Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02392295 2002-05-22
WO 01/42411 PCT/US00/33411
COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING ETHER-CAPPED POLY(OXYALKYLATED)
ALCOHOL SURFACTANTS
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to detergent compositions having low-foaming
nonionic surfactants and more particularly to compositions for cleaning dishes
or hard
surfaces having ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants which have
superior
spotting and filming benefits in dishwashing and hard surface cleaning
applications.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Due to the varied nature of different cleaning compositions, different
surfactants
are better suited for some applications while being less suited or totally
unsuitable for
other applications. Nonionic surfactants, such as alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl
polyglycosides, and alkyl glucose amides are of considerable importance in
detergent
products. For example, under some conditions, nonionic surfactants aid
cleaning of
greasy soils and inhibit the formation of calcium soap. However, conventional
nonionic
surfactants designed for effective cleaning in laundry products form liquid
crystalline
phases on mixing with water. These phases can hinder the rate of mixing with
water and
lead to undesirable optical properties of thin films on solution drying. For
example,
conventional nonionics sprayed on the surface of granules to achieve target
density can
give rise to poor granule dissolution and residue in horizontal axis machine
dispensers.
Conventional nonionics formulated at high levels in liquid products can lead
to poor rates
of mixing with water and consumer concern. Conventional nonionics in window
and
floor cleaners can form visible liquid crystalline films on drying that
increase the effort
required by the consumer to achieve good results. Similarly, a nonionic
surfactant for use
in an automatic dishwashing machine would need to minimize foam production and
not
leave undesirable spots and films on the cleaned surfaces.
On account of the foregoing technical constraints as well as consumer needs
and
demands, product compositions are undergoing continual change and improvement.
Moreover environmental factors such as the need for biodegradable materials,
the
restriction of phosphate, the desirability of providing ever-better cleaning
results with less
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product, providing less thermal energy demand, and less water to assist the
washing
process, have all driven the need for improved compositions.
Accordingly, the need remains for new surfactants which are suitable for use
in a
variety of compositions which can provide improve dissolution of solid
products (like
bars and tablets) and granular products, improved rates of mixing with water
as with
liquid products, improved streaking and filming performance as in hard surface
cleaners
and automatic dishwashing, good cleaning, suds control and good
biodegradability while
avoiding incompatibility with other cleaning surfactants and/or bleach.
BACKGROUND ART
U.S. Patent 4,272,394, WO 94/22800, WO 93/04153, W096/00253 and WO
98/17379.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This need is met by the present invention wherein detergent compositions, and
in
particular, bleach, dish or hard surface cleaning compositions having a low-
foaming
nonionic surfactant are provided. The compositions employ the novel
surfactants of the
present invention, either alone or in combination with other surfactants, to
provide
improved spotting and filming performance as well as improved cleaning
performance on
greasy soils and suds or foam suppression in certain applications. While not
wishing to
be bound by theory, it is believed the alcohol surfactants of the present
invention deliver
superior spotting and filming benefits via improved sheeting action. As for
improved
cleaning performance on greasy soils, such benefits are shown when the
surfactants of the
present invention are optionally employed in conjunction with a high cloud
point
nonionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant or a hydrophobic anionic
surfactant, as
disclosed in detail herein. Lastly, certain alcohol surfactants of the present
invention may
also act to reduce the suds or foaming associated with food soils or various
other cleaning
agents.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a detergent
composition
comprising an ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant is provided.
The
composition comprises:
(a) from about 0.01 % to about 50%, preferably from about 0.1 % to about 20%,
more preferably from about 0.1 % to about 10% by weight of the composition of
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 pCT/US00/33411
surfactant, wherein said surfactant comprises an ether-capped
poly(oxyalylated)
alcohol surfactant having the formula:
RO(R'O)XCH(CH3)ORZ
wherein, R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched,
saturated
or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R' may be the same or
different, and is independently selected from the group consisting of branched
or
linear CZ to C~ alkylene in any given molecule; x is a number from 1 to about
30;
and RZ is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a 4 to 8 membered substituted, or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring
containing
from 1 to 3 hetero atoms; and
(ii) linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or
unsubstituted,
cyclic or acyclic, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from
about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms;
provided that when RZ is (ii) then either at least one of R1 is other than CZ
to C3
alkylene or RZ has from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; and
(b) from about 0.1% to about 99% by weight of the composition of an adjunct
ingredient.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a automatic
dishwashing rinse aid composition comprising an ether-capped
poly(oxyalkylated)
alcohol surfactant is provided. The rinse aid composition comprises:
(a) from about 0.01 % to about 50% by weight of the composition of surfactant,
wherein said surfactant comprises an ether-capped poly(oxyalylated) alcohol
surfactant having the formula:
RO(R'O)XCH(CH3)ORZ
wherein, R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched,
saturated
or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R1 may be the same or
different, and is independently selected from the group consisting of branched
or
linear Cz to C~ alkylene in any given molecule; x is a number from 1 to about
30;
and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
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(i) a 4 to 8 membered substituted, or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring contaW
mg
from 1 to 3 hetero atoms; and
(ii) linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or
unsubstituted,
cyclic or acyclic, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from
about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms;
provided that when RZ is (ii) then either at least one of R' is other than Cz
to C3
alkylene or RZ has from 6 to 30 carbon atoms;
(b) from about 0.1% to about 99% by weight of the composition of an adjunct
ingredient; and
(c) from about 0.1 % to about 99% by weight of the composition of an aqueous
liquid carrier.
In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, a bleaching
composition comprising an ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant
is
provided. The bleaching composition comprises:
(a) from about 0.01 % to about 50% by weight of the composition of surfactant,
wherein said surfactant comprises an ether-capped poly(oxyalylated) alcohol
surfactant having the formula:
RO(R'O)xCH(CH3)ORZ
wherein, R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched,
saturated
or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R' may be the same or
different, and is independently selected from the group consisting of branched
or
linear CZ to C~ alkylene in any given molecule; x is a number from 1 to about
30;
and RZ is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a 4 to 8 membered substituted, or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring
containing
from 1 to 3 hetero atoms;
(ii) linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or
unsubstituted,
cyclic or acyclic, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from
about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms;
provided that when Rz is (ii) then either at least one of R' is other than CZ
to C3
alkylene or RZ has from 6 to 30 carbon atoms;
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(b) from about 0.1% to about 99% by weight of the composition of an adjunct
ingredient; and
(c) from about 0.1 % to about 99% by weight of the composition of a bleaching
system.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, a detergent
composition comprising an ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant
is
provided. The composition comprises:
(a) from about 0.01 % to about 50% by weight of the composition of surfactant,
wherein said surfactant comprises an ether-capped poly(oxyalylated) alcohol
surfactant having the formula:
RO(R10)xCH(CH3)ORz
wherein, R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched,
saturated
or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R' may be the same or
different, and is independently selected from the group consisting of branched
or
linear CZ to C~ alkylene in any given molecule; x is a number from 1 to about
30;
and RZ is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a 4 to 8 membered substituted, or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring
containing from 1 to 3 hetero atoms; and
(ii) linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or
unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms;
(b) from about 0.1 % to about 99% by weight of the composition of an amine
oxide co-surfactant; and
(c) from about 0.1 % to about 99% by weight of the composition of an adjunct
ingredient
In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, a detergent
composition
comprising an ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant is provided.
The
composition comprises:
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WO 01/42411 PCT/L1S00/33411
(a) from about 0.01% to about 50% by weight of the composition of surfactant,
wherein said surfactant comprises an ether-capped poly(oxyalylated) alcohol
surfactant having the formula:
RO(R~ O)xCH(CH3)ORZ
wherein, R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched,
saturated
or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R' may be the same or
different, and is independently selected from the group consisting of branched
or linear CZ to C~ alkylene in any given molecule; x is a number from 1 to
about 30; and Rz is selected from the group consisting of:
(l) a 4 to 8 membered substituted, or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring
containing from 1 to 3 hetero atoms; and
(ii) linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or
unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms;
(b) from about 0.1 % to about 99% by weight of the composition of hydrophobic
co-
surfactant, wherein said hydrophobic co-surfactant has either a HLB value of
less than
or equal to 12, preferably less than or equal to 8 or a Kraft temperature of
greater than
about 20°C, more preferably greater than about 30°C; and
(c) from about 0.1 % to about 99% by weight of the composition of an adjunct
ingredient.
In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention, a detergent
composition comprising an ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant
is
provided. The composition comprises:
(a) from about 0.01 % to about 50% by weight of the composition of surfactant,
wherein said surfactant comprises an ether-capped poly(oxyalylated) alcohol
surfactant having the formula:
RO(R' O)xCH(CH3)ORZ
wherein, R is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched,
saturated
or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R' may be the same or
different, and is independently selected from the group consisting of branched
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or linear CZ to C~ alkylene in any given molecule; x is a number from 1 to
about 30; and RZ is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a 4 to 8 membered substituted, or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring
containing from 1 to 3 hetero atoms; and
(ii) linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or
unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon
radicals having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms;
(b) from about 0.1% to about 99% by weight of the composition of an adjunct
ingredient;
wherein said composition comprises less than 1 % of dialkoxylated acetal of
the formula:
RO(R'O)xCH(CH3)(OR')xOR
wherein each x is a number independently selected from 1 to about 30; and R,
and R', are
defined as above.
