disease
H0664 Breast, Cancer: 9806C012R disease
H0666 Ovar , Cancer: 4004332 A2 disease
H0667 Stromal cells(HBM3.18
H0668 stromal cell clone 2.5
H0669 Breast, Cancer: 4005385 A2
H0670 Ovary, Cancer(4004650 A3): Well-Differentiated
Micro a illa Serous Carcinoma
H0672 Ovary, Cancer: (4004576 A8)
H0674 Human Prostate Cancer, Stage C, re-excission
H0675 Colon, Cancer: 9808C064R)
H0684 Ovarian cancer, Serous Pa illar Adenocarcinoma
H0686 Adenocarcinoma of Ova , Human Cell
Line
H0687 Human normal ova #96106215
H0689 Ovarian Cancer
H0690 Ovarian Cancer, # 97026001
H0696 Prostate Adenocarcinoma
H0697 NK Cells (NKYao20 Control
H0698 NK CellsYao20 IL2 treated for 48
hrs
H0702 NK15 IL2 treated for 48 hours)
L0022 Strata ene schizo brain S 11
L1290 Human lacenta olyA+ TFujiwara)
S0001 Brain frontal cortex
S0002 Monocyte activated
S0003 Human Osteoclastoma disease
S0007 Earl Sta a Human Brain
S0010 Human Amy data
50011 STROMAL -OSTEOCLASTOMA disease
50022 Human Osteoclastoma Stromal Cells
- unam lifted
50026 Stromal cell TF274
S0027 Smooth muscle, serum treated
50028 Smooth muscle,control
S0036 Human Substantia Nigra
S0037 Smooth muscle, ILIb induced
50038 Human Whole Brain #2 - Oligo dT >
l.SKb
50040 Adipoc tes
S0044 Prostate BPH disease
50045 Endothelial cells-control
S0046 Endothelial-induced
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50049 Human Brain, Striatum
S0051 Human H othalmus,Schizo hrenia disease
S0052 neutro hits control
50053 Neutro hils IL-1 and LPS induced
50114 Anergic T-cell
50126 Osteoblasts
S0132 E ithelial-TNFa and INF induced
50134 Apo totic T-cell
50142 Macro hage-oxLDL
S0144 Macro hage GM-CSF treated)
S0152 PC3 Prostate cell line
50192 Synovial Fibroblasts control
50210 Messan ial cell, frac 2
50212 Bone Marrow Stromal Cell, untreated
50214 Human Osteoclastoma, re-excision disease
S0216 Neutro hils IL-1 and LPS induced
S0222 H. Frontal cortex,e ile tic,re-excisiondisease
S0242 S ovial Fibroblasts Ill/TNF , subt
50250 Human Osteoblasts II disease
S0278 H Macropha a (GM-CSF treated), re-excision
S0280 Human Adi ose Tissue, re-excision
S0328 Palate carcinoma disease
50342 Adi ocytes,re-excision
S0344 Macro ha e-oxLDL, re-excision
S0354 Colon Normal II
S0356 Colon Carcinoma disease
S0358 Colon Normal III
S0360 Colon Tumor II disease
S0364 Human Quadrice s
S0366 Human Soleus
50374 Normal colon
50376 Colon Tumor disease
50378 Pancreas normal PCA4 No
50380 Pancreas Tumor PCA4 Tu disease
S0386 Human Whole Brain, re-excision
S0388 Human H othalamus,schizo hrenia, disease
re-excision
S0404 Rectum normal
S0418 CHME Cell Line,treated 5 hrs
S0420 CHME Cell Line,untreated
S0424 TF-1 Cell Line GM-CSF Treated
S0426 Monoc a activated, re-excision
S0428 Neutro hils control, re-excision
S0434 Stomach Normal disease
50442 Colon Normal
S0458 Th oid Normal (SDCA2 No)
S0470 Adenocarcinoma disease
S0474 Human blood latelets
53012 Smooth Muscle Serum Treated, Norm
53014 Smooth muscle, serum induced,re-exc
T0006 Human Pineal Gland
T0010 Human Infant Brain
T0041 Jurkat T-cell G 1 hase
T0042 Jurkat T-Cell, S phase
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T0048 Human Aortic Endothelium
T0049 Aorta endothelial cells + TNF-a
T0069 Human Uterus, normal
T0109 Human HCC) cell line liver mouse
metastasis, remake
T0114 Human (Caco-2) cell line, adenocarcinoma,
colon, remake
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The polypeptides of the invention can be prepared in any suitable manner.
Such polypeptides include isolated naturally occurring polypeptides,
recombinantly
produced polypeptides, synthetically produced polypeptides, or polypeptides
produced by a combination of these methods. Means for preparing such
polypeptides
S are well understood in the art.
The polypeptides may be in the form of the secreted protein, including the
mature form, or may be a part of a larger protein, such as a fusion protein
(see below).
It is often advantageous to include an additional amino acid sequence which
contains
secretory or leader sequences, pro-sequences, sequences which aid in
purification ,
such as multiple histidine residues, or an additional sequence for stability
during
recombinant production.
The polypeptides of the present invention are preferably provided in an
isolated form, and preferably are substantially purified. A recombinantly
produced
version of a polypeptide, including the secreted polypeptide, can be
substantially
purified using techniques described herein or otherwise known in the art, such
as, for
example, by the one-step method described in Smith and Johnson, Gene 67:31-40
(1988). Polypeptides of the invention also can be purified from natural,
synthetic or
recombinant sources using techniques described herein or otherwise known in
the art,
such as, for example, antibodies of the invention raised against the secreted
protein.
The present invention provides a polynucleotide comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:X, and/or a cDNA
contained
in ATCC deposit Z. The present invention also provides a polypeptide
comprising, or
alternatively, consisting of, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:Y and/or a
polypeptide encoded by the cDNA contained in ATCC deposit Z. Polynucleotides
encoding a polypeptide comprising, or alternatively consisting of the
polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:Y and/or a polypeptide sequence encoded by the cDNA
contained in ATCC deposit Z are also encompassed by the invention.
Signal Seguences
The present invention also encompasses mature forms of the polypeptide
having the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:Y and/or the polypeptide sequence
encoded by the cDNA in a deposited clone. Polynucleotides encoding the mature
forms (such as, for example, the polynucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO:X and/or
the
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polynucleotide sequence contained in the cDNA of a deposited clone) are also
encompassed by the invention. According to the signal hypothesis, proteins
secreted
by mammalian cells have a signal or secretary leader sequence which is cleaved
from
the mature protein once export of the growing protein chain across the rough
S endoplasmic reticulum has been initiated. Most mammalian cells and even
insect
cells cleave secreted proteins with the same specificity. However, in some
cases,
cleavage of a secreted protein is not entirely uniform, which results in two
or more
mature species of the protein. Further, it has long been known that cleavage
specificity of a secreted protein is ultimately determined by the primary
structure of
10 the complete protein, that is, it is inherent in the amino acid sequence of
the
polypeptide.
Methods for predicting whether a protein has a signal sequence, as well as the
cleavage point for that sequence, are available. For instance, the method of
McGeoch, Virus Res. 3:271-286 (1985), uses the information from a short N-
terminal
15 charged region and a subsequent uncharged region of the complete
(uncleaved)
protein. The method of von Heinje, Nucleic Acids Res. 14:4683-4690 (1986) uses
the
information from the residues surrounding the cleavage site, typically
residues -13 to
+2, where +1 indicates the amino terminus of the secreted protein. The
accuracy of
predicting the cleavage points of known mammalian secretory proteins for each
of
20 these methods is in the range of 75-80%. (von Heinje, supra.) However, the
two
methods do not always produce the same predicted cleavage points) for a given
protein.
In the present case, the deduced amino acid sequence of the secreted
polypeptide was analyzed by a computer program called SignalP (Henrik Nielsen
et
25 al., Protein Engineering 10:1-6 (1997)), which predicts the cellular
location of a
protein based on the amino acid sequence. As part of this computational
prediction of
localization, the methods of McGeoch and von Heinje are incorporated. The
analysis
of the amino acid sequences of the secreted proteins described herein by this
program
provided the results shown in Table 1. ,
30 As one of ordinary skill would appreciate, however, cleavage sites
sometimes
vary from organism to organism and cannot be predicted with absolute
certainty.
Accordingly, the present invention provides secreted polypeptides having a
sequence
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shown in SEQ ~ NO:Y which have an N-terminus beginning within 5 residues
(i.e.,
+ or - S residues) of the predicted cleavage point. Similarly, it is also
recognized that
in some cases, cleavage of the signal sequence from a secreted protein is not
entirely
uniform, resulting in more than one secreted species. These polypeptides, and
the
polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, are contemplated by the present
invention.
Moreover, the signal sequence identified by the above analysis may not
necessarily predict the naturally occurnng signal sequence. For example, the
naturally occurnng signal sequence may be further upstream from the predicted
signal
sequence. However, it is likely that the predicted signal sequence will be
capable of
directing the secreted protein to the ER. Nonetheless, the present invention
provides
the mature protein produced by expression of the polynucleotide sequence of
SEQ ~
NO:X and/or the polynucleotide sequence contained in the cDNA of a deposited
clone, in a mammalian cell (e.g., COS cells, as desribed below). These
polypeptides,
and the polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, are contemplated by the
present
invention.
Polynucleotide and Polypeptide Variants
The present invention is directed to variants of the polynucleotide sequence
disclosed in SEQ >D NO:X, the complementary strand thereto, and/or the cDNA
sequence contained in a deposited clone.
The present invention also encompasses variants of the polypeptide sequence
disclosed in SEQ ID NO:Y and/or encoded by a deposited clone.
"Variant" refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide differing from the
polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention, but retaining
essential
properties thereof. Generally, variants are overall closely similar, and, in
many
regions, identical to the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present
invention.
The present invention is also directed to nucleic acid molecules which
comprise, or alternatively consist of, a nucleotide sequence which is at least
80%,
85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to, for example, the nucleotide
coding sequence in SEQ ID NO:X or the complementary strand thereto, the
nucleotide coding sequence contained in a deposited cDNA clone or the
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77
complementary strand thereto, a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide
of
SEQ >D NO:Y, a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide encoded by the
cDNA contained in a deposited clone, and/or polynucleotide fragments of any of
these nucleic acid molecules (e.g., those fragments described herein).
Polynucleotides which hybridize to these nucleic acid molecules under
stringent
hybridization conditions or lower stringency conditions are also encompassed
by the
invention, as are polypeptides encoded by these polynucleotides.
The present invention is also directed to polypeptides which comprise, or
alternatively consist of, an amino acid sequence which is at least 80%, 85%,
90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical to, for example, the polypeptide sequence
shown in SEQ >D NO:Y, the polypeptide sequence encoded by the cDNA contained
in a deposited clone, and/or polypeptide fragments of any of these
polypeptides (e.g.,
those fragments described herein).
By a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence at least, for example, 95%
"identical" to a reference nucleotide sequence of the present invention, it is
intended
that the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid is identical to the reference
sequence
except that the nucleotide sequence may include up to five point mutations per
each
100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide.
In
other words, to obtain a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence at least
95%
identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5% of the nucleotides in
the
reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a
number of nucleotides up to 5% of the total nucleotides in the reference
sequence may
be inserted into the reference sequence. The query sequence may be an entire
sequence shown inTable 1, the ORF (open reading frame), or any fragment
specified
as described herein.
As a practical matter, whether any particular nucleic acid molecule or
polypeptide is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to
a
nucleotide sequence of the presence invention can be determined conventionally
using known computer programs. A preferred method for determining the best
overall match between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention)
and a
subject sequence, also referred to as a global sequence alignment, can be
determined
using the FASTDB computer program based on the algorithm of Brutlag et al.
(Comp.
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78
App. Biosci. 6:237-245(1990)). In a sequence alignment the query and subject
sequences are both DNA sequences. An RNA sequence can be compared by
converting U's to T's. The result of said global sequence alignment is in
percent
identity. Preferred parameters used in a FASTDB alignment of DNA sequences to
calculate percent identiy are: Matrix=Unitary, k-tuple=4, Mismatch Penalty=1,
Joining Penalty=30, Randomization Group Length=0, Cutoff Score=1, Gap
Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty 0.05, Window Size=500 or the lenght of the subject
nucleotide sequence, whichever is shorter.
If the subject sequence is shorter than the query sequence because of 5' or 3'
deletions, not because of internal deletions, a manual correction must be made
to the
results. This is because the FASTDB program does not account for 5' and 3'
truncations of the subject sequence when calculating percent identity. For
subject
sequences truncated at the 5' or 3' ends, relative to the query sequence, the
percent
identity is corrected by calculating the number of bases of the query sequence
that are
S' and 3' of the subject sequence, which are not matched/aligned, as a percent
of the
total bases of the query sequence. Whether a nucleotide is matched/aligned is
determined by results of the FASTDB sequence alignment. This percentage is
then
subtracted from the percent identity, calculated by the above FASTDB program
using
the specified parameters, to arnve at a final percent identity score. This
corrected
score is what is used for the purposes of the present invention. Only bases
outside the .
5' and 3' bases of the subject sequence, as displayed by the FASTDB alignment,
which are not matched/aligned with the query sequence, are calculated for the
purposes of manually adjusting the percent identity score.
For example, a 90 base subject sequence is aligned to a 100 base query
sequence to determine percent identity. The deletions occur at the 5' end of
the
subject sequence and therefore, the FASTDB alignment does not show a
matched/alignment of the first 10 bases at S' end. The 10 unpaired bases
represent
10% of the sequence (number of bases at the 5' and 3' ends not matched/total
number
of bases in the query sequence) so 10% is subtracted from the percent identity
score
calculated by the FASTDB program. If the remaining 90 bases were perfectly
matched the final percent identity would be 90%. In another example, a 90 base
subject sequence is compared with a 100 base query sequence. This time the
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deletions are internal deletions so that there are no bases on the 5' or 3' of
the subject
sequence which are not matched/aligned with the query. In this case the
percent
identity calculated by FASTDB is not manually corrected. Once again, only
bases 5'
and 3' of the subject sequence which are not matched/aligned with the query
sequence
S are manually corrected for. No other manual corrections are to made for the
purposes
of the present invention.
By a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, 95%
"identical" to a query amino acid sequence of the present invention, it is
intended that
the amino acid sequence of the subject polypeptide is identical to the query
sequence
except that the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid
alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence. In
other
words, to obtain a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95%
identical
to a query amino acid sequence, up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the
subject
sequence may be inserted, deleted, (indels) or substituted with another amino
acid.
These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at the amino or carboxy
terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between
those
terminal positions, interspersed either individually among residues in the
reference
sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
As a practical matter, whether any particular polypeptide is at least 80%,
85%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to, for instance, an amino acid
sequences shown in Table 1 (SEQ ID NO:Y) or to the amino acid sequence encoded
by cDNA contained in a deposited clone can be determined conventionally using
known computer programs. A preferred method for determing the best overall
match
between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a subject
sequence, also referred to as a global sequence alignment, can be determined
using
the FASTDB computer program based on the algorithm of Brutlag et al. (Comp.
App.
Biosci. 6:237-245(1990)). In a sequence alignment the query and subject
sequences
are either both nucleotide sequences or both amino acid sequences. The result
of said
global sequence alignment is in percent identity. Preferred parameters used in
a
FASTDB amino acid alignment are: Matrix=PAM 0, k-tuple=2, Mismatch
Penalty=l, Joining Penalty=20, Randomization Group Length=0, Cutoff Score=1,
Window Size=sequence length, Gap Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty=0.05, Window
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Size=S00 or the length of the subject amino acid sequence, whichever is
shorter.
If the subject sequence is shorter than the query sequence due to N- or C-
terminal deletions, not because of internal deletions, a manual correction
must be
made to the results. This is because the FASTDB program does not account for N-
5 and C-terminal truncations of the subject sequence when calculating global
percent
identity. For subject sequences truncated at the N- and C-termini, relative to
the
query sequence, the percent identity is corrected by calculating the number of
residues
of the query sequence that are N- and C-terminal of the subject sequence,
which are
not matched/aligned with a corresponding subject residue, as a percent of the
total
10 bases of the query sequence. Whether a residue is matched/aligned is
determined by
results of the FASTDB sequence alignment. This percentage is then subtracted
from
the percent identity, calculated by the above FASTDB program using the
specified
parameters, to arrive at a final percent identity score. This final percent
identity score
is what is used for the purposes of the present invention. Only residues to
the N- and
15 C-termini of the subject sequence, which are not matched/aligned with the
query
sequence, are considered for the purposes of manually adjusting the percent
identity
score. That is, only query residue positions outside the farthest N- and C-
terminal
residues of the subject sequence.
For example, a 90 amino acid residue subject sequence is aligned with a 100
20 residue query sequence to determine percent identity. The deletion occurs
at the N-
terminus of the subject sequence and therefore, the FASTDB alignment does not
show a matching/alignment of the first 10 residues at the N-terminus. The 10
unpaired residues represent 10% of the sequence (number of residues at the N-
and C-
termini not matched/total number of residues in the query sequence) so 10% is
25 subtracted from the percent identity score calculated by the FASTDB
program. If the
remaining 90 residues were perfectly matched the final percent identity would
be
90%. In another example, a 90 residue subject sequence is compared with a 100
residue query sequence. This time the deletions are internal deletions so
there are no
residues at the N- or C-termini of the subject sequence which are not
matched/aligned
30 with the query. In this case the percent identity calculated by FASTDB is
not
manually corrected. Once again, only residue positions outside the N- and C-
terminal
ends of the subject sequence, as displayed in the FASTDB alignment, which are
not
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matchedlaligned with the query sequnce are manually corrected for. No other
manual
corrections are to made for the purposes of the present invention.
The variants may contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding
regions, or both. Especially preferred are polynucleotide variants containing
alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but
do not alter
the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. Nucleotide variants
produced
by silent substitutions due to the degeneracy of the genetic code are
preferred.
Moreover, variants in which S-10, 1-5, or 1-2 amino acids are substituted,
deleted, or
added in any combination are also preferred. Polynucleotide variants can be
produced
for a variety of reasons, e.g., to optimize codon expression for a particular
host
(change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a bacterial host such
as E.
coli).
Naturally occurring variants are called "allelic variants," and refer to one
of
several alternate forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome of
an
organism. (Genes II, Lewin, B., ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985).)
These
allelic variants can vary at either the polynucleotide and/or polypeptide
level and are
included in the present invention. Alternatively, non-naturally occurnng
variants may
be produced by mutagenesis techniques or by direct synthesis.
Using known methods of protein engineering and recombinant DNA
technology, variants may be generated to improve or alter the characteristics
of the
polypeptides of the present invention. For instance, one or more amino acids
can be
deleted from the N-terminus or C-terminus of the secreted protein without
substantial
loss of biological function. The authors of Ron et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268:
2984-2988
(1993), reported variant KGF proteins having heparin binding activity even
after
deleting 3, 8, or 27 amino-terminal amino acid residues. Similarly, Interferon
gamma
exhibited up to ten times higher activity after deleting 8-10 amino acid
residues from
the carboxy terminus of this protein. (Dobeli et al., J. Biotechnology 7:199-
216
(1988).)
Moreover, ample evidence demonstrates that variants often retain a biological
activity similar to that of the naturally occurring protein. For example,
Gayle and
coworkers (J. Biol. Chem 268:22105-22111 (1993)) conducted extensive
mutational
analysis of human cytokine IL-1 a. They used random mutagenesis to generate
over
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82
3,500 individual IL-la mutants that averaged 2.5 amino acid changes per
variant over
the entire length of the molecule. Multiple mutations were examined at every
possible amino acid position. The investigators found that "[m]ost of the
molecule
could be altered with little effect on either [binding or biological
activity]." (See,
Abstract.) In fact, only 23 unique amino acid sequences, out of more than
3,500
nucleotide sequences examined, produced a protein that significantly differed
in
activity from wild-type.
Furthermore, even if deleting one or more amino acids from the N-terminus or
C-terminus of a polypeptide results in modification or loss of one or more
biological
functions, other biological activities may still be retained. For example, the
ability of
a deletion variant to induce and/or to bind antibodies which recognize the
secreted
form will likely be retained when less than the majority of the residues of
the secreted
form are removed from the N-terminus or C-terminus. Whether a particular
polypeptide lacking N- or C-terminal residues of a protein retains such
immunogenic
1 S activities can readily be determined by routine methods described herein
and
otherwise known in the art.
Thus, the invention further includes polypeptide variants which show
substantial biological activity. Such variants include deletions, insertions,
inversions, repeats, and substitutions selected according to general rules
known in the
art so as have little effect on activity. For example, guidance concerning how
to make
phenotypically silent amino acid substitutions is provided in Bowie et al.,
Science
247:1306-1310 (1990), wherein the authors indicate that there are two main
strategies
for studying the tolerance of an amino acid sequence to change.
The first strategy exploits the tolerance of amino acid substitutions by
natural
selection during the process of evolution. By comparing amino acid sequences
in
different species, conserved amino acids can be identified. These conserved
amino
acids are likely important for protein function. In contrast, the amino acid
positions
where substitutions have been tolerated by natural selection indicates that
these
positions are not critical for protein function. Thus, positions tolerating
amino acid
substitution could be modified while still maintaining biological activity of
the
protein.
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The second strategy uses genetic engineering to introduce amino acid changes
at specific positions of a cloned gene to identify regions critical for
protein function.
For example, site directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis
(introduction
of single alanine mutations at every residue in the molecule) can be used.
(Cunningham and Wells, Science 244:1081-1085 (1989).) The resulting mutant
molecules can then be tested for biological activity.
As the authors state, these two strategies have revealed that proteins are
surprisingly tolerant of amino acid substitutions. The authors further
indicate which
amino acid changes are likely to be permissive at certain amino acid positions
in the
protein. For example, most buried (within the tertiary structure of the
protein) amino
acid residues require nonpolar side chains, whereas few features of surface
side chains
are generally conserved. Moreover, tolerated conservative amino acid
substitutions
involve replacement of the aliphatic or hydrophobic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu
and
Ile; replacement of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr; replacement of the
acidic
residues Asp and Glu; replacement of the amide residues Asn and Gln,
replacement of
the basic residues Lys, Arg, and His; replacement of the aromatic residues
Phe, Tyr,
and Trp, and replacement of the small-sized amino acids Ala, Ser, Thr, Met,
and Gly.
Besides conservative amino acid substitution, variants of the present
invention
include (i) substitutions with one or more of the non-conserved amino acid
residues,
where the substituted amino acid residues may or may not be one encoded by the
genetic code, or (ii) substitution with one or more of amino acid residues
having a
substituent group, or (iii) fusion of the mature polypeptide with another
compound,
such as a compound to increase the stability and/or solubility of the
polypeptide (for
example, polyethylene glycol), or (iv) fusion of the polypeptide with
additional amino
acids, such as, for example, an IgG Fc fusion region peptide, or leader or
secretory
sequence, or a sequence facilitating purification or (v) fusion of the
polypeptide with
another compound, such as albumin (including, but not limited to, recombinant
albumin (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,876,969, issued March 2, 1999, EP Patent
0 413
622, and U.S. Patent No. 5,766,883, issued June 16, 1998, herein incorporated
by
reference in their entirety)). Such variant polypeptides are deemed to be
within the
scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.
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For example, polypeptide variants containing amino acid substitutions of
charged amino acids with other charged or neutral amino acids may produce
proteins
with improved characteristics, such as less aggregation. Aggregation of
pharmaceutical formulations both reduces activity and increases clearance due
to the
aggregate's immunogenic activity. (Pinckard et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2:331-
340
(1967); Robbins et al., Diabetes 36: 838-845 (1987); Cleland et al., Crit.
Rev.
Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 10:307-377 (1993).)
A further embodiment of the invention relates to a polypeptide which
comprises the amino acid sequence of the present invention having an amino
acid
sequence which contains at least one amino acid substitution, but not more
than SO
amino acid substitutions, even more preferably, not more than 40 amino acid
substitutions, still more preferably, not more than 30 amino acid
substitutions, and
still even more preferably, not more than 20 amino acid substitutions. Of
course, in
order of ever-increasing preference, it is highly preferable for a peptide or
polypeptide
to have an amino acid sequence which comprises the amino acid sequence of the
present invention, which contains at least one, but not more than 10, 9, 8, 7,
6, 5, 4, 3,
2 or 1 amino acid substitutions. In specific embodiments, the number of
additions,
substitutions, and/or deletions in the amino acid sequence of the present
invention or
fragments thereof (e.g., the mature form and/or other fragments described
herein), is
1-5, 5-10, 5-25, S-50, 10-50 or 50-150, conservative amino acid substitutions
are
preferable.
Polynucleotide and Polypeptide Fragments
The present invention is also directed to polynucleotide fragments of the
polynucleotides of the invention.
In the present invention, a "polynucleotide fragment" refers to a short
polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence which: is a portion of that
contained in
a deposited clone, or encoding the polypeptide encoded by the cDNA in a
deposited
clone; is a portion of that shown in SEQ ID NO:X or the complementary strand
thereto, or is a portion of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide
of SEQ
ID NO:Y. The nucleotide fragments of the invention are preferably at least
about 15
nt, and more preferably at least about 20 nt, still more preferably at least
about 30 nt,
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and even more preferably, at least about 40 nt, at least about 50 nt, at least
about 75
nt, or at least about 150 nt in length. A fragment "at least 20 nt in length,"
for
example, is intended to include 20 or more contiguous bases from the cDNA
sequence contained in a deposited clone or the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID
5 NO:X. In this context "about" includes the particularly recited value, a
value larger
or smaller by several (5, 4, 3, 2, or 1) nucleotides, at either terminus or at
both
termini. These nucleotide fragments have uses that include, but are not
limited to, as
diagnostic probes and primers as discussed herein. Of course, larger fragments
(e.g.,
50, 150, 500, 600, 2000 nucleotides) are preferred.
10 Moreover, representative examples of polynucleotide fragments of the
invention, include, for example, fragments comprising, or alternatively
consisting of,
a sequence from about nucleotide number 1-50, 51-100, 101-150, 151-200, 201-
250,
251-300, 301-350, 351-400, 401-450, 451-500, 501-550, 551-600, 651-700, 701-
750,
751-800, 800-850, 851-900, 901-950, 951-1000, 1001-1050, 1051-1100, 1101-1150,
15 1151-1200, 1201-1250, 1251-1300, 1301-1350, 1351-1400, 1401-1450, 1451-
1500,
1501-1550, 1551-1600, 1601-1650, 1651-1700, 1701-1750, 1751-1800, 1801-1850,
1851-1900, 1901-1950, 1951-2000, or 2001 to the end of SEQ ID NO:X, or the
complementary strand thereto, or the cDNA contained in a deposited clone. In
this
context "about" includes the particularly recited ranges, and ranges larger or
smaller
20 by several (5, 4, 3, 2, or 1) nucleotides, at either terminus or at both
termini.
Preferably, these fragments encode a polypeptide which has biological
activity. More
preferably, these polynucleotides can be used as probes or primers as
discussed
herein. Polynucleotides which hybridize to these nucleic acid molecules under
stringent hybridization conditions or lower stringency conditions are also
25 encompassed by the invention, as are polypeptides encoded by these
polynucleotides.
In the present invention, a "polypeptide fragment" refers to an amino acid
sequence which is a portion of that contained in SEQ ID NO:Y or encoded by the
cDNA contained in a deposited clone. Protein (polypeptide) fragments may be
"free-
standing," or comprised within a larger polypeptide of which the fragment
forms a
30 part or region, most preferably as a single continuous region.
Representative
examples of polypeptide fragments of the invention, include; for example,
fragments
comprising, or alternatively consisting of, from about amino acid number 1-20,
21-40,
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41-60, 61-80, 81-100, 102-120, 121-140, 141-160, or 161 to the end of the
coding
region. Moreover, polypeptide fragments can be about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,
80, 90,
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150 amino acids in length. In this context "about"
includes the particularly recited ranges or values, and ranges or values
larger or
S smaller by several (5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 ) amino acids, at either extreme or at
both extremes.
Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the
invention.
Preferred polypeptide fragments include the secreted protein as well as the
mature form. Further preferred polypeptide fragments include the secreted
protein or
the mature form having a continuous series of deleted residues from the amino
or the
carboxy terminus, or both. For example, any number of amino acids, ranging
from 1
60, can be deleted from the amino terminus of either the secreted polypeptide
or the
mature form. Similarly, any number of amino acids, ranging from 1-30, can be
deleted from the carboxy terminus of the secreted protein or mature form.
Furthermore, any combination of the above amino and carboxy terminus deletions
are
preferred. . Similarly, polynucleotides encoding these polypeptide fragments
are also
preferred.
Also preferred are polypeptide and polynucleotide fragments characterized by
structural or functional domains, such as fragments that comprise alpha-helix
and
alpha-helix forming regions, beta-sheet and beta-sheet-forming regions, turn
and turn-
forming regions, coil and coil-forming regions, hydrophilic regions,
hydrophobic
regions, alpha amphipathic regions, beta amphipathic regions, flexible
regions,
surface-forming regions, substrate binding region, and high antigenic index
regions.
Polypeptide fragments of SEQ ID NO:Y falling within conserved domains are
specifically contemplated by the present invention. Moreover, polynucleotides
encoding these domains are also contemplated.
Other preferred polypeptide fragments are biologically active fragments.
Biologically active fragments are those exhibiting activity similar, but not
necessarily
identical, to an activity of the polypeptide of the present invention. The
biological
activity of the fragments may include an improved desired activity, or a
decreased
undesirable activity. Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptide fragments are
also
encompassed by the invention.
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Preferably, the polynucleotide fragments of the invention encode a
polypeptide which demonstrates a functional activity. By a polypeptide
demonstrating a "functional activity" is meant, a polypeptide capable of
displaying
one or more known functional activities associated with a full-length
(complete)
polypeptide of invention protein. Such functional activities include, but are
not
limited to, biological activity, antigenicity [ability to bind (or compete
with a
polypeptide of the invention for binding) to an antibody to the polypeptide of
the
invention], immunogenicity (ability to generate antibody which binds to a
polypeptide
of the invention), ability to form multimers with polypeptides of the
invention, and
ability to bind to a receptor or ligand for a polypeptide of the invention.
The functional activity of polypeptides of the invention, and fragments,
variants derivatives, and analogs thereof, can be assayed by various methods.
For example, in one embodiment where one is assaying for the ability to bind
or compete with full-length polypeptide of the invention for binding to an
antibody of
the polypeptide of the invention, various immunoassays known in the art can be
used,
including but not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems
using
techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay), "sandwich" immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion
precipitation reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using
colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), western blots,
precipitation reactions, agglutination assays (e.g., gel agglutination assays,
hemagglutination assays), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence
assays,
protein A assays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays, etc. In one embodiment,
antibody binding is detected by detecting a label on the primary antibody. In
another
embodiment, the primary antibody is detected by detecting binding of a
secondary
antibody or reagent to the primary antibody. In a further embodiment, the
secondary
antibody is labeled. Many means are known in the art for detecting binding in
an
immunoassay and are within the scope of the present invention.