These and other aspects, features and advantages will become apparent to those
of
ordinary skill in the art from a reading of the following detailed description
and the
appended claims. All percentages, ratios and proportions herein are by weight,
unless
otherwise specified. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius (~C) unless
otherwise
specified. All documents cited are in relevant part, incorporated herein by
reference.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Once again, the first aspect of the present invention is directed toward a low-
foaming nonionic surfactant for use in detergent compositions. The surfactant
of the
present invention is of the formula:
RO(R' O)xCH(CH3)ORz
In one aspect of the present invention R is a linear or branched, saturated or
unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic hydrocarbon radical
having from about
1 to about 20 carbon atoms, even more preferably R is a linear or branched,
saturated,
aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 4 to about 18 carbon atoms.
In one aspect of the present invention R, R' and RZ are selected such that the
ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant contains one or more chiral
carbon
atoms.
In one aspect of the present invention the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated)
alcohol
surfactant is a mixture of ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol
surfactants. This
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
mixture can be obtained in a variety of ways. For example, by mixing two ether-
capped
poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants together, by forming the ether-capped
poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant from a mixture of alcohols, the reaction
used to
produce the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant forms a racemic
mixture
or by alkoxylating under conditions such that the ether-capped
poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol
surfactant produced is a mixture with a range of different alkoxy groups
present on each
surfactant. These example are intended to be illustrative, and in no way
limiting in the
scope of the invention.
In one aspect of the present invention, R is a hydrocarbon radical of the
formula:
R4 RS R6
I I I
CH3(CH2)qCH(CH2)rCH(CH2)sCH(CH2)tCH2-
wherein R4, R5, and R6 are each independently selected from hydrogen, and C1-
C3
alkyl, more preferably hydrogen, C1-C2 alkyl, even more preferably hydrogen,
and
methyl, provided that R4, R5, and R6 are not all hydrogen and, when t is 0, at
least R4 or
RS is not hydrogen; q, r, s, t are each independently integers from 0 to 13.
In one more
preferred form of this aspect R is selected from the formulas:
CH3
I
CH3(CH2)"CH(CH2)n,CH2-
CH3 CH3
CH3(CH2)~CH(CH2)kCHCH2-
wherein n, m, j and k are each independently integers from 0 to 13.
In one aspect of the present invention RZ is a hydrocarbon radical of the
formula:
-C(CH3)2R3
R3 is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched, saturated or
unsaturated,
substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals
having from
about 1 to about 30, more preferably 1 to 20, even more preferably 1 to 15,
carbon atoms.
In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, R3 is CHZCH3.
In the novel compounds of the present invention, when RZ is (ii) then either
at
least one of R' is other than C2 to C3 alkylene or RZ has from 6 to 30 carbon
atoms. That
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 pCT/US00/33411
is, when RZ is (ii) it is either a either linear or branched, saturated or
unsaturated,
substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals
having from
about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms or linear or branched, saturated or
unsaturated,
substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals
having from
about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, with at least one of R' is other than CZ to
C3 alkylene.
For example, when RZ is a hydrocarbon of the formula:
-(CH2)y-X
where, y and X are described hereafter, or RZ is a hydrocarbon radical of the
formula:
-C(CH3)2R3
where, R3 is hereinbefore described, then at least one of R' is other than C~
to C3
alkylene. For example, if x is 5, and RZ was (CHZ)Y X, then the ether-capped
poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol could have the formula:
RO(CH2CH(CH2CH3)O)5CH(CH3)O-(CH2)y - X
or
RO(CH2CH20)4(CH2CH(CHZCH3)O)CH(CH3)O-(CH2)y - X
or
RO(CH2CHCH30)(CH2CH(CH2CH3)O)4CH(CH3)O-(CH2)y - X
Similarly, for example if RZ was -C(CH3)?R3 and x was 7, then the ether-capped
poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol could have the formula:
RO(CH2CH20)6(CH2CH2(CH2CH3)O)CH(CH3)O-C(CH3)2R3
or
RO(CH2CHCH30)4(CHZCH(CHzCH3)O)3CH(CH3)O-C(CH3)2R3
or
RO(CHZCH~O)3(CHzCHCH30)2(CHZCH(CHZCH3)O)(CHZCH(CHZCHZCH3)O)CH(CH3)O-C(CH3)ZR3
These above examples are included merely for illustrative purposes and are not
to
be construed in any manner as limiting of the scope of the present invention.
In one aspect of the present invention Rz is a 4 to 8 membered substituted, or
unsubstituted heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 3 hetero atoms. In one
embodiment
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of this aspect of the invention the hetero atoms are selected from the group
comprising
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment of this
aspect of the
invention RZ is a 5 or 6 member heterocycle. In another embodiment of this
aspect of the
present invention RZ is selected from the group consisting of:
(R~)Z (R~)Z ~A(R~)Z A (R~)Z (R~)Z
J
A A A A A
> > > > >
(R~)Z ~A(R~)Z A (R~)Z A (R~)Z
~I y
A
A~ A A A
> > > >
(R~)Z (R~)Z (R~)Z (R~)Z
AI A ~ ~~
A A A A
> > > >
(R~)Z ~ (R~)Z A (R~)Z (R~)Z
~'A A
A'A AJ A ~A
> > > >
(R~)Z A (R~)Z ~ (R~)Z (R~)Z
~'A
A
A A AJ A
> > > >
A -- l~ R
A
(R~)Z (R~)Z (R~)Z A~(R~)Z
A A A A A
> >
A~ ~ ~A ~
A~ R ~~ R ~ ~ (R )Z ~ ~ (R )Z ~ " R
A ( )Z A ( )Z A A A
> >
A~ ~ A
_-_.~~ R ~ ( )Z (
R ~~R ~~R
A ( )Z A ( )Z A A
> > > >
v A ~~
~~ (R~)Z ~ % ~ (R~)Z
and ~' ;
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
wherein each R' is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, linear
or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic
hydrocarbon
or alkoxy radical having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, or R~ is a
saturated or
unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon
radical
having, from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, which is fused to the
heterocyclic ring;
each A is independently selected from the group consisting of O, and N(R$)a,
wherein R8
is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or
branched,
saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic hydrocarbon
radical
having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, and a is either 0 or 1; z is an
integer from
1 to 3.
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention RZ is selected
from
the group consisting of:
R~ R~
R~ R~ R~
I
O O O o 0
, ,
R~ R~ R~ R~
O ~O R O O O
R~
R~ R~ R~
/ ~
O~ Oil R~ O O ~ ~ O
R~ R~
O , and O
wherein R~ is defined as above.
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention Rz is selected
from
the group consisting of:
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R~ R~
R~ R~
R
N ~N N N N
Rs Rs Rg Rs Rs
R~ R~ R~ R~ R~
N Ni N N N
Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs
> > > >
R~ R~ R~ R~
/
N N \ N N
Rs Rs Rs Rs
and
R~
/ w
N
Rs
wherein R' and R8 are defined as above.
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention Rz is selected
from
the group consisting of:
~ , and ~
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention RZ is selected
from
the group consisting o~
N , N ,and N
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In one aspect of the present invention RZ is a 7 to 13 membered substituted,
or
unsubstituted polycyclic ring. In one embodiment of this aspect of the present
invention
RZ is selected from the group consisting of substituted, or unsubstituted
adamantane,
substituted, or unsubstituted norbornane, substituted, or unsubstituted
nortricyclene, and
substituted, or unsubstituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octane. In another embodiment of
this aspect
of the present invention RZ is a substituted, or unsubstituted adamantane.
In one aspect of the present invention RZ is a hydrocarbon of the formula:
-(CH2)y-X
wherein, y is an integer from 0 to 7, X, is a 4 to 8 membered substituted, or
unsubstituted,
saturated or unsaturated cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical. In another
embodiment
of this aspect of the present invention y is an integer from 1 to 2, and X is
selected from
the group consisting of to S to 8 membered substituted, or unsubstituted,
aromatic
hydrocarbon radical.
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention y is 0 and X, is
a 5
or 6 membered substituted, or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated cyclic
or aromatic
hydrocarbon radical.
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention X is selected
from
the group consisting of:
~R9)W ~R9)W ~R9)~~ ~R9)W
/ I ~ / I / I /
/
,
> >
~R9)W ~R9)W (R9)W
I ~ (R9)W I ~R9)W
~ '
~R9)W ~R9)W
I
/ , and
wherein each R9 is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, linear
or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic
hydrocarbon
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or alkoxy radical having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, or R9 is a
saturated or
unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon
radical
having, from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, which is fused to the ring; w
is an integer
from 1 to 3.
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention X is selected
from
the group consisting of:
R9 R9 R9
R9
/ ~ / ~ \ 9 ,
R
\ \ /
and
wherein R9 is defined as above.
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention X is selected
from
the group consisting o~
\ , and .
In one aspect of the present invention R2 is a linear or branched, saturated
or
unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon
radicals
having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, more preferably RZ is a linear
or branched,
saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic hydrocarbon
radical
having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, even more preferably RZ is a
linear or
branched, saturated, aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 4 to
about 18
carbon atoms.
In one aspect of the present invention, when x is greater than ~, R' may be
the
same or different. That is, R' may vary between any of the alkyleneoxy units
as
described above. For instance, if x is 3, R' may be selected to form
ethlyeneoxy(EO) or
propyleneoxy(PO) and may vary in order of (EO)(PO)(EO), (EO)(EO)(PO);
(EO)(EO)(EO); (PO)(EO)(PO); (PO)(PO)(EO) and (PO)(PO)(PO). Of course, the
integer
three is chosen for example only and the variation may be much larger with a
higher
integer value for x and include, for example, multiple (E0) units and a much
small
number of (PO) units. Similarly, ethylene, and propylene are chosen for
example only
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and the variation may be much larger with selection of linear or branched
butylene,
pentylene, hexylene and/or heptylene.
The surfactants of the present invention can be prepared via a variety of
different
process. In one aspect of the present invention, the surfactants may be
prepared by
reacting a vinyl ether of the formula:
RZOCH=CHZ
wherein Rz is as defined above; with an alkoxylated alcohol of the formula
RO(R~O)xH
wherein R, R', and x, are as defined above, in the presence of a catalyst to
form the ether-
capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol.
In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention the step of reacting
of
vinyl ether with alkoxylated alcohol is conducted in the presence of a
catalyst. Suitable
catalysts include Lewis acids; acids and their salts, both organic and
inorganic;
pyridinium salts; polymers; clays, such as, Spanish sepiolite clay, GIRDLER K-
10;
aluminosilicates or zeolites, such as HZS-360 zeolite, H-Y zeolite; activated
carbon, such
as sulfonated charcoal; transition metal complexes, such as, molybedenyl(VI)
acetylacetone; transition metal salts, such as lanthum trichloride, ceric
ammonium nitrate;
2,3-dichloro-5,6,dicyano-p-benzoquinone; bis(trimethysilyl)sulfate, and
mixtures thereof.
Suitable Lewis acids include, but are not limited to, TiCl4, Ti(OIPr)4, ZnCl2,
SnCl2, A1C13, platinum dichloride, copper(II) chloride, phosphorous
pentachloride,
phosphorous trichloride, cobalt(II) chloride, zinc oxide, iron(II) chloride
and BF3-OEt2.
Suitable inorganic acids include, mineral acids, such as, phosphoric acid,
sulfuric
acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphorous oxychloride, aluminium phosphate and
ammonium
chloride. Furthermore, the mineral acids or their salts can optionally be
adsorbed on to a
substrate, such as, silica gel, or alumina. For example sulfuric acid adsorbed
on silica gel,
or alumina impregnated with zinc chloride.
Suitable organic acids include: carboxylic acids, such as, acetic acid, oxalic
acid,
glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, glycolic acid, malefic acid and
oxydisuccinic acid;
halogenated carboxylic acids, such as, trifluoroacetic acid, heptaflurobutyric
acid,
dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid; and sulfonic and sulfinic acids
and their salts
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
such as, p-toluenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfinic acid, methanesulfonic acid,
4-
bromobenzene sulfonic acid, naphthalene sulfonic acid, (+)-10-camphor
sulfonates, and
alkyl benzene sulfonic acid.
Suitable pyridinium salts, include, but are not limited to, pyridinium p
toluenesulfonate (PPTS), pyridinium p-toluenesulfinate, pyridinium
hydrochloride,
pyridinium hydrobromide, pyridinium hydrogen bisulfate, pyridinium hydrogen
sulfate
and mixtures thereof.
Suitable transition metal, include, but are not limited to, molybedenyl(VI)
acetylacetone; transition metal salts, such as lanthum trichloride, ceric
ammonium nitrate;
2,3-dichloro-5,6,dicyano-p-benzoquinone, mercury(II) acetate,
meccury(II)trifluroacetate,
copper(II) acetylacetonate and teteracarbonylbis(cyclopentadienyl)diiron.
Suitable polymers, include, but are not limited to, polymeric ion exchange
resins,
or polyvinyl pyridines. Suitable polymeric ion exchange resins include those
of the
Amberylst series, such as AMBERYLST~15, available from Rohm & Haas, the
DOWEX~ series, such as, DOWER 50X8-50 avaliable from Dow; REILLEX 424,
available from Reilly Industries; the Amberlite series, such as AMBERLITE IRA-
400, or
AMBERLITE IR-118, available from Rohm & Haas; available from United Catalyst ;
the
ENVIROCAT series, such as ENVIROCAT EPZG, available from Contract Chemicals;
and combinations thereof. Suitable polyvinyl pyridines can be unsubstituted or
substituted, such as substituted on the vinyl group and/or on the pyridine
ring. Examples
of suitable polyvinyl pyridines include, but are not limited to, poly(4-
vinylpyridine
trifluoromethanesulfonate), poly(2-vinylpyridine trifluoromethanesulfonate),
poly(4-
vinylpyridine p-toluenesulfonate), poly(2-vinylpyridine p-toluenesulfonate),
poly(4-
vinylpyridine chloride), poly(2-vinylpyridine chloride), poly(4-vinylpyridine
bromide),
poly(2-vinylpyridine bromide), and mixtures thereof. These polymeric catalysts
have the
additional advantage of being easy to separate from the surfactant produced.
Other suitable catalysts include, bis(trimethysilyl)sulfate,
iodotrimethylsilane,
allytrimethyl silane, hexamethyldisilane, iodine, bromine, iron(II) sulfate,
triphenylphosphine, aluminium sulfate, alkylether sulfuric acids, alkyl
sulfuric acids,
lithium perchlorate, lithium teterafluoroborate, acetyltriphenylphosphonium
bromide,
zirconium hydroxide, potassium cyanide, and platinum oxide.
16
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Preferred catalysts include the sulfonic acids, Lewis acids, polyvinyl
pyridines,
methanesulfonic acid, AMBERYLST~15, acidic versions of DOWEX~ and pyridinium
p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) with polyvinyl pyridines, pyridinium p-
toluenesulfonate
(PPTS), DOWEX~ AMBERYLST~15 and methanesulfonic acid, being the most
preferred.
Mixtures of catalysts are also within the scope of the present invention.
Similarly,
the uses of supported, such as in a column for a continuous reaction, and
unsupported
catalysts are also within the scope of the present invention.
The catalysts are preferably employed at amounts of about 0.1 mol % to about
20.0 mol %, more preferably from about 0.1 mol % to about 10.0 mol %, even
more
preferably from about 0.1 mol % to about 5.0 mol %, even more preferably still
from
about 0.1 mol % to about 2.0 mol %, even more preferably still from about 0.2
mol % to
about 1.0 mol %. Other suitable catalysts can be found in US patent No. U.S.
Patent
4,272,394, and in PCT publications, WO 94/22800, WO 93/04153, W096/00253 and
WO
98/17379 all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention the reaction is
conducted in the presence of a solvent, or mixtures of solvents. It is
preferred that the
solvent be a polar aprotic solvent. Suitable solvents include, but are not
limited to,
hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, dichloromethane,
tetrahydrofuran, dioxane,
diethylether, methyl tert-butylether, acetone, acrylonitrile, or the like.
Furthermore, the
reaction is preferably conducted at temperatures ranging from about -
20°C to about
300°C, and more preferably from about -10°C to about
250°C. Lastly, the reaction is
preferably conducted at pressures ranging from about 0.5 atmospheres to about
100
atmospheres, and more preferably from about 0.8 atmospheres to about 10
atmospheres.
In another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention the step of
reacting
vinyl ether with alkoxylated alcohol is conducted in the absence of a solvent.
Further disclosure on suitable solvents and catalysts can be found in
"Advanced
Organic Chemistry", by Jerry March, 4t" ed., Wiley-Interscience, 1992,
"Comprehensive
Organic Transformations" by Richard C. Larock, VCH Publishers, 1989, and
"Protective
Groups in Organic Synthesis" 3~ ed. by Theodora W. Greene and Peter G. M.
Wuts,
17
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Wiley-Interscience, 1999 the relevant portions of which are incorporated
herein by
reference.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the process is performed as a
batch
process. That is, the reaction is let proceeded to completion, or near
completion, and then
final product is removed. In another embodiment of the present invention, the
process is
performed as a continuous process. That is, the product of the process is
continuously
removed from the reaction vessel while staring material is added at a
comparable rate.
In one embodiment of the present invention the vinyl ether is reacted with the
alkoxylated alcohol at a mole ratio of from about 5 to about l, more
preferably from
about 3 to about 1, more preferably still from about 1.5:1 to about 0.90:1
mole %.
In one embodiment of the process of the present invention the process may be
conducted in an inert gas. This may be done by sparging with any suitable
inert gas, such
as nitrogen, helium, neon, or argon.