In another embodiment, where a ligand for a polypeptide of the invention
identified, or the ability of a polypeptide fragment, variant or derivative of
the
invention to multimerize is being evaluated, binding can be assayed, e.g., by
means
well-known in the art, such as, for example, reducing and non-reducing gel
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88
chromatography, protein affinity chromatography, and affinity blotting. See
generally, Phizicky, E., et al., 1995, Microbiol. Rev. 59:94-123. In another
embodiment, physiological correlates of binding of a polypeptide of the
invention to
its substrates (signal transduction) can be assayed.
In addition, assays described herein (see Examples) and otherwise known in
the art may routinely be applied to measure the ability of polypeptides of the
invention and fragments, variants derivatives and analogs thereof to elicit
related
biological activity related to that of the polypeptide of the invention
(either in vitro or
in vivo). Other methods will be known to the skilled artisan and are within
the scope
of the invention.
Epitopes and Antibodies
The present invention encompasses polypeptides comprising, or alternatively
consisting of, an epitope of the polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID
NO:Y, or an epitope of the polypeptide sequence encoded by a polynucleotide
sequence contained in ATCC deposit No. Z or encoded by a polynucleotide that
hybridizes to the complement of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:X or contained in
ATCC deposit No. Z under stringent hybridization conditions or lower
stringency
hybridization conditions as defined supra. The present invention further
encompasses
polynucleotide sequences encoding an epitope of a polypeptide sequence of the
invention (such as, for example, the sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO:X),
polynucleotide sequences of the complementary strand of a polynucleotide
sequence
encoding an epitope of the invention, and polynucleotide sequences which
hybridize
to the complementary strand under stringent hybridization conditions or lower
stringency hybridization conditions defined supra.
The term "epitopes," as used herein, refers to portions of a polypeptide
having
antigenic or immunogenic activity in an animal, preferably a mammal, and most
preferably in a human. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention
encompasses a polypeptide comprising an epitope, as well as the polynucleotide
encoding this polypeptide. An "immunogenic epitope," as used herein, is
defined as
a portion of a protein that elicits an antibody response in an animal; as
determined by
any method known in the art, for example, by the methods for generating
antibodies
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described infra. (See, for example, Geysen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
81:3998- 4002 (1983)). The term "antigenic epitope," as used herein, is
defined as a
portion of a protein to which an antibody can immunospecifically bind its
antigen as
determined by any method well known in the art, for example, by the
immunoassays
described herein. Immunospecific binding excludes non-specific binding but
does not
necessarily exclude cross- reactivity with other antigens. Antigenic epitopes
need not
necessarily be immunogenic.
Fragments which function as epitopes may be produced by any conventional
means. (See, e.g., Houghten, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:5131-5135 (1985),
further described in U.S. Patent No. 4,631,211).
In the present invention, antigenic epitopes preferably contain a sequence of
at
least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, more preferably at least 8, at
least 9, at least 10,
at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 20,
at least 25, at
least 30, at least 40, at least 50, and, most preferably, between about 15 to
about 30
amino acids. Preferred polypeptides comprising immunogenic or antigenic
epitopes
are at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,
90, 95, or 100
amino acid residues in length. Additional non-exclusive preferred antigenic
epitopes
include the antigenic epitopes disclosed herein, as well as portions thereof.
Antigenic
epitopes are useful, for example, to raise antibodies, including monoclonal
antibodies,
that specifically bind the epitope. Preferred antigenic epitopes include the
antigenic
epitopes disclosed herein, as well as any combination of two, three, four,
five or more
of these antigenic epitopes. Antigenic epitopes can be used as the target
molecules in
immunoassays. (See, for instance, Wilson et al., Cell 37:767-778 (1984);
Sutcliffe et
al., Science 219:660-666 (1983)).
Similarly, immunogenic epitopes can be used, for example, to induce
antibodies according to methods well known in the art. (See, for instance,
Sutcliffe
et al., supra; Wilson et al., supra; Chow et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
82:910-
914; and Bittle et al., J. Gen. Virol. 66:2347-2354 (1985). Preferred
immunogenic
epitopes include the immunogenic epitopes disclosed herein, as well as any
combination of two, three, four, five or more of these immunogenic epitopes.
The
polypept'ides comprising one or more immunogenic epitopes may be presented for
eliciting an antibody response together with a carrier protein, such as an
albumin, to
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an animal system (such as rabbit or mouse), or, if the polypeptide is of
sufficient
length (at least about 25 amino acids), the polypeptide may be presented
without a
carrier. However, immunogenic epitopes comprising as few as 8 to 10 amino
acids
have been shown to be sufficient to raise antibodies capable of binding to, at
the very
5 least, linear epitopes in a denatured polypeptide (e.g., in Western
blotting).
Epitope-bearing polypeptides of the present invention may be used to induce
antibodies according to methods well known in the art including, but not
limited to,
in vivo immunization, in vitro immunization, and phage display methods. See,
e.g.,
Sutcliffe et al., supra; Wilson et al., supra, and Bittle et al., J. Gen.
Virol., 66:2347-
10 2354 (1985). If in vivo immunization is used, animals may be immunized with
free
peptide; however, anti-peptide antibody titer may be boosted by coupling the
peptide
to a macromolecular Garner, such as keyhole limpet hemacyanin (KLH) or tetanus
toxoid. For instance, peptides containing cysteine residues may be coupled to
a
carrier using a linker such as maleimidobenzoyl- N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
(MBS),
15 while other peptides may be coupled to carriers using a more general
linking agent
such as glutaraldehyde. Animals such as rabbits, rats and mice are immunized
with
either free or Garner- coupled peptides, for instance, by intraperitoneal
and/or
intradermal injection of emulsions containing about 100 pg of peptide or
Garner
protein and Freund's adjuvant or any other adjuvant known for stimulating an
20 immune response. Several booster injections may be needed, for instance, at
intervals of about two weeks, to provide a useful titer of anti-peptide
antibody which
can be detected, for example, by ELISA assay using free peptide adsorbed to a
solid
surface. The titer of anti-peptide antibodies in serum from an immunized
animal may
be increased by selection of anti-peptide antibodies, for instance, by
adsorption to the
25 peptide on a solid support and elution of the selected antibodies according
to methods
well known in the art.
As one of skill in the art will appreciate, and as discussed above, the
polypeptides of the present invention comprising an immunogenic or antigenic
epitope can be fused to other polypeptide sequences. For example, the
polypeptides
30 of the present invention may be fused with the constant domain of
immunoglobulins
(IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM), or portions thereof (CH1, CH2, CH3, or any combination
thereof and portions thereof), or albumin (including but not limited to
recombinant
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91
albumin (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,876,969, issued March 2, 1999, EP Patent
0 413
622, and U.S. Patent No. 5,766,883, issued June 16, 1998, herein incorporated
by
reference in their entirety)), resulting in chimeric polypeptides. Such fusion
proteins
may facilitate purification and may increase half life in vivo. This has been
shown
for chimeric proteins consisting of the first two domains of the human CD4-
polypeptide and various domains of the constant regions of the heavy or light
chains
of mammalian immunoglobulins. See, e.g., EP 394,827; Traunecker et al.,
Nature,
331:84-86 (1988). Enhanced delivery of an antigen across the epithelial
barrier to the
immune system has been demonstrated for antigens (e.g., insulin) conjugated to
an
FcRn binding partner such as IgG or Fc fragments (see, e.g., PCT Publications
WO
96/22024 and WO 99/04813). IgG Fusion proteins that have a disulfide-linked
dimeric structure due to the IgG portion desulfide bonds have also been found
to be
more efficient in binding and neutralizing other molecules than monomeric
polypeptides or fragments thereof alone. See, e.g., Fountoulakis et al., J.
Biochem.,
270:3958-3964 (1995). Nucleic acids encoding the above epitopes can also be
recombined with a gene of interest as an epitope tag (e.g., the hemagglutinin
("HA")
tag or flag tag) to aid in detection and purification of the expressed
polypeptide. For
example, a system described by Janknecht et al. allows for the ready
purification of
non-denatured fusion proteins expressed in human cell lines (Janknecht et al.,
1991,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8972- 897). In this system, the gene of interest
is
subcloned into a vaccinia recombination plasmid such that the open reading
frame of
the gene is translationally fused to an amino-terminal tag consisting of six
histidine
residues. The tag serves as a matrix binding domain for the fusion protein.
Extracts
from cells infected with the recombinant vaccinia virus are loaded onto Ni2+
nitriloacetic acid-agarose column and histidine-tagged proteins can be
selectively
eluted with imidazole-containing buffers.
Additional fusion proteins of the invention may be generated through the
techniques of gene-shuffling, motif shuffling, exon-shuffling, and/or codon-
shuffling
(collectively referred to as "DNA shuffling"). DNA shuffling may be employed
to
modulate the activities of polypeptides of the invention, such methods can be
used to
generate polypeptides with altered activity, as well as agonists and
antagonists of the-
polypeptides. See, generally, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,605,793; 5,811,238;
5,830,721;
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92
5,834,252; and 5,837,458, and Patten et al., Curr. Opinion Biotechnol. 8:724-
33
(1997); Harayama, Trends Biotechnol. 16(2):76-82 (1998); Hansson, et al., J.
Mol.
Biol. 287:265-76 (1999); and Lorenzo and Blasco, Biotechniques 24(2):308- 13
(1998) (each of these patents and publications are hereby incorporated by
reference in
its entirety). In one embodiment, alteration of polynucleotides corresponding
to SEQ
ID NO:X and the polypeptides encoded by these polynucleotides may be achieved
by
DNA shuffling. DNA shuffling involves the assembly of two or more DNA
segments by homologous or site-specific recombination to generate variation in
the
polynucleotide sequence. In another embodiment, polynucleotides of the
invention,
or the encoded polypeptides, may be altered by being subjected to random
mutagenesis by error-prone PCR, random nucleotide insertion or other methods
prior
to recombination. In another embodiment, one or more components, motifs,
sections,
parts, domains, fragments, etc., of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of
the
invention may be recombined with one or more components, motifs, sections,
parts,
domains, fragments, etc. of one or more heterologous molecules.
Antibodies
Further polypeptides of the invention relate to antibodies and T-cell antigen
receptors (TCR) which immunospecifically bind a polypeptide, polypeptide
fragment,
or variant of SEQ ID NO:Y, and/or an epitope, of the present invention (as
determined by immunoassays well known in the art for assaying specific
antibody-
antigen binding). Antibodies of the invention include, but are not limited to,
polyclonal, monoclonal, multispecific, human, humanized or chimeric
antibodies,
single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab') fragments, fragments produced
by a
Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g.,
anti-Id
antibodies to antibodies of the invention), and epitope-binding fragments of
any of
the above. The term "antibody," as used herein, refers to immunoglobulin
molecules
and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e.,
molecules
that contain an antigen binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen.
The
immunoglobulin molecules of the invention can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE,
IgM,
IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g., IgGI, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2) or
subclass
of immunoglobulin molecule. In preferred embodiments, the immunoglobulin
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93
molecules of the invention are IgGI. In other preferred embodiments, the
immunoglobulin molecules of the invention are IgG4.
Most preferably the antibodies are human antigen-binding antibody fragments
of the present invention and include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab' and
F(ab')2, Fd,
single-chain Fvs (scFv), single-chain antibodies, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv)
and
fragments comprising either a VL or VH domain. Antigen-binding antibody
fragments, including single-chain antibodies, may comprise the variable
regions)
alone or in combination with the entirety or a portion of the following: hinge
region,
CHl, CH2, and CH3 domains. Also included in the invention are antigen-binding
fragments also comprising any combination of variable regions) with a hinge
region,
CH1, CH2, and CH3 domains. The antibodies of the invention may be from any
animal origin including birds and mammals. Preferably, the antibodies are
human,
murine (e.g., mouse and rat), donkey, ship rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camel,
horse, or
chicken. As used herein, "human" antibodies include antibodies having the
amino
acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin and include antibodies isolated from
human immunoglobulin libraries or from animals transgenic for one or more
human
immunoglobulin and that do not express endogenous immunoglobulins, as
described
infra and, for example in, U.S. Patent No. 5,939,598 by Kucherlapati et al.
The antibodies of the present invention may be monospecific, bispecific,
trispecific or of greater multispecificity. Multispecific antibodies may be
specific for
different epitopes of a polypeptide of the present invention or may be
specific for both
a polypeptide of the present invention as well as for a heterologous epitope,
such as a
heterologous polypeptide or solid support material. See, e.g., PCT
publications WO
93/17715; WO 92/08802; WO 91/00360; WO 92/05793; Tutt, et al., J. Immunol.
147:60-69 (1991); U.S. Patent Nos. 4,474,893; 4,714,681; 4,925,648; 5,573,920;
5,601,819; Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148:1547-1553 (1992).
Antibodies of the present invention may be described or specified in terms of
the epitope(s) or portions) of a polypeptide of the present invention which
they
recognize or specifically bind. The epitope(s) or polypeptide portions) may be
specified as described herein, e.g., by N-terminal and C-terminal positions,
by size in
contiguous amino acid residues, or listed in the Tables and Figures.
Antibodies which
specifically bind any epitope or polypeptide of the present invention may also
be
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94
excluded. Therefore, the present invention includes antibodies that
specifically bind
polypeptides of the present invention, and allows for the exclusion of the
same.
Antibodies of the present invention may also be described or specified in
terms of their cross-reactivity. Antibodies that do not bind any other analog,
ortholog, or homolog of a polypeptide of the present invention are included.
Antibodies that bind polypeptides with at least 95%, at least 90%, at least
85%, at
least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 65%, at least 60%, at least
55%, and at
least 50% identity (as calculated using methods known in the art and described
herein) to a polypeptide of the present invention are also included in the
present
invention. In specific embodiments, antibodies of the present invention cross-
react
with murine, rat and/or rabbit homologs of human proteins and the
corresponding
epitopes thereof. Antibodies that do not bind polypeptides with less than 95%,
less
than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less
than 65%,
less than 60%, less than 55%, and less than 50% identity (as calculated using
methods known in the art and described herein) to a polypeptide of the present
invention are also included in the present invention. In a specific
embodiment, the
above-described cross-reactivity is with respect to any single specific
antigenic or
immunogenic polypeptide, or combinations) of 2, 3, 4, 5, or more of the
specific
antigenic and/or immunogenic polypeptides disclosed herein. Further included
in the
present invention are antibodies which bind polypeptides encoded by
polynucleotides
which hybridize to a polynucleotide of the present invention under stringent
hybridization conditions (as described herein). Antibodies of the present
invention
may also be described or specified in terms of their binding affinity to a
polypeptide
of the invention. Preferred binding affinities include those with a
dissociation
constant or Kd less than 5 X 10-2 M, 10-Z M, 5 X 10-3 M, 10-3 M, 5 X 10-4 M,
10~ M,
5 X 10-5 M, 10-5 M, 5 X 10-6 M, 10-6M, 5 X 10-~ M, 10' M, 5 X 10-$ M, 10-g M,
5 X
10-~ M, 10-9 M, 5 X 10-' ° M, 10-' ° M, 5 X 10-" M, 10-" M, 5 X
10-' 2 M, ' °-' Z M, 5 X
10-' 3 M, 10-' 3 M, 5 X 10~' 4 M, 10-' 4 M, 5 X 10-' S M, or 10-' S M.
The invention also provides antibodies that competitively inhibit binding of
an
antibody to an epitope of the invention as determined by any method known in
the art
for determining competitive binding, for example, the immunoassays described
herein. In preferred embodiments, the antibody competitively inhibits binding
to the
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epitope by at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85 %, at least 80%, at least
75%, at least
70%, at least 60%, or at least 50%.
Antibodies of the present invention may act as agonists or antagonists of the
polypeptides of the present invention. For example, the present invention
includes
5 antibodies which disrupt the receptor/ligand interactions with the
polypeptides of the
invention either partially or fully. Preferrably, antibodies of the present
invention
bind an antigenic epitope disclosed herein, or a portion thereof. The
invention
features both receptor-specific antibodies and ligand-specific antibodies. The
invention also features receptor-specific antibodies which do not prevent
ligand
10 binding but prevent receptor activation. Receptor activation (i.e.,
signaling) may be
determined by techniques described herein or otherwise known in the art. For
example, receptor activation can be determined by detecting the
phosphorylation
(e.g., tyrosine or serine/threonine) of the receptor or its substrate by
immunoprecipitation followed by western blot analysis (for example, as
described
15 supra). In specific embodiments, antibodies are provided that inhibit
ligand activity
or receptor activity by at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least
80%, at least
75%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50% of the activity in absence of
the
antibody.
The invention also features receptor-specific antibodies which both prevent
20 ligand binding and receptor activation as well as antibodies that recognize
the
receptor-ligand complex, and, preferably, do not specifically recognize the
unbound
receptor or the unbound ligand. Likewise, included in the invention are
neutralizing
antibodies which bind the ligand and prevent binding of the ligand to the
receptor, as
well as antibodies which bind the ligand, thereby preventing receptor
activation, but
25 do not prevent the ligand from binding the receptor. Further included in
the invention
are antibodies which activate the receptor. These antibodies may act as
receptor
agonists, i.e., potentiate or activate either all or a subset of the
biological activities of
the ligand-mediated receptor activation, for example, by inducing dimerization
of the
receptor. The antibodies may be specified as agonists, antagonists or inverse
agonists
30 for biological activities comprising the specific biological activities of
the peptides of
the invention disclosed herein. The above antibody agonists can be made using
methods known in the art. See, e.g., PCT publication WO 96/40281; U.S. Patent
No.
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96
5,811,097; Deng et al., Blood 92(6):1981-1988 (1998); Chen et al., Cancer Res.
58(16):3668-3678 (1998); Harrop et al., J. linmunol. 161(4):1786-1794 (1998);
Zhu
et al., Cancer Res. 58(15):3209-3214 (1998); Yoon et al., J. Immunol.
160(7):3170-
3179 (1998); Prat et al., J. Cell. Sci. 111(Pt2):237-247 (1998); Pitard et
al., J.
Immunol. Methods 205(2):177-190 (1997); Liautard et al., Cytokine 9(4):233-241
(1997); Carlson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272(17):11295-11301 (1997); Taryman et
al.,
Neuron 14(4):755-762 (1995); Muller et al., Structure 6(9):1153-1167 (1998);
Bartunek et al., Cytokine 8(1):14-20 (1996) (which are all incorporated by
reference
herein in their entireties).
Antibodies of the present invention may be used, for example, but not limited
to, to purify, detect, and target the polypeptides of the present invention,
including
both in vitro and in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic methods. For example, the
antibodies have use in immunoassays for qualitatively and quantitatively
measuring
levels of the polypeptides of the present invention in biological samples.
See, e.g.,
Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, 2nd ed. 1988) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
As discussed in more detail below, the antibodies of the present invention may
be used either alone or in combination with other compositions. The antibodies
may
further be recombinantly fused to a heterologous polypeptide at the N- or C-
terminus
or chemically conjugated (including covalently and non-covalently
conjugations) to
polypeptides or other compositions. For example, antibodies of the present
invention
may be recombinantly fused or conjugated to molecules useful as labels in
detection
assays and effector molecules such as heterologous polypeptides, drugs,
radionuclides, or toxins. See, e.g., PCT publications WO 92/08495; WO
91/14438;
WO 89/12624; U.S. Patent No. 5,314,995; and EP 396,387.
The antibodies of the invention include derivatives that are modified; i.e, by
the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the antibody such that
covalent
attachment does not prevent the antibody from generating an anti-idiotypic
response.
For example, but not by way of limitation, the antibody derivatives include
antibodies that have been modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation,
pegylation,
phosphylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups,
proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. Any
of
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numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by known techniques,
including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation,
formylation,
metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Additionally, the derivative may
contain
one or more non-classical amino acids.
The antibodies of the present invention may be generated by any suitable
method known in the art. Polyclonal antibodies to an antigen-of interest can
be
produced by various procedures well known in the art. For example, a
polypeptide of
the invention can be administered to various host animals including, but not
limited
to, rabbits, mice, rats, etc. to induce the production of sera containing
polyclonal
antibodies specific for the antigen. Various adjuvants may be used to increase
the
immunological response, depending on the host species, and include but are not
limited to, Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels such as aluminum
hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols,
polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanins,
dinitrophenol, and
potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) and
corynebacterium parvum. Such adjuvants are also well known in the art.
Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using a wide variety of techniques
known in the art including the use of hybridoma, recombinant, and phage
display
technologies, or a combination thereof. For example, monoclonal antibodies can
be
produced using hybridoma techniques including those known in the art and
taught,
for example, in Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring
Harbor
Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988); Hammerling, et al., in: Monoclonal Antibodies
and
T-Cell Hybridomas 563-681 (Elsevier, N.Y., 1981) (said references incorporated
by
reference in their entireties). The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein
is not
limited to antibodies produced through hybridoma technology. The term
"monoclonal antibody" refers to an antibody that is derived from a single
clone,
including any eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or phage clone, and not the method by
which it
is produced.
Methods for producing and screening for specific antibodies using hybridoma
technology are routine and well known in the art and are discussed in detail
in the
Examples (e.g., Example 16): In a non-limiting example, mice can be immunized
with a polypeptide of the invention or a cell expressing such peptide. Once an
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98
immune response is detected, e.g., antibodies specific for the antigen are
detected in
the mouse serum, the mouse spleen is harvested and splenocytes isolated. The
splenocytes are then fused by well known techniques to any suitable myeloma
cells,
for example cells from cell line SP20 available from the ATCC. Hybridomas are
selected and cloned by limited dilution. The hybridoma clones are then assayed
by
methods known in the art for cells that secrete antibodies capable of binding
a
polypeptide of the invention. Ascites fluid, which generally contains high
levels of
antibodies, can be generated by immunizing mice with positive hybridoma
clones.
Accordingly, the present invention provides methods of generating
monoclonal antibodies as well as antibodies produced by the method comprising
culturing a hybridoma cell secreting an antibody of the invention wherein,
preferably,
the hybridoma is generated by fusing splenocytes isolated from a mouse
immunized
with an antigen of the invention with myeloma cells and then screening the
hybridomas resulting from the fusion for hybridoma clones that secrete an
antibody
able to bind a polypeptide of the invention.
Antibody fragments which recognize specific epitopes may be generated by
known techniques. For example, Fab and F(ab')2 fragments of the invention may
be
produced by proteolytic cleavage of immunoglobulin molecules, using enzymes
such
as papain (to produce Fab fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab')2 fragments).
F(ab')2 fragments contain the variable region, the light chain constant region
and the
CH1 domain of the heavy chain.
For example, the antibodies of the present invention can also be generated
using various phage display methods known in the art. In phage display
methods,
functional antibody domains are displayed on the surface of phage particles
which
carry the polynucleotide sequences encoding them. In a particular embodiment,
such
phage can be utilized to display antigen binding domains expressed from a
repertoire
or combinatorial antibody library (e.g., human or murine). Phage expressing an
antigen binding domain that binds the antigen of interest can be selected or
identified
with antigen, e.g., using labeled antigen or antigen bound or captured to a
solid
surface or bead. Phage used in these methods are typically filamentous phage
including fd and M13 binding domains expressed from phage with Fab, Fv or
disulfide stabilized Fv antibody domains recombinantly fused to either the
phage
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gene III or gene VIII protein. Examples of phage display methods that can be
used to
make the antibodies of the present invention include those disclosed in
Brinkman et
al., J. Immunol. Methods 182:41-50 (1995); Ames et al., J. Immunol. Methods
184:177-186 (1995); Kettleborough et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 24:952-958 (1994);
Persic
et al., Gene 187 9-18 (1997); Burton et al., Advances in Immunology 57:191-280
(1994); PCT application No. PCT/GB91/01134; PCT publications WO 90/02809;
WO 91/10737; WO 92/01047; WO 92/18619; WO 93/11236; WO 95/15982; WO
95/20401; and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,698,426; 5,223,409; 5,403,484; 5,580,717;
5,427,908; 5,750,753; 5,821,047; 5,571,698; 5,427,908; 5,516,637; 5,780,225;
5,658,727; 5,733,743 and 5,969,108; each of which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety.
As described in the above references, after phage selection, the antibody
coding regions from the phage can be isolated and used to generate whole
antibodies,
including human antibodies, or any other desired antigen binding fragment, and
expressed in any desired host, including mammalian cells, insect cells, plant
cells,
yeast, and bacteria, e.g., as described in detail below. For example,
techniques to
recombinantly produce Fab, Fab' and F(ab')2 fragments can also be employed
using
methods known in the art such as those disclosed in PCT publication WO
92/22324;
Mullinax et al., BioTechniques 12(6):864-869 (1992); and Sawai et al., AJRI
34:26-
34 (1995); and Better et al., Science 240:1041-1043 (1988) (said references
incorporated by reference in their entireties).
Examples of techniques which can be used to produce single-chain Fvs and
antibodies include those described in U.S. Patents 4,946,778 and 5,258,498;
Huston
et al., Methods in Enzymology 203:46-88 (1991); Shu et al., PNAS 90:7995-7999
(1993); and Skerra et al., Science 240:1038-1040 (1988). For some uses,
including
in vivo use of antibodies in humans and in vitro detection assays, it may be
preferable
to use chimeric, humanized, or human antibodies. A chimeric antibody is a
molecule
in which different portions of the antibody are derived from different animal
species,
such as antibodies having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal
antibody and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Methods for producing
chimeric antibodies are known in the art. See e.g., Morrison, Science 229:1202
(1985); Oi et al., BioTechniques 4:214 (1986); Gillies et al., (1989) J.
Immunol.
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Methods 125:191-202; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,807,715; 4,816,567; and 4,816397,
which
are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Humanized antibodies
are
antibody molecules from non-human species antibody that binds the desired
antigen
having one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the non-
human species and a framework regions from a human immunoglobulin molecule.
Often, framework residues in the human framework regions will be substituted
with
the corresponding residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, preferably
improve,
antigen binding. These framework substitutions are identified by methods well
known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the interactions of the CDR and
framework
residues to identify framework residues important for antigen binding and
sequence
comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions.
(See, e.g.,
Queen et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,585,089; Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323
(1988),
which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.) Antibodies
can be
humanized using a variety of techniques known in the art including, for
example,
CDR-grafting (EP 239,400; PCT publication WO 91/09967; U.S. Patent Nos.
5,225,539; 5,530,101; and 5,585,089), veneering or resurfacing (EP 592,106; EP
S 19,596; Padlan, Molecular Immunology 28(4/5):489-498 (1991); Studnicka et
al.,
Protein Engineering 7(6):805-814 (1994); Roguska. et al., PNAS 91:969-973
(1994)),
and chain shuffling (U.5. Patent No. 5,565,332).
Completely human antibodies are particularly desirable for therapeutic
treatment of human patients. Human antibodies can be made by a variety of
methods
known in the art including phage display methods described above using
antibody
libraries derived from human immunoglobulin sequences. See also, U.S. Patent
Nos.
4,444,887 and 4,716,111; and PCT publications WO 98/46645, WO 98/50433, WO
98/24893, WO 98/16654, WO 96/34096, WO 96/33735, and WO 91/10741; each of
which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Human antibodies can also be produced using transgenic mice which are
incapable of expressing functional endogenous immunoglobulins, but which can
express human immunoglobulin genes. For example, the human heavy and light
chain immunoglobulin gene complexes may be introduced randomly or by
homologous recombination into mouse embryonic stem cells. Alternatively, the
human variable region, constant region, and diversity region may be introduced
into
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mouse embryonic stem cells in addition to the human heavy and light chain
genes.
The mouse heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes may be rendered non-
functional separately or simultaneously with the introduction of human
immunoglobulin loci by homologous recombination. In particular, homozygous
deletion of the JH region prevents endogenous antibody production. The
modified
embryonic stem cells are expanded and microinjected into blastocysts to
produce
chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to produce homozygous offspring
which express human antibodies. The transgenic mice are immunized in the
normal
fashion with a selected antigen, e.g., all or a portion of a polypeptide of
the invention.
Monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen can be obtained from the
immunized, transgenic mice using conventional hybridoma technology. The human
immunoglobulin transgenes harbored by the transgenic mice rearrange during B
cell
differentiation, and subsequently undergo class switching and somatic
mutation.
Thus, using such a technique, it is possible to produce therapeutically useful
IgG, IgA,
1 S IgM and IgE antibodies. For an overview of this technology for producing
human
antibodies, see Lonberg and Huszar, Int. Rev. Immunol. 13:65-93 (1995). For a
detailed discussion of this technology for producing human antibodies and
human
monoclonal antibodies and protocols for producing such antibodies, see, e.g.,
PCT
publications WO 98/24893; WO 92/01047; WO 96/34096; WO 96/33735; Europeam
Patent No. 0 598 877; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,413,923; 5,625,126; 5,633,425;
5,569,825;
5,661,016; 5,545,806; 5,814,318; 5,885,793; 5,916,771; and 5,939,598, which
are
incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In addition, companies
such as
Abgenix, Inc. (Freemont, CA) and Genpharm (San Jose, CA) can be engaged to
provide human antibodies directed against a selected antigen using technology
similar
to that described above.
Completely human antibodies which recognize a selected epitope can be
generated using a technique referred to as "guided selection." In this
approach a
selected non-human monoclonal antibody, e.g., a mouse antibody, is used to
guide the
selection of a completely human antibody recognizing the same epitope.
(Jespers et
al., Biotechnology 12:899-903 (1988)).
Further, antibodies to the polypeptides of the invention can, in turn, be
utilized
to generate anti-idiotype antibodies that "mimic" polypeptides of the
invention using
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techniques well known to those skilled in the art. (See, e.g., Greenspan &
Bona,
FASEB J. 7(5):437-444; (1989) and Nissinoff, J. Immunol. 147(8):2429-2438
(1991)). For example, antibodies which bind to and competitively inhibit
polypeptide
multimerization and/or binding of a polypeptide of the invention to a ligand
can be
used to generate anti-idiotypes that "mimic" the polypeptide multimerization
and/or
binding domain and, as a consequence, bind to and neutralize polypeptide
and/or its
ligand. Such neutralizing anti-idiotypes or Fab fragments of such anti-
idiotypes can
be used in therapeutic regimens to neutralize polypeptide ligand. For example,
such
anti-idiotypic antibodies can be used to bind a polypeptide of the invention
and/or to
bind its ligands/receptors, and thereby block its biological activity.