In one embodiment of the present invention reaction step (c) may be followed
by
optional step (d). Step (d), is a step in which the reaction step (c) is
quenched, preferably
by the addition of base. The amount of the ether capped poly(oxyalkylated)
alcohol
surfactant present in the reaction mixture will depend upon many factors,
including but
not limited to, starting materials, temperature, catalyst selection and the
like. Quenching
stops the reaction, of the starting materials, and ensures that any ether
capped
poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant produced does not undergo further
reaction or
revert back to the starting materials. The quenching of step (c) produces a
mixture which
contains ether capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant, as well as,
unreacted starting
materials, catalyst and the products of any side reactions. In one embodiment
of this
present invention the quenching of the reaction of step (c) is done when the
reaction
mixture preferably contains at least 90%, more preferably 95% by weight of
ether capped
poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant. The remaining 10%, more preferably 5%
by
weight, comprises, unreacted starting material as well as products of side
reactions, such
as byproduct acetals. In one aspect of this embodiment of the present
invention the base
may be optionally selected from the group consisting of alkali metal
carbonates, alkali
metal bicarbonates alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal alcoholates,
alkanolamines,
alkylamines, aromatic amines and mixtures thereof. In a further aspect of the
present
18
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 pCT/US00/33411
invention the base may be optionally selected from the group consisting of
potassium
carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate sodium methoxylate, sodium
ethoxylate, potassium tert-butyloxylate, triethylamine, triethanolamine and
mixtures
thereof. In another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention the
base may be in
the form of an aqueous solution. In a further aspect of this embodiment of the
present
invention the aqueous solution may be at a temperature of from about
20°C to about
60°C.
The expression "product of step (c)" is meant to include not only the ether-
capped
poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant but also any unreacted starting
materials or any
materials produced from side reactions, such as dimers, which would be present
at the
conclusion of step (c).
In one embodiment of the present invention the process of the present
invention
may optionally further comprise a step (e). Step (e) is removal of color
bodies and/or
odors from the product of steps (c) or (d). In one aspect of this embodiment
of the
present invention removal of the color bodies and/or odors is obtained by
contacting the
product of steps (c) or (d) with a reagent. The reagent can either be an
oxidant, or a
reductant. Suitable oxidants include hydrogen peroxide. Suitable reductants
include
sodium borohydride, and hydrogen over a palladium/carbon catalyst. In a
further aspect
of this embodiment of the present invention the color bodies and/or odors are
removed by
contacting the product of steps (c) or (d) first with an oxidant and then a
reductant or first
with a reductant and then an oxidant.
In one embodiment of the present invention the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated)
alcohol surfactant produced in step (c) may optionally removed from the
product of steps
(c) or (d) by centrifuging.
Some representative examples of this synthetic route of this aspect of the
invention is demonstrated via the following diagrams.
PPTS
CH3(CHZ)8CH2(OCHZCHZ)~OH + n CHIC 2 ~ CHa OCHZCHZ)~O
CH3(CHZ)s (
RT
19
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
CH3(CHZ)»CHZ(OCHZCHZ)3(OCH2CH(CHZCHZCHZCH3))ZOH + ~O
PPTS RT
CHZCIz
CH O- _ O
CH3(CHZ)~ 1CH2(OCHZCHZ)3(OCHZCH(CHZCHZCHZ 3))2
The ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant product is then collect
by
means common in the art such as extraction. If desired, the surfactant may be
further
treated by stripping, distillation or various other means before use. The
surfactants made
by the process disclosed herein may contain related impurities which will not
adversely
affect performance.
Amine oxide co-surfactant
In one aspect of the present invention the composition of the present
invention in
addition to the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactant further
contains an
amine oxide co-surfactant. Amine oxides are semi-polar nonionic surfactants
and include
water-soluble amine oxides typically containing one alkyl moiety of from about
8 to
about 22 carbon atoms and 2 moieties selected from the group consisting of
alkyl groups
and hydroxyalkyl groups containing from about 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention suitable amine oxide
surfactants may be selected from those of the formula:
R3(OR4) ~ (R5)2
wherein R3 is an linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched hydroxyalkyl, or
linear or
branched alkyl phenyl group or mixtures thereof containing from about 8 to
about 22
carbon atoms; R4 is an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group containing from about
1 to
about 3 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof; x is from 0 to about 3; and each R5
is an alkyl
or hydroxyalkyl group containing from about 1 to about 3 carbon atoms or a
polyethylene
oxide group containing from about 1 to about 3 ethylene oxide groups. The RS
groups
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
can be attached to each other, e.g., through an oxygen or nitrogen atom, to
form a ring
structure.
In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention suitable amine oxide
surfactants in particular include C 1 p-C 1 g alkyl dimethyl amine oxides and
Cg-C 12
alkoxy ethyl dihydroxy ethyl amine oxides.
In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention suitable amine oxide
surfactants in particular include a mixture of amine oxides with the resultant
mixture
having an average carbon content (branched or linear) for R3 of 16/17.
In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention suitable amine oxide
surfactants will be made from natural products. For example isostearyl. In
another
embodiment of this aspect of the present invention suitable amine oxide
surfactants will
be wholly synthetic. Mixtures of amine oxides made from natural products and
from
synthetic materials are also within the scope of this invention. Suitable
amine oxides can
be produced by any convention synthetic method. For example they can be
produced
from alpha olefin or from alcohol directly.
Suitable amine oxide surfactants includes, but are not limited to,
hexadecylbis(2
hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, tallowbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, stearylbis(2
hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, hexadecyldimethylamine oxide, oleylbis(2
hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, dodecyldimethylamine oxide dihydrate
tetradecyldimethylamine oxide and mixtures thereof.
For further examples of suitable amine oxide surfactants see U.S. Patents
5,075,501
and 5,071,594, incorporated herein by reference. Highly preferred amine oxides
herein
are solutions at ambient temperature. Amine oxides suitable for use herein are
made
commercially by a number of suppliers, including Akzo Chemie, Ethyl Corp., and
Procter
& Gamble. See McCutcheon's compilation and Kirk-Othmer review article for
alternate
amine oxide manufacturers.
In one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention the amine oxide is
present
in the composition in an effective amount, more preferably from about 0.1 % to
about
20%, even more preferably about 0.1% to about 15%, even more preferably still
from
about 0.3% to about 10%,by weight. Examples of suitable amine oxide
surfactants are
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
given in "Surface Active Agents and Detergents" (Vol. I and II by Schwartz,
Perry and
Berch).
Adjunct Ingredients and Methods:
In general, cleaning adjunct is any material required to transform a
composition
containing only the minimum essential ingredients into a composition useful
for cleaning
purposes, such as fabric cleaning, tableware cleaning, hard surface cleaning,
or personal
cleansing (such as a body wash or a shampoo). Additionally, the surfactants of
the
present invention are also useful in post-wash cycle compositions, such as in
fabric
softeners and anti-static compositions. In preferred embodiments, cleaning
adjuncts are
easily recognizable to those of skill in the art as being absolutely
characteristic of
cleaning products, especially of cleaning products intended for direct use by
a consumer
in a domestic environment.
The bleach adjuncts are those adjuncts, which are preferably bleach compatible
or
bleach stable.
The precise nature of these additional components, and levels of incorporation
thereof, will depend on the physical form of the composition and the nature of
the
cleaning operation for which it is to be used.
Preferably, the adjunct ingredients if used with bleach should have good
stability
therewith. Certain preferred detergent compositions herein should be boron-
free and/or
phosphate-free as required by legislation. Levels of adjuncts are from about
0.00001 % to
about 99.9%, by weight of the compositions. Use levels of the overall
compositions can
vary widely depending on the intended application, ranging for example from a
few ppm
in solution to so-called "direct application" of the neat cleaning composition
to the
surface to be cleaned.
Common adjuncts include builders, co-surfactants, enzymes, polymers, bleaches,
bleach activators, catalytic materials and the like excluding any materials
already defined
hereinabove as part of the essential component of the inventive compositions.
Other
adjuncts herein can include diverse active ingredients or specialized
materials, for
example, dispersant polymers (e.g., from BASF Corp. or Rohm & Haas), color
speckles,
silvercare, anti-tarnish and/or anti-corrosion agents, dyes, fillers,
germicides, bactericides,
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
alkalinity sources, hydrotropes, anti-oxidants, enzyme stabilizing agents,
suds boosters,
buffers, anti-fungal agents, mildew control agents, insect repellents, anti-
corrosive aids,
chelants suds suppressors thickeners, abrasives, pro-perfumes, perfumes,
solubilizing
agents, carriers, processing aids, pigments, and, for liquid formulations,
solvents, as
described in detail hereinafter.
Co-surfactants:
The compositions according to the present invention may further comprise
additional surfactants, herein also referred to as co-surfactants, preferably
selected from:
anionic surfactants, preferably selected from the group of alkyl alkoxylated
sulfates, alkyl
sulfates, alkyl disulfates, and/or linear alkyl benzenesulfonate surfactants;
cationic
surfactants, preferably selected from quaternary ammonium surfactants;
nonionic
surfactants, preferably alkyl ethoxylates, alkyl polyglucosides, polyhydroxy
fatty acid
amides, and/or amine or amine oxide surfactants; amphoteric surfactants,
preferably
selected from betaines and/or polycarboxylates (for example polyglycinates);
and
zwiterionic surfactants.
A wide range of these co-surfactants can be used in the cleaning compositions
of the
present invention. A typical listing of anionic, nonionic, ampholytic and
zwitterionic
classes, and species of these co-surfactants, is given in US Patent 3,664,961
issued to
Norris on May 23, 1972. Amphoteric surfactants are also described in detail in
"Amphoteric Surfactants, Second Edition", E.G. Lomax, Editor (published 1996,
by
Marcel Dekker, Inc.). Suitable surfactants can be found in U.S. Patent
applications Serial
Nos. 60/032,035 (Docket No. 6401P), 60/031,845 (Docket No. 6402P), 60/031,916
(Docket No. 6403P), 60/031,917 (Docket No. 6404P), 60/031,761 (Docket No.
6405P),
60/031,762 (Docket No. 6406P), 60/031,844 (Docket No. 6409P), No. 60/061,971,
Attorney docket No 6881P October 14, 1997, No. 60/061,975, Attorney docket No
6882P
October 14, 1997, No. 60/062,086, Attorney docket No 6883P October 14, 1997,
No.
60/061,916, Attorney docket No 6884P October 14, 1997, No. 60/061,970,
Attorney
docket No 6885P October 14, 1997, No. 60/062,407, Attorney docket No 6886P
October
14, 1997, 60/053,319 filed on July 21 1997 (Docket No. 6766P), 60/053,318
filed on July
21 1997 (Docket No. 6767P), 60/053,321 filed on July 21 1997 (Docket No.
6768P),
60/053,209 filed on July 21 1997 (Docket No. 6769P), 60/053,328 filed on July
21 1997
23
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 pCT/US00/33411
(Docket No. 6770P), 60/053,186 filed on July 21 1997 (Docket No. 6771P),
60/053,437
filed on August 8 1997 (Docket No. 6796P), 60/105,017 filed on October 20 1998
(Docket No. 7303P), and 60/104,962 filed on October 20 1998 (Docket No. 7304P)
all of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
The compositions of the present invention preferably comprise from about 0.01%
to
about 55%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 45%, more preferably from
about
0.25% to about 30%, more preferably from about 0.5% to about 20%, by weight of
co-
surfactants. Selected co-surfactants are further identified as follows.
(1) Anionic Co-surfactants:
Nonlimiting examples of anionic co-surfactants useful herein, typically at
levels
from about 0.1 % to about 50%, by weight, include the conventional C 11-C 1 g
alkyl
benzene sulfonates ("LAS") and primary, branched-chain and random C10-C20
alkyl
sulfates ("AS"), the C 1 p-C 1 g secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfates of the formula
CH3(CH2)x(CHOS03 M+) CH3 and CH3 (CH2)y(CHOS03 M+) CH2CH3 where x and
(y + 1) are integers of at least about 7, preferably at least about 9, and M
is a
water-solubilizing cation, especially sodium, unsaturated sulfates such as
oleyl sulfate, the
C 10-C 1 g alpha-sulfonated fatty acid esters, the C 10-C 1 g sulfated alkyl
polyglycosides,
the C 10-C 1 g alkyl alkoxy sulfates ("AEXS"; especially EO 1-7 ethoxy
sulfates), and
C 10-C 1 g alkyl alkoxy carboxylates (especially the EO 1-5
ethoxycarboxylates). The
C 12-C 1 g betaines and sulfobetaines ("sultaines"), C 10-C 1 g amine oxides,
and the like,
can also be included in the overall compositions. C 10-C20 conventional soaps
may also
be used. If high sudsing is desired, the branched-chain C 10-C 16 soaps may be
used.
Other conventional useful anionic co-surfactants are listed in standard texts.
Other suitable anionic surfactants that can be used are alkyl ester sulfonate
surfactants including linear esters of Cg-C20 carboxylic acids (i.e., fatty
acids) which are
sulfonated with gaseous S03 according to "The Journal of the American Oil
Chemists
Society", 52 (1975), pp. 323-329. Suitable starting materials would include
natural fatty
substances as derived from tallow, palm oil, etc.
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Another type of useful surfactants are the so-called dianionics. These are
surfactants which have at least two anionic groups present on the surfactant
molecule.
Some suitable dianionic surfactants are further described in copending U.S.
Serial No.
60/020,503 (Docket No. 6160P), 60/020,772 (Docket No. 6161P), 60/020,928
(Docket
No. 6158P), 60/020,832 (Docket No. 6159P) and 60/020,773 (Docket No. 6162P)
all
filed on June 28, 1996, and 60/023,539 (Docket No. 6192P), 60/023493 (Docket
No.
6194P), 60/023,540 (Docket No. 6193P) and 60/023,527 (Docket No. 6195P) filed
on
August 8th, 1996, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
Additionally and preferably, the surfactant may be a branched alkyl sulfate,
branched alkyl alkoxylate, or branched alkyl alkoxylate sulfate. These
surfactants are
further described in No. 60/061,971, Attorney docket No 6881P October 14,
1997, No.
60/061,975, Attorney docket No 6882P October 14, 1997, No. 60/062,086,
Attorney
docket No 6883P October 14, 1997, No. 60/061,916, Attorney docket No 6884P
October
14, 1997, No. 60/061,970, Attorney docket No 6885P October 14, 1997, No.
60/062,407,
Attorney docket No 6886P October 14, 1997,. Other suitable mid-chain branched
surfactants can be found in U.S. Patent applications Serial Nos. 60/032,035
(Docket No.
6401P), 60/031,845 (Docket No. 6402P), 60/031,916 (Docket No. 6403P),
60/031,917
(Docket No. 6404P), 60/031,761 (Docket No. 6405P), 60/031,762 (Docket No.
6406P)
and 60/031,844 (Docket No. 6409P). Mixtures of these branched surfactants with
conventional linear surfactants are also suitable for use in the present
compositions.
Additionally, the surfactant may be a modified alkylbenzene sulfonate
surfactants,
or MLAS. Suitable MLAS surfactants can be found in U.S. Patent applications
Serial
Nos. 60/053,319 filed on July 21 1997 (Docket No. 6766P), 60/053,318 filed on
July 21
1997 (Docket No. 6767P), 60/053,321 filed on July 21 1997 (Docket No. 6768P),
60/053,209 filed on July 21 1997 (Docket No. 6769P), 60/053,328 filed on July
21 1997
(Docket No. 6770P), 60/053,186 filed on July 21 1997 (Docket No. 6771P),
60/053,437
filed on August 8 1997 (Docket No. 6796P), 60/105,017 filed on October 20 1998
(Docket No. 7303P), and 60/104,962 filed on October 20 1998 (Docket No.
7304P).
Mixtures of these branched surfactants with conventional linear surfactants
are also
suitable for use in the present compositions.
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
The anionic surfactants useful in the LDL of the present invention are
preferably
selected from the group consisting of, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alpha
olefin
sulfonate, paraffin sulfonates, alkyl ester sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl
alkoxy sulfate,
alkyl sulfonates, alkyl alkoxy carboxylate, alkyl alkoxylated sulfates,
sarcosinates,
taurinates, and mixtures thereof. An effective amount, typically from about
0.5% to
about 90%, preferably about 5% to about 50%, more preferably from about 10 to
about
30%, by weight of anionic detersive surfactant can be used in the LDL
compositions of
the present invention.
When included therein, the laundry detergent compositions of the present
invention typically comprise from about 0.1 % to about 50%, preferably from
about 1 % to
about 40% by weight of an anionic surfactant.
_(2) Nonionic Co-surfactants:
Nonlimiting examples of nonionic co-surfactants useful herein typically at
levels
from about 0.1% to about 50%, by weight include the alkoxylated alcohols
(AE's) and
alkyl phenols, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides (PFAA's), alkyl polyglycosides
(APG's),
C 10-C 1 g glycerol ethers, and the like.
Examples of commercially available nonionic surfactants of this type include:
TergitolTM 15-S-9 (the condensation product of C 11-C 15 linear alcohol with 9
moles
ethylene oxide) and TergitolTM 24-L-6 NMW (the condensation product of C 12-C
14
primary alcohol with 6 moles ethylene oxide with a narrow molecular weight
distribution), both marketed by Union Carbide Corporation; NeodolTM 45-9 (the
condensation product of C 14-C 15 linear alcohol with 9 moles of ethylene
oxide),
NeodolTM 23-3 (the condensation product of C 12-C 13 linear alcohol with 3
moles of
ethylene oxide), NeodolTM 45-7 (the condensation product of C14-C15 linear
alcohol
with 7 moles of ethylene oxide) and NeodolTM 45-5 (the condensation product of
C 14-
C15 linear alcohol with 5 moles of ethylene oxide) marketed by Shell Chemical
Company; KyroTM EOB (the condensation product of C 13-C 15 alcohol with 9
moles
ethylene oxide), marketed by The Procter & Gamble Company; and Genapol LA 030
or
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
O50 (the condensation product of C 12-C 14 alcohol with 3 or 5 moles of
ethylene oxide)
marketed by Hoechst. The preferred range of HLB in these AE nonionic
surfactants is
from 8-17 and most preferred from 8-14. Condensates with propylene oxide and
butylene
oxides may also be used.
Another class of preferred nonionic co-surfactants for use herein are the
polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactants of the formula.
R~- i-N -Z,
O R1
wherein R1 is H, or C1-4 hydrocarbyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxy propyl or a
mixture
thereof, R2 is CS_31 hydrocarbyl, and Z is a polyhydroxyhydrocarbyl having a
linear
hydrocarbyl chain with at least 3 hydroxyls directly connected to the chain,
or an
alkoxylated derivative thereof. Typical examples include the C 12-C 1 g and C
12-C 14 N-
methylglucamides. See U.S. 5,194,639 and 5,298,636. N-alkoxy polyhydroxy fatty
acid
amides can also be used; see U.S. 5,489,393.
Also useful as a nonionic co-surfactant in the present invention are the
alkylpolysaccharides such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,565,647,
Llenado, issued
January 21, 1986.