Polynucleotides Encoding Antibodies
The invention further provides polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide
sequence encoding an antibody of the invention and fragments thereof. The
invention also encompasses polynucleotides that hybridize under stringent or
lower
stringency hybridization conditions, e.g., as defined supra, to
polynucleotides that
encode an antibody, preferably, that specifically binds to a polypeptide of
the
invention, preferably, an antibody that binds to a polypeptide having the
amino acid
sequence of SEQ m NO:Y.
The polynucleotides may be obtained, and the nucleotide sequence of the
polynucleotides determined, by any method known in the art. For example, if
the
nucleotide sequence of the antibody is known, a polynucleotide encoding the
antibody
may be assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides (e.g., as
described
in Kutmeier et al., BioTechniques 17:242 (1994)), which, briefly, involves the
synthesis of overlapping oligonucleotides containing portions of the sequence
encoding the antibody, annealing and ligating of those oligonucleotides, and
then
amplification of the ligated oligonucleotides by PCR.
Alternatively, a polynucleotide encoding an antibody may be generated from
nucleic acid from a suitable source. If a clone containing a nucleic acid
encoding a
particular antibody is not available, but the sequence of the antibody
molecule is
known, a nucleic acid encoding the immunoglobulin may be chemically
synthesized
or obtained from a suitable source (e.g., an antibody cDNA library, or a cDNA
library
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generated from, or nucleic acid, preferably poly A+ RNA, isolated from, any
tissue
or cells expressing the antibody, such as hybridoma cells selected to express
an
antibody of the invention) by PCR amplification using synthetic primers
hybridizable
to the 3' and 5' ends of the sequence or by cloning using an oligonucleotide
probe
specific for the particular gene sequence to identify, e.g., a cDNA clone from
a
cDNA library that encodes the antibody. Amplified nucleic acids generated by
PCR
may then be cloned into replicable cloning vectors using any method well known
in
the art.
Once the nucleotide sequence and corresponding amino acid sequence of the
antibody is determined, the nucleotide sequence of the antibody may be
manipulated
using methods well known in the art for the manipulation of nucleotide
sequences,
e.g., recombinant DNA techniques, site directed mutagenesis, PCR, etc. (see,
for
example, the techniques described in Sambrook et al., 1990, Molecular Cloning,
A
Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor,
NY and Ausubel et al., eds., 1998, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,
John
Wiley & Sons, NY, which are both incorporated by reference herein in their
entireties ), to generate antibodies having a different amino acid sequence,
for
example to create amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions.
In a specific embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy and/or light
chain variable domains may be inspected to identify the sequences of the
complementarity determining regions (CDRs) by methods that are well know in
the
art, e.g., by comparison to known amino acid sequences of other heavy and
light
chain variable regions to determine the regions of sequence hypervariability.
Using
routine recombinant DNA techniques, one or more of the CDRs may be inserted
within framework regions, e.g., into human framework regions to humanize a non-
human antibody, as described supra. The framework regions may be naturally
occurnng or consensus framework regions, and preferably human framework
regions
(see, e.g., Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 278: 457-479 (1998) for a listing of
human
framework regions). Preferably, the polynucleotide generated by the
combination of
the framework regions and CDRs encodes an antibody that specifically binds a
polypeptide of the invention. Preferably, as discussed supra, one or more
amino acid
substitutions may be made within the framework regions, and, preferably, the
amino
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acid substitutions improve binding of the antibody to its antigen.
Additionally, such
methods may be used to make amino acid substitutions or deletions of one or
more
variable region cysteine residues participating in an intrachain disulfide
bond to
generate antibody molecules lacking one or more intrachain disulfide bonds.
Other
alterations to the polynucleotide are encompassed by the present invention and
within
the skill of the art.
In addition, techniques developed for the production of "chimeric antibodies"
(Mornson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81:851-855 (1984); Neuberger et al.,
Nature
312:604-608 (1984); Takeda et al., Nature 314:452-454 (1985)) by splicing
genes
from a mouse antibody molecule of appropriate antigen specificity together
with
genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological activity can be
used.
As described supra, a chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different
portions are
derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region
derived
from a murine mAb and a human immunoglobulin constant region, e.g., humanized
antibodies.
Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain
antibodies (U.S. Patent No. 4,946,778; Bird, Science 242:423- 42 (1988);
Huston et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883 (1988); and Ward et al., Nature
334:544-54 (1989)) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies. Single
chain
antibodies are formed by linking the heavy and light chain fragments of the Fv
region
via an amino acid bridge, resulting in a single chain polypeptide. Techniques
for the
assembly of functional Fv fragments in E. coli may also be used (Skerra et
al.,
Science 242:1038- 1041 (1988)).
Methods of Producing Antibodies
The antibodies of the invention can be produced by any method known in the
art for the synthesis of antibodies, in particular, by chemical synthesis or
preferably,
by recombinant expression techniques.
Recombinant expression of an antibody of the invention, or fragment,
derivative or analog thereof, (e.g., a heavy or light chain of an antibody of
the
invention or a single chain antibody of the invention), requires construction
of an
expression vector containing a polynucleotide that encodes the antibody. Once
a
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polynucleotide encoding an antibody molecule or a heavy or light chain of an
antibody, or portion thereof (preferably containing the heavy or light chain
variable
domain), of the invention has been obtained, the vector for the production of
the
antibody molecule may be produced by recombinant DNA technology using
techniques well known in the art. Thus, methods for preparing a protein by
expressing a polynucleotide containing an antibody encoding nucleotide
sequence are
described herein. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can
be
used to construct expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences and
appropriate transcriptional and translational control signals. These methods
include,
for example, in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in
vivo
genetic recombination. The invention, thus, provides replicable vectors
comprising a
nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody molecule of the invention, or a heavy
or
light chain thereof, or a heavy or light chain variable domain, operably
linked to a
promoter. Such vectors may include the nucleotide sequence encoding the
constant
region of the antibody molecule (see, e.g., PCT Publication WO 86/05807; PCT
Publication WO 89/01036; and U.S. Patent No. 5,122,464) and the variable
domain of
the antibody may be cloned into such a vector for expression of the entire
heavy or
light chain.
The expression vector is transferred to a host cell by conventional techniques
and the transfected cells are then cultured by conventional techniques to
produce an
antibody of the invention. Thus, the invention includes host cells containing
a
polynucleotide encoding an antibody of the invention, or a heavy or light
chain
thereof, or a single chain antibody of the invention, operably linked to a
heterologous
promoter. In preferred embodiments for the expression of double-chained
antibodies,
vectors encoding both the heavy and light chains may be co-expressed in the
host cell
for expression of the entire immunoglobulin molecule, as detailed below.
A variety of host-expression vector systems may be utilized to express the
antibody molecules of the invention. Such host-expression systems represent
vehicles by which the coding sequences of interest may be produced and
subsequently
purified, but also represent cells which may, when transformed or transfected
with
the appropriate nucleotide coding sequences, express an antibody molecule of
the
invention in situ. These include but are not limited to microorganisms such as
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bacteria (e.g., E. coli, B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant
bacteriophage DNA,
plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing antibody coding
sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant
yeast
expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences; insect cell systems
infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus)
containing
antibody coding sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus
expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic
virus,
TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti
plasmid)
containing antibody coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS,
CHO,
BHK, 293, 3T3 cells) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing
promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein
promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the
vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter). Preferably, bacterial cells such as Escherichia
coli,
and more preferably, eukaryotic cells, especially for the expression of whole
recombinant antibody molecule, are used for the expression of a recombinant
antibody molecule. For example, mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary
cells (CHO), in conjunction with a vector such as the major intermediate early
gene
promoter element from human cytomegalovirus is an effective expression system
for
antibodies (Foecking et al., Gene 45:101 (1986); Cockett et al.,
Bio/Technology 8:2
(1990)).
In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be advantageously
selected depending upon the use intended for the antibody molecule being
expressed.
For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for
the
generation of pharmaceutical compositions of an antibody molecule, vectors
which
direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are
readily purified
may be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli
expression
vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., EMBO J. 2:1791 (1983)), in which the antibody
coding
sequence may be ligated individually into the vector in frame with the lac Z
coding
region so that a fusion protein is produced; pIN vectors (Inouye & Inouye,
Nucleic
Acids Res. 13:3101-3109 (1985); Van Heeke & Schuster, J. Biol. Chem. 24:5503-
5509 (1989)); and the like. pGEX vectors may also be used to express foreign
polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). In
general, such
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fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by
adsorption
and binding to matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the
presence
of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or
factor Xa
protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released
from the
GST moiety.
In an insect system, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
(AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes. The virus grows in
Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The antibody coding sequence may be cloned
individually into non-essential regions (for example the polyhedrin gene) of
the virus
and placed under control of an AcNPV promoter (for example the polyhedrin
promoter).
In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems may be
utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, the
antibody
coding sequence of interest may be ligated to an adenovirus
transcription/translation
control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This
chimeric
gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo
recombination. Insertion in a non- essential region of the viral genome (e.g.,
region
E1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of
expressing
the antibody molecule in infected hosts. (e.g., see Logan & Shenk, Proc. Natl.
Acad.
Sci. USA 81:355-359 (1984)). Specific initiation signals may also be required
for
efficient translation of inserted antibody coding sequences. These signals
include the
ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. Furthermore, the initiation codon
must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to
ensure
translation of the entire insert. These exogenous translational control
signals and
initiation codons can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic.
The
efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate
transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. (see Bittner
et al.,
Methods in Enzymol. 153:51-544 (1987)).
In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression
of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the
specific
fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing
(e.g.,
cleavage) of protein products may be important for the function of the
protein.
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Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-
translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products.
Appropriate
cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification
and
processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host
cells which
possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary
transcript,
glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such
mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERY, BHK, Hela, COS,
MDCK, 293, 3T3, WI38, and in particular, breast cancer cell lines such as, for
example, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT20 and T47D, and normal mammary gland cell
line such as, for example, CRL7030 and Hs578Bst.
For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable
expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express the
antibody
molecule may be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain
viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA
controlled by
1 S appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer,
sequences,
transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable
marker.
Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed
to
grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective
media.
The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the
selection
and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and
grow to
form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This
method may
advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the antibody
molecule.
Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and
evaluation of
compounds that interact directly or indirectly with the antibody molecule.
A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to the
herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., Cell 11:223 (1977)),
hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, Proc.
Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 48:202 (1992)), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et
al.,
Cell 22:817 (1980)) genes can be employed in tk-, hgprt- or aprt- cells,
respectively.
Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the
following
genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., Natl.
Acad. Sci..
USA 77:357 (1980); O'Hare et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1527 (1981));
gpt,
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which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan & Berg, Proc. Natl.
Acad.
Sci. USA 78:2072 (1981)); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside
6-
418 Clinical Pharmacy 12:488-SOS; Wu and Wu, Biotherapy 3:87-95 (1991);
Tolstoshev, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32:573-596 (1993); Mulligan, Science
260:926-932 (1993); and Morgan and Anderson, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62:191-217
(1993); May, 1993, TIB TECH 11(5):155-215); and hygro, which confers
resistance
to hygromycin (Santerre et al., Gene 30:147 (1984)). Methods commonly known in
the art of recombinant DNA technology may be routinely applied to select the
desired
recombinant clone, and such methods are described, for example, in Ausubel et
al.
(eds.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1993);
Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press,
NY
(1990); and in Chapters 12 and 13, Dracopoli et al. (eds), Current Protocols
in
Human Genetics, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1994); Colberre-Garapin et al., J. Mol.
Biol. 150:1 (1981), which are incorporated by reference herein in their
entireties.
The expression levels of an antibody molecule can be increased by vector
amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and Hentschel, The use of vectors
based
on gene amplification for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells in
DNA
cloning, Vol.3. (Academic Press, New York, 1987)). When a marker in the vector
system expressing antibody is amplifiable, increase in the level of inhibitor
present in
culture of host cell will increase the number of copies of the marker gene.
Since the
amplified region is associated with the antibody gene, production of the
antibody will
also increase (Grouse et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:257 (1983)).
The host cell may be co-transfected with two expression vectors of the
invention, the first vector encoding a heavy chain derived polypeptide and the
second
vector encoding a light chain derived polypeptide. The two vectors may contain
identical selectable markers which enable equal expression of heavy and light
chain
polypeptides. Alternatively, a single vector may be used which encodes, and is
capable of expressing, both heavy and light chain polypeptides. In such
situations,
the light chain should be placed before the heavy chain to avoid an excess of
toxic
free heavy chain (Proudfoot, Nature 322:52 (1986); Kohler, Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci.
USA 77:2197 (1980)). The coding sequences for the heavy and light chains may
comprise cDNA or genomic DNA.
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Once an antibody molecule of the invention has been produced by an animal,
chemically synthesized, or recombinantly expressed, it may be purified by any
method known in the art for purification of an immunoglobulin molecule, for
example, by chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly by
affinity for
the specific antigen after Protein A, and sizing column chromatography),
centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique
for the
purification of proteins. In addition, the antibodies of the present invention
or
fragments thereof can be fused to heterologous polypeptide sequences described
herein or otherwise known in the art, to facilitate purification.
The present invention encompasses antibodies recombinantly fused or
chemically conjugated (including both covalently and non-covalently
conjugations)
to a polypeptide (or portion thereof, preferably at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
60, 70, 80,
90 or 100 amino acids of the polypeptide) of the present invention to generate
fusion
proteins. The fusion does not necessarily need to be direct, but may occur
through
linker sequences. The antibodies may be specific for antigens other than
polypeptides
(or portion thereof, preferably at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or
100 amino
acids of the polypeptide) of the present invention. For example, antibodies
may be
used to target the polypeptides of the present invention to particular cell
types, either
in vitro or in vivo, by fusing or conjugating the polypeptides of the present
invention
to antibodies specific for particular cell surface receptors. Antibodies fused
or
conjugated to the polypeptides of the present invention may also be used in in
vitro
immunoassays and purification methods using methods known in the art. See
e.g.,
Harbor et al., supra, and PCT publication WO 93/21232; EP 439,095; Naramura et
al., Immunol. Lett. 39:91-99 (1994); U.S. Patent 5,474,981; Gillies et al.,
PNAS
89:1428-1432 (1992); Fell et al., J. Immunol. 146:2446-2452(1991), which are
incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The present invention further includes compositions comprising the
polypeptides of the present invention fused or conjugated to antibody domains
other
than the variable regions. For example, the polypeptides of the present
invention may
be fused or conjugated to an antibody Fc region, or portion thereof. The
antibody
portion fused to a polypeptide of the present invention may comprise the
constant
region, hinge region, CH1 domain, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain or any
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combination of whole domains or portions thereof. The polypeptides may also be
fused or conjugated to the above antibody portions to form multimers. For
example,
Fc portions fused to the polypeptides of the present invention can form dimers
through disulfide bonding between the Fc portions. Higher multimeric forms can
be
made by fusing the polypeptides to portions of IgA and IgM. Methods for fusing
or
conjugating the polypeptides of the present invention to antibody portions are
known
in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,336,603; 5,622,929; 5,359,046;
5,349,053;
5,447,851; 5,112,946; EP 307,434; EP 367,166; PCT publications WO 96/04388; WO
91/06570; Ashkenazi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10535-10539 (1991);
Zheng et al., J. Immunol. 154:5590-5600 (1995); and Vil et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci.
USA 89:11337- 11341(1992) (said references incorporated by reference in their
entireties).
As discussed, supra, the polypeptides corresponding to a polypeptide,
polypeptide fragment, or a variant of SEQ )D NO:Y may be fused or conjugated
to
the above antibody portions to increase the in vivo half life of the
polypeptides or for
use in immunoassays using methods known in the art. Further, the polypeptides
corresponding to SEQ m NO:Y may be fused or conjugated to the above antibody
portions to facilitate purification. One reported example describes chimeric
proteins
consisting of the first two domains of the human CD4-polypeptide and various
domains of the constant regions of the heavy or light chains of mammalian
immunoglobulins. (EP 394,827; Traunecker et al., Nature 331:84-86 (1988). The
polypeptides of the present invention fused or conjugated to an antibody
having
disulfide- linked dimeric structures (due to the IgG) may also be more
efficient in
binding and neutralizing other molecules, than the monomeric secreted protein
or
protein fragment alone. (Fountoulakis et al., J. Biochem. 270:3958-3964
(1995)). In
many cases, the Fc part in a fusion protein is beneficial in therapy and
diagnosis, and
thus can result in, for example, improved pharmacokinetic properties. (EP A
232,262). Alternatively, deleting the Fc part after the fusion protein has
been
expressed, detected, and purified, would be desired. For example, the Fc
portion may
hinder therapy and diagnosis if the fusion protein is used as an antigen for
immunizations. In drug discovery, for example, human proteins, such as hIL-5,
have
been fused with Fc portions for the purpose of high-throughput screening
assays to
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identify antagonists of hIL-5. (See, Bennett et al., J. Molecular Recognition
8:52-58
(1995); Johanson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:9459-9471 (1995).
Moreover, the antibodies or fragments thereof of the present invention can be
fused to marker sequences, such as a peptide to facilitate purification. In
preferred
embodiments, the marker amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, such
as the
tag provided in a pQE vector (QIAGEN, Inc., 9259 Eton Avenue, Chatsworth, CA,
91311), among others, many of which are commercially available. As described
in
Gentz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:821-824 (1989), for instance, hexa-
histidine provides for convenient purification of the fusion protein. Other
peptide tags
useful for purification include, but are not limited to, the "HA" tag, which
corresponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein
(Wilson
et al., Cell 37:767 (1984)) and the "flag" tag.
The present invention further encompasses antibodies or fragments thereof
conjugated to a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. The antibodies can be used
1 S diagnostically to, for example, monitor the development or progression of
a tumor as
part of a clinical testing procedure to, e.g., determine the efficacy of a
given
treatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling the antibody to a
detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include various
enzymes,
prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials,
bioluminescent
materials, radioactive materials, positron emitting metals using various
positron
emission tomographies, and nonradioactive paramagnetic metal ions. The
detectable
substance may be coupled or conjugated either directly to the antibody (or
fragment
thereof) or indirectly, through an intermediate (such as, for example, a
linker known
in the art) using techniques known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Patent
No.
4,741,900 for metal ions which can be conjugated to antibodies for use as
diagnostics
according to the present invention: Examples of suitable enzymes include
horseradish
peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase;
examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin
and
avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include
umbelliferone,
fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine
fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent
material
includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase,
luciferin,
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and aequorin; and examples of suitable radioactive material include 125I,
131I, 11 l In
or 99Tc.
Further; an antibody or fragment thereof may be conjugated to a therapeutic
moiety such as a cytotoxin, e.g., a cytostatic or cytocidal agent, a
therapeutic agent or
a radioactive metal ion, e.g., alpha-emitters such as, for example, 213Bi. A
cytotoxin
or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples
include
paclitaxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine,
mitomycin,
etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin,
daunorubicin,
dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-
dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine,
propranolol, and
puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are
not
limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-
thioguanine,
cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g.,
mechlorethamine,
thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNi~,
cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and
cis-
dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g.,
daunorubicin
(formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin
(formerly
actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic
agents (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine).
The conjugates of the invention can be used for modifying a given biological
response, the therapeutic agent or drug moiety is not to be construed as
limited to
classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moiety may be a
protein
or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity. Such proteins may
include,
for example, a toxin such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or
diphtheria
toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor, a-interferon, f3-interferon,
nerve growth
factor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator, an
apoptotic
agent, e.g., TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, AIM I (See, International Publication No. WO
97/33899), AIM II (See, International Publication No. WO 97/34911), Fas Ligand
(Takahashi et al., Int. Immunol., 6:1567-1574 (1994)), VEGI (See,
International
Publication No. WO 99/23105), a thrombotic agent or an anti- angiogenic agent,
e.g.,
angiostatin or endostatin; or, biological response modifiers such as, for
example,.
lymphokines, interleukin-1 ("IL-1 "), interleukin-2 ("IL-2"), interleukin-6
("IL-6"),
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granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ("GM-CSF"), granulocyte
colony
stimulating factor ("G-CSF"), or other growth factors.
Antibodies may also be attached to solid supports, which are particularly
useful for immunoassays or purification of the target antigen. Such solid
supports
include, but are not limited to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon,
polystyrene,
polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene.
Techniques for conjugating such therapeutic moiety to antibodies are well
known, see, e.g., Arnon et al., "Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of
Drugs In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy,
Reisfeld
et al. (eds.), pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1985); Hellstrom et al.,
"Antibodies For
Drug Delivery", in Controlled' Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson et al.
(eds.), pp.
623-53 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1987); Thorpe, "Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic
Agents
In Cancer Therapy: A Review", in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological And
Clinical Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985); "Analysis,
Results,
And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In
Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy,
Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), and Thorpe et al.,
"The
Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates", Immunol.
Rev. 62:119-58 (1982).
Alternatively, an antibody can be conjugated to a second antibody to form an
antibody heteroconjugate as described by Segal in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980,
which
is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
An antibody, with or without a therapeutic moiety conjugated to it,
administered alone or in combination with cytotoxic factors) and/or
cytokine(s) can
be used as a therapeutic.
Immunophenotyping
The antibodies of the invention may be utilized for immunophenotyping of
cell lines and biological samples. The translation product of the gene of the
present
invention may be useful as a cell specific marker, or more specifically as a
cellular
marker that is differentially expressed at various stages of differentiation
and/or
maturation of particular cell types. Monoclonal antibodies directed against a
specific
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epitope, or combination of epitopes, will allow for the screening of cellular
populations expressing the marker. Various techniques can be utilized using
monoclonal antibodies to screen for cellular populations expressing the
marker(s), and
include magnetic separation using antibody-coated magnetic beads, "panning"
with
S antibody attached to a solid matrix (i.e., plate), and flow cytometry (See,
e.g., U.S.
Patent 5,985,660; and Morrison et al., Cell, 96:737-49 (1999)).
These techniques allow for the screening of particular populations of cells,
such as might be found with hematological malignancies (i.e. minimal residual
disease (MRD) in acute leukemic patients) and "non-self' cells in
transplantations to
prevent Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD). Alternatively, these techniques
allow for
the screening of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells capable of undergoing
proliferation and/or differentiation, as might be found in human umbilical
cord blood.
Assays For Antibody Binding
The antibodies of the invention may be assayed for immunospecific binding
by any method known in the art. The immunoassays which can be used include but
are not limited to competitive and non-competitive assay systems using
techniques
such as western blots, radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay), "sandwich" immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, precipitin
reactions,
gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, agglutination
assays,
complement-fixation assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent
immunoassays,
protein A immunoassays, to name but a few. Such assays are routine and well
known in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Current Protocols in
Molecular
Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, which is incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety). Exemplary immunoassays are described
briefly
below (but are not intended by way of limitation).
Immunoprecipitation protocols generally comprise lysing a population of cells
in a lysis buffer such as RIPA buffer ( 1 % NP-40 or Triton X- 100, 1 % sodium
deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 0.15 M NaCI, 0.01 M sodium phosphate at pH 7.2, 1%
Trasylol) supplemented with protein phosphatase and/or protease inhibitors
(e.g.,
EDTA, PMSF, aprotinin, sodium vanadate), adding the antibody of interest to
the cell
lysate, incubating for a period of time (e.g., 1-4 hours) at 4° C,
adding protein A
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and/or protein G sepharose beads to the cell lysate, incubating for about an
hour or
more at 4° C, washing the beads in lysis buffer and resuspending the
beads in
SDS/sample buffer. The ability of the antibody of interest to
immunoprecipitate a
particular antigen can be assessed by, e.g., western blot analysis. One of
skill in the
S art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to
increase the
binding of the antibody to an antigen and decrease the background (e.g., pre-
clearing
the cell lysate with sepharose beads). For further discussion regarding
immunoprecipitation protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds, 1994, Current
Protocols in
Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York at 10.16.1.
Western blot analysis generally comprises preparing protein samples,
electrophoresis of the protein samples in a polyacrylamide gel (e.g., 8%- 20%
SDS-
PAGE depending on the molecular weight of the antigen), transfernng the
protein
sample from the polyacrylamide gel to a membrane such as nitrocellulose, PVDF
or
nylon, blocking the membrane in blocking solution (e.g., PBS with 3% BSA or
non-
fat milk), washing the membrane in washing buffer (e.g., PBS-Tween 20),
blocking
the membrane with primary antibody (the antibody of interest) diluted in
blocking
buffer, washing the membrane in washing buffer, blocking the membrane with a
secondary antibody (which recognizes the primary antibody, e.g., an anti-human
antibody) conjugated to an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase
or
alkaline phosphatase) or radioactive molecule (e.g., 32P or 125I) diluted in
blocking
buffer, washing the membrane in wash buffer, and detecting the presence of the
antigen. One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters
that can
be modified to increase the signal detected and to reduce the background
noise. For
further discussion regarding western blot protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al,
eds, 1994,
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York
at 10.8.1.
ELISAs comprise preparing antigen, coating the well of a 96 well microtiter
plate with the antigen, adding the antibody of interest conjugated to a
detectable
compound such as an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or
alkaline
phosphatase) to the well and incubating for a period of time, and detecting
the
presence of the antigen. In ELISAs the antibody of interest does not have to
be
conjugated to a detectable compound; instead, a second antibody (which
recognizes
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the antibody of interest) conjugated to a detectable compound may be added to
the
well. Further, instead of coating the well with the antigen, the antibody may
be
coated to the well. In this case, a second antibody conjugated to a detectable
compound may be added following the addition of the antigen of interest to the
coated well. One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the
parameters that
can be modified to increase the signal detected as well as other variations of
ELISAs
known in the art. For further discussion regarding ELISAs see, e.g., Ausubel
et al,
eds, 1994, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.,
New York at 11.2.1.
The binding affinity of an antibody to an antigen and the off rate of an
antibody-antigen interaction can be determined by competitive binding assays.
One
example of a competitive binding assay is a radioimmunoassay comprising the
incubation of labeled antigen (e.g., 3H or 125I) with the antibody of interest
in the
presence of increasing amounts of unlabeled antigen, and the detection of the
1 S antibody bound to the labeled antigen. The affinity of the antibody of
interest for a
particular antigen and the binding off rates can be determined from the data
by
scatchard plot analysis. Competition with a second antibody can also be
determined
using radioimmunoassays. In this case, the antigen is incubated with antibody
of
interest conjugated to a labeled compound (e.g., 3H or 125I) in the presence
of
increasing amounts of an unlabeled second antibody.
Therapeutic Uses
The present invention is further directed to antibody-based therapies which
involve administering antibodies of the invention to an animal, preferably a
mammal,
and most preferably a human, patient for treating one or more of the disclosed
diseases, disorders, or conditions. Therapeutic compounds of the invention
include,
but are not limited to, antibodies of the invention (including fragments,
analogs and
derivatives thereof as described herein) and nucleic acids encoding antibodies
of the
invention (including fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof and anti-
idiotypic
antibodies as described herein). The antibodies of the invention can be used
to treat,
inhibit or prevent diseases, disorders or conditions associated with aberrant
expression
and/or activity of a polypeptide of the invention, including, but not limited
to, any
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one or more of the diseases, disorders, or conditions described herein. The
treatment
and/or prevention of diseases, disorders, or conditions associated with
aberrant
expression and/or activity of a polypeptide of the invention includes, but is
not
limited to, alleviating symptoms associated with those diseases, disorders or
conditions. Antibodies of the invention may be provided in pharmaceutically
acceptable compositions as known in the art or as described herein.
A summary of the ways in which the antibodies of the present invention may
be used therapeutically includes binding polynucleotides or polypeptides of
the
present invention locally or systemically in the body or by direct
cytotoxicity of the
antibody, e.g. as mediated by complement (CDC) or by effector cells (ADCC).
Some of these approaches are described in more detail below. Armed with the
teachings provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will know how to
use the
antibodies of the present invention for diagnostic, monitoring or therapeutic
purposes
without undue experimentation.
The antibodies of this invention may be advantageously utilized in
combination with other monoclonal or chimeric antibodies, or with lymphokines
or
hematopoietic growth factors (such as, e.g., IL-2, IL-3 and IL-7), for
example, which
serve to increase the number or activity of effector cells which interact with
the
antibodies.
The antibodies of the invention may be administered alone or in combination
with other types of treatments (e.g., radiation therapy, chemotherapy,
hormonal
therapy, immunotherapy and anti-tumor agents). Generally, administration of
products of a species origin or species reactivity (in the case of antibodies)
that is the
same species as that of the patient is preferred. Thus, in a preferred
embodiment,
human antibodies, fragments derivatives, analogs, or nucleic acids, are
administered
to a human patient for therapy or prophylaxis.
It is preferred to use high affinity and/or potent in vivo inhibiting and/or
neutralizing antibodies against polypeptides or polynucleotides of the present
invention, fragments or regions thereof, for both immunoassays directed to and
therapy of disorders related to polynucleotides or polypeptides, including
fragments
thereof, of the present invention. Such antibodies, fragments, or regions,
will
preferably have an affinity for polynucleotides or polypeptides of the
invention,
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including fragments thereof. Preferred binding affinities include those with a
dissociation constant or Kd less than 5 X 10-2 M, 10-2 M, S X 10-3 M, 10-3 M,
5 X 10-
4 M, 10-4 M, 5 X 10-5 M, 10-5 M, 5 X 10-~ M, 10-6 M, 5 X 10-~ M, 10-~ M, 5 X
10-g M,
10-8 M, 5 X 109 M, 10-9 M, 5 X 10-' ° M, 10-' ° M, 5 X 10-" M,
10-" M, 5 X 10-' Z M,
10-' Z M, 5 X 10-' 3 M, 10-' 3 M, 5 X 10-' 4 M, 10-' 4 M, 5 X 10-' S M, and 10-
' S M.
Gene Therapy
In a specific embodiment, nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding
antibodies or functional derivatives thereof, are administered to treat,
inhibit or
prevent a disease or disorder associated with aberrant expression and/or
activity of a
polypeptide of the invention, by way of gene therapy. Gene therapy refers to
therapy
performed by the administration to a subject of an expressed or expressible
nucleic
acid. In this embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acids produce their
encoded
protein that mediates a therapeutic effect:
Any of the methods for gene therapy available in the art can be used according
to the present invention. Exemplary methods are described below.
For general reviews of the methods of gene therapy, see Goldspiel et al.,
Clinical Pharmacy 12:488-505 (1993); Wu and Wu, Biotherapy 3:87-95 (1991);
Tolstoshev, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32:573-596 (1993); Mulligan, Science
260:926-932 (1993); and Morgan and Anderson, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62:191-217
(1993); May, TIBTECH 11(5):155-215 (1993). Methods commonly known in the art
of recombinant DNA technology which can be used are described in Ausubel et
al.
(eds.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1993);
and
Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press,
NY
(1990).
In a preferred aspect, the compound comprises nucleic acid sequences
encoding an antibody, said nucleic acid sequences being part of expression
vectors
that express the antibody or fragments or chimeric proteins or heavy or light
chains
thereof in a suitable host. In particular, such nucleic acid sequences have
promoters
operably linked to the antibody coding region, said promoter being inducible
or
constitutive, and, optionally, tissue- specific. In another particular
embodiment,
nucleic acid molecules are used in which the antibody coding sequences and any
other
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desired sequences are flanked by regions that promote homologous recombination
at a
desired site in the genome, thus providing for intrachromosomal expression of
the
antibody encoding nucleic acids (Koller and Smithies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA
86:8932-8935 (1989); Zijlstra et al., Nature 342:435-438 (1989). In specific
embodiments, the expressed antibody molecule is a single chain antibody;
alternatively, the nucleic acid sequences include sequences encoding both the
heavy
and light chains, or fragments thereof, of the antibody.
Delivery of the nucleic acids into a patient may be either direct, in which
case
the patient is directly exposed to the nucleic acid or nucleic acid- carrying
vectors, or
indirect, in which case, cells are first transformed. with the nucleic acids
in vitro, then
transplanted into the patient. These two approaches are known, respectively,
as in
vivo or ex vivo gene therapy.
In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid sequences are directly administered
in vivo, where it is expressed to produce the encoded product. This can be
accomplished by any of numerous methods known in the art, e.g., by
constructing
them as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and
administering it so
that they become intracellular, e.g., by infection using defective or
attenuated
retrovirals or other viral vectors (see U.S. Patent No. 4,980,286), or by
direct
injection of naked DNA, or by use of microparticle bombardment (e.g., a gene
gun;
Biolistic, Dupont), or coating with lipids or cell-surface receptors or
transfecting
agents, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, or microcapsules, or by
administering them in linkage to a peptide which is known to enter the
nucleus, by
administering it in linkage to a ligand subject to receptor-mediated
endocytosis (see,
e.g., Wu and Wu, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432 (1987)) (which can be used to
target
cell types specifically expressing the receptors), etc. In another embodiment,
nucleic
acid-ligand complexes can be formed in which the ligand comprises a fusogenic
viral
peptide to disrupt endosomes, allowing the nucleic acid to avoid lysosomal
degradation. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid can be targeted in
vivo for
cell specific uptake and expression, by targeting a specific receptor (see,
e.g., PCT
Publications WO 92/06180; WO 92/22635; W092/20316; W093/14188, WO
93/20221). Alternatively, the nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly
and
incorporated within host cell DNA for expression, by homologous recombination
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(Koller and Smithies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8932-8935 (1989); Zijlstra
et al.,
Nature 342:435-438 (1989)).
In a specific embodiment, viral vectors that contains nucleic acid sequences
encoding an antibody of the invention are used. For example, a retroviral
vector can
be used (see Miller et al., Meth. Enzymol. 217:581-599 (1993)). These
retroviral
vectors contain the components necessary for the correct packaging of the
viral
genome and integration into the host cell DNA. The nucleic acid sequences
encoding
the antibody to be used in gene therapy are cloned into one or more vectors,
which
facilitates delivery of the gene into a patient. More detail about retroviral
vectors can
be found in Boesen et al., Biotherapy 6:291-302 (1994), which describes the
use of a
retroviral vector to deliver the mdrl gene to hematopoietic stem cells in
order to
make the stem cells more resistant to chemotherapy. Other references
illustrating the
use of retroviral vectors in gene therapy are: Clowes et al., J. Clin. Invest.
93:644-
651 (1994); Kiem et al., Blood 83:1467-1473 (1994); Salmons and Gunzberg,
Human
Gene Therapy 4:129-141 (1993); and Grossman and Wilson, Curr. Opin. in
Genetics
and Devel. 3:110-114 (1993).
Adenoviruses are other viral vectors that can be used in gene therapy.
Adenoviruses are especially attractive vehicles for delivering genes to
respiratory
epithelia. Adenoviruses naturally infect respiratory epithelia where they
cause a mild
disease. Other targets for adenovirus-based delivery systems are liver, the
central
nervous system, endothelial cells, and muscle. Adenoviruses have the advantage
of
being capable of infecting non-dividing cells. Kozarsky and Wilson, Current
Opinion in Genetics and Development 3:499-503 (1993) present a review of
adenovirus-based gene therapy. Bout et al., Human Gene Therapy 5:3-10 (1994)
demonstrated the use of adenovirus vectors to transfer genes to the
respiratory
epithelia of rhesus monkeys. Other instances of the use of adenoviruses in
gene
therapy can be found in Rosenfeld et al., Science 252:431-434 (1991);
Rosenfeld et
al., Cell 68:143- 155 (1992); Mastrangeli et al., J. Clin. Invest. 91:225-234
(1993);
PCT Publication W094/12649; and Wang, et al., Gene Therapy 2:775-783 (1995).
In
a preferred embodiment, adenovirus vectors are used.
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Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has also been proposed for use in gene therapy
(Walsh et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 204:289-300 (1993); U.S. Patent No.
5,436,146).
Another approach to gene therapy involves transferring a gene to cells in
tissue culture by such methods as electroporation, lipofection, calcium
phosphate
mediated transfection, or viral infection. Usually, the method of transfer
includes the
transfer of a selectable marker to the cells. The cells are then placed under
selection
to isolate those cells that have taken up and are expressing the transferred
gene.
Those cells are then delivered to a patient.
In this embodiment, the nucleic acid is introduced into a cell prior to
administration in vivo of the resulting recombinant cell. Such introduction
can be
carned out by any method known in the art, including but not limited to
transfection,
electroporation, microinjection, infection with a viral or bacteriophage
vector
containing the nucleic acid sequences, cell fusion, chromosome-mediated gene
transfer, microcell-mediated gene transfer, spheroplast fusion, etc. Numerous
techniques are known in the art for the introduction of foreign genes into
cells (see,
e.g., Loeffler and Behr, Meth. Enzymol. 217:599-618 (1993); Cohen et al.,
Meth.
Enzymol. 217:618-644 (1993); Cline, Pharmac. Ther. 29:69-92m (1985) and may be
used in accordance with the present invention, provided that the necessary
developmental and physiological functions of the recipient cells are not
disrupted.
The technique should provide for the stable transfer of the nucleic acid to
the cell, so
that the nucleic acid is expressible by the cell and preferably heritable and
expressible by its cell progeny.
The resulting recombinant cells can be delivered to a patient by various
methods known in the art. Recombinant blood cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem or
progenitor cells) are preferably administered intravenously. The amount of
cells
envisioned for use depends on the desired effect, patient state, etc., and can
be
determined by one skilled in the art.
Cells into which a nucleic acid can be introduced for purposes of gene therapy
encompass any desired, available cell type, and include but are not limited to
epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, muscle cells,
hepatocytes;
blood cells such as Tlymphocytes, Blymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages,
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neutrophils, eosinophils, megakaryocytes, granulocytes; various stem or
progenitor
cells, in particular hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, e.g., as obtained
from bone
marrow, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, fetal liver, etc.
In a preferred embodiment, the cell used for gene therapy is autologous to the
patient.
In an embodiment in which recombinant cells are used in gene therapy,
nucleic acid sequences encoding an antibody are introduced into the cells such
that
they are expressible by the cells or their progeny, and the recombinant cells
are then
administered in vivo for therapeutic effect. In a specific embodiment, stem or
progenitor cells are used. Any stem and/or progenitor cells which can be
isolated and
maintained in vitro can potentially be used in accordance with this embodiment
of
the present invention (see e.g. PCT Publication WO 94/08598; Stemple and
Anderson, Cell 71:973-985 (1992); Rheinwald, Meth. Cell Bio. 21A:229 (1980);
and
Pittelkow and Scott, Mayo Clinic Proc. 61:771 (1986)).
In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid to be introduced for purposes of
gene therapy comprises an inducible promoter operably linked to the coding
region,
such that expression of the nucleic acid is controllable by controlling the
presence or
absence of the appropriate inducer of transcription.
Demonstration of Therapeutic or Prophylactic Activity
The compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are
preferably tested in vitro, and then in vivo for the desired therapeutic or
prophylactic
activity, prior to use in humans. For example, in vitro assays to demonstrate
the
therapeutic or prophylactic utility of a compound or pharmaceutical
composition
include, the effect of a compound on a cell line or a patient tissue sample.
The effect
of the compound or composition on the cell line and/or tissue sample can be
determined utilizing techniques known to those of skill in the art including,
but not
limited to, rosette formation assays and cell lysis assays. In accordance with
the
invention, in vitro assays which can be used to determine whether
administration of a
specific compound is indicated, include in vitro cell culture assays in which
a patient
tissue sample is grown in culture, and exposed to or otherwise administered a
compound, and the effect of such compound upon the tissue sample is observed.
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TherapeuticlProphylactic Administration and Composition
The invention provides methods of treatment, inhibition and prophylaxis by
administration to a subject of an effective amount of a compound or
pharmaceutical
composition of the invention, preferably an antibody of the invention. In a
preferred
aspect, the compound is substantially purified (e.g., substantially free from
substances that limit its effect or produce undesired side-effects). The
subject is
preferably an animal, including but not limited to animals such as cows, pigs,
horses,
chickens, cats, dogs, etc., and is preferably a mammal, and most preferably
human.
Formulations and methods of administration that can be employed when the
compound comprises a nucleic acid or an immunoglobulin are described above;
additional appropriate formulations and routes of administration can be
selected from
among those described herein below.
Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer a
compound of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles,
microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the compound, receptor-
mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432
(1987)),
construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc.
Methods of
introduction include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular,
intraperitoneal,
intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The
compounds or
compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by
infusion
or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings
(e.g.,
oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered
together
with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or
local. In
addition, it may be desirable to introduce the pharmaceutical compounds or
compositions of the invention into the central nervous system by any suitable
route,
including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular
injection may be
facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a
reservoir, such
as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g.,
by
use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
In a specific embodiment, it may be desirable to administer the pharmaceutical
compounds or compositions of the invention locally to the area in need of
treatment;
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this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local
infusion
during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound
dressing after
surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or
by means
of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous
material,
including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when
administering a protein, including an antibody, of the invention, care must be
taken to
use materials to which the protein does not absorb.
In another embodiment, the compound or composition can be delivered in a
vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990);
Treat et
al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-
Berestein
and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353- 365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein,
ibid., pp.
317-327; see generally ibid.)
In yet another embodiment, the compound or composition can be delivered in
a controlled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (see
Langer,
supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al.,
Surgery
88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989)). In another
embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of
Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Florida
(1974);
Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen
and
Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, J., Macromol. Sci.
Rev.
Macromol. Chem. 23:61 (1983); see also Levy et al., Science 228:190 (1985);
During
et al., Ann. Neurol. 25:351 (1989); Howard et al., J.Neurosurg. 71:105
(1989)). In yet
another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of
the
therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiring only a fraction of the
systemic dose
(see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra,
vol. 2, pp.
115-138 (1984)).
Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer
(Science 249:1527-1533 (1990)).
In a specific embodiment where the compound of the invention is a nucleic
acid encoding a protein, the nucleic acid can be administered in vivo to
promote
expression of its encoded protein, by constructing it as part of an
appropriate nucleic
acid expression vector and administering it so that it becomes intracellular,
e.g., by
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use of a retroviral vector (see U.S. Patent No. 4,980,286), or by direct
injection, or by
use of microparticle bombardment (e.g., a gene gun; Biolistic, Dupont), or
coating
with lipids or cell-surface receptors or transfecting agents, or by
administering it in
linkage to a homeobox- like peptide which is known to enter the nucleus (see
e.g.,
S Joliot et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1864-1868 (1991)), etc.
Alternatively, a
nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and incorporated within host
cell DNA
for expression, by homologous recombination.
The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions. Such
compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a specific embodiment, the term
"pharmaceutically acceptable" means approved by a regulatory agency of the
Federal
or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally
recognized
pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term
"carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the
therapeutic
is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as
water
and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin,
such as
peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a
preferred
Garner when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously.
Saline
solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as
liquid
carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical
excipients
include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk,
silica gel,
sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim
milk,
glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if
desired,
can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH
buffering
agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions,
emulsion,
tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the
like. The
composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and
Garners
such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard Garners such as
pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium
saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable
pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences"
by
E.W. Martin. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount
of
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the compound, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of
carrier
so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The
formulation
should suit the mode of administration.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with
routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous
administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous
administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where
necessary, the
composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such
as
lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the
ingredients are
supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example,
as a dry
lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed
container such
as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the
composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an
infusion
bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the
composition
is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or
saline can be
provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
The compounds of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as
those
derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc.,
and those
formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium,
calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino
ethanol,
histidine, procaine, etc.
The amount of the compound of the invention which will be effective in the
treatment, inhibition and prevention of a disease or disorder associated with
aberrant
expression and/or activity of a polypeptide of the invention can be determined
by
standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be
employed
to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the
formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the
seriousness of
the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of
the
practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be
extrapolated
from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
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For antibodies, the dosage administered to a patient is typically 0.1 mg/kg to
100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Preferably, the dosage administered to
a
patient is between 0.1 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of the patient's body weight, more
preferably 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Generally, human
antibodies have a longer half life within the human body than antibodies from
other
species due to the immune response to the foreign polypeptides. Thus, lower
dosages
of human antibodies and less frequent administration is often possible.
Further, the
dosage and frequency of administration of antibodies of the invention may be
reduced by enhancing uptake and tissue penetration (e.g., into the brain) of
the
antibodies by modifications such as, for example, lipidation.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or
more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the
pharmaceutical
compositions of the invention. Optionally associated with such containers) can
be a
notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the
manufacture,
1 S use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice
reflects approval
by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
Diagnosis and Imaging
Labeled antibodies, and derivatives and analogs thereof, which specifically
bind to a polypeptide of interest can be used for diagnostic purposes to
detect,
diagnose, or monitor diseases, disorders, and/or conditions associated with
the
aberrant expression and/or activity of a polypeptide of the invention. The
invention
provides for the detection of aberrant expression of a polypeptide of
interest,
comprising (a) assaying the expression of the polypeptide of interest in cells
or body
fluid of an individual using one or more antibodies specific to the
polypeptide interest
and (b) comparing the level of gene expression with a standard gene expression
level,
whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed polypeptide gene expression
level
compared to the standard expression level is indicative of aberrant
expression.
The invention provides a diagnostic assay for diagnosing a disorder,
comprising (a) assaying the expression of the polypeptide of interest in cells
or body
fluid of an individual using one or more antibodies specific to the
polypeptide interest
and (b) comparing the level of gene expression with a standard gene expression
level,
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whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed polypeptide gene expression
level
compared to the standard expression level is indicative of a particular
disorder. With
respect to cancer, the presence of a relatively high amount of transcript in
biopsied
tissue from an individual may indicate a predisposition for the development of
the
disease, or may provide a means for detecting the disease prior to the
appearance of
actual clinical symptoms. A more definitive diagnosis of this type may allow
health
professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressive treatment earlier
thereby preventing the development or further progression of the cancer.
Antibodies of the invention can be used to assay protein levels in a
biological
sample using classical immunohistological methods known to those of skill in
the art
(e.g., see Jalkanen, et al., J. Cell. Biol. 101:976-985 (1985); Jalkanen, et
al., J. Cell .
Biol. 105:3087-3096 (1987)). Other antibody-based methods useful for detecting
protein gene expression include immunoassays, such as the enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Suitable antibody
assay labels are known in the art and include enzyme labels, such as, glucose
oxidase;
radioisotopes, such as iodine (125I, 121I), carbon (14C), sulfur (355),
tritium (3H),
indium (112In), and technetium (99Tc); luminescent labels, such as luminol;
and
fluorescent labels, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and biotin.
One aspect of the invention is the detection and diagnosis of a disease or
disorder associated with aberrant expression of a polypeptide of interest in
an animal,
preferably a mammal and most preferably a human. In one embodiment, diagnosis
comprises: a) administering (for example, parenterally, subcutaneously, or
intraperitoneally) to a subject an effective amount of a labeled molecule
which
specifically binds to the polypeptide of interest; b) waiting for a time
interval
following the administering for permitting the labeled molecule to
preferentially
concentrate at sites in the subject where the polypeptide is expressed (and
for
unbound labeled molecule to be cleared to background level); c) determining
background level; and d) detecting the labeled molecule in the subject, such
that
detection of labeled molecule above the background level indicates that the
subject
has a particular disease or disorder associated with aberrant expression of
the
polypeptide of interest. Background level can be determined by various methods
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including, comparing the amount of labeled molecule detected to a standard
value
previously determined for a particular system.
It will be understood in the art that the size of the subject and the imaging
system used will determine the quantity of imaging moiety needed to produce
diagnostic images. In the case of a radioisotope moiety, for a human subject,
the
quantity of radioactivity injected will normally range from about 5 to 20
millicuries of
99mTc. The labeled antibody or antibody fragment will then preferentially
accumulate at the location of cells which contain the specific protein. In
vivo tumor
imaging is described in S.W. Burchiel et al., "Immunopharmacokinetics of
Radiolabeled Antibodies and Their Fragments.". (Chapter 13 in Tumor Imaging:
The Radiochemical Detection of Cancer, S.W. Burchiel and B. A. Rhodes, eds.,
Masson Publishing Inc. (1982).
Depending on several variables, including the type of label used and the mode
of administration, the time interval following the administration for
permitting the
labeled molecule to preferentially concentrate at sites in the subject and for
unbound
labeled molecule to be cleared to background level is 6 to 48 hours or 6 to 24
hours or
6 to 12 hours. In another embodiment the time interval following
administration is 5
to 20 days or 5 to 10 days.
In an embodiment, monitoring of the disease or disorder is carried out by
repeating the method for diagnosing the disease or disease, for example, one
month
after initial diagnosis, six months after initial diagnosis, one year after
initial
diagnosis, etc.
Presence of the labeled molecule can be detected in the patient using methods
known in the art for in vivo scanning. These methods depend upon the type of
label
used. Skilled artisans will be able to determine the appropriate method for
detecting a
particular label. Methods and devices that may be used in the diagnostic
methods of
the invention include, but are not limited to, computed tomography (CT), whole
body
scan such as position emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), and sonography.
In a specific embodiment, the molecule is labeled with a radioisotope and is
detected in the patient using a radiation responsive surgical instrument
(Thurston et
al., U.S. Patent No. 5,441,050). In another embodiment, the molecule is
labeled with
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a fluorescent compound and is detected in the patient using a fluorescence
responsive
scanning instrument. In another embodiment, the molecule is labeled with a
positron
emitting metal and is detected in the patent using positron emission-
tomography. In
yet another embodiment, the molecule is labeled with a paramagnetic label and
is
detected in a patient using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Kits
The present invention provides kits that can be used in the above methods. In
one embodiment, a kit comprises an antibody of the invention, preferably a
purified
antibody, in one or more containers. In a specific embodiment, the kits of the
present
invention contain a substantially isolated polypeptide comprising an epitope
which is
specifically immunoreactive with an antibody included in the kit. Preferably,
the kits
of the present invention further comprise a control antibody which does not
react with
the polypeptide of interest. In another specific embodiment, the kits of the
present
invention contain a means for detecting the binding of an antibody to a
polypeptide of
interest (e.g., the antibody may be conjugated to a detectable substrate such
as a
fluorescent compound, an enzymatic substrate, a radioactive compound or a
luminescent compound, or a second antibody which recognizes the first antibody
may
be conjugated to a detectable substrate).
In another specific embodiment of the present invention, the kit is a
diagnostic
kit for use in screening serum containing antibodies specific against
proliferative
and/or cancerous polynucleotides and polypeptides. Such a kit may include a
control
antibody that does not react with the polypeptide of interest. Such a kit may
include a
substantially isolated polypeptide antigen comprising an epitope which is
specifically
immunoreactive with at least one anti-polypeptide antigen antibody. Further,
such a
kit includes means for detecting the binding of said antibody to the antigen
(e.g., the
antibody may be conjugated to a fluorescent compound such as fluorescein or
rhodamine which can be detected by flow cytometry). In specific embodiments,
the
kit may include a recombinantly produced or chemically synthesized polypeptide
antigen. The polypeptide antigen of the kit may also be attached to a solid
support.
In a more specific embodiment the detecting means of the above-described kit
includes a solid support to which said polypeptide antigen is attached. Such a
kit may
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also include a non-attached reporter-labeled anti-human antibody. In this
embodiment, binding of the antibody to the polypeptide antigen can be detected
by
binding of the said reporter-labeled antibody.
In an additional embodiment, the invention includes a diagnostic kit for use
in
screening serum containing antigens of the polypeptide of the invention. The
diagnostic kit includes a substantially isolated antibody specifically
immunoreactive
with polypeptide or polynucleotide antigens, and means for detecting the
binding of
the polynucleotide or polypeptide antigen to the antibody. In one embodiment,
the
antibody is attached to a solid support. In a specific embodiment, the
antibody may be
a monoclonal antibody. The detecting means of the kit may include a second,
labeled
monoclonal antibody. Alternatively, or in addition, the detecting means may
include
a labeled, competing antigen.
In one diagnostic configuration, test serum is reacted with a solid phase
reagent having a surface-bound antigen obtained by the methods of the present
invention. After binding with specific antigen antibody to the reagent and
removing
unbound serum components by washing, the reagent is reacted with reporter-
labeled
anti-human antibody to bind reporter to the reagent in proportion to the
amount of
bound anti-antigen antibody on the solid support. The reagent is again washed
to
remove unbound labeled antibody, and the amount of reporter associated with
the
reagent is determined. Typically, the reporter is an enzyme which is detected
by
incubating the solid phase in the presence of a suitable fluorometric,
luminescent or
colorimetric substrate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO).
The solid surface reagent in the above assay is prepared by known techniques
for attaching protein material to solid support material, such as polymeric
beads, dip
sticks, 96-well plate or filter material. These attachment methods generally
include
non-specific adsorption of the protein to the support or covalent attachment
of the
protein, typically through a free amine group, to a chemically reactive group
on the
solid support, such as an activated carboxyl, hydroxyl, or aldehyde group.
Alternatively, streptavidin coated plates can be used in conjunction with
biotinylated
antigen(s).
Thus, the invention provides an assay system or kit for carrying out this
diagnostic method. The kit generally includes a support with surface- bound
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recombinant antigens, and a reporter-labeled anti-human antibody for detecting
surface-bound anti-antigen antibody.
Fusion Proteins
Any polypeptide of the present invention can be used to generate fusion
proteins. For example, the polypeptide of the present invention, when fused to
a
second protein, can be used as an antigenic tag. Antibodies raised against the
polypeptide of the present invention can be used to indirectly detect the
second
protein by binding to the polypeptide. Moreover, because secreted proteins
target
cellular locations based on trafficking signals, the polypeptides of the
present
invention can be used as targeting molecules once fused to other proteins.
Examples of domains that can be fused to polypeptides of the present
invention include not only heterologous signal sequences, but also other
heterologous
functional regions. The fusion does not necessarily need to be direct, but may
occur
through linker sequences.
Moreover, fusion proteins may also be engineered to improve characteristics
of the polypeptide of the present invention. For instance, a region of
additional amino
acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be added to the N-terminus of the
polypeptide to improve stability and persistence during purification from the
host cell
or subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties may be added to the
polypeptide to facilitate purification. Such regions may be removed prior to
final
preparation of the polypeptide. The addition of peptide moieties to facilitate
handling
of polypeptides are familiar and routine techniques in the art.
Moreover, polypeptides of the present invention, including fragments, and
specifically epitopes, can be combined with parts of the constant domain of
immunoglobulins (IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM) or portions thereof (CH1, CH2, CH3, and
any
combination thereof, including both entire domains and portions thereof),
resulting in
chimeric polypeptides. These fusion proteins facilitate purification and show
an
increased half life in vivo. One reported example describes chimeric proteins
consisting of the first two domains of the human CD4-polypeptide and various
domains of the constant regions of the heavy or light chains.of mammalian.
immunoglobulins. (EP A 394,827; Traunecker et al., Nature 331:84-86 (1988).)
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Fusion proteins having disulfide-linked dimeric structures (due to the IgG)
can also be
more efficient in binding and neutralizing other molecules, than the monomeric
secreted protein or protein fragment alone. (Fountoulakis et al., J. Biochem.
270:3958-3964 (1995).) Polynucleotides comprising or alternatively consisting
of
nucleic acids which encode these fusion proteins are also encompassed by the
invention.
Similarly, EP-A-O 464 533 (Canadian counterpart 2045869) discloses fusion
proteins comprising various portions of constant region of immunoglobulin
molecules
together with another human protein or part thereof. In many cases, the Fc
part in a
fusion protein is beneficial in therapy and diagnosis, and thus can result in,
for
example, improved pharmacokinetic properties. (EP-A 0232 262.) Alternatively,
deleting the Fc part after the fusion protein has been expressed, detected,
and purified,
would be desired. For example, the Fc portion may hinder therapy and diagnosis
if
the fusion protein is used as an antigen for immunizations. In drug discovery,
for
example, human proteins, such as hIL-5, have been fused with Fc portions for
the
purpose of high-throughput screening assays to identify antagonists of hIL-S.
(See,
D. Bennett et al., J. Molecular Recognition 8:52-58 (1995); K. Johanson et
al., J. Biol.
Chem. 270:9459-9471 (1995).)
Moreover, the polypeptides of the present invention can be fused to marker
sequences, such as a peptide which facilitates purification of the fused
polypeptide.
In preferred embodiments, the marker amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine
peptide, such as the tag provided in a pQE vector (QIAGEN, Inc., 9259 Eton
Avenue,
Chatsworth, CA, 91311), among others, many of which are commercially
available.
As described in Gentz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:821-824 (1989),
for
instance, hexa-histidine provides for convenient purification of the fusion
protein.
Another peptide tag useful for purification, the "HA" tag, corresponds to an
epitope
derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein. (Wilson et al., Cell 37:767
( 1984).)
Thus, any of these above fusions can be engineered using the polynucleotides
or the polypeptides of the present invention.
Vectors, Host Cells, and Protein Production
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The present invention also relates to vectors containing the polynucleotide of
the present invention, host cells, and the production of polypeptides by
recombinant
techniques. The vector may be, for example, a phage, plasmid, viral, or
retroviral
vector. Retroviral vectors may be replication competent or replication
defective. In
the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing
host
cells.
The polynucleotides may be joined to a vector containing a selectable marker
for propagation in a host. Generally, a plasmid vector is introduced in a
precipitate,
such as a calcium phosphate precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid.
If the
vector is a virus, it may be packaged in vitro using an appropriate packaging
cell line
and then transduced into host cells.
The polynucleotide insert should be operatively linked to an appropriate
promoter, such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp, phoA and
tac
promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs,
to
name a few. Other suitable promoters will be known to the skilled artisan. The
expression constructs will further contain sites for transcription initiation,
termination,
and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The
coding
portion of the transcripts expressed by the constructs will preferably include
a
translation initiating codon at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA,
UGA or
UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
As indicated, the expression vectors will preferably include at least one
selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase, 6418 or
neomycin
resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline, kanamycin or
ampicillin
resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria. Representative
examples
of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as
E. coli,
Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast
cells
(e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris (ATCC Accession No.
201178));
insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf~ cells; animal cells such
as
CHO, COS, 293, and Bowes melanoma cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture
mediums and conditions for the above-described host cells are known in the
art.
Among vectors preferred for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-
9, available from QIAGEN, Inc.; pBluescript vectors, Phagescript vectors,
pNHBA,
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pNHl6a, pNHl8A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, Inc.; and
ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRITS available from Pharmacia Biotech,
Inc. Among preferred eukaryotic vectors are pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTI
and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available
S from Pharmacia. Preferred expression vectors for use in yeast systems
include, but are
not limited to pYES2, pYDI, pTEFl/Zeo, pYES2/GS, pPICZ,pGAPZ, pGAPZaIph,
pPIC9, pPIC3.5, pHIL-D2, pHIL-S l, pPIC3.5K, pPIC9K, and PA081 S (all
available
from Invitrogen, Carlbad, CA). Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent
to the
skilled artisan.
Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium
phosphate transfection, DEAF-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-
mediated
transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection, or other methods. Such
methods
are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic
Methods In Molecular Biology (1986). It is specifically contemplated that the
polypeptides of the present invention may in fact be expressed by a host cell
lacking a
recombinant vector.
A polypeptide of this invention can be recovered and purified from
recombinant cell cultures by well-known methods including ammonium sulfate or
ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange
chromatography,
phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography,
affinity
chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Most
preferably, high performance liquid chromatography ("HPLC") is employed for
purification.
Polypeptides of the present invention, and preferably the secreted form, can
also be recovered from: products purified from natural sources, including
bodily
fluids, tissues and cells, whether directly isolated or cultured; products of
chemical
synthetic procedures; and products produced by recombinant techniques from a
prokaryotic or eukaryotic host, including, for example, bacterial, yeast,
higher plant,
insect, and mammalian cells. Depending upon the host employed in a recombinant
production procedure, the polypeptides of the present invention may be
glycosylated
or may be non-glycosylated. In addition, polypeptides of the invention may
also
include an initial modified methionine residue, in some cases as a result of
host-
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mediated processes. Thus, it is well known in the art that the N-terminal
methionine
encoded by the translation initiation codon generally is removed with high
efficiency
from any protein after translation in all eukaryotic cells. While the N-
terminal
methionine on most proteins also is efficiently removed in most prokaryotes,
for some
proteins, this prokaryotic removal process is inefficient, depending on the
nature of
the amino acid to which the N-terminal methionine is covalently linked.
In one embodiment, the yeast Pichia pastoris is used to express the
polypeptide of the present invention in a eukaryotic system. Pichia pastoris
is a
methylotrophic yeast which can metabolize methanol as its sole carbon source.
A
main step in the methanol metabolization pathway is the oxidation of methanol
to
formaldehyde using OZ. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol
oxidase. In
order to metabolize methanol as its sole carbon source, Pichia pastoris must
generate
high levels of alcohol oxidase due, in part, to the relatively low affinity of
alcohol
oxidase for OZ. Consequently, in a growth medium depending on methanol as a
main
c~'bon source, the promoter region of one of the two alcohol oxidase genes
(AOXl ) is
highly active. In the presence of methanol, alcohol oxidase produced from the
AOXI
gene comprises up to approximately 30% of the total soluble protein in Pichia
pastoris. See, Ellis, S.B., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1111-21 (1985); Koutz,
P.J, et al.,
Yeast 5:167-77 (1989); Tschopp, J.F., et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 15:3859-76
(1987).