Preferred alkylpolyglycosides have the formula
R20(CnH2n0)t(glYcosyl)x
wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylphenyl,
hydroxyalkyl,
hydroxyalkylphenyl, and mixtures thereof in which the alkyl groups contain
from about
10 to about 18, preferably from about 12 to about 14, carbon atoms; n is 2 or
3, preferably
2; t is from 0 to about 10, preferably 0; and x is from about 1.3 to about 10,
preferably
from about 1.3 to about 3, most preferably from about 1.3 to about 2.7. The
glycosyl is
preferably derived from glucose. To prepare these compounds, the alcohol or
alkylpolyethoxy alcohol is formed first and then reacted with glucose, or a
source of
glucose, to form the glucoside (attachment at the 1-position). The additional
glycosyl
units can then be attached between their 1-position and the preceding glycosyl
units 2-, 3-
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
4- and/or 6-position, preferably predominately the 2-position. Compounds of
this type
and their use in detergent are disclosed in EP-B 0 070 077, 0 075 996 and 0
094 118.
Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutylene oxide condensates of alkyl
phenols are also suitable for use as the nonionic surfactant of the surfactant
systems of the
present invention, with the polyethylene oxide condensates being preferred.
These
compounds include the condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl
group
containing from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, preferably from about 8 to
about 14
carbon atoms, in either a straight-chain or branched-chain configuration with
the alkylene
oxide. In a preferred embodiment, the ethylene oxide is present in an amount
equal to
from about 2 to about 25 moles, more preferably from about 3 to about 15
moles, of
ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol. Commercially available nonionic
surfactants of
this type include IgepalTM CO-630, marketed by the GAF Corporation; and
TritonTM
X-45, X-114, X-100 and X-102, all marketed by the Rohm & Haas Company. These
surfactants are commonly referred to as alkylphenol alkoxylates (e.g., alkyl
phenol
ethoxylates).
The condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by
the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol are also suitable
for use as the
additional nonionic surfactant in the present invention. The hydrophobic
portion of these
compounds will preferably have a molecular weight of from about 1500 to about
1800
and will exhibit water insolubility. The addition of polyoxyethylene moieties
to this
hydrophobic portion tends to increase the water solubility of the molecule as
a whole, and
the liquid character of the product is retained up to the point where the
polyoxyethylene
content is about 50% of the total weight of the condensation product, which
corresponds
to condensation with up to about 40 moles of ethylene oxide. Examples of
compounds of
this type include certain of the commercially-available PluronicTM
surfactants, marketed
by BASF.
Also suitable for use as the nonionic surfactant of the nonionic surfactant
system
of the present invention, are the condensation products of ethylene oxide with
the product
resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine. The
hydrophobic
moiety of these products consists of the reaction product of ethylenediamine
and excess
propylene oxide, and generally has a molecular weight of from about 2500 to
about 3000.
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
This hydrophobic moiety is condensed with ethylene oxide to the extent that
the
condensation product contains from about 40% to about 80% by weight of
polyoxyethylene and has a molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about
11,000.
Examples of this type of nonionic surfactant include certain of the
commercially available
TetronicTM compounds, marketed by BASF.
When the composition is an automatic dishwashing composition (ADW), it
preferably contains a nonionic co-surfactants. In general, bleach-stable
nonionic co-
surfactants are preferred These nonionic co-surfactants when present, are
included at
levels of from about 0.1% to about 15% of the composition. The nonionic co-
surfactant
may be a low cloud point nonionic co-surfactant, a high cloud point nonionic
co-
surfactant or mixtures thereof. One preferred ADW composition of the present
invention,
includes a low cloud point nonionic co-surfactant, and/or a high cloud point
nonionic co-
surfactant in addition to the surfactant of the present invention. Nonionic
surfactants
generally are well known, being described in more detail in Kirk Othmer's
Encyclopedia
of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed., Vol. 22, pp. 360-379, "Surfactants and
Detersive
Systems", incorporated by reference herein.
"Cloud point", as used herein, is a well known property of nonionic
surfactants
which is the result of the surfactant becoming less soluble with increasing
temperature,
the temperature at which the appearance of a second phase is observable is
referred to as
the "cloud point" (See Kirk Othmer, pp. 360-362, hereinbefore).
As used herein, a "low cloud point" nonionic co-surfactant is defined as a
nonionic
surfactant system ingredient having a cloud point of less than 30°C,
preferably less than
about 20°C, and most preferably less than about 10°C. Typical
low cloud point nonionic
co-surfactants include nonionic alkoxylated surfactants, especially
ethoxylates derived
from primary alcohol, and polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene
(PO/EO/PO) reverse block polymers. Also, such low cloud point nonionic co-
surfactants
include, for example, ethoxylated-propoxylated alcohol (e.g., Olin
Corporation's Poly
Tergent~ SLF 18) and epoxy-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols (e.g., Olin
Corporation's Poly-Tergent~ SLF18B series of nonionics, as described, for
example, in
WO 94/22800, published October 13, 1994 by Olin Corporation).
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Nonionic co-surfactants can optionally contain propylene oxide in an amount up
to
about 15% by weight. Other preferred nonionic co-surfactants can be prepared
by the
processes described in U.S. Patent 4,223,163, issued September 16, 1980,
Builloty,
incorporated herein by reference.
Low cloud point nonionic co-surfactants additionally comprise a
polyoxyethylene,
polyoxypropylene block polymeric compound. Block polyoxyethylene-
polyoxypropylene polymeric compounds include those based on ethylene glycol,
propylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane and ethylenediamine as
initiator reactive
hydrogen compound. Certain of the block polymer surfactant compounds
designated
PLURONIC~, REVERSED PLURONIC~, and TETRONIC~ by the BASF-Wyandotte
Corp., Wyandotte, Michigan, are suitable in ADD compositions of the invention.
Preferred examples include REVERSED PLURONIC~ 2582 and TETRONIC~ 702,
Such co-surfactants are typically useful herein as low cloud point nonionic
surfactants.
As used herein, a "high cloud point" nonionic co-surfactant is defined as a
nonionic surfactant system ingredient having a cloud point of greater than
40°C,
preferably greater than about 50°C, and more preferably greater than
about 60°C.
Preferably the nonionic co-surfactant system comprises an ethoxylated
surfactant derived
from the reaction of a monohydroxy alcohol or alkylphenol containing from
about 8 to
about 20 carbon atoms, with from about 6 to about 15 moles of ethylene oxide
per mole
of alcohol or alkyl phenol on an average basis. Such high cloud point nonionic
co-
surfactants include, for example, Tergitol 1559 (supplied by Union Carbide),
Rhodasurf
TMD 8.5 (supplied by Rhone Poulenc), and Neodol 91-8 (supplied by Shell).
It is also preferred for purposes of the present invention that the high cloud
point
nonionic co-surfactant further have a hydrophile-lipophile balance ("HLB"; see
Kirk
Othmer hereinbefore) value within the range of from about 9 to about 15,
preferably 11 to
15. Such materials include, for example, Tergitol 15S9 (supplied by Union
Carbide),
Rhodasurf TMD 8.5 (supplied by Rhone Poulenc), and Neodol 91-8 (supplied by
Shell).
Another preferred high cloud point nonionic co-surfactant is derived from a
straight
or preferably branched chain or secondary fatty alcohol containing from about
6 to about
20 carbon atoms (C6-C2p alcohol), including secondary alcohols and branched
chain
primary alcohols. Preferably, high cloud point nonionic co-surfactants are
branched or
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
secondary alcohol ethoxylates, more preferably mixed C9/11 or C11/15 branched
alcohol
ethoxylates, condensed with an average of from about 6 to about 15 moles,
preferably
from about 6 to about 12 moles, and most preferably from about 6 to about 9
moles of
ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Preferably the ethoxylated nonionic co-
surfactant so
derived has a narrow ethoxylate distribution relative to the average.
When the optional co-surfactants are a mixture of low cloud point nonionics
and
high cloud point nonionics it is preferred that the mixture is combined in a
weight ratio
preferably within the range of from about 10:1 to about 1:10.
(3) Cationic Co-surfactants:
Nonlimiting examples of cationic co-surfactants useful herein typically at
levels
from about 0.1 % to about 50%, by weight include the choline ester-type quats
and
alkoxylated quaternary ammonium (AQA) surfactant compounds, and the like. Most
preferred for aqueous liquid compositions herein are soluble cationic co-
surfactants
which do not readily hydrolyze in the product.
Cationic co-surfactants useful as a component of the surfactant system is a
cationic choline ester-type quat surfactant which are preferably water
dispersible
compounds having surfactant properties and comprise at least one ester (i.e. -
COO-)
linkage and at least one canonically charged group. Suitable cationic ester
surfactants,
including choline ester surfactants, have for example been disclosed in U.S.
Patents Nos.
4,228,042, 4,239,660 and 4,260,529.
Cationic ester surfactants include those having the formula:
Rs R2
RUOUCH)nO~b~ a (X)u (CH2)m (~v (CH2)t NI ~ R3 M _
wherein R1 is a CS-C31 linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkaryl chain or
M'
.N+(R6R~Rg)(CH2)s; X and Y, independently, are selected from the group
consisting of
COO, OCO, O, CO, OCOO, CONH, NHCO, OCONH and NHCOO wherein at least one
of X or Y is a COO, OCO, OCOO, OCONH or NHCOO group; R2, R3, R4, R6, R~ and
Rg are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl,
hydroxyalkyl,
31
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00133411
hydroxyalkenyl and alkaryl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and RS is
independently H or a C1-C3 alkyl group; wherein the values of m, n, s and t
independently lie in the range of from 0 to 8, the value of b lies in the
range from 0 to 20,
and the values of a, a and v independently are either 0 or 1 with the proviso
that at least
one of a or v must be 1; and wherein M is a counter anion.