Thus, a heterologous coding sequence, such as, for example, a polynucleotide
of the
present invention, under the transcriptional regulation of all or part of the
AOXI
regulatory sequence is expressed at exceptionally high levels in Pichia yeast
grown in
the presence of methanol.
In one example, the plasmid vector pPIC9K is used to express DNA encoding
a polypeptide of the invention, as set forth herein, in a Pichea yeast system
essentially
as described in "Pichia Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology," D.R. Higgins
and
J. Cregg, eds. The Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 1998. This expression vector
allows
expression and secretion of a protein of the invention by virtue of the strong
AOXI
promoter linked to the Pichia pastoris alkaline phosphatase (PHO) secretory
signal
peptide (i.e., leader) located upstream of a multiple cloning site.
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Many other yeast vectors could be used in place of pPIC9K, such as, pYES2,
pYDI, pTEFl/Zeo, pYES2/GS, pPICZ, pGAPZ, pGAPZalpha, pPIC9, pPIC3.5,
pHIL-D2, pHIL-S1, pPIC3.5K, and PA0815, as one skilled in the art would
readily
appreciate, as long as the proposed expression construct provides
appropriately
located signals for transcription, translation, secretion (if desired), and
the like,
including an in-frame AUG as required.
In another embodiment, high-level expression of a heterologous coding
sequence, such as, for example, a polynucleotide of the present invention, may
be
achieved by cloning the heterologous polynucleotide of the invention into an
expression vector such as, for example, pGAPZ or pGAPZalpha, and growing the
yeast culture in the absence of methanol.
In addition to encompassing host cells containing the vector constructs
discussed herein, the invention also encompasses primary, secondary, and
immortalized host cells of vertebrate origin, particularly mammalian origin,
that have
been engineered to delete or replace endogenous genetic material (e.g., coding
sequence), and/or to include genetic material (e.g., heterologous
polynucleotide
sequences) that is operably associated with the polynucleotides of the
invention, and
which activates, alters, and/or amplifies endogenous polynucleotides. For
example,
techniques known in the art may be used to operably associate heterologous
control
regions (e.g., promoter and/or enhancer) and endogenous polynucleotide
sequences
via homologous recombination, resulting in the formation of a new
transcription unit
(see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,641,670, issued June 24, 1997; U.S. Patent No.
5,733,761, issued March 31, 1998; International Publication No. WO 96/29411,
published September 26, 1996; International Publication No. WO 94/12650,
published August 4, 1994; Koller et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8932-
8935
(1989); and Zijlstra et al., Nature 342:435-438 (1989), the disclosures of
each of
which are incorporated by reference in their entireties).
In addition, polypeptides of the invention can be chemically synthesized using
techniques known in the art (e.g., see Creighton, 1983, Proteins: Structures
and
Molecular Principles, W.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y., and Hunkapiller et al.,
Nature,
310:105-111 (1984)). For example, a polypeptide corresponding to a fragment of
a
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polypeptide sequence of the invention can be synthesized by use of a peptide
synthesizer. Furthermore, if desired, nonclassical amino acids or chemical
amino acid
analogs can be introduced as a substitution or addition into the polypeptide
sequence.
Non-classical amino acids include, but are not limited to, to the D-isomers of
the
common amino acids, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, a-amino isobutyric acid, 4-
aminobutyric acid, Abu, 2-amino butyric acid, g-Abu, e-Ahx, 6-amino hexanoic
acid,
Aib, 2-amino isobutyric acid, 3-amino propionic acid, ornithine, norleucine,
norvaline, hydroxyproline, sarcosine, citrulline, homocitrulline, cysteic
acid, t-
butylglycine, t-butylalanine, phenylglycine, cyclohexylalanine, b-alanine,
fluoro-
amino acids, designer amino acids such as b-methyl amino acids, Ca-methyl
amino
acids, Na-methyl amino acids, and amino acid analogs in general. Furthermore,
the
amino acid can be D (dextrorotary) or L (levorotary).
The invention encompasses polypeptides which are differentially modified
during or after translation, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation,
phosphorylation,
amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic
cleavage,
linkage to an antibody molecule or other cellular ligand, etc. Any of numerous
chemical modifications may be carned out by known techniques, including but
not
limited, to specific chemical cleavage by cyanogen bromide, trypsin,
chymotrypsin,
papain, V8 protease, NaBH4; acetylation, formylation, oxidation, reduction;
metabolic
synthesis in the presence of tunicamycin; etc.
Additional post-translational modifications encompassed by the invention
include, for example, e.g., N-linked or O-linked carbohydrate chains,
processing of
N-terminal or C-terminal ends), attachment of chemical moieties to the amino
acid
backbone, chemical modifications of N-linked or O-linked carbohydrate chains,
and
addition or deletion of an N-terminal methionine residue as a result of
procaryotic
host cell expression. The polypeptides may also be modified with a detectable
label,
such as an enzymatic, fluorescent, isotopic or affinity label to allow for
detection and
isolation of the protein.
Also provided by the invention are chemically modified derivatives of the
polypeptides of the invention which may provide additional advantages such as
increased solubility, stability and circulating time of the polypeptide, or
decreased
immunogenicity (see U.S. Patent NO: 4,179,337). The chemical moieties for
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derivitization may be selected from water soluble polymers such as
polyethylene
glycol, ethylene glycol/propylene glycol copolymers, carboxymethylcellulose,
dextran, polyvinyl alcohol and the like. The polypeptides may be modified at
random
positions within the molecule, or at predetermined positions within the
molecule and
may include one, two, three or more attached chemical moieties.
The polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or
unbranched. For polyethylene glycol, the preferred molecular weight is between
about 1 kDa and about 100 kDa (the term "about" indicating that in
preparations of
polyethylene glycol, some molecules will weigh more, some less, than the
stated
molecular weight) for ease in handling and manufacturing. Other sizes may be
used,
depending on the desired therapeutic profile (e.g., the duration of sustained
release
desired, the effects, if any on biological activity, the ease in handling, the
degree or
lack of antigenicity and other known effects of the polyethylene glycol to a
therapeutic protein or analog). For example, the polyethylene glycol may have
an
average molecular weight of about 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000,
3500,
4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500,
10,000,
10,500, 11,000, 11,500, 12,000, 12,500, 13,000, 13,500, 14,000, 14,500,
15,000,
15,500, 16,000, 16,500, 17,000, 17,500, 18,000, 18,500, 19,000, 19,500,
20,000,
25,000, 30,000, 35,000, 40,000, 50,000, 55,000, 60,000, 65,000, 70,000,
75,000,
80,000, 85,000, 90,000, 95,000, or 100,000 kDa.
As noted above, the polyethylene glycol may have a branched structure.
Branched polyethylene glycols are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
5,643,575; Morpurgo et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 56:59-72 (1996);
Vorobjev et
al., Nucleosides Nucleotides 18:2745-2750 (1999); and Caliceti et al.,
Bioconjug.
Chem. 10:638-646 (1999), the disclosures of each of which are incorporated
herein by
reference.
The polyethylene glycol molecules (or other chemical moieties) should be
attached to the protein with consideration of effects on functional or
antigenic
domains of the protein. There are a number of attachment methods available to
those
skilled in the art, e.g., EP 0 401 384, herein incorporated by reference
(coupling PEG
to G-CSF), see also Malik et al., Exp. Hematol. 20:1028-1035 (1992) (reporting
pegylation of GM-CSF using tresyl chloride). For example, polyethylene glycol
may
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be covalently bound through amino acid residues via a reactive group, such as,
a free
amino or carboxyl group. Reactive groups are those to which an activated
polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound. The amino acid residues having a
free
amino group may include lysine residues and the N-terminal amino acid
residues;
those having a free carboxyl group may include aspartic acid residues glutamic
acid
residues and the C-terminal amino acid residue. Sulfhydryl groups may also be
used
as a reactive group for attaching the polyethylene glycol molecules. Preferred
for
therapeutic purposes is attachment at an amino group, such as attachment at
the
N-terminus or lysine group.
As suggested above, polyethylene glycol may be attached to proteins via
linkage to any of a number of amino acid residues. For example, polyethylene
glycol
can be linked to a proteins via covalent bonds to lysine, histidine, aspartic
acid,
glutamic acid, or cysteine residues. One or more reaction chemistries may be
employed to attach polyethylene glycol to specific amino acid residues (e.g.,
lysine,
histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine) of the protein or to
more than one
type of amino acid residue (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic
acid,
cysteine and combinations thereof) of the protein.
One may specifically desire proteins chemically modified at the N-terminus.
Using polyethylene glycol as an illustration of the present composition, one
may
select from a variety of polyethylene glycol molecules (by molecular weight,
branching, etc.), the proportion of polyethylene glycol molecules to protein
(polypeptide) molecules in the reaction mix, the type of pegylation reaction
to be
performed, and the method of obtaining the selected N-terminally pegylated
protein.
The method of obtaining the N-terminally pegylated preparation (i.e.,
separating this
moiety from other monopegylated moieties if necessary) may be by purification
of the
N-terminally pegylated material from a population of pegylated protein
molecules.
Selective proteins chemically modified at the N-terminus modification may be
accomplished by reductive alkylation which exploits differential reactivity of
different
types of primary amino groups (lysine versus the N-terminal) available for
derivatization in a particular protein. Under the appropriate reaction
conditions,
substantially selective derivatization of the protein at the N-terminus with a
carbonyl
group containing polymer is achieved.
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As indicated above, pegylation of the proteins of the invention may be
accomplished by any number of means. For example, polyethylene glycol may be
attached to the protein either directly or by an intervening linker.
Linkerless systems
for attaching polyethylene glycol to proteins are described in Delgado et al.,
Crit. Rev.
S Thera. Drug Carrier Sys. 9:249-304 (1992); Francis et al., Intern. .l. of
Hematol.
68:1-18 (1998); U.S. Patent No. 4,002,531; U.S. Patent No. 5,349,052; WO
95/06058;
and WO 98/32466, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
One system for attaching polyethylene glycol directly to amino acid residues
of proteins without an intervening linker employs tresylated MPEG, which is
produced by the modification of monmethoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) using
tresylchloride (C1SOZCHZCF3). Upon reaction of protein with tresylated MPEG,
polyethylene glycol is directly attached to amine groups of the protein. Thus,
the
invention includes protein-polyethylene glycol conjugates produced by reacting
proteins of the invention with a polyethylene glycol molecule having a
2,2,2-trifluoreothane sulphonyl group.
Polyethylene glycol can also be attached to proteins using a number of
different intervening linkers. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,612,460, the
entire
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses urethane
linkers for
connecting polyethylene glycol to proteins. Protein-polyethylene glycol
conjugates
wherein the polyethylene glycol is attached to the protein by a linker can
also be
produced by reaction of proteins with compounds such as MPEG-
succinimidylsuccinate, MPEG activated with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, MPEG-
2,4,5-trichloropenylcarbonate, MPEG-p-nitrophenolcarbonate, and various MPEG-
succinate derivatives. A number additional polyethylene glycol derivatives and
reaction chemistries for attaching polyethylene glycol to proteins are
described in
WO 98/32466, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by
reference.
Pegylated protein products produced using the reaction chemistries set out
herein are
included within the scope of the invention.
The number of polyethylene glycol moieties attached to each protein of the
invention (i.e., the degree of substitution) may also vary. For example, the
pegylated
proteins of the invention may be linked, on average, to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 12,
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1 S, 17, 20, or more polyethylene glycol molecules. Similarly, the average
degree of
substitution within ranges such as 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 4-6, 5-7, 6-8, 7-9, 8-10, 9-
11, 10-12,
11-13, 12-14, 13-15, 14-16, 15-17, 16-18, 17-19, or 18-20 polyethylene glycol
moieties per protein molecule. Methods for determining the degree of
substitution are
discussed, for example, in Delgado et al., Crit. Rev. Thera. Drug Carrier Sys.
9:249-
304 (1992).
The polypeptides of the invention may be in monomers or multimers (i.e.,
dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher multimers). Accordingly, the present
invention
relates to monomers and multimers of the polypeptides of the invention, their
preparation, and compositions (preferably, Therapeutics) containing them. In
specific
embodiments, the polypeptides of the invention are monomers, dimers, trimers
or
tetramers. In additional embodiments, the multimers of the invention are at
least
dimers, at least trimers, or at least tetramers.
Multimers encompassed by the invention may be homomers or heteromers.
As used herein, the term homomer, refers to a multimer containing only
polypeptides
corresponding to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:Y or encoded by the cDNA
contained in a deposited clone (including fragments, variants, splice
variants, and
fusion proteins, corresponding to these polypeptides as described herein).
These
homomers may contain polypeptides having identical or different amino acid
sequences. In a specific embodiment, a homomer of the invention is a multimer
containing only polypeptides having an identical amino acid sequence. In
another
specific embodiment, a homomer of the invention is a multimer containing
polypeptides having different amino acid sequences. In specific embodiments,
the
multimer of the invention is a homodimer (e.g., containing polypeptides having
identical or different amino acid sequences) or a homotrimer (e.g., containing
polypeptides having identical and/or different amino acid sequences). In
additional
embodiments, the homomeric multimer of the invention is at least a homodimer,
at
least a homotrimer, or at least a homotetramer.
As used herein, the term heteromer refers to a multimer containing one or
more heterologous polypeptides (i.e., polypeptides of different proteins) in
addition to
the polypeptides of the invention. In a specific embodiment, the multimer of
the
invention is a heterodimer, a heterotrimer, or a heterotetramer. In additional
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embodiments, the heteromeric multimer of the invention is at least a
heterodimer, at
least a heterotrimer, or at least a heterotetramer.
Multimers of the invention may be the result of hydrophobic, hydrophilic,
ionic and/or covalent associations and/or may be indirectly linked, by for
example,
liposome formation. Thus, in one embodiment, multimers of the invention, such
as,
for example, homodimers or homotrimers, are formed when polypeptides of the
invention contact one another in solution. In another embodiment,
heteromultimers of
the invention, such as, for example, heterotrimers or heterotetramers, are
formed
when polypeptides of the invention contact antibodies to the polypeptides of
the
invention (including antibodies to the heterologous polypeptide sequence in a
fusion
protein of the invention) in solution. In other embodiments, multimers of the
invention are formed by covalent associations with and/or between the
polypeptides
of the invention. Such covalent associations may involve one or more amino
acid
residues contained in the polypeptide sequence ( e.g., that recited in the
sequence
listing, or contained in the polypeptide encoded by a deposited clone). In one
instance, the covalent associations are cross-linking between cysteine
residues located
within the polypeptide sequences which interact in the native (i.e., naturally
occurnng) polypeptide. In another instance, the covalent associations are the
consequence of chemical or recombinant manipulation. Alternatively, such
covalent
associations may involve one or more amino acid residues contained in the
heterologous polypeptide sequence in a fusion protein of the invention.
In one example, covalent associations are between the heterologous sequence
contained in a fusion protein of the invention (see, e.g., US Patent Number
5,478,925). In a specific example, the covalent associations are between the
heterologous sequence contained in an Fc fusion protein of the invention (as
described herein). In another specific example, covalent associations of
fusion
proteins of the invention are between heterologous polypeptide sequence from
another protein that is capable of forming covalently associated multimers,
such as for
example, oseteoprotegerin (see, e.g., International Publication NO: WO
98/49305, the
contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). In
another
embodiment, two or more polypeptides of the invention are joined through
peptide
linkers. Examples include those peptide linkers described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,073,627
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(hereby incorporated by reference). Proteins comprising multiple polypeptides
of the
invention separated by peptide linkers may be produced using conventional
recombinant DNA technology.
Another method for preparing multimer polypeptides of the invention involves
use of polypeptides of the invention fused to a leucine zipper or isoleucine
zipper
polypeptide sequence. Leucine zipper and isoleucine zipper domains are
polypeptides
that promote multimerization of the proteins in which they are found. Leucine
zippers were originally identified in several DNA-binding proteins (Landschulz
et al.,
Science 240:1759, (1988)), and have since been found in a variety of different
proteins. Among the known leucine zippers are naturally occurring peptides and
derivatives thereof that dimerize or trimerize. Examples of leucine zipper
domains
suitable for producing soluble multimeric proteins of the invention are those
described
in PCT application WO 94/10308, hereby incorporated by reference. Recombinant
fusion proteins comprising a polypeptide of the invention fused to a
polypeptide
sequence that dimerizes or trimerizes in solution are expressed in suitable
host cells,
and the resulting soluble multimeric fusion protein is recovered from the
culture
supernatant using techniques known in the art.
Trimeric polypeptides of the invention may offer the advantage of enhanced
biological activity. Preferred leucine zipper moieties and isoleucine moieties
are
those that preferentially form trimers. One example is a leucine zipper
derived from
lung surfactant protein D (SPD), as described in Hoppe et al. (FEBS Letters
344:191,
(1994)) and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/446,922, hereby
incorporated by
reference. Other peptides derived from naturally occurring trimeric proteins
may be
employed in preparing trimeric polypeptides of the invention.
In another example, proteins of the invention are associated by interactions
between Flag~ polypeptide sequence contained in fusion proteins of the
invention
containing FIagOO polypeptide seuqence. In a further embodiment, associations
proteins of the invention are associated by interactions between heterologous
polypeptide sequence contained in Flag~ fusion proteins of the invention and
anti-
Flag~ antibody.
The multimers of the invention may be generated using chemical techniques
known in the art. For example, polypeptides desired to be contained in the
multimers
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of the invention may be chemically cross-linked using linker molecules and
linker
molecule length optimization techniques known in the art (see, e.g., US Patent
Number 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
Additionally, multimers of the invention may be generated using techniques
known in
the art to form one or more inter-molecule cross-links between the cysteine
residues
located within the sequence of the polypeptides desired to be contained in the
multimer (see, e.g., US Patent Number 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated
by
reference in its entirety). Further, polypeptides of the invention may be
routinely
modified by the addition of cysteine or biotin to the C terminus or N-terminus
of the
polypeptide and techniques known in the art may be applied to generate
multimers
containing one or more of these modified polypeptides (see, e.g., US Patent
Number
5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
Additionally,
techniques known in the art may be applied to generate liposomes containing
the
polypeptide components desired to be contained in the multimer of the
invention (see,
e.g., US Patent Number 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in
its
entirety).
Alternatively, multimers of the invention may be generated using genetic
engineering techniques known in the art. In one embodiment, polypeptides
contained
in multimers of the invention are produced recombinantly using fusion protein
technology described herein or otherwise known in the art (see, e.g., US
Patent
Number 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
In a
specific embodiment, polynucleotides coding for a homodirner of the invention
are
generated by ligating a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the
invention to a sequence encoding a linker polypeptide and then further to a
synthetic
polynucleotide encoding the translated product of the polypeptide in the
reverse
orientation from the original C-terminus to the N-terminus (lacking the leader
sequence) (see, e.g., US Patent Number 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated
by
reference in its entirety). In another embodiment, recombinant techniques
described
herein or otherwise known in the art are applied to generate recombinant
polypeptides
of the invention which contain a transmembrane domain (or hyrophobic or signal
peptide) and which can be incorporated by membrane reconstitution techniques
into
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liposomes (see, e.g., US Patent Number 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated
by
reference in its entirety).
Uses of the Polynucleotides
Each of the polynucleotides identified herein can be used in numerous ways as
reagents. The following description should be considered exemplary and
utilizes
known techniques.
The polynucleotides of the present invention are useful for chromosome
identification. There exists an ongoing need to identify new chromosome
markers,
since few chromosome marking reagents, based on actual sequence data (repeat
polymorphisms), are presently available. Each polynucleotide of the present
invention can be used as a chromosome marker.
Briefly, sequences can be mapped to chromosomes by preparing PCR primers
(preferably 15-25 bp) from the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:X. Primers can be
selected using computer analysis so that primers do not span more than one
predicted
exon in the genomic DNA. These primers are then used for PCR screening of
somatic cell hybrids containing individual human chromosomes. Only those
hybrids
containing the human gene corresponding to the SEQ ID NO:X will yield an
amplified fragment.
Similarly, somatic hybrids provide a rapid method of PCR mapping the
polynucneotides to particular chromosomes. Three or more clones can be
assigned per
day using a single thermal cycler. Moreover, sublocalization of the
polynucleotides
can be achieved with panels of specific chromosome fragments. Other gene
mapping
strategies that can be used include in situ hybridization, prescreening with
labeled
flow-sorted chromosomes, preselection by hybridization to construct chromosome
specific-cDNA libraries and computer mapping techniques (See, e.g., Shiner,
Trends
Biotechnol 16:456-459 (1998) which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety)..
Precise chromosomal location of the polynucleotides can also be achieved
using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a metaphase chromosomal
spread.
This technique uses polynucleotides as short as 500 or 600 bases; however,
ponynucleotides 2,000-4,000 by are preferred. For a review of this technique,
see
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Verma et al., "Human Chromosomes: a Manual of Basic Techniques," Pergamon
Press, New York (1988).
For chromosome mapping, the polynucleotides can be used individually (to
mark a single chromosome or a single site on that chromosome) or in panels
(for
marking multiple sites and/or multiple chromosomes).
The polynucleotides of the present invention would likewise be useful for
radiation hybrid mapping, HAPPY mapping, and long range restriction mapping.
For
a review of these techniques and others known in the art, see, e.g., Dear,
"Genome
Mapping: A Practical Approach," IRL Press at Oxford University Press, London
(1997); Aydin, J. Mol. Med. 77:691-694 (1999); Hacia et al., Mol. Psychiatry
3:483-
492 (1998); Herrick et al., Chromosome Res. 7:409-423 (1999); Hamilton et al.,
Methods Cell Biol. 62:265-280 (2000); and/or Ott, J. Hered. 90:68-70 (1999)
each of
which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Once a polynucleotide has been mapped to a precise chromosomal location,
the physical position of the polynucleotide can be used in linkage analysis.
Linkage
analysis establishes coinheritance between a chromosomal location and
presentation
of a particular disease. (Disease mapping data are found, for example, in V.
McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man (available on line through Johns
Hopkins
University Welch Medical Library) .) Assuming 1 megabase mapping resolution
and
one gene per 20 kb, a cDNA precisely localized to a chromosomal region
associated
with the disease could be one of 50-500 potential causative genes.
Thus, once coinheritance is established, differences in the polynucleotide and
the corresponding gene between affected and unaffected individuals can be
examined.
First, visible structural alterations in the chromosomes, such as deletions or
translocations, are examined in chromosome spreads or by PCR. If no structural
alterations exist, the presence of point mutations are ascertained. Mutations
observed
in some or all affected individuals, but not in normal individuals, indicates
that the
mutation may cause the disease. However, complete sequencing of the
polypeptide
and the corresponding gene from several normal individuals is required to
distinguish
the mutation from a polymorphism. If a new polymorphism is identified, this
polymorphic polypeptide can be used for further linkage analysis.
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Furthermore, increased or decreased expression of the gene in affected
individuals as compared to unaffected individuals can be assessed using
polynucleotides of the present invention. Any of these alterations (altered
expression,
chromosomal rearrangement, or mutation) can be used as a diagnostic or
prognostic
marker.
Thus, the invention also provides a diagnostic method useful during diagnosis
of a disorder, involving measuring the expression level of polynucleotides of
the
present invention in cells or body fluid from an individual and comparing the
measured gene expression level with a standard level of polynucleotide
expression
level, whereby an increase or decrease in the gene expression level compared
to the
standard is indicative of a disorder.
In still another embodiment, the invention includes a kit for analyzing
samples
for the presence of proliferative and/or cancerous polynucleotides derived
from a test
subject. In a general embodiment, the kit includes at least one polynucleotide
probe
containing a nucleotide sequence that will specifically hybridize with a
polynucleotide of the present invention and a suitable container. In a
specific
embodiment, the kit includes two polynucleotide probes defining an internal
region of
the polynucleotide of the present invention, where each probe has one strand
containing a 31'mer-end internal to the region. In a further embodiment, the
probes
may be useful as primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification.
Where a diagnosis of a disorder, has already been made according to
conventional methods, the present invention is useful as a prognostic
indicator,
whereby patients exhibiting enhanced or depressed polynucleotide of the
present
invention expression will experience a worse clinical outcome relative to
patients
expressing the gene at a level nearer the standard level.
By "measuring the expression level of polynucleotide of the present
invention" is intended qualitatively or quantitatively measuring or estimating
the level
of the polypeptide of the present invention or the level of the mRNA encoding
the
polypeptide in a first biological sample either directly (e.g., by determining
or
estimating absolute protein level or mRNA level) or relatively (e.g., by
comparing to
the polypeptide level or mRNA level in a second biological sample).
Preferably, the
polypeptide level or mRNA level in the first biological sample is measured or
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estimated and compared to a standard polypeptide level or mRNA level, the
standard
being taken from a second biological sample obtained from an individual not
having
the disorder or being determined by averaging levels from a population of
individuals
not having a disorder. As will be appreciated in the art, once a standard
polypeptide
level or mRNA level is known, it can be used repeatedly as a standard for
comparison.
By "biological sample" is intended any biological sample obtained from an
individual, body fluid, cell line, tissue culture, or other source which
contains the
polypeptide of the present invention or mRNA. As indicated, biological samples
include body fluids (such as semen, lymph, sera, plasma, urine, synovial fluid
and
spinal fluid) which contain the polypeptide of the present invention, and
other tissue
sources found to express the polypeptide of the present invention. Methods for
obtaining tissue biopsies and body fluids from mammals are well known in the
art.
Where the biological sample is to include mRNA, a tissue biopsy is the
preferred
source.
The methods) provided above may preferrably be applied in a diagnostic
method and/or kits in which polynucleotides and/or polypeptides are attached
to a
solid support. In one exemplary method, the support may be a "gene chip" or a
"biological chip" as described in US Patents 5,837,832, 5,874,219, and
5,856,174.
Further, such a gene chip with polynucleotides of the present invention
attached may
be used to identify polymorphisms between the polynucleotide sequences, with
polynucleotides isolated from a test subject. The knowledge of such
polymorphisms
(i.e. their location, as well as, their existence) would be beneficial in
identifying
disease loci for many disorders, including cancerous diseases and conditions.
Such a
method is described in US Patents 5,858,659 and 5,856,104. The US Patents
referenced supra are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety
herein.
The present invention encompasses polynucleotides of the present invention
that are chemically synthesized, or reproduced as peptide nucleic acids (PNA),
or
according to other methods known in the art. The use of PNAs would serve as
the
preferred form if the polynucleotides are incorporated onto a solid support,
or gene
chip. For the purposes of the present invention, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)
is a
polyamide type of DNA analog and the monomeric units for adenine, guanine,
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thymine and cytosine are available commercially (Perceptive Biosystems).
Certain
components of DNA, such as phosphorus, phosphorus oxides, or deoxyribose
derivatives, are not present in PNAs. As disclosed by P. E. Nielsen, M.
Egholm, R. H.
Berg and O. Buchardt, Science 254, 1497 (1991); and M. Egholm, O. Buchardt,
L.Christensen, C. Behrens, S. M. Freier, D. A. Driver, R. H. Berg, S. K. Kim,
B.
Norden, and P. E. Nielsen, Nature 365, 666 (1993), PNAs bind specifically and
tightly to complementary DNA strands and are not degraded by nucleases. In
fact,
PNA binds more strongly to DNA than DNA itself does. This is probably because
there is no electrostatic repulsion between the two strands, and also the
polyamide
backbone is more flexible. Because of this, PNA/DNA duplexes bind under a
wider
range of stringency conditions than DNAlDNA duplexes, making it easier to
perform
multiplex hybridization. Smaller probes can be used than with DNA due to the
strong
binding. In addition, it is more likely that single base mismatches can be
determined
with PNA/DNA hybridization because a single mismatch in a PNA/DNA 1 S-mer
lowers the melting point (T<sub>m</sub>) by 8°-20° C, vs. 4°-
16° C for the DNA/DNA 15-
mer duplex. Also, the absence of charge groups in PNA means that hybridization
can
be done at low ionic strengths and reduce possible interference by salt during
the
analysis.
The present invention is useful for detecting cancer in mammals. In particular
the invention is useful during diagnosis of pathological cell proliferative
neoplasias
which include, but are not limited to: acute myelogenous leukemias including
acute
monocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia,
acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute erythroleukemia, acute megakaryocytic
leukemia, and acute undifferentiated leukemia, etc.; and chronic myelogenous
leukemias including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic
leukemia, etc. Preferred mammals include monkeys, apes, cats, dogs, cows,
pigs,
horses, rabbits and humans. Particularly preferred are humans.
Pathological cell proliferative diseases, disorders, and/or conditions are
often
associated with inappropriate activation of proto-oncogenes. (Gelmann, E. P.
et al.,
"The Etiology of Acute Leukemia: Molecular Genetics and Viral Oncology," in
Neoplastic Diseases of the Blood, Vol 1., Wiernik, P. H. et al. eds., 161-182
(1985)).
Neoplasias are now believed to result from the qualitative alteration of a
normal
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cellular gene product, or from the quantitative modification of gene
expression by
insertion into the chromosome of a viral sequence, by chromosomal
translocation of a
gene to a more actively transcribed region, or by some other mechanism.
(Gelmann
et al., supra) It is likely that mutated or altered expression of specific
genes is
involved in the pathogenesis of some leukemias, among other tissues and cell
types.
(Gelmann et al., supra) Indeed, the human counterparts of the oncogenes
involved in
some animal neoplasias have been amplified or translocated in some cases of
human
leukemia and carcinoma. (Gelmann et al., supra)
For example, c-myc expression is highly amplified in the non-lymphocytic
leukemia
cell line HL-60. When HL-60 cells are chemically induced to stop
proliferation, the
level of c-myc is found to be downregulated. (International Publication Number
WO
91/15580) However, it has been shown that exposure of HL-60 cells to a DNA
construct that is complementary to the 5' end of c-myc or c-myb blocks
translation of
the corresponding mRNAs which downregulates expression of the c-myc or c-myb
proteins and causes arrest of cell proliferation and differentiation of the
treated cells.
(International Publication Number WO 91/15580; Wickstrom et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad.
Sci. 85:1028 (1988); Anfossi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86:3379 (1989)).
However,
the skilled artisan would appreciate the present invention's usefulness would
not be
limited to treatment of proliferative diseases, disorders, and/or conditions
of
hematopoietic cells and tissues, in light of the numerous cells and cell types
of
varying origins which are known to exhibit proliferative phenotypes.
In addition to the foregoing, a polynucleotide can be used to control gene
expression through triple helix formation or antisense DNA or RNA. Antisense
techniques are discussed, for example, in Okano, J. Neurochem. 56: 560 (1991);
"Oligodeoxynucleotides as Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression,CRCPress,
Boca
Raton, FL (1988). Triple helix formation is discussed in, for instance Lee et
al.,
Nucleic Acids Research 6: 3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science 241: 456 (1988);
and
Dervan et al., Science 251: 1360 (1991). Both methods rely on binding of the
polynucleotide to a complementary DNA or RNA. For these techniques, preferred
polynucleotides are usually oligonucleotides 20 to 40 bases in length and
complementary to either the region of the gene involved imtranscription
(triple helix -
see Lee et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 6:3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science 241:456
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(1988); and Dervan et al., Science 251:1360 (1991) ) or to the mRNA itself
(antisense
- Okano, J. Neurochem. 56:560 (1991); Oligodeoxy-nucleotides as Antisense
Inhibitors of Gene Expression, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1988).) Triple helix
formation optimally results in a shut-off of RNA transcription from DNA, while
antisense RNA hybridization blocks translation of an mRNA molecule into
polypeptide. Both techniques are effective in model systems, and the
information
disclosed herein can be used to design antisense or triple helix
polynucleotides in an
effort to treat or prevent disease.
Polynucleotides of the present invention are also useful in gene therapy. One
goal of gene therapy is to insert a normal gene into an organism having a
defective
gene, in an effort to correct the genetic defect. The polynucleotides
disclosed in the
present invention offer a means of targeting such genetic defects in a highly
accurate
manner. Another goal is to insert a new gene that was not present in the host
genome,
thereby producing a new trait in the host cell.
The polynucleotides are also useful for identifying individuals from minute
biological samples. The United States military, for example, is considering
the use of
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for identification of its
personnel.
In this technique, an individual's genomic DNA is digested with one or more
restriction enzymes, and probed on a Southern blot to yield unique bands for
identifying personnel. This method does not suffer from the current
limitations of
"Dog Tags" which can be lost, switched, or stolen, making positive
identification
difficult. The polynucleotides of the present invention can be used as
additional DNA
markers for RFLP.
The polynucleotides of the present invention can also be used as an
alternative
to RFLP, by determining the actual base-by-base DNA sequence of selected
portions
of an individual's genome. These sequences can be used to prepare PCR primers
for
amplifying and isolating such selected DNA, which can then be sequenced. Using
this technique, individuals can be identified because each individual will
have a
unique set of DNA sequences. Once an unique ID database is established for an
individual, positive identification of that individual, living or dead, can be
made from
extremely small tissue samples.
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Forensic biology also benefits from using DNA-based identification
techniques as disclosed herein. DNA sequences taken from very small biological
samples such as tissues, e.g., hair or skin, or body fluids, e.g., blood,
saliva, semen,
synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, breast milk, lymph, pulmonary sputum or
S surfactant,urine,fecal matter, etc., can be amplified using PCR. In one
prior art
technique, gene sequences amplified from polymorphic loci, such as DQa class
II
HLA gene, are used in forensic biology to identify individuals. (Erlich, H.,
PCR
Technology, Freeman and Co. (1992).) Once these specific polymorphic loci are
amplified, they are digested with one or more restriction enzymes, yielding an
identifying set of bands on a Southern blot probed with DNA corresponding to
the
DQa class II HLA gene. Similarly, polynucleotides of the present invention can
be
used as polymorphic markers for forensic purposes.
There is also a need for reagents capable of identifying the source of a
particular tissue. Such need arises, for example, in forensics when presented
with
tissue of unknown origin. Appropriate reagents can comprise, for example, DNA
probes or primers specific to particular tissue prepared from the sequences of
the
present invention. Panels of such reagents can identify tissue by species
and/or by
organ type. In a similar fashion, these reagents can be used to screen tissue
cultures
for contamination.
In the very least, the polynucleotides of the present invention can be used as
molecular weight markers on Southern gels, as diagnostic probes for the
presence of a
specific mRNA in a particular cell type, as a probe to "subtract-out" known
sequences
in the process of discovering novel polynucleotides, for selecting and making
oligomers for attachment to a "gene chip" or other support, to raise anti-DNA
antibodies using DNA immunization techniques, and as an antigen to elicit an
immune response.
Uses of the Polypeptides
Each of the polypeptides identified herein can be used in numerous ways. The
following description should be considered exemplary and utilizes known
techniques.
A polypeptide of the present invention can be used to assay protein levels in
a
biological sample using antibody-based techniques. For example, protein
expression
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in tissues can be studied with classical immunohistological methods.
(Jalkanen, M.,
et al., J. Cell. Biol. 101:976-985 (1985); Jalkanen, M., et al., J. Cell .
Biol. 105:3087-
3096 (1987).) Other antibody-based methods useful for detecting protein gene
expression include immunoassays, such as the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Suitable antibody assay labels are
known
in the art and include enzyme labels, such as, glucose oxidase, and
radioisotopes, such
as iodine (125I, 121I), carbon (14C), sulfur (35S), tritium (3H), indium
(112In), and
technetium (99mTc), and fluorescent labels, such as fluorescein and rhodamine,
and
biotin.
In addition to assaying secreted protein levels in a biological sample,
proteins
can also be detected in vivo by imaging. Antibody labels or markers for in
vivo
imaging of protein include those detectable by X-radiography, NMR or ESR. For
X-
radiography, suitable labels include radioisotopes such as barium or cesium,
which
emit detectable radiation but are not overtly harmful to the subject. Suitable
markers
for NMR and ESR include those with a detectable characteristic spin, such as
deuterium, which may be incorporated into the antibody by labeling of
nutrients for
the relevant hybridoma.
A protein-specific antibody or antibody fragment which has been labeled with
an appropriate detectable imaging moiety, such as a radioisotope (for example,
131I,
1 121n, 99mTc), a radio-opaque substance, or a material detectable by nuclear
magnetic resonance, is introduced (for example, parenterally, subcutaneously,
or
intraperitoneally) into the mammal. It will be understood in the art that the
size of the
subject and the imaging system used will determine the quantity of imaging
moiety
needed to produce diagnostic images. In the case of a radioisotope moiety, for
a
human subject, the quantity of radioactivity injected will normally range from
about S
to 20 millicuries of 99mTc. The labeled antibody or antibody fragment will
then
preferentially accumulate at the location of cells which contain the specific
protein.
In vivo tumor imaging is described in S.W. Burchiel et al.,
"Immunopharmacokinetics
of Radiolabeled Antibodies and Their Fragments." (Chapter 13 in Tumor Imaging:
The Radiochemical Detection of Cancer, S.W. Burchiel and B. A. Rhodes, eds.,
Masson Publishing Inc. (1982).)
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Thus, the invention provides a diagnostic method of a disorder, which
involves (a) assaying the expression of a polypeptide of the present invention
in cells
or body fluid of an individual; (b) comparing the level of gene expression
with a
standard gene expression level, whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed
polypeptide gene expression level compared to the standard expression level is
indicative of a disorder. With respect to cancer, the presence of a relatively
high
amount of transcript in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate a
predisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide a means for
detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actual clinical symptoms. A
more
definitive diagnosis of this type may allow health professionals to employ
preventative measures or aggressive treatment earlier thereby preventing the
development or further progression of the cancer.
Moreover, polypeptides of the present invention can be used to treat, prevent,
and/or diagnose disease. For example, patients can be administered a
polypeptide of
1 S the present invention in an effort to replace absent or decreased levels
of the
polypeptide (e.g., insulin), to supplement absent or decreased levels of a
different
polypeptide (e.g., hemoglobin S for hemoglobin B, SOD, catalase, DNA repair
proteins), to inhibit the activity of a polypeptide (e.g., an oncogene or
tumor
supressor), to activate the activity of a polypeptide (e.g., by binding to a
receptor), to
reduce the activity of a membrane bound receptor by competing with it for free
ligand
(e.g., soluble TNF receptors used in reducing inflammation), or to bring about
a
desired response (e.g., blood vessel growth inhibition, enhancement of the
immune
response to proliferative cells or tissues).
Similarly, antibodies directed to a polypeptide of the present invention can
also be used to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose disease. For example,
administration of
an antibody directed to a polypeptide of the present invention can bind and
reduce
overproduction of the polypeptide. Similarly, administration of an antibody
can
activate the polypeptide, such as by binding to a polypeptide bound to a
membrane
(receptor).
At the very least, the polypeptides of the present invention can be used as
molecular weight markers on SDS-PAGE gels or on molecular sieve gel filtration
columns using methods well known to those of skill in the art. Polypeptides
can also
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be used to raise antibodies, which in turn are used to measure protein
expression from
a recombinant cell, as a way of assessing transformation of the host cell.
Moreover,
the polypeptides of the present invention can be used to test the following
biological
activities.
Gene Therapy Methods
Another aspect of the present invention is to gene therapy methods for
treatingor preventing disorders, diseases and conditions. The gene therapy
methods
relate to the introduction of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA and antisense DNA or RNA)
sequences into an animal to achieve expression of a polypeptide of the present
invention. This method requires a polynucleotide which codes for a polypeptide
of the
invention that operatively linked to a promoter and any other genetic elements
necessary for the expression of the polypeptide by the target tissue. Such
gene therapy
and delivery techniques are known in the art, see, for example, W090/11092,
which
is herein incorporated by reference.
Thus, for example, cells from a patient may be engineered with a
polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) comprising a promoter operably linked to a
polynucleotide of the invention ex vivo, with the engineered cells then being
provided
to a patient to be treated with the polypeptide. Such methods are well-known
in the
art. For example, see Belldegrun et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85:207-216
(1993);
Ferrantini et al., Cancer Research, 53:107-1112 (1993); Ferrantini et al., J.
Immunology 153: 4604-4615 (1994); Kaido, T., et al., Int. J. Cancer 60: 221-
229
(1995); Ogura et al., Cancer Research S0: 5102-5106 (1990); Santodonato, et
al.,
Human Gene Therapy 7:1-10 (1996); Santodonato, et al., Gene Therapy 4:1246-
1255
(1997); and Zhang, et al., Cancer Gene Therapy 3: 31-38 (1996)), which are
herein
incorporated by reference. In one embodiment, the cells which are engineered
are
arterial cells. The arterial cells may be reintroduced into the patient
through direct
injection to the artery, the tissues surrounding the artery, or through
catheter injection.
As discussed in more detail below, the polynucleotide constructs can be
delivered by any method that delivers injectable materials to the cells of an
animal,
such as, injection into the interstitial space of tissues (heart, muscle,
skin, lung, liver,
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and the like). The polynucleotide constructs may be delivered in a
pharmaceutically
acceptable liquid or aqueous carrier.
In one embodiment, the polynucleotide of the invention is delivered as a naked
polynucleotide. The term "naked" polynucleotide, DNA or RNA refers to
sequences
that are free from any delivery vehicle that acts to assist, promote or
facilitate entry
into the cell, including viral sequences, viral particles, liposome
formulations,
lipofectin or precipitating agents and the like. However, the polynucleotides
of the
invention can also be delivered in liposome formulations and lipofectin
formulations
and the like can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the
art. Such
methods are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,593,972, 5,589,466,
and
5,580,859, which are herein incorporated by reference.
The polynucleotide vector constructs of the invention used in the gene
therapy method are preferably constructs that will not integrate into the host
genome
nor will they contain sequences that allow for replication. Appropriate
vectors
include pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTl and pSG available from Stratagene;
pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia; and pEFI/V5,
pcDNA3.l, and pRc/CMV2 available from Invitrogen. Other suitable vectors will
be
readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
Any strong promoter known to those skilled in the art can be used for driving
the expression of polynucleotide sequence of the invention. Suitable promoters
include adenoviral promoters, such as the adenoviral major late promoter; or
heterologous promoters, such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter; the
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) promoter; inducible promoters, such as the
MMT
promoter, the metallothionein promoter; heat shock promoters; the albumin
promoter;
the ApoAI promoter; human globin promoters; viral thymidine kinase promoters,
such as the Herpes Simplex thymidine kinase promoter; retroviral LTRs; the b-
actin
promoter; and human growth hormone promoters. The promoter also may be the
native promoter for the polynucleotides of the invention.
Unlike other gene therapy techniques, one major advantage of introducing
naked nucleic acid sequences into target cells is the transitory nature of the
polynucleotide synthesis in the cells. Studies have shown that non-replicating
DNA
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sequences can be introduced into cells to provide production of the desired
polypeptide for periods of up to six months.
The polynucleotide construct of the invention can be delivered to the
interstitial
space of tissues within the an animal, including of muscle, skin, brain, lung,
liver,
spleen, bone marrow, thymus, heart, lymph, blood, bone, cartilage, pancreas,
kidney,
gall bladder, stomach, intestine, testis, ovary, uterus, rectum, nervous
system, eye,
gland, and connective tissue. Interstitial space of the tissues comprises the
intercellular,
fluid, mucopolysaccharide matrix among the reticular fibers of organ tissues,
elastic
fibers in the walls of vessels or chambers, collagen fibers of fibrous
tissues, or that
same matrix within connective tissue ensheathing muscle cells or in the
lacunae of
bone. It is similarly the space occupied by the plasma of the circulation and
the lymph
fluid of the lymphatic channels. Delivery to the interstitial space of muscle
tissue is
preferred for the reasons discussed below. They may be conveniently delivered
by
injection into the tissues comprising these cells. They are preferably
delivered to and
expressed in persistent, non-dividing cells which are differentiated, although
delivery
and expression may be achieved in non-differentiated or less completely
differentiated
cells, such as, for example, stem cells of blood or skin fibroblasts. In vivo
muscle cells
are particularly competent in their ability to take up and express
polynucleotides.
For the nakednucleic acid sequence injection, an effective dosage amount of
DNA or RNA will be in the range of from about 0.05 mg/kg body weight to about
50
mg/kg body weight. Preferably the dosage will be from about 0.005 mg/kg to
about 20
mg/kg and more preferably from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg. Of course,
as
the artisan of ordinary skill will appreciate, this dosage will vary according
to the
tissue site of injection. The appropriate and effective dosage of nucleic acid
sequence
can readily be determined by those of ordinary skill in the art and may depend
on the
condition being treated and the route of administration.
The preferred route of administration is by the parenteral route of injection
into the interstitial space of tissues. However, other parenteral routes may
also be
used, such as, inhalation of an aerosol formulation particularly for delivery
to lungs or
bronchial tissues, throat or mucous membranes of the nose. In addition, naked
DNA
constructs can be delivered to arteries during angioplasty by the catheter
used in the
procedure.
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The naked polynucleotides are delivered by any method known in the art,
including, but not limited to, direct needle injection at the delivery site,
intravenous
injection, topical administration, catheter infusion, and so-called "gene
guns". These
delivery methods are known in the art.
The constructs may also be delivered with delivery vehicles such as viral
sequences, viral particles, liposome formulations, lipofectin, precipitating
agents, etc.
Such methods of delivery are known in the art.
In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide constructs of the invention are
complexed in a liposome preparation. Liposomal preparations for use in the
instant
invention include cationic (positively charged), anionic (negatively charged)
and
neutral preparations. However, cationic liposomes are particularly preferred
because a
tight charge complex can be formed between the cationic liposome and the
polyanionic nucleic acid. Cationic liposomes have been shown to mediate
intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA (Felgner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA ,
84:7413-7416 (1987), which is herein incorporated by reference); mRNA (Malone
et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 86:6077-6081 (1989), which is herein
incorporated
by reference); and purified transcription factors (Debs et al., J. Biol.
Chem.,
265:10189-10192 (1990), which is herein incorporated by reference), in
functional
form.
Cationic liposomes are readily available. For example,
N[1-2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-triethylammonium (DOTMA) liposomes are
particularly useful and are available under the trademark Lipofectin, from
GIBCO
BRL, Grand Island, N.Y. (See, also, Felgner et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA
,
84:7413-7416 (1987), which is herein incorporated by reference). Other
commercially
available liposomes include transfectace (DDAB/DOPE) and DOTAP/DOPE
(Boehringer).
Other cationic liposomes can be prepared from readily available materials
using techniques well known in the art. See, e.g. PCT Publication NO: WO
90/11092
(which is herein incorporated by reference) for a description of the synthesis
of
DOTAP (1,2-bis(oleoyloxy)-3-(trimethylammonio)propane) liposomes. Preparation
of DOTMA liposomes is explained in the literature, see, e.g., Felgner et al.,
Proc.
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Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84:7413-7417, which is herein incorporated by reference.
Similar methods can be used to prepare liposomes from other cationic lipid
materials.
Similarly, anionic and neutral liposomes are readily available, such as from
Avanti Polar Lipids (Birmingham, Ala.), or can be easily prepared using
readily
available materials. Such materials include phosphatidyl, choline,
cholesterol,
phosphatidyl ethanolamine, dioleoylphosphatidyl choline (DOPC),
dioleoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG), dioleoylphoshatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE),
among others. These materials can also be mixed with the DOTMA and DOTAP
starting materials in appropriate ratios. Methods for making liposomes using
these
materials are well known in the art.
For example, commercially dioleoylphosphatidyl choline (DOPC),
dioleoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG), and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine
(DOPE) can be used in various combinations to make conventional liposomes,
with or
without the addition of cholesterol. Thus, for example, DOPG/DOPC vesicles can
be
prepared by drying 50 mg each of DOPG and DOPC under a stream of nitrogen gas
into a sonication vial. The sample is placed under a vacuum pump overnight and
is
hydrated the following day with deionized water. The sample is then sonicated
for 2
hours in a capped vial, using a Heat Systems model 350 sonicator equipped with
an
inverted cup (bath type) probe at the maximum setting while the bath is
circulated at
15EC. Alternatively, negatively charged vesicles can be prepared without
sonication
to produce multilamellar vesicles or by extrusion through nucleopore membranes
to
produce unilamellar vesicles of discrete size. Other methods are known and
available
to those of skill in the art.
The liposomes can comprise multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), small unilamellar
vesicles (SUVs), or large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), with SUVs being
preferred.
The various liposome-nucleic acid complexes are prepared using methods well
known
in the art. See, e.g., Straubinger et al., Methods of Immunology , 101:512-527
(1983),
which is herein incorporated by reference. For example, MLVs containing
nucleic
acid can be prepared by depositing a thin film of phospholipid on the walls of
a glass
tube and subsequently hydrating with a solution of the material to be
encapsulated.
SUVs are prepared by extended sonication of MLVs to produce a homogeneous
population of unilamellar liposomes. The material to be entrapped is added to
a
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suspension of preformed MLVs and then sonicated. When using liposomes
containing
cationic lipids, the dried lipid film is resuspended in an appropriate
solution such as
sterile water or an isotonic buffer solution such as 10 mM Tris/NaCI,
sonicated, and
then the preformed liposomes are mixed directly with the DNA. The liposome and
DNA form a very stable complex due to binding of the positively charged
liposomes
to the cationic DNA. SUVs find use with small nucleic acid fragments. LUVs are
prepared by a number of methods, well known in the art. Commonly used methods
include Ca2+-EDTA chelation (Papahadjopoulos et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta,
394:483 (1975); Wilson et al., Cell , 17:77 (1979)); ether injection (Deamer
et al.,
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 443:629 (1976); Ostro et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun., 76:836 (1977); Fraley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:3348
(1979));
detergent dialysis (Enoch et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 76:145 (1979));
and
reverse-phase evaporation (REV) (Fraley et al., J. Biol. Chem., 255:10431
(1980);
Szoka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 75:145 (1978); Schaefer-Ridder et
al.,
Science, 215:166 (1982)), which are herein incorporated by reference.
Generally, the ratio of DNA to liposomes will be from about 10:1 to about
1:10. Preferably, the ration will be from about 5:1 to about 1:5. More
preferably, the
ration will be about 3:1 to about 1:3. Still more preferably, the ratio will
be about 1:1.
U.5. Patent NO: 5,676,954 (which is herein incorporated by reference) reports
on the injection of genetic material, complexed with cationic liposomes
carriers, into
mice. U.5. Patent Nos. 4,897,355, 4,946,787, 5,049,386, 5,459,127, 5,589,466,
5,693,622, 5,580,859, 5,703,055, and international publication NO: WO 94/9469
(which are herein incorporated by reference) provide cationic lipids for use
in
transfecting DNA into cells and mammals. U.5. Patent Nos. 5,589,466,
5,693,622,
5,580,859, 5,703,055, and international publication NO: WO 94/9469 (which are
herein incorporated by reference) provide methods for delivering DNA-cationic
lipid
complexes to mammals.
In certain embodiments, cells are engineered, ex vivo or in vivo, using a
retroviral particle containing RNA which comprises a sequence encoding
polypeptides of the invention. Retroviruses from which the retroviral plasmid
vectors
may be derived include, but are not limited to, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus,
spleen necrosis virus, Rous sarcoma Virus, Harvey Sarcoma Virus, avian
leukosis
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virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, human immunodeficiency virus,
Myeloproliferative
Sarcoma Virus, and mammary tumor virus.
The retroviral plasmid vector is employed to transduce packaging cell lines to
form producer cell lines. Examples of packaging cells which may be transfected
include, but are not limited to, the PE501, PA317, R-2, R-AM, PA12, T19-14X,
VT-
19-17-H2, RCRE, RCRIP, GP+E-86, GP+envAml2, and DAN cell lines as described
in Miller, Human Gene Therapy , 1:5-14 (1990), which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety. The vector may transduce the packaging cells
through any
means known in the art. Such means include, but are not limited to,
electroporation,
the use of liposomes, and CaP04 precipitation. In one alternative, the
retroviral
plasmid vector may be encapsulated into a liposome, or coupled to a lipid, and
then
administered to a host.
The producer cell line generates infectious retroviral vector particles which
include polynucleotide encoding polypeptides of the invention. Such retroviral
vector
particles then may be employed, to transduce eukaryotic cells, either in vitro
or in
vivo. The transduced eukaryotic cells will express polypeptides of the
invention.
In certain other embodiments, cells are engineered, ex vivo or in vivo, with
polynucleotides of the invention contained in an adenovirus vector. Adenovirus
can
be manipulated such that it encodes and expresses polypeptides of the
invention, and
at the same time is inactivated in terms of its ability to replicate in a
normal lytic viral
life cycle. Adenovirus expression is achieved without integration of the viral
DNA
into the host cell chromosome, thereby alleviating concerns about insertional
mutagenesis. Furthermore, adenoviruses have been used as live enteric vaccines
for
many years with an excellent safety profile (Schwartzet al., Am. Rev. Respir.
Dis.,
109:233-238 (1974)). Finally, adenovirus mediated gene transfer has been
demonstrated in a number of instances including transfer of alpha-1-
antitrypsin and
CFTR to the lungs of cotton rats (Rosenfeld et al.,Science , 252:431-434
(1991);
Rosenfeld et al., Cell, 68:143-155 (1992)). Furthermore, extensive studies to
attempt
to establish adenovirus as a causative agent in human cancer were uniformly
negative
(Green et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 76:6606 (1979)).
Suitable adenoviral vectors useful in the present invention are described, for
example, in Kozarsky and Wilson, Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel., 3:499-503 (1993);
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Rosenfeld et al., Cell , 68:143-155 (1992); Engelhardt et al., Human Genet.
Ther.,
4:759-769 (1993); Yang et al., Nature Genet., 7:362-369 (1994); Wilson et al.,
Nature , 365:691-692 (1993); and U.S. Patent NO: 5,652,224, which are herein
incorporated by reference. For example, the adenovirus vector Ad2 is useful
and can
be grown in human 293 cells. These cells contain the E1 region of adenovirus
and
constitutively express Ela and Elb, which complement the defective
adenoviruses by
providing the products of the genes deleted from the vector. In addition to
Ad2, other
varieties of adenovirus (e.g., Ad3, AdS, and Ad7) are also useful in the
present
invention.
Preferably, the adenoviruses used in the present invention are replication
deficient. Replication deficient adenoviruses require the aid of a helper
virus and/or
packaging cell line to form infectious particles. The resulting virus is
capable of
infecting cells and can express a polynucleotide of interest which is operably
linked to
a promoter, but cannot replicate in most cells. Replication deficient
adenoviruses
may be deleted in one or more of all or a portion of the following genes: Ela,
Elb,
E3, E4, E2a, or L1 through L5.
In certain other embodiments, the cells are engineered, ex vivo or in vivo,
using an adeno-associated virus (AAV). AAVs are naturally occurring defective
viruses that require helper viruses to produce infectious particles (Muzyczka,
Curr.
Topics in Microbiol. Immunol., 158:97 (1992)). It is also one of the few
viruses that
may integrate its DNA into non-dividing cells. Vectors containing as little as
300 base
pairs of AAV can be packaged and can integrate, but space for exogenous DNA is
limited to about 4.5 kb. Methods for producing and using such AAVs are known
in
the art. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,139,941, 5,173,414, 5,354,678,
5,436,146, 5,474,935, 5,478,745, and 5,589,377.
For example, an appropriate AAV vector for use in the present invention will
include all the sequences necessary for DNA replication, encapsidation, and
host-cell
integration. The polynucleotide construct containing polynucleotides of the
invention
is inserted into the AAV vector using standard cloning methods, such as those
found
in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor
Press (1989). The recombinant AAV vector is then transfected into packaging
cells
which are infected with a helper virus, using any standard technique,
including
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lipofection, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, etc.
Appropriate helper
viruses include adenoviruses, cytomegaloviruses, vaccinia viruses, or herpes
viruses.
Once the packaging cells are transfected and infected, they will produce
infectious
AAV viral particles which contain the polynucleotide construct of the
invention.
These viral particles are then used to transduce eukaryotic cells, either ex
vivo or in
vivo. The transduced cells will contain the polynucleotide construct
integrated into its
genome, and will express the desired gene product.
Another method of gene therapy involves operably associating heterologous
control regions and endogenous polynucleotide sequences (e.g. encoding the
polypeptide sequence of interest) via homologous recombination (see, e.g.,
U.S.
Patent NO: 5,641,670, issued June 24, 1997; International Publication NO: WO
96/29411, published September 26, 1996; International Publication NO: WO
94/12650, published August 4, 1994; Koller et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
86:8932-8935 (1989); and Zijlstra et al., Nature, 342:435-438 (1989). This
method
involves the activation of a gene which is present in the target cells, but
which is not
normally expressed in the cells, or is expressed at a lower level than
desired.
Polynucleotide constructs are made, using standard techniques known in the
art, which contain the promoter with targeting sequences flanking the
promoter.
Suitable promoters are described herein. The targeting sequence is
sufficiently
complementary to an endogenous sequence to permit homologous recombination of
the promoter-targeting sequence with the endogenous sequence. The targeting
sequence will be sufficiently near the S' end of the desired endogenous
polynucleotide sequence so the promoter will be operably linked to the
endogenous
sequence upon homologous recombination.
The promoter and the targeting sequences can be amplified using PCR.
Preferably, the amplified promoter contains distinct restriction enzyme sites
on the 5'
and 3' ends. Preferably, the 3' end of the first targeting sequence contains
the same
restriction enzyme site as the 5' end of the amplified promoter and the 5' end
of the
second targeting sequence contains the same restriction site as the 3' end of
the
amplified promoter. The amplified promoter and targeting sequences are
digested
and ligated together.
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The promoter-targeting sequence construct is delivered to the cells, either as
naked polynucleotide, or in conjunction with transfection-facilitating agents,
such as
liposomes, viral sequences, viral particles, whole viruses, lipofection,
precipitating
agents, etc., described in more detail above. The P promoter-targeting
sequence can
be delivered by any method, included direct needle injection, intravenous
injection,
topical administration, catheter infusion, particle accelerators, etc. The
methods are
described in more detail below.
The promoter-targeting sequence construct is taken up by cells. Homologous
recombination between the construct and the endogenous sequence takes place,
such
that an endogenous sequence is placed under the control of the promoter. The
promoter then drives the expression of the endogenous sequence.
The polynucleotides encoding polypeptides of the present invention may be
administered along with other polynucleotides encoding other angiongenic
proteins.
Angiogenic proteins include, but are not limited to, acidic and basic
fibroblast growth
factors, VEGF-l, VEGF-2 (VEGF-C), VEGF-3 (VEGF-B), epidermal growth factor
alpha and beta, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, platelet-
derived growth
factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, hepatocyte growth factor, insulin like
growth
factor, colony stimulating factor, macrophage colony stimulating factor,
granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor, and nitric oxide synthase.
Preferably, the polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the invention
contains a secretory signal sequence that facilitates secretion of the
protein.
Typically, the signal sequence is positioned in the coding region of the
polynucleotide
to be expressed towards or at the 5' end of the coding region. The signal
sequence
may be homologous or heterologous to the polynucleotide of interest and may be
homologous or heterologous to the cells to be transfected.. Additionally, the
signal
sequence may be chemically synthesized using methods known in the art.
Any mode of administration of any of the above-described polynucleotides
constructs can be used so long as the mode results in the expression of one or
more
molecules in an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect. This
includes direct
needle injection, systemic injection, catheter infusion, biolistic injectors,
particle
accelerators (i.e., "gene guns"), gelfoam sponge depots, other commercially
available
depot materials, osmotic pumps (e.g., Alza minipumps), oral or suppositorial
solid
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(tablet or pill) pharmaceutical formulations, and decanting or topical
applications
during surgery. For example, direct injection of naked calcium
phosphate-precipitated plasmid into rat liver and rat spleen or a protein-
coated
plasmid into the portal vein has resulted in gene expression of the foreign
gene in the
S rat livers. (Kaneda et al., Science, 243:375 (1989)).
A preferred method of local administration is by direct injection. Preferably,
a
recombinant molecule of the present invention complexed with a delivery
vehicle is
administered by direct injection into or locally within the area of arteries.
Administration of a composition locally within the area of arteries refers to
injecting
the composition centimeters and preferably, millimeters within arteries.
Another method of local administration is to contact a polynucleotide
construct of the present invention in or around a surgical wound. For example,
a
patient can undergo surgery and the polynucleotide construct can be coated on
the
surface of tissue inside the wound or the construct can be injected into areas
of tissue
inside the wound.
Therapeutic compositions useful in systemic administration, include
recombinant molecules of the present invention complexed to a targeted
delivery
vehicle of the present invention. Suitable delivery vehicles for use with
systemic
administration comprise liposomes comprising ligands for targeting the vehicle
to a
particular site.
Preferred methods of systemic administration, include intravenous injection,
aerosol, oral and percutaneous (topical) delivery. Intravenous injections can
be
performed using methods standard in the art. Aerosol delivery can also be
performed
using methods standard in the art (see, for example, Stribling et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA , 189:11277-11281 (1992), which is incorporated herein by reference).
Oral
delivery can be performed by complexing a polynucleotide construct of the
present
invention to a carrier capable of withstanding degradation by digestive
enzymes in the
gut of an animal. Examples of such Garners, include plastic capsules or
tablets, such
as those known in the art. Topical delivery can be performed by mixing a
polynucleotide construct of the present invention with a lipophilic reagent
(e.g.,
DMSO) that is capable of passing into the skin.