Preferably R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from CH3 and -
CH2CH20H.
Preferably M is selected from the group consisting of halide, methyl sulfate,
sulfate, and nitrate, more preferably methyl sulfate, chloride, bromide or
iodide.
Preferred water dispersible cationic ester surfactants are the choline esters
having
the formula:
O I H3
R1COCH2CH2N ~ CH3 M
CH3
wherein R1 is a C11-C19 linear or branched alkyl chain.
Particularly preferred choline esters of this type include the stearoyl
choline ester
quaternary methylammonium halides (R1=C1~ alkyl), palmitoyl choline ester
quaternary
methylammonium halides (R1=C15 alkyl), myristoyl choline ester quaternary
methylammonium halides (R1=C13 alkyl), lauroyl choline ester quaternary
methylammonium halides (R1=C11 alkyl), cocoyl choline ester quaternary
methylammonium halides (R1=C11-C13 alkyl), tallowyl choline ester quaternary
methylammonium halides (R1=C 1 S-C 1 ~ alkyl), and any mixtures thereof.
The particularly preferred choline esters, given above, may be prepared by the
direct esterification of a fatty acid of the desired chain length with
dimethylaminoethanol,
in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction product is then quaternized
with a
methyl halide, preferably in the presence of a solvent such as ethanol,
propylene glycol or
preferably a fatty alcohol ethoxylate such as C 10-C 1 g fatty alcohol
ethoxylate having a
degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 50 ethoxy groups per mole forming the
desired
32
W~ ~l/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
cationic material. They may also be prepared by the direct esterification of a
long chain
fatty acid of the desired chain length together with 2-haloethanol, in the
presence of an
acid catalyst material. The reaction product is then quaternized with
trimethylamine,
forming the desired cationic material.
In a preferred aspect these cationic ester surfactant are hydrolysable under
the
conditions of a laundry wash method.
Cationic co-surfactants useful herein also include alkoxylated quaternary
ammonium (AQA) surfactant compounds (referred to hereinafter as "AQA
compounds")
having the formula:
R1 /ApR3
I \N + X
~A,qR4
wherein R1 is an alkyl or alkenyl moiety containing from about 8 to about 18
carbon
atoms, preferably 10 to about 16 carbon atoms, most preferably from about 10
to about 14
carbon atoms; R2 is an alkyl group containing from one to three carbon atoms,
preferably
methyl; R3 and R4 can vary independently and are selected from hydrogen
(preferred),
methyl and ethyl; X- is an anion such as chloride, bromide, methylsulfate,
sulfate, or the
like, sufficient to provide electrical neutrality. A and A' can vary
independently and are
each selected from C1-C4 alkoxy, especially ethoxy (i.e., -CH2CH20-), propoxy,
butoxy
and mixed ethoxy/propoxy; p is from 0 to about 30, preferably 1 to about 4 and
q is from
0 to about 30, preferably 1 to about 4, and most preferably to about 4;
preferably both p
and q are 1. See also: EP 2,084, published May 30, 1979, by The Procter &
Gamble
Company, which describes cationic co-surfactants of this type which are also
useful
herein..
The levels of the AQA surfactants used to prepare finished laundry detergent
compositions typically range from about 0.1 % to about 5%, preferably from
about 0.45%
to about 2.5%, by weight.
Aqueous Liquid Carrier
33
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
The rinse aid compositions herein further contain from about ??% to ???% of an
aqueous liquid carrier in which the other essential and optional compositions
components
are dissolved, dispersed or suspended. More preferably the aqueous liquid
carrier will
comprise from about ??% to ???% of the compositions herein.
One essential component of the aqueous liquid carrier is, of course, water.
The
aqueous liquid carrier, however, may contain other materials which are liquid,
or which
dissolve in the liquid carrier, at room temperature and which may also serve
some other
function besides that of a simple filler. Such materials can include, for
example,
hydrotropes and solvents. Due in large part to the properties of the mid-chain
branched
surfactants of the present invention, the water in the aqueous liquid carrier
can have a
hardness level of at least about 15 gpg or more ("gpg" is a measure of water
hardness that
is well known to those skilled in the art, and it stands for "grains per
gallon")
A variety of water-miscible liquids such as lower alcohols, diols, other
polyols,
ethers, amines, and the like may be used as part of the aqueous liquid
carrier.
Particularly preferred are the Cl-C4 alcohols. Such solvents can be present in
the
compositions herein to the extent of from about ?% to ?%.
Polymeric Suds Stabilizer - The compositions of the present invention may
optionally contain a polymeric suds stabilizer. These polymeric suds
stabilizers provide
extended suds volume and suds duration without sacrificing the grease cutting
ability of
the liquid detergent compositions. These polymeric suds stabilizers are
selected from:
i) homopolymers of (N,N-dialkylamino)alkyl acrylate esters having
the formula:
R1
R O
~N-(CH2)n-O
R
wherein each R is independently hydrogen, C1-Cg alkyl, and mixtures
thereof, R' is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, and mixtures thereof, n is from 2 to
about 6; and
34
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
ii) copolymers of (i) and
R'
HO O
wherein R' is hydrogen, Cl-C6 alkyl, and mixtures thereof, provided that the
ratio of (ii)
to (i) is from about 2 to 1 to about 1 to 2; The molecular weight of the
polymeric suds
boosters, determined via conventional gel permeation chromatography, is from
about
1,000 to about 2,000,000, preferably from about 5,000 to about 1,000,000, more
preferably from about 10,000 to about 750,000, more preferably from about
20,000 to
about 500,000, even more preferably from about 35,000 to about 200,000. The
polymeric
suds stabilizer can optionally be present in the form of a salt, either an
inorganic or
organic salt, for example the citrate, sulfate, or nitrate salt of (N,N-
dimethylamino)alkyl
acrylate ester.
One preferred polymeric suds stabilizer is (N,N-dimethylamino)alkyl acrylate
esters, namely
cH3 L J
N
CH3~ ~O O
When present in the compositions, the polymeric suds booster may be present in
the
composition from about 0.01% to about 15%, preferably from about 0.05% to
about 10%,
more preferably from about 0.1% to about 5%, by weight.
Other suitable polymeric suds stabilizers, including protenacious suds
stabilizers
and zwitterionic suds stabilizers, can be found in PCT/LTS98/24853 filed
November 20,
1998 (Docket No. 6938), PCT/LTS98/24707 filed November 20, 1998(Docket No.
6939),
PCT/US98/24699 filed November 20, 1998(Docket No. 6943), and PCT/US98/24852
filed November 20, 1998(Docket No. 6944). Also suitable are the cationic
copolymer
stabilizers, which can be found in US Patent 4454060.
Enzymes - Detergent compositions of the present invention may further comprise
one or more enzymes which provide cleaning performance benefits. Said enzymes
include enzymes selected from cellulases, hemicellulases, peroxidases,
proteases, gluco
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
amylases, amylases, lipases, cutinases, pectinases, xylanases, reductases,
oxidases,
phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases,
pentosanases,
malanases, 13-glucanases, arabinosidases or mixtures thereof. A preferred
combination is
a detergent composition having a cocktail of conventional applicable enzymes
like
protease, amylase, lipase, cutinase andlor cellulase. Enzymes when present in
the
compositions, at from about 0.0001 % to about 5% of active enzyme by weight of
the
detergent composition.
Proteolytic Enzyme - The proteolytic enzyme can be of animal, vegetable or
microorganism (preferred) origin. The proteases for use in the detergent
compositions
herein include (but are not limited to) trypsin, subtilisin, chymotrypsin and
elastase-type
proteases. Preferred for use herein are subtilisin-type proteolytic enzymes.
Particularly
preferred is bacterial serine proteolytic enzyme obtained from Bacillus
subtilis and/or
Bacillus licheniformis.
Suitable proteolytic enzymes include Novo Industri A/S Alcalase~ (preferred),
Esperase~~ Savinase~ (Copenhagen, Denmark), Gist-brocades' Maxatase~, Maxacal~
and Maxapem 15~ (protein engineered Maxacal~) (Delft, Netherlands), and
subtilisin
BPN and BPN'(preferred), which are commercially available. Preferred
proteolytic
enzymes are also modified bacterial serine proteases, such as those made by
Genencor
International, Inc. (San Francisco, California) which are described in
European Patent
251,446B, granted December 28, 1994 (particularly pages 17, 24 and 98) and
which are
also called herein "Protease B". U.S. Patent 5,030,378, Venegas, issued July
9, 1991,
refers to a modified bacterial serine proteolytic enzyme (Genencor
International) which is
called "Protease A" herein (same as BPN'). In particular see columns 2 and 3
of U.S.
Patent 5,030,378 for a complete description, including amino sequence, of
Protease A and
its variants. Other proteases are sold under the tradenames: Primase, Durazym,
Opticlean and Optimase. Preferred proteolytic enzymes, then, are selected from
the
group consisting of Alcalase ~ (Novo Industri A/S), BPN', Protease A and
Protease B
(Genencor), and mixtures thereof. Protease B is most preferred.