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Determining an effective amount of substance to be delivered can depend
upon a number of factors including, for example, the chemical structure and
biological activity of the substance, the age and weight of the animal, the
precise
condition requiring treatment and its severity, and the route of
administration. The
frequency of treatments depends upon a number of factors, such as the amount
of
polynucleotide constructs administered per dose, as well as the health and
history of
the subject. The precise amount, number of doses, and timing of doses will be
determined by the attending physician or veterinarian. Therapeutic
compositions of
the present invention can be administered to any animal, preferably to mammals
and
birds. Preferred mammals include humans, dogs, cats, mice, rats, rabbits
sheep, cattle,
horses and pigs, with humans being particularly
Biological Activities
The polynucleotides or polypeptides, or agonists or antagonists of the present
invention can be used in assays to test for one or more biological activities.
If these
polynucleotides and polypeptides do exhibit activity in a particular assay, it
is likely
that these molecules may be involved in the diseases associated with the
biological
activity. Thus, the polynucleotides or polypeptides, or agonists or
antagonists could
be used to treat the associated disease.
Immune Activity
Polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists of
the
present invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing
diseases,
disorders, and/or conditions of the immune system, by, for example, activating
or
inhibiting the proliferation, differentiation, or mobilization (chemotaxis) of
immune
cells. Immune cells develop through a process called hematopoiesis, producing
myeloid (platelets, red blood cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) and
lymphoid (B
and T lymphocytes) cells from pluripotent stem cells. The etiology of these
immune
diseases, disorders, and/or conditions may be genetic, somatic, such as cancer
and
some autoimmune diseases, acquired (e.g., by chemotherapy or toxins), or
infectious.
Moreover, polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or
antagonists of
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the present invention can be used as a marker or detector of a particular
immune
system disease or disorder.
Polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists of
the
present invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing
diseases,
disorders, and/or conditions of hematopoietic cells. Polynucleotides,
polypeptides,
antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists of the present invention could be
used to
increase differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells, including
the
pluripotent stem cells, in an effort to treat or prevent those diseases,
disorders, and/or
conditions associated with a decrease in certain (or many) types hematopoietic
cells.
Examples of immunologic deficiency syndromes include, but are not limited to:
blood protein diseases, disorders, and/or conditions (e.g.,
agammaglobulinemia,
dysgammaglobulinemia), ataxia telangiectasia, common variable
immunodeficiency,
Digeorge Syndrome, HIV infection, HTLV-BLV infection, leukocyte adhesion
deficiency syndrome, lymphopenia, phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction, severe
combined immunodeficiency (SC>Ds), Wiskott-Aldrich Disorder, anemia,
thrombocytopenia, or hemoglobinuria.
Moreover, polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or
antagonists of the present invention could also be used to modulate hemostatic
(the
stopping of bleeding) or thrombolytic activity (clot formation). For example,
by
increasing hemostatic or thrombolytic activity, polynucleotides or
polypeptides,
and/or agonists or antagonists of the present invention could be used to treat
or
prevent blood coagulation diseases, disorders, and/or conditions (e.g.,
afibrinogenemia, factor deficiencies), blood platelet diseases, disorders,
and/or
conditions (e.g., thrombocytopenia), or wounds resulting from trauma, surgery,
or
other causes. Alternatively, polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or
agonists
or antagonists of the present invention that can decrease hemostatic or
thrombolytic
activity could be used to inhibit or dissolve clotting. These molecules could
be
important in the treatment or prevention of heart attacks (infarction),
strokes, or
scarring.
The polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists
of the present invention may be useful in treating, preventing, and/or
diagnosing
autoimmune disorders. Many autoimmune disorders result from inappropriate
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recognition of self as foreign material by immune cells. This inappropriate
recognition results in an immune response leading to the destruction of the
host tissue.
Therefore, the administration of polynucleotides and polypeptides of the
invention
that can inhibit an immune response, particularly the proliferation,
differentiation, or
chemotaxis of T-cells, may be an effective therapy in preventing autoimmune
disorders.
Autoimmune diseases or disorders that may be treated, prevented, and/or
diagnosed by polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or
antagonists
of the present invention include, but are not limited to, one or more of the
following:
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia, idiopathic
thrombocytopenia purpura, autoimmunocytopenia, hemolytic anemia,
antiphospholipid syndrome, dermatitis, allergic encephalomyelitis,
myocarditis,
relapsing polychondritis, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis (e.g,
IgA
nephropathy), Multiple Sclerosis, Neuritis, Uveitis Ophthalmia,
Polyendocrinopathies, Purpura (e.g., Henloch-Scoenlein purpura), Reiter's
Disease,
Stiff Man Syndrome, Autoimmune Pulmonary Inflammation, Autism, Guillain-Barre
Syndrome, insulin dependent diabetes mellitis, and autoimmune inflammatory
eye,
autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism (i.e., Hashimoto's thyroiditis,
systemic lupus
erhythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, Pemphigus, Receptor autoimmunities
such
as, for example, (a) Graves' Disease, (b) Myasthenia Gravis, and (c) insulin
resistance, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura,
rheumatoid arthritis, schleroderma with anti-collagen antibodies, mixed
connective
tissue disease, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, pernicious anemia, idiopathic
Addison's
disease, infertility, glomerulonephritis such as primary glomerulonephritis
and IgA
nephropathy, bullous pemphigoid, Sjogren's syndrome, diabetes millitus, and
adrenergic drug resistance (including adrenergic drug resistance with asthma
or cystic
fibrosis), chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, other
endocrine gland
failure, vitiligo, vasculitis, post-MI, cardiotomy syndrome, urticaria, atopic
dermatitis,
asthma, inflammatory myopathies, and other inflammatory, granulamatous,
degenerative, and atrophic disorders.
Additional autoimmune disorders (that are probable) that may be treated,
prevented, and/or diagnosed with the compositions of the invention include,
but are
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not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis (often characterized, e.g., by immune
complexes in
joints), scleroderma with anti-collagen antibodies (often characterized, e.g.,
by
nucleolar and other nuclear antibodies), mixed connective tissue disease
(often
characterized, e.g., by antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (e.g.,
S ribonucleoprotein)), polymyositis (often characterized, e.g., by nonhistone
ANA),
pernicious anemia (often characterized, e.g., by antiparietal cell,
microsomes, and
intrinsic factor antibodies), idiopathic Addison's disease (often
characterized, e.g., by
humoral and cell-mediated adrenal cytotoxicity, infertility (often
characterized, e.g.,
by antispermatozoal antibodies), glomerulonephritis (often characterized,
e.g., by
glomerular basement membrane antibodies or immune complexes), bullous
pemphigoid (often characterized, e.g., by IgG and complement in basement
membrane), Sjogren's syndrome (often characterized, e.g., by multiple tissue
antibodies, and/or a specific nonhistone ANA (SS-B)), diabetes millitus (often
characterized, e.g., by cell-mediated and humoral islet cell antibodies), and
adrenergic
drug resistance (including adrenergic drug resistance with asthma or cystic
fibrosis)
(often characterized, e.g., by beta-adrenergic receptor antibodies).
Additional autoimmune disorders (that are possible) that may be treated,
prevented, and/or diagnosed with the compositions of the invention include,
but are
not limited to, chronic active hepatitis (often characterized, e.g., by smooth
muscle
antibodies), primary biliary cirrhosis (often characterized, e.g., by
mitchondrial
antibodies), other endocrine gland failure (often characterized, e.g., by
specific tissue
antibodies in some cases), vitiligo (often characterized, e.g., by melanocyte
antibodies), vasculitis (often characterized, e.g., by Ig and complement in
vessel walls
and/or low serum complement), post-MI (often characterized, e.g., by
myocardial
antibodies), cardiotomy syndrome (often characterized, e.g., by myocardial
antibodies), urticaria (often characterized, e.g., by IgG and IgM antibodies
to IgE),
atopic dermatitis (often characterized, e.g., by IgG and IgM antibodies to
IgE), asthma
(often characterized, e.g., by IgG and IgM antibodies to IgE), and many other
inflammatory, granulamatous, degenerative, and atrophic disorders.
In a preferred embodiment, the autoimmune diseases and disorders and/or
conditions associated with the diseases and disorders recited above are
treated,
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prevented, and/or diagnosed using for example, antagonists or agonists,
polypeptides
or polynucleotides, or antibodies of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or
agonists or antagonists of the present invention could be used as an agent to
boost
immunoresponsiveness among B cell and/or T cell immunodeficient individuals.
B cell immunodeficiencies that may be ameliorated or treated by
administering the polypeptides or polynucleotides of the invention, and/or
agonists
thereof, include, but are not limited to, severe combined immunodeficiency
(SC>D)-X
linked, SCID-autosomal, adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA deficiency), X-
linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), Bruton's disease, congenital
agammaglobulinemia, X-linked infantile agammaglobulinemia, acquired
agammaglobulinemia, adult onset agammaglobulinemia, late-onset
agammaglobulinemia, dysgammaglobulinemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, transient
hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, unspecified hypogammaglobulinemia,
agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) (acquired),
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS), X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper IgM, non
X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper IgM, selective IgA deficiency, IgG
subclass
deficiency (with or without IgA deficiency), antibody deficiency with normal
or
elevated Igs, immunodeficiency with thymoma, Ig heavy chain deletions, kappa
chain deficiency, B cell lymphoproliferative disorder (BLPD), selective IgM
immunodeficiency, recessive agammaglobulinemia (Swiss type), reticular
dysgenesis, neonatal neutropenia, severe congenital leukopenia, thymic
alymophoplasia-aplasia or dysplasia with immunodeficiency, ataxia-
telangiectasia,
short limbed dwarfism, X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP), Nezelof
syndrome-combined immunodeficiency with Igs, purine nucleoside phosphorylase
deficiency (PNP), MHC Class II deficiency (Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome) and
severe combined immunodeficiency.
T cell deficiencies that may be ameliorated or treated by administering the
polypeptides or polynucleotides of the invention, and/or agonists thereof
include, but
are not limited to, for example, DiGeorge anomaly, thymic hypoplasia, third
and
fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion, chronic mucocutaneous
candidiasis, natural killer cell deficiency (NK), idiopathic CD4+ T-
lymphocytopenia,
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immunodeficiency with predominant T cell defect (unspecified), and unspecified
immunodeficiency of cell mediated immunity. In specific embodiments, DiGeorge
anomaly or conditions associated with DiGeorge anomaly are ameliorated or
treated
by, for example, administering the polypeptides or polynucleotides of the
invention,
or antagonists or agonists thereof.
Other immunodeficiencies that may be ameliorated or treated by administering
polypeptides or polynucleotides of the invention, and/or agonists thereof,
include, but
are not limited to, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID; e.g., X-linked
SCID,
autosomal SCID, and adenosine deaminase deficiency), ataxia-telangiectasia,
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, short-limber dwarfism, X-linked lymphoproliferative
syndrome (XLP), Nezelof syndrome (e.g., purine nucleoside phosphorylase
deficiency), MHC Class II deficiency. In specific embodiments, ataxia-
telangiectasia
or conditions associated with ataxia-telangiectasia are ameliorated or treated
by
administering the polypeptides or polynucleotides of the invention, and/or
agonists
thereof.
In a specific preferred embodiment, rheumatoid arthritis is treated,
prevented,
and/or diagnosed using polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or
agonists or
antagonists of the present invention. In another specific preferred
embodiment,
systemic lupus erythemosus is treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed using
polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists of
the
present invention. In another specific preferred embodiment, idiopathic
thrombocytopenia purpura is treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed using
polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists of
the
present invention. In another specific preferred embodiment IgA nephropathy is
treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed using polynucleotides, polypeptides,
antibodies,
and/or agonists or antagonists of the present invention. In a preferred
embodiment, the
autoimmune diseases and disorders and/or conditions associated with the
diseases and
disorders recited above are treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed using
antibodies
against the protein of the invention.
Similarly, allergic reactions and conditions, such as asthma (particularly
allergic asthma) or other respiratory problems, may also be treated,
prevented, and/or
diagnosed using polypeptides, antibodies, or polynucleotides of the invention,
and/or
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agonists or antagonists thereof. Moreover, these molecules can be used to
treat,
prevent, and/or diagnose anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity to an antigenic
molecule, or
blood group incompatibility.
Moreover, inflammatory conditions may also be treated, diagnosed, and/or
prevented with polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or
antagonists of the present invention. Such inflammatory conditions include,
but are
not limited to, for example, respiratory disorders (such as, e.g., asthma and
allergy);
gastrointestinal disorders (such as, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease);
cancers (such
as, e.g., gastric, ovarian, lung, bladder, liver, and breast); CNS disorders
(such as, e.g.,
multiple sclerosis, blood-brain barner permeability, ischemic brain injury
and/or
stroke, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative disorders (such as, e.g.,
Parkinson's
disease and Alzheimer's .disease), AIDS-related dementia, and prion disease);
cardiovascular disorders (such as, e.g., atherosclerosis, myocarditis,
cardiovascular
disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass complications); as well as many additional
diseases, conditions, and disorders that are characterized by inflammation
(such as,
e.g., chronic hepatitis (B and C), rheumatoid arthritis, gout, trauma, septic
shock,
pancreatitis, sarcoidosis, dermatitis, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury,
Grave's
disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, diabetes mellitus (i.e., type 1
diabetes), and
allogenic transplant rejection).
In specific embodiments, polypeptides, antibodies, or polynucleotides of the
invention, and/or agonists or antagonists thereof, are useful to treat,
diagnose, and/or
prevent transplantation rejections, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune and
inflammatory diseases (e.g., immune complex-induced vasculitis,
glomerulonephritis,
hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, type II collagen-induced arthritis,
experimental
allergic and hyperacute xenograft rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, and
systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE). Organ rejection occurs by host immune cell destruction of
the
transplanted tissue through an immune response. Similarly, an immune response
is
also involved in GVHD, but, in this case, the foreign transplanted immune
cells
destroy the host tissues. Polypeptides, antibodies, or polynucleotides of the
invention,
and/or agonists or antagonists thereof, that inhibit an immune response,
particularly
the activation, proliferation, differentiation, or chemotaxis of T-cells, may
be an
effective therapy in preventing organ rej ection or GVHD.
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Similarly, polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or
antagonists of the present invention may also be used to modulate and/or
diagnose
inflammation. For example, since polypeptides, antibodies, or polynucleotides
of the
invention, and/or agonists or antagonists of the invention may inhibit the
activation,
proliferation and/or differentiation of cells involved in an inflammatory
response,
these molecules can be used to treat, diagnose, or prognose, inflammatory
conditions,
both chronic and acute conditions, including, but not limited to, inflammation
associated with infection (e.g., septic shock, sepsis, or systemic
inflammatory
response syndrome (SIRS)), ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxin lethality,
arthritis,
complement-mediated hyperacute rejection, nephritis, cytokine or chemokine
induced
lung injury, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and resulting from
over
production of cytokines (e.g., TNF or IL-1.).
Polypeptides, antibodies, polynucleotides and/or agonists or antagonists of
the
invention can be used to treat, detect, and/or prevent infectious agents. For
example,
by increasing the immune response, particularly increasing the proliferation
activation
and/or differentiation of B and/or T cells, infectious diseases may be
treated, detected,
and/or prevented. The immune response may be increased by either enhancing an
existing immune response, or by initiating a new immune response.
Alternatively,
polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists of
the
present invention may also directly inhibit the infectious agent (refer to
section of
application listing infectious agents, etc), without necessarily eliciting an
immune
response.
Additional preferred embodiments of the invention include, but are not limited
to, the use of polypeptides, antibodies, polynucleotides and/or agonists or
antagonists
in the following applications:
Administration to an animal (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig,
pigs,
micro-pig, chicken, camel, goat, horse, cow, sheep, dog, cat, non-human
primate, and
human, most preferably human) to boost the immune system to produce increased
quantities of one or more antibodies (e.g., IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE), to induce
higher
affinity antibody production (e.g., IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE), and/or to
increase an
immune response.
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Administration to an animal (including, but not limited to, those listed
above,
and also including transgenic animals) incapable of producing functional
endogenous
antibody molecules or having an otherwise compromised endogenous immune
system, but which is capable of producing human immunoglobulin molecules by
means of a reconstituted or partially reconstituted immune system from another
animal (see, e.g., published PCT Application Nos. W098/24893, WO/9634096,
WO/9633735, and WO/9110741.
A vaccine adjuvant that enhances immune responsiveness to specific antigen.
An adjuvant to enhance tumor-specific immune responses.
An adjuvant to enhance anti-viral immune responses. Anti-viral immune
responses that may be enhanced using the compositions of the invention as an
adjuvant, include virus and virus associated diseases or symptoms described
herein or
otherwise known in the art. In specific embodiments, the compositions of the
invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a virus,
disease,
or symptom selected from the group consisting o~ AIDS, meningitis, Dengue,
EBV,
and hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis B). In another specific embodiment, the
compositions of
the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a
virus,
disease, or symptom selected from the group consisting of: HIV/AIDS,
Respiratory
syncytial virus, Dengue, Rotavirus, Japanese B encephalitis, Influenza A and
B,
Parainfluenza, Measles, Cytomegalovirus, Rabies, Junin, Chikungunya, Rift
Valley
fever, Herpes simplex, and yellow fever.
An adjuvant to enhance anti-bacterial or anti-fungal immune responses. Anti-
bacterial or anti-fungal immune responses that may be enhanced using the
compositions of the invention as an adjuvant, include bacteria or fungus and
bacteria
or fungus associated diseases or symptoms described herein or otherwise known
in
the art. In specific embodiments, the compositions of the invention are used
as an
adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a bacteria or fungus, disease, or
symptom
selected from the group consisting o~ tetanus, Diphtheria, botulism, and
meningitis
type B. In another specific embodiment, the compositions of the invention are
used as
an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a bacteria or fungus, disease, or
symptom selected from the group consisting o~ Yibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium
leprae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Meisseria meningititlis,
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Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group B streptococcus, Shigella spp.,
Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Borrelia burgdorferi, and
Plasmodium
(malaria).
An adjuvant to enhance anti-parasitic immune responses. Anti-parasitic
immune responses that may be enhanced using the compositions of the invention
as
an adjuvant, include parasite and parasite associated diseases or symptoms
described
herein or otherwise known in the art. In specific embodiments, the
compositions of
the invention are used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response to a
parasite. In
another specific embodiment, the compositions of the invention are used as an
adjuvant to enhance an immune response to Plasmodium (malaria).
As a stimulator of B cell responsiveness to pathogens.
As an activator of T cells.
As an agent that elevates the immune status of an individual prior to their
receipt of immunosuppressive therapies.
As an agent to induce higher affinity antibodies.
As an agent to increase serum immunoglobulin concentrations.
As an agent to accelerate recovery of immunocompromised individuals.
As an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among aged populations.
As an immune system enhancer prior to, during, or after bone marrow
transplant and/or other transplants (e.g., allogeneic or xenogeneic organ
transplantation). With respect to transplantation, compositions of the
invention may
be administered prior to, concomitant with, and/or after transplantation. In a
specific
embodiment, compositions of the invention are administered after
transplantation,
prior to the beginning of recovery of T-cell populations. In another specific
embodiment, compositions of the invention are first administered after
transplantation
after the beginning of recovery of T cell populations, but prior to full
recovery of B
cell populations.
As an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among individuals having an
acquired loss of B cell function. Conditions resulting in an acquired loss of
B cell
function that may be ameliorated or treated by administering the polypeptides,
antibodies, polynucleotides and/or agonists or antagonists thereof, include,
but are
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not limited to, HIV Infection, AIDS, bone marrow transplant, and B cell
chronic
lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
As an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among individuals having a
temporary immune deficiency. Conditions resulting in a temporary immune
deficiency that may be ameliorated or treated by administering the
polypeptides,
antibodies, polynucleotides and/or agonists or antagonists thereof, include,
but are
not limited to, recovery from viral infections (e.g., influenza), conditions
associated
with malnutrition, recovery from infectious mononucleosis, or conditions
associated
with stress, recovery from measles, recovery from blood transfusion, recovery
from
surgery.
As a regulator of antigen presentation by monocytes, dendritic cells, and/or
B-cells. In one embodiment, polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or
agonists or antagonists of the present invention enhance antigen presentation
or
antagonizes antigen presentation in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, in related
embodiments, said enhancement or antagonization of antigen presentation may be
useful as an anti-tumor treatment or to modulate the immune system.
As an agent to direct an individuals immune system towards development of a
humoral response (i.e. TH2) as opposed to a TH1 cellular response.
As a means to induce tumor proliferation and thus make it more susceptible to
anti-neoplastic agents. For example, multiple myeloma is a slowly dividing
disease
and is thus refractory to virtually all anti-neoplastic regimens. If these
cells were
forced to proliferate more rapidly their susceptibility profile would likely
change.
As a stimulator of B cell production in pathologies such as AIDS, chronic
lymphocyte disorder and/or Common Variable Immunodificiency.
As a therapy for generation and/or regeneration of lymphoid tissues following
surgery, trauma or genetic defect.
As a gene-based therapy for genetically inherited disorders resulting in
immuno-incompetence such as observed among SCID patients.
As an antigen for the generation of antibodies to inhibit or enhance immune
mediated responses against polypeptides of the invention.
As a means of activating T cells.
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As a means of activating monocytes/macrophages to defend against parasitic
diseases that effect monocytes such as Leshmania.
As pretreatment of bone marrow samples prior to transplant. Such treatment
would increase B cell representation and thus accelerate recover.
As a means of regulating secreted cytokines that are elicited by polypeptides
of the invention.
Additionally, polypeptides or polynucleotides of the invention, and/or
agonists
thereof, may be used to treat or prevent IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Such
allergic
reactions include, but are not limited to, asthma, rhinitis, and eczema.
All of the above described applications as they may apply to veterinary
medicine.
Antagonists of the invention include, for example, binding and/or inhibitory
antibodies, antisense nucleic acids, or ribozymes. These would be expected to
reverse
many of the activities of the ligand described above as well as find clinical
or
practical application as:
A means of blocking various aspects of immune responses to foreign agents or
self. Examples include autoimmune disorders such as lupus, and arthritis, as
well as
immunoresponsiveness to skin allergies, inflammation, bowel disease, injury
and
pathogens.
A therapy for preventing the B cell proliferation and Ig secretion associated
with autoimmune diseases such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic
lupus erythramatosus and MS.
An inhibitor of B and/or T cell migration in endothelial cells. This activity
disrupts tissue architecture or cognate responses and is useful, for example
in
disrupting immune responses, and blocking sepsis.
An inhibitor of graft versus host disease or transplant rejection.
A therapy for B cell and/or T cell malignancies such as ALL, Hodgkins
disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Chronic lymphocyte leukemia, plasmacytomas,
multiple myeloma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and EBV-transformed diseases.
A therapy for chronic hypergammaglobulinemeia evident in such diseases as
monoclonalgammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), Waldenstrom's
disease, related idiopathic monoclonalgammopathies, and plasmacytomas.
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A therapy for decreasing cellular proliferation of Large B-cell Lymphomas.
A means of decreasing the involvement of B cells and Ig associated with
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.
An immunosuppressive agent(s).
Polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists of
the
present invention may be used to modulate IgE concentrations in vitro or in
vivo.
In another embodiment, administration of polypeptides, antibodies,
polynucleotides and/or agonists or antagonists of the invention, may be used
to treat
or prevent IgE-mediated allergic reactions including, but not limited to,
asthma,
rhinitis, and eczema.
The agonists and antagonists may be employed in a composition with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., as described herein.
The agonists or antagonists may be employed for instance to inhibit
polypeptide chemotaxis and activation of macrophages and their precursors, and
of
neutrophils, basophils, B lymphocytes and some T-cell subsets, e.g., activated
and
CD8 cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, in certain auto-immune and
chronic
inflammatory and infective diseases. Examples of autoimmune diseases are
described
herein and include multiple sclerosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes. The
antagonists or agonists may also be employed to treat infectious diseases
including
silicosis, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by, for example,
preventing the
recruitment and activation of mononuclear phagocytes. They may also be
employed
to treat idiopathic hyper-eosinophilic syndrome by, for example, preventing
eosinophil production and migration. The antagonists or agonists or may also
be
employed for treating atherosclerosis, for example, by preventing monocyte
infiltration in the artery wall.
Antibodies against polypeptides of the invention may be employed to treat
ARDS.
Agonists and/or antagonists of the invention also have uses in stimulating
wound and tissue repair, stimulating angiogenesis, stimulating the repair of
vascular
or lymphatic diseases or disorders. Additionally, agonists and antagonists of
the
invention may be used to stimulate the regeneration of mucosal surfaces.
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In a specific embodiment, polynucleotides or polypeptides, and/or agonists
thereof are used to treat or prevent a disorder characterized by primary or
acquired
immunodeficiency, deficient serum immunoglobulin production, recurrent
infections,
and/or immune system dysfunction. Moreover, polynucleotides or polypeptides,
and/or agonists thereof may be used to treat or prevent infections of the
joints, bones,
skin, and/or parotid glands, blood-borne infections (e.g., sepsis, meningitis,
septic
arthritis, and/or osteomyelitis), autoimmune diseases (e.g., those disclosed
herein),
inflammatory disorders, and malignancies, and/or any disease or disorder or
condition
associated with these infections, diseases, disorders and/or malignancies)
including,
but not limited to, CVID, other primary immune deficiencies, HIV disease, CLL,
recurrent bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, pneumonia,
hepatitis,
meningitis, herpes zoster (e.g., severe herpes zoster), and/or pneumocystis
carnii.
In another embodiment, polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or
agonists or antagonists of the present invention are used to treat, and/or
diagnose an
individual having common variable immunodeficiency disease ("CVID"; also known
as "acquired agammaglobulinemia" and "acquired hypogammaglobulinemia") or a
subset of this disease.
In a specific embodiment, polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or
agonists or antagonists of the present invention may be used to treat,
diagnose, and/or
prevent (1) cancers or neoplasms and (2) autoimmune cell or tissue-related
cancers or
neoplasms. In a preferred embodiment, polynucleotides, polypeptides,
antibodies,
and/or agonists or antagonists of the present invention conjugated to a toxin
or a
radioactive isotope, as described herein, may be used to treat, diagnose,
and/or
prevent acute myelogeneous leukemia. In a further preferred embodiment,
polynucleotides, polypeptides, antibodies, and/or agonists or antagonists of
the
present invention conjugated to a toxin or a radioactive isotope, as described
herein,
may be used to treat, diagnose, and/or prevent, chronic myelogeneous leukemia,
multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and/or Hodgkins disease.
In another specific embodiment, polynucleotides or polypeptides, and/or
agonists or antagonists of the invention may be used to treat, diagnose,
prognose,
and/or prevent selective IgA deficiency, myeloperoxidase deficiency, C2
deficiency,
ataxia-telangiectasia, DiGeorge anomaly, common variable immunodeficiency
(CVI),
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X-linked agammaglobulinemia, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), chronic
granulomatous disease (CGD), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
Examples of autoimmune disorders that can be treated or detected are described
above and also include, but are not limited to: Addison's Disease, hemolytic
anemia,
antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, allergic
encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's Syndrome, Graves'
Disease,
Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Neuritis, Ophthalmia, Bullous
Pemphigoid,
Pemphigus, Polyendocrinopathies, Purpura, Reiter's Disease, Stiff Man
Syndrome,
Autoimmune Thyroiditis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Pulmonary
Inflammation, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, insulin dependent diabetes mellitis,
and
autoimmune inflammatory eye disease.
In a preferred embodiment, the autoimmune diseases and disorders and/or
conditions associated with the diseases and disorders recited above are
treated,
prognosed, prevented, and/or diagnosed using antibodies against the
polypeptide of
the invention.
As an agent to boost immunoresponsiveness among B cell immunodeficient
individuals, such as, for example, an individual who has undergone a partial
or
complete splenectomy.
Additionally, polynucleotides, polypeptides, and/or antagonists of the
invention may affect apoptosis, and therefore, would be useful in treating a
number of
diseases associated with increased cell survival or the inhibition of
apoptosis. For
example, diseases associated with increased cell survival or the inhibition of
apoptosis
that could be treated or detected by polynucleotides, polypeptides, and/or
antagonists
of the invention, include cancers (such as follicular lymphomas, carcinomas
with p53
mutations, and hormone-dependent tumors, including, but not limited to colon
cancer,
cardiac tumors, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, retinoblastoma, glioblastoma,
lung
cancer, intestinal cancer, testicular cancer; stomach cancer, neuroblastoma,
myxoma,
myoma, lymphoma, endothelioma, osteoblastoma, osteoclastoma, osteosarcoma,
chondrosarcoma, adenoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma and
ovarian cancer); autoimmune disorders (such as, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's
syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, biliary cirrhosis, Behcet's disease,
Crohn's
disease, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and immune-related
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glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis) and viral infections (such as
herpes
viruses, pox viruses and adenoviruses), inflammation, graft v. host disease,
acute graft
rejection, and chronic graft rejection. In preferred embodiments,
polynucleotides,
polypeptides, and/or antagonists of the invention are used to inhibit growth,
progression, and/or metastisis of cancers, in particular those listed above.
Additional diseases or conditions associated with increased cell survival that
could be treated or detected by polynucleotides, polypeptides, and/or
antagonists of
the invention, include, but are not limited to, progression, and/or metastases
of
malignancies and related disorders such as leukemia (including acute leukemias
(e.g.,
acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (including myeloblastic,
promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, and erythroleukemia)) and chronic
leukemias (e.g., chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic
lymphocytic
leukemia)), polycythemia vera, lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin's disease and
non-Hodgkin's disease), multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia,
heavy
chain disease, and solid tumors including, but not limited to, sarcomas and
carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma,
osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma,
lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma,
Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic
cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell
carcinoma, basal
cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland
carcinoma,
papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary
carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct
carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm's tumor,
cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma,
bladder
carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma,
craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma,
oligodendroglioma, menangioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma.
Diseases associated with increased apoptosis that could be treated or detected
by polynucleotides, polypeptides, and/or antagonists of the invention, include
AIDS;
neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Retinitis pigmentosa, Cerebellar degeneration
and
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brain tumor or prior associated disease); autoimmune disorders (such as,
multiple
sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, biliary cirrhosis,
Behcet's
disease, Crohn's disease, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and
immune-
related glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis) myelodysplastic syndromes
(such
as aplastic anemia), graft v. host disease, ischemic injury (such as that
caused by
myocardial infarction, stroke and reperfusion injury), liver injury (e.g.,
hepatitis
related liver injury, ischemia/reperfusion injury, cholestosis (bile duct
injury) and
liver cancer); toxin-induced liver disease (such as that caused by alcohol),
septic
shock, cachexia and anorexia.
Hyperproliferative diseases and/or disorders that could be detected and/or
treated by polynucleotides, polypeptides, and/or antagonists of the invention,
include,
but are not limited to neoplasms located in the: liver, abdomen, bone, breast,
digestive
system, pancreas, peritoneum, endocrine glands (adrenal, parathyroid,
pituitary,
testicles, ovary, thymus, thyroid), eye, head and neck, nervous (central and
1 S peripheral), lymphatic system, pelvic, skin, soft tissue, spleen,
thoracic, and
urogenital.
Similarly, other hyperproliferative disorders can also be treated or detected
by
polynucleotides, polypeptides, and/or antagonists of the invention. Examples
of such
hyperproliferative disorders include, but are not limited to:
hypergammaglobulinemia, lymphoproliferative disorders, paraproteinemias,
purpura,
sarcoidosis, Sezary Syndrome, Waldenstron's Macroglobulinemia, Gaucher's
Disease, histiocytosis, and any other hyperproliferative disease, besides
neoplasia,
located in an organ system listed above.
Hyperproliferative Disorders
A polynucleotides or polypeptides, or agonists or antagonists of the invention
can be used to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose hyperproliferative diseases,
disorders,
and/or conditions, including neoplasms. A polynucleotides or polypeptides, or
agonists or antagonists of the present invention may inhibit the proliferation
of the
disorder through direct or indirect interactions. Alternatively, a
polynucleotides or
polypeptides, or agonists or antagonists of the present invention may
proliferate other
cells which can inhibit the hyperproliferative disorder.
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For example, by increasing an immune response, particularly increasing
antigenic qualities of the hyperproliferative disorder or by proliferating,
differentiating, or mobilizing T-cells, hyperproliferative diseases,
disorders, and/or
conditions can be treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed. This immune response
may
be increased by either enhancing an existing immune response, or by initiating
a new
immune response. Alternatively, decreasing an immune response may also be a
method of treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing hyperproliferative diseases,
disorders, and/or conditions, such as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Examples of hyperproliferative diseases, disorders, and/or conditions that can
be treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed by polynucleotides or polypeptides, or
agonists or antagonists of the present invention include, but are not limited
to
neoplasms located in the: colon, abdomen, bone, breast, digestive system,
liver,
pancreas, peritoneum, endocrine glands (adrenal, parathyroid, pituitary,
testicles,
ovary, thymus, thyroid), eye, head and neck, nervous (central and peripheral),
lymphatic system, pelvic, skin, soft tissue, spleen, thoracic, and urogenital.
Similarly, other hyperproliferative diseases, disorders, and/or conditions can
also be treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed by a polynucleotides or
polypeptides, or
agonists or antagonists of the present invention. Examples of such
hyperproliferative
diseases, disorders, and/or conditions include, but are not limited to:
hypergammaglobulinemia, lymphoproliferative diseases, disorders, and/or
conditions,
paraproteinemias, purpura, sarcoidosis, Sezary Syndrome, Waldenstron's
Macroglobulinemia, Gaucher's Disease, histiocytosis, and any other
hyperproliferative disease, besides neoplasia, located in an organ system
listed above.
One preferred embodiment utilizes polynucleotides of the present invention to
inhibit aberrant cellular division, by gene therapy using the present
invention, and/or
protein fusions or fragments thereof.
Thus, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing cell
proliferative diseases, disorders, and/or conditions by inserting into an
abnormally
proliferating cell a polynucleotide of the present invention, wherein said
polynucleotide represses said expression.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method of treating or
preventing cell-proliferative diseases, disorders, and/or conditions in
individuals
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comprising administration of one or more active gene copies of the present
invention
to an abnormally proliferating cell or cells. In a preferred embodiment,
polynucleotides of the present invention is a DNA construct comprising a
recombinant expression vector effective in expressing a DNA sequence encoding
said
polynucleotides. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
DNA
construct encoding the poynucleotides of the present invention is inserted
into cells to
be treated utilizing a retrovirus, or more preferrably an adenoviral vector
(See G J.
Nabel, et. al., PNAS 1999 96: 324-326, which is hereby incorporated by
reference).
In a most preferred embodiment, the viral vector is defective and will not
transform
non-proliferating cells, only proliferating cells. Moreover, in a preferred
embodiment, the polynucleotides of the present invention inserted into
proliferating
cells either alone, or in combination with or fused to other polynucleotides,
can then
be modulated via an external stimulus (i.e. magnetic, specific small molecule,
chemical, or drug administration, etc.), which acts upon the promoter upstream
of said
polynucleotides to induce expression of the encoded protein product. As such
the
beneficial therapeutic affect of the present invention may be expressly
modulated (i.e.
to increase, decrease, or inhibit expression of the present invention) based
upon said
external stimulus.
Polynucleotides of the present invention may be useful in repressing.
expression of oncogenic genes or antigens. By "repressing expression of the
oncogenic genes " is intended the suppression of the transcription of the
gene, the
degradation of the gene transcript (pre-message RNA), the inhibition of
splicing, the
destruction of the messenger RNA, the prevention of the post-translational
modifications of the protein, the destruction of the protein, or the
inhibition of the
normal function of the protein.
For local administration to abnormally proliferating cells, polynucleotides of
the present invention may be administered by any method known to those of
skill in
the art including, but not limited to transfection, electroporation,
microinjection of
cells, or in vehicles such as liposomes, lipofectin, or as naked
polynucleotides, or any
other method described throughout the specification. The polynucleotide of the
present invention may be delivered by known gene delivery systems such as, but
not
limited to, retroviral vectors (Gilboa, J. Virology 44:845 (1982); Hocke,
Nature
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320:275 (1986); Wilson, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:3014),
vaccinia virus
system (Chakrabarty et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 5:3403 (1985) or other efficient
DNA
delivery systems (Pates et al., Nature 313:812 (1985)) known to those skilled
in the
art. These references are exemplary only and are hereby incorporated by
reference.
In order to specifically deliver or transfect cells which are abnormally
proliferating
and spare non-dividing cells, it is preferable to utilize a retrovirus, or
adenoviral (as
described in the art and elsewhere herein) delivery system known to those of
skill in
the art. Since host DNA replication is required for retroviral DNA to
integrate and
the retrovirus will be unable to self replicate due to the lack of the
retrovirus genes
needed for its life cycle. Utilizing such a retroviral delivery system for
polynucleotides of the present invention will target said gene and constructs
to
abnormally proliferating cells and will spare the non-dividing normal cells.
The polynucleotides of the present invention may be delivered directly to cell
proliferative disorder/disease sites in internal organs, body cavities and the
like by use
of imaging devices used to guide an injecting needle directly to the disease
site. The
polynucleotides of the present invention may also be administered to disease
sites at
the time of surgical intervention.
By "cell proliferative disease" is meant any human or animal disease or
disorder, affecting any one or any combination of organs, cavities, or body
parts,
which is characterized by single or multiple local abnormal proliferations of
cells,
groups of cells, or tissues, whether benign or malignant.
Any amount of the polynucleotides of the present invention may be
administered as long as it has a biologically inhibiting effect on the
proliferation of
the treated cells. Moreover, it is possible to administer more than one of the
polynucleotide of the present invention simultaneously to the same site. By
"biologically inhibiting" is meant partial or total growth inhibition as well
as
decreases in the rate of proliferation or growth of the cells. The
biologically
inhibitory dose may be determined by assessing the effects of the
polynucleotides of
the present invention on target malignant or abnormally proliferating cell
growth in
tissue culture, tumor growth in animals and cell cultures, or any other method
known
to one of ordinary skill in the art.
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The present invention is further directed to antibody-based therapies which
involve administering of anti-polypeptides and anti-polynucleotide antibodies
to a
mammalian, preferably human, patient for treating, preventing, and/or
diagnosing one
or more of the described diseases, disorders, and/or conditions. Methods for
producing anti-polypeptides and anti-polynucleotide antibodies polyclonal and
monoclonal antibodies are described in detail elsewhere herein. Such
antibodies may
be provided in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions as known in the art or
as
described herein.
A summary of the ways in which the antibodies of the present invention may
be used therapeutically includes binding polynucleotides or polypeptides of
the
present invention locally or systemically in the body or by direct
cytotoxicity of the
antibody, e.g. as mediated by complement (CDC) or by effector cells (ADCC).
Some
of these approaches are described in more detail below. Armed with the
teachings
provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will know how to use the
antibodies of
the present invention for diagnostic, monitoring or therapeutic purposes
without
undue experimentation.
In particular, the antibodies, fragments and derivatives of the present
invention
are useful for treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing a subject having or
developing
cell proliferative and/or differentiation diseases, disorders, and/or
conditions as':
described herein. Such treatment comprises administering a single or multiple
doses
of the antibody, or a fragment, derivative, or a conjugate thereof.
The antibodies of this invention may be advantageously utilized in
combination with other monoclonal or chimeric antibodies, or with lymphokines
or
hematopoietic growth factors, for example, which serve to increase the number
or
activity of effector cells which interact with the antibodies.
It is preferred to use high affinity and/or potent in vivo inhibiting and/or
neutralizing antibodies against polypeptides or polynucleotides of the present
invention, fragments or regions thereof, for both immunoassays directed to and
therapy of diseases, disorders, and/or conditions related to polynucleotides
or
polypeptides, including fragements thereof, of the present invention. Such
antibodies,
fragments, or regions, will preferably have an affinity for polynucleotides or
polypeptides, including fragements thereof. Preferred binding affinities
include those
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with a dissociation constant or Kd less than SX10-~M, 10-6M, SX10-'M, 10-'M,
SX10-
8M, 10-gM, SX10-9M, 10-9M, SX10-'°M, 10''°M, SX10-"M, 10-"M,
SX10-'ZM, 10-
'zM, SX10-'3M, 10-'3M, SX10-'4M, 10-'4M, SX10-'SM, and 10-'5M.
Moreover, polypeptides of the present invention are useful in inhibiting the
angiogenesis of proliferative cells or tissues, either alone, as a protein
fusion, or in
combination with other polypeptides directly or indirectly, as described
elsewhere
herein. In a most preferred embodiment, said anti-angiogenesis effect may be
achieved indirectly, for example, through the inhibition of hematopoietic,
tumor-
specific cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (See Joseph IB, et al. J
Natl
Cancer Inst, 90(21):1648-53 (1998), which is hereby incorporated by
reference).
Antibodies directed to polypeptides or polynucleotides of the present
invention may
also result in inhibition of angiogenesis directly, or indirectly (See Witte
L, et al.,
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17(2):155-61 (1998), which is hereby incorporated by
reference)).
Polypeptides, including protein fusions, of the present invention, or
fragments
thereof may be useful in inhibiting proliferative cells or tissues through the
induction
of apoptosis. Said polypeptides may act either directly, or indirectly to
induce
apoptosis of proliferative cells and tissues, for example in the activation of
a death-
domain receptor, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1, CD95 (Fas/APO-
1),
TNF-receptor-related apoptosis-mediated protein (TRAMP) and TNF-related
apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor-1 and -2 (See Schulze-Osthoff K,
et.al.,
Eur J Biochem 254(3):439-59 (1998), which is hereby incorporated by
reference).
Moreover, in another preferred embodiment of the present invention, said
polypeptides may induce apoptosis through other mechanisms, such as in the
activation of other proteins which will activate apoptosis, or through
stimulating the
expression of said proteins, either alone or in combination with small
molecule drugs
or adjuviants, such as apoptonin, galectins, thioredoxins, antiinflammatory
proteins
(See for example, Mutat Res 400(1-2):447-55 (1998), Med Hypotheses.50(5):423-
33
(1998), Chem Biol Interact. Apr 24;111-112:23-34 (1998), J Mol Med.76(6):402-
12
(1998), Int J Tissue React;20(1):3-15 (1998), which are all hereby
incorporated by
reference).
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Polypeptides, including protein fusions to, or fragments thereof, of the
present
invention are useful in inhibiting the metastasis of proliferative cells or
tissues.
Inhibition may occur as a direct result of administering polypeptides, or
antibodies
directed to said polypeptides as described elsewere herein, or indirectly,
such as
activating the expression of proteins known to inhibit metastasis, for example
alpha 4
integrins, (See, e.g., Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998;231:125-41, which is
hereby
incorporated by reference). Such thereapeutic affects of the present invention
may be
achieved either alone, or in combination with small molecule drugs or
adjuvants.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of delivering
compositions containing the polypeptides of the invention (e.g., compositions
containing polypeptides or polypeptide antibodes associated with heterologous
polypeptides, heterologous nucleic acids, toxins, or prodrugs) to targeted
cells
expressing the polypeptide of the present invention. Polypeptides or
polypeptide
antibodes of the invention may be associated with with heterologous
polypeptides,
heterologous nucleic acids, toxins, or prodrugs via hydrophobic, hydrophilic,
ionic
and/or covalent interactions.
Polypeptides, protein fusions to, or fragments thereof, of the present
invention are
useful in enhancing the immunogenicity and/or antigenicity of proliferating
cells or
tissues, either directly, such as would occur if the polypeptides of the
present
invention 'vaccinated' the immune response to respond to proliferative
antigens and
immunogens, or indirectly, such as in activating the expression of proteins
known to
enhance the immune response (e.g. chemokines), to said antigens and
immunogens.
Cardiovascular Disorders
Polynucleotides or polypeptides, or agonists or antagonists of the invention
may be used to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose cardiovascular diseases,
disorders,
and/or conditions, including peripheral artery disease, such as limb ischemia.
Cardiovascular diseases, disorders, and/or conditions include cardiovascular
abnormalities, such as arterio-arterial fistula, arteriovenous fistula,
cerebral
arteriovenous malformations, congenital heart defects, pulmonary atresia, and
Scimitar Syndrome. Congenital heart defects include aortic coarctation, cor
triatriatum, coronary vessel anomalies, crisscross heart, dextrocardia, patent
ductus
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arteriosus, Ebstein's anomaly, Eisenmenger complex, hypoplastic left heart
syndrome,
levocardia, tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, double outlet
right
ventricle, tricuspid atresia, persistent truncus arteriosus, and heart septal
defects, such
as aortopulmonary septal defect, endocardial cushion defects, Lutembacher's
Syndrome, trilogy of Fallot, ventricular heart septal defects.
Cardiovascular diseases, disorders, and/or conditions also include heart
disease, such as arrhythmias, carcinoid heart disease, high cardiac output,
low cardiac
output, cardiac tamponade, endocarditis (including bacterial), heart aneurysm,
cardiac
arrest, congestive heart failure, congestive cardiomyopathy, paroxysmal
dyspnea,
cardiac edema, heart hypertrophy, congestive cardiomyopathy, left ventricular
hypertrophy, right ventricular hypertrophy, post-infarction heart rupture,
ventricular
septal rupture, heart valve diseases, myocardial diseases, myocardial
ischemia,
pericardial effusion, pericarditis (including constrictive and tuberculous),
pneumopericardium, postpericardiotomy syndrome, pulmonary heart disease,
rheumatic heart disease, ventricular dysfunction, hyperemia, cardiovascular
pregnancy complications, Scimitar Syndrome, cardiovascular syphilis, and
cardiovascular tuberculosis.
Arrhythmias include sinus arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter,
bradycardia, extrasystole, Adams-Stokes Syndrome, bundle-branch block,
sinoatrial
block, long QT syndrome, parasystole, Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome, Mahaim-
type pre-excitation syndrome, Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome, sick sinus
syndrome, tachycardias, and ventricular fibrillation. Tachycardias include
paroxysmal tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, accelerated
idioventricular
rhythm, atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, ectopic atrial
tachycardia, ectopic
functional tachycardia, sinoatrial nodal reentry tachycardia, sinus
tachycardia,
Torsades de Pointes, and ventricular tachycardia.
Heart valve disease include aortic valve insufficiency, aortic valve stenosis,
hear murmurs, aortic valve prolapse, mural valve prolapse, tricuspid valve
prolapse,
mural valve insufficiency, mitral valve stenosis, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary
valve
insufficiency, pulmonary valve stenosis, tricuspid atresia, tricuspid valve
insufficiency, and tricuspid valve stenosis.
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Myocardial diseases include alcoholic cardiomyopathy, congestive
cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic subvalvular stenosis,
pulmonary subvalvular stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, Chagas
cardiomyopathy,
endocardial fibroelastosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, Kearns Syndrome,
myocardial
reperfusion injury, and myocarditis.
Myocardial ischemias include coronary disease, such as angina pectoris,
coronary aneurysm, coronary arteriosclerosis, coronary thrombosis, coronary
vasospasm, myocardial infarction and myocardial stunning.
Cardiovascular diseases also include vascular diseases such as aneurysms,
angiodysplasia, angiomatosis, bacillary angiomatosis, Hippel-Lindau Disease,
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome, Sturge-Weber Syndrome, angioneurotic edema,
aortic diseases, Takayasu's Arteritis, aortitis, Leriche's Syndrome, arterial
occlusive
diseases, arteritis, enarteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, cerebrovascular
diseases, disorders,
andlor conditions, diabetic angiopathies, diabetic retinopathy, embolisms,
thrombosis,
erythromelalgia, hemorrhoids, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, hypertension,
hypotension, ischemia, peripheral vascular diseases, phlebitis, pulmonary veno-
occlusive disease, Raynaud's disease, CREST syndrome, retinal vein occlusion,
Scimitar syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, telangiectasia, atacia
telangiectasia,
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, varicocele, varicose veins, varicose
ulcer;
vasculitis, and venous insufficiency.
Aneurysms include dissecting aneurysms, false aneurysms, infected
aneurysms, ruptured aneurysms, aortic aneurysms, cerebral aneurysms, coronary
aneurysms, heart aneurysms, and iliac aneurysms.
Arterial occlusive diseases include arteriosclerosis, intermittent
claudication,
carotid stenosis, fibromuscular dysplasias, mesenteric vascular occlusion,
Moyamoya
disease, renal artery obstruction, retinal artery occlusion, and
thromboangiitis
obliterans.
Cerebrovascular diseases, disorders, and/or conditions include carotid artery
diseases, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cerebral aneurysm, cerebral anoxia,
cerebral
arteriosclerosis, cerebral arteriovenous malformation, cerebral artery
diseases,
cerebral embolism and thrombosis, carotid artery thrombosis, sinus thrombosis,
Wallenberg's syndrome, cerebral hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, subdural
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hematoma, subaraxhnoid hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, cerebral ischemia
(including transient), subclavian steal syndrome, periventricular
leukomalacia,
vascular headache, cluster headache, migraine, and vertebrobasilar
insufficiency.
Embolisms include air embolisms, amniotic fluid embolisms, cholesterol
embolisms, blue toe syndrome, fat embolisms, pulmonary embolisms, and
thromoboembolisms. Thrombosis include coronary thrombosis, hepatic vein
thrombosis, retinal vein occlusion, carotid artery thrombosis, sinus
thrombosis,
Wallenberg's syndrome, and thrombophlebitis.
Ischemia includes cerebral ischemia, ischemic colitis, compartment
syndromes, anterior compartment syndrome, myocardial ischemia, reperfusion
injuries, and peripheral limb ischemia. Vasculitis includes aortitis,
arteritis, Behcet's
Syndrome, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome,
thromboangiitis obliterans, hypersensitivity vasculitis, Schoenlein-Henoch
purpura,
allergic cutaneous vasculitis, and Wegener's granulomatosis.
Polynucleotides or polypeptides, or agonists or antagonists of the invention,
are especially effective for the treatment of critical limb ischemia and
coronary
disease.
Polypeptides may be administered using any method known in the art,
including, but not limited to, direct needle inj ection at the delivery site,
intravenous
injection, topical administration, catheter infusion, biolistic injectors,
particle
accelerators, gelfoam sponge depots, other commercially available depot
materials,
osmotic pumps, oral or suppositorial solid pharmaceutical formulations,
decanting or
topical applications during surgery, aerosol delivery. Such methods are known
in the
art. Polypeptides of the invention may be administered as part of a
Therapeutic,
described in more detail below. Methods of delivering polynucleotides of the
invention are described in more detail herein.
Anti-An~io~enesis Activity
The naturally occurring balance between endogenous stimulators and
inhibitors of angiogenesis is one in which inhibitory influences predominate.
Rastinejad et al., Cell 56:345-355 (1989). In those rare instances in which
neovascularization occurs under normal physiological conditions, such as wound
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healing, organ regeneration, embryonic development, and female reproductive
processes, angiogenesis is stringently regulated and spatially and temporally
delimited. Under conditions of pathological angiogenesis such as that
characterizing
solid tumor growth, these regulatory-controls fail. Unregulated angiogenesis
becomes
pathologic and sustains progression of many neoplastic and non-neoplastic
diseases.
A number of serious diseases are dominated by abnormal neovascularization
including solid tumor growth and metastases, arthritis, some types of eye
diseases,
disorders, and/or conditions, and psoriasis. See, e.g., reviews by Moses et
al.,
Biotech. 9:630-634 (1991); Folkman et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 333:1757-1763
(1995);
Auerbach et al., J. Microvasc. Res. 29:401-411 (1985); Folkman, Advances in
Cancer Research, eds. Klein and Weinhouse, Academic Press, New York, pp. 175-
203 (1985); Patz, Am. J. Opthalmol. 94:715-743 (1982); and Folkman et al.,
Science
221:719-725 (1983). In a number of pathological conditions, the process of
angiogenesis contributes to the disease state. For example, significant data
have
accumulated which suggest that the growth of solid tumors is dependent on
angiogenesis. Folkman and Klagsbrun, Science 235:442-447 (1987).
The present invention provides for treatment of diseases, disorders, and/or
conditions associated with neovascularization by administration of the
polynucleotides and/or polypeptides of the invention, as well as agonists or
antagonists of the present invention. Malignant and metastatic conditions
which can
be treated with the polynucleotides and polypeptides, or agonists or
antagonists of the
invention include, but are not limited to, malignancies, solid tumors, and
cancers
described herein and otherwise known in the art (for a review of such
disorders, see
Fishman et al., Medicine, 2d Ed., J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia
(1985)).Thus, the
present invention provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing
an
angiogenesis-related disease and/or disorder, comprising administering to an
individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a
polynucleotide,
polypeptide, antagonist and/or agonist of the invention. For example,
polynucleotides, polypeptides, antagonists and/or agonists may be utilized in
a variety
of additional methods in order to therapeutically treator prevent a cancer or
tumor.
Cancers which may be treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed with
polynucleotides,
polypeptides, antagonists and/or agonists include, but are not limited to
solid tumors,
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including prostate, lung, breast, ovarian, stomach, pancreas, larynx,
esophagus, testes,
liver, parotid, biliary tract, colon, rectum, cervix, uterus, endometrium,
kidney,
bladder, thyroid cancer; primary tumors and metastases; melanomas;
glioblastoma;
Kaposi's sarcoma; leiomyosarcoma; non- small cell lung cancer; colorectal
cancer;
S advanced malignancies; and blood born tumors such as leukemias. For example,
polynucleotides, polypeptides, antagonists and/or agonists may be delivered
topically,
in order to treat or prevent cancers such as skin cancer, head and neck
tumors, breast
tumors, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
Within yet other aspects, polynucleotides, polypeptides, antagonists and/or
agonists may be utilized to treat superficial forms of bladder cancer by, for
example,
intravesical administration. Polynucleotides, polypeptides, antagonists and/or
agonists
may be delivered directly into the tumor, or near the tumor site, via
injection or a
catheter. Of course, as the artisan of ordinary skill will appreciate, the
appropriate
mode of administration will vary according to the cancer to be treated. Other
modes
of delivery are discussed herein.
Polynucleotides, polypeptides, antagonists and/or agonists may be useful in
treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing other diseases, disorders, and/or
conditions,
besides cancers, which involve angiogenesis. These diseases, disorders, and/or
conditions include, but are not limited to: benign tumors, for example
hemangiomas,
acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas;
artheroscleric plaques; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic
retinopathy,
retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection,
neovascular
glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis, retinoblastoma, uvietis and
Pterygia
(abnormal blood vessel growth) of the eye; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis;
delayed
wound healing; endometriosis; vasculogenesis; granulations; hypertrophic scars
(keloids); nonunion fractures; scleroderma; trachoma; vascular adhesions;
myocardial
angiogenesis; coronary collaterals; cerebral collaterals; arteriovenous
malformations;
ischemic limb angiogenesis; Osler-Webber Syndrome; plaque neovascularization;
telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; fibromuscular dysplasia;
wound
granulation; Crohn's disease; and atherosclerosis.
For example, within one aspect of the present invention methods are provided
for treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing hypertrophic scars and keloids,
comprising
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the step of administering a polynucleotide, polypeptide, antagonist and/or
agonist of
the invention to a hypertrophic scar or keloid.
Within one embodiment of the present invention polynucleotides,
polypeptides, antagonists and/or agonists are directly injected into a
hypertrophic scar
or keloid, in order to prevent the progression of these lesions. This therapy
is of
particular value in the prophylactic treatment of conditions which are known
to result
in the development of hypertrophic scars and keloids (e.g., burns), and is
preferably
initiated after the proliferative phase has had time to progress
(approximately 14 days
after the initial injury), but before hypertrophic scar or keloid development.
As noted
above, the present invention also provides methods for treating, preventing,
and/or
diagnosing neovascular diseases of the eye, including for example, corneal
neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma, proliferative diabetic retinopathy,
retrolental fibroplasia and macular degeneration.
Moreover, Ocular diseases, disorders, and/or conditions associated with
neovascularization which can be treated, prevented, and/or diagnosed with the
polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention (including agonists
and/or
antagonists) include, but are not limited to: neovascular glaucoma, diabetic
retinopathy, retinoblastoma, retrolental fibroplasia, uveitis, retinopathy of
prematurity
macular degeneration, corneal graft neovascularization, as well as other eye
inflammatory diseases, ocular tumors and diseases associated with choroidal or
iris
neovascularization. See, e.g., reviews by Waltman et al., Am. J. Ophthal.
85:704-710
(1978) and Gartner et al., Surv. Ophthal. 22:291-312 (1978).
Thus, within one aspect of the present invention methods are provided for
treating or preventing neovascular diseases of the eye such as corneal
neovascularization (including corneal graft neovascularization), comprising
the step
of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound
(as
described above) to the cornea, such that the formation of blood vessels is
inhibited.
Briefly, the cornea is a tissue which normally lacks blood vessels. In certain
pathological conditions however, capillaries may extend into the cornea from
the
pericorneal vascular plexus of the limbus. When the cornea becomes
vascularized, it
also becomes clouded, resulting in a decline in the patient's visual acuity.
Visual loss
may become complete if the cornea completely opacitates. A wide variety of
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diseases, disorders, and/or conditions can result in corneal
neovascularization,
including for example, corneal infections (e.g., trachoma, herpes simplex
keratitis,
leishmaniasis and onchocerciasis), immunological processes (e.g., graft
rejection and
Stevens-Johnson's syndrome), alkali burns, trauma, inflammation (of any
cause),
toxic and nutritional deficiency states, and as a complication of wearing
contact
lenses.
Within particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, may be prepared
for topical administration in saline (combined with any of the preservatives
and
antimicrobial agents commonly used in ocular preparations), and administered
in
eyedrop form. The solution or suspension may be prepared in its pure form and
administered several times daily. Alternatively, anti-angiogenic compositions,
prepared as described above, may also be administered directly to the cornea.
Within
preferred embodiments, the anti-angiogenic composition is prepared with a muco-
adhesive polymer which binds to cornea. Within further embodiments, the anti-
angiogenic factors or anti-angiogenic compositions may be utilized as an
adjunct to
conventional steroid therapy. Topical therapy may also be useful
prophylactically in
corneal lesions which are known to have a high probability of inducing an
angiogenic
response (such as chemical burns). In these instances the treatment, likely in
combination with steroids, may be instituted immediately to help prevent
subsequent
complications.
Within other embodiments, the compounds described above may be injected
directly into the corneal stroma by an ophthalmologist under microscopic
guidance.
The preferred site of injection may vary with the morphology of the individual
lesion,
but the goal of the administration would be to place the composition at the
advancing
front of the vasculature (i.e., interspersed between the blood vessels and the
normal
cornea). In most cases this would involve perilimbic corneal injection to
"protect" the
cornea from the advancing blood vessels. This method may also be utilized
shortly
after a corneal insult in order to prophylactically prevent corneal
neovascularization.
In this situation the material could be injected in the perilimbic cornea
interspersed
between the corneal lesion and its undesired potential limbic blood supply.
Such
methods may also be utilized in a similar fashion to prevent capillary
invasion of
transplanted corneas. In a sustained-release form injections might only be
required 2-
CA 02388914 2002-04-23
WO 01/34644 PCT/US00/30679
198
3 times per year. A steroid could also be added to the injection solution to
reduce
inflammation resulting from the injection itself.
Within another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for
treating or preventing neovascular glaucoma, comprising the step of
administering to
a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a polynucleotide, polypeptide,
antagonist and/or agonist to the eye, such that the formation of blood vessels
is
inhibited. In one embodiment, the compound may be administered topically to
the
eye in order to treat or prevent early forms of neovascular glaucoma. Within
other
embodiments, the compound may be implanted by injection into the region of the
anterior chamber angle. Within other embodiments, the compound may also be
placed in any location such that the compound is continuously released into
the
aqueous humor. Within another aspect of the present invention, methods are
provided
for treating or preventing proliferative diabetic retinopathy, comprising the
step of
administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a
polynucleotide,
polypeptide, antagonist and/or agonist to the eyes, such that the formation of
blood
vessels is inhibited.
Within particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, proliferative
diabetic retinopathy may be treated by injection into the aqueous humor or the
vitreous, in order to increase the local concentration of the polynucleotide,
polypeptide, antagonist and/or agonist in the retina. Preferably, this
treatment should
be initiated prior to the acquisition of severe disease requiring
photocoagulation.
Within another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for
treating or preventing retrolental fibroplasia, comprising the step of
administering to a
patient a therapeutically effective amount of a polynucleotide, polypeptide,
antagonist
and/or agonist to the eye, such that the formation of blood vessels is
inhibited. The
compound may be administered topically, via intravitreous injection and/or via
intraocular implants.
Additionally, diseases, disorders, and/or conditions which can be treated,
prevented, and/or diagnosed with the polynucleotides, polypeptides, agonists
and/or
agonists include, but are not limited to, hemangioma, arthritis, psoriasis,
angiofibroma, atherosclerotic plaques, delayed wound healing; granulations,
hemophilic joints, hypertrophic scars, nonunion fractures, Osler-Weber
syndrome,
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