Of particular interest for use herein are the proteases described in U.S.
Patent No.
5,470,733.
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W~ ~l/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Also proteases described in our co-pending application USSN 08/136,797 can be
included in the detergent composition of the invention.
Another preferred protease, referred to as "Protease D" is a carbonyl
hydrolase
variant having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, which is derived
from a
precursor carbonyl hydrolase by substituting a different amino acid for a
plurality of
amino acid residues at a position in said carbonyl hydrolase equivalent to
position +76,
preferably also in combination with one or more amino acid residue positions
equivalent
to those selected from the group consisting of +99, +101, +103, +104, +107,
+123, +27,
+105, +109, +126, +128, +135, +156, +166, +195, +197, +204, +206, +210, +216,
+217,
+218, +222, +260, +265, and/or +274 according to the numbering of Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens subtilisin, as described in WO 95/10615 published April 20,
1995 by
Genencor International (A. Baeck et al. entitled "Protease-Containing Cleaning
Compositions" having U.S. Serial No. 08/322,676, filed October 13, 1994).
Useful proteases are also described in PCT publications: WO 95/30010 published
November 9, 1995 by The Procter & Gamble Company; WO 95/30011 published
November 9, 1995 by The Procter & Gamble Company; WO 95/29979 published
November 9, 1995 by The Procter & Gamble Company.
Protease enzyme may be incorporated into the compositions in accordance with
the
invention at a level of from 0.0001 % to 2% active enzyme by weight of the
composition.
Amylase - Amylases (a and/or 13) can be included for removal of carbohydrate-
based stains. Suitable amylases are Termamyl~ (Novo Nordisk), Fungamyl~ and
BAN~
(Novo Nordisk). The enzymes may be of any suitable origin, such as vegetable,
animal,
bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. Amylase enzymes are normally incorporated
in the
detergent composition at levels from 0.0001 % to 2%, preferably from about
0.0001 % to
about 0.5%, more preferably from about 0.0005% to about 0.1%, even more
preferably
from about 0.001% to about 0.05% of active enzyme by weight of the detergent
composition.
Amylase enzymes also include those described in W095/26397 and in co-pending
application by Novo Nordisk PCT/DK96/00056.
One suitable amylase enzyme is NATALASE~ available from Novo Nordisk.
37
W~ ~l/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Other amylases suitable herein include, for example, a-amylases described in
GB
1,296,839 to Novo; R.APIDASE~, International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. and
TERMAMYL~, Novo. FUNGAMYL~ from Novo is especially useful.
Particularly preferred amylases herein include amylase variants having
additional
modification in the immediate parent as described in WO 9510603 A and are
available
from the assignee, Novo, as DURAMYL~. Other particularly preferred oxidative
stability enhanced amylase include those described in WO 9418314 to Genencor
International and WO 9402597 to Novo. Any other oxidative stability-enhanced
amylase
can be used, for example as derived by site-directed mutagenesis ,from known
chimeric,
hybrid or simple mutant parent forms of available amylases. Other preferred
enzyme
modifications are accessible. See WO 9509909 A to Novo.
Various carbohydrase enzymes which impart antimicrobial activity may also be
included in the present invention. Such enzymes include endoglycosidase, Type
II
endoglycosidase and glucosidase as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,041,236,
5,395,541,
5,238,843 and 5,356,803 the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by
reference.
Of course, other enzymes having antimicrobial activity may be employed as well
including peroxidases, oxidases and various other enzymes.
It is also possible to include an enzyme stabilization system into the
compositions
of the present invention when any enzyme is present in the composition.
Various carbohydrase enzymes which impart antimicrobial activity may also be
included in the present invention. Such enzymes include endoglycosidase, Type
II
endoglycosidase and glucosidase as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,041,236,
5,395,541,
5,238,843 and 5,356,803 the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by
reference.
Of course, other enzymes having antimicrobial activity may be employed as well
including peroxidases, oxidases and various other enzymes.
It is also possible to include an enzyme stabilization system into the
compositions
of the present invention when any enzyme is present in the composition.
Peroxidase enzymes can be used in combination with oxygen sources, e.g.,
percarbonate, perborate, persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, etc. They are
typically used for
"solution bleaching," i.e. to prevent transfer of dyes or pigments removed
from substrates
38
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
during wash operations to other substrates in the wash solution. Peroxidase
enzymes are
known in the art, and include, for example, horseradish peroxidase, ligninase,
and
haloperoxidase such as chloro- and bromo-peroxidase. Peroxidase-containing
detergent
compositions are disclosed, for example, in PCT International Application WO
89/099813, published October 19, 1989, by O. Kirk, assigned to Novo Industries
A/S.
The present invention encompasses peroxidase-free automatic dishwashing
composition
embodiments.
A wide range of enzyme materials and means for their incorporation into
synthetic
detergent compositions are also disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,553,139, issued
January 5,
1971 to McCarty et al. Enzymes are further disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,101,457,
Place et
al, issued July 18, 1978, and in U.S. Patent 4,507,219, Hughes, issued March
26, 1985.
Enzymes for use in detergents can be stabilized by various techniques. Enzyme
stabilization techniques are disclosed and exemplified in U.S. Patent
3,600,319, issued
August 17, 1971 to Gedge, et al, and European Patent Application Publication
No. 0 199
405, Application No. 86200586.5, published October 29, 1986, Venegas. Enzyme
stabilization systems are also described, for example, in U.S. Patent
3,519,570.
The enzymes may be incorporated into detergent compositions herein in the form
of
suspensions, "marumes" or "prills". Another suitable type of enzyme comprises
those in
the form of slurries of enzymes in nonionic surfactants, e.g., the enzymes
marketed by
Novo Nordisk under the tradename "SL" or the microencapsulated enzymes
marketed by
Novo Nordisk under the tradename "LDP."
Enzymes added to the compositions herein in the form of conventional enzyme
prills are especially preferred for use herein. Such prills will generally
range in size from
about 100 to 1,000 microns, more preferably from about 200 to 800 microns and
will be
suspended throughout the non-aqueous liquid phase of the composition. Prills
in the
compositions of the present invention have been found, in comparison with
other enzyme
forms, to exhibit especially desirable enzyme stability in terms of retention
of enzymatic
activity over time. Thus, compositions which utilize enzyme prills need not
contain
conventional enzyme stabilizing such as must frequently be used when enzymes
are
incorporated into aqueous liquid detergents.
39
WD ~l/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
If employed, enzymes will normally be incorporated into the non-aqueous liquid
compositions herein at levels sufficient to provide up to about 10 mg by
weight, more
typically from about 0.01 mg to about 5 mg, of active enzyme per gram of the
composition. Stated otherwise, the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions
herein will
typically comprise from about 0.001 % to 5%, preferably from about 0.01 % to 1
% by
weight, of a commercial enzyme preparation. Protease enzymes, for example, are
usually
present in such commercial preparations at levels sufficient to provide from
0.005 to 0.1
Anson units (AU) of activity per gram of composition.
Enzyme Stabilizing System - The enzyme-containing compositions herein may
optionally also comprise from about 0.001% to about 10%, preferably from about
0.005%
to about 8%, most preferably from about 0.01 % to about 6%, by weight of an
enzyme
stabilizing system. The enzyme stabilizing system can be any stabilizing
system which is
compatible with the detersive enzyme. Such a system may be inherently provided
by
other formulation actives, or be added separately, e.g., by the formulator or
by a
manufacturer of detergent-ready enzymes. Such stabilizing systems can, for
example,
comprise calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic
acids, boronic
acids, and mixtures thereof, and are designed to address different
stabilization problems
depending on the type and physical form of the detergent composition.
Perfumes - Perfumes and perfumery ingredients useful in the present
compositions and processes comprise a wide variety of natural and synthetic
chemical
ingredients, including, but not limited to, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and
the like. Also
included are various natural extracts and essences which can comprise complex
mixtures
of ingredients, such as orange oil, lemon oil, rose extract, lavender, musk,
patchouli,
balsamic essence, sandalwood oil, pine oil, cedar, and the like. Finished
perfumes can
comprise extremely complex mixtures of such ingredients. Finished perfumes
typically
comprise from about 0.01% to about 2%, by weight, of the detergent
compositions
herein, and individual perfumery ingredients can comprise from about 0.0001 %
to about
90% of a finished perfume composition.
Dispersant Polymer - The compositions of the present invention may
additionally
contain a dispersant polymer. When present, a dispersant polymer in the
instant
compositions is typically at levels in the range from 0 to about 25%,
preferably from
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
about 0.5% to about 20%, more preferably from about 1% to about 8% by weight
of the
composition. Dispersant polymers are useful for improved filming performance
of the
present compositions, especially in higher pH embodiments, such as those in
which wash
pH exceeds about 9.5. Particularly preferred are polymers which inhibit the
deposition of
calcium carbonate or magnesium silicate on dishware.
1
Dispersant polymers suitable for use herein are further illustrated by the
film-
forming polymers described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,080 (Murphy), issued Apr. S,
1983.
Suitable polymers are preferably at least partially neutralized or alkali
metal,
ammonium or substituted ammonium (e.g., mono-, di- or triethanolammonium)
salts of
polycarboxylic acids. The alkali metal, especially sodium salts are most
preferred. While
the molecular weight of the polymer can vary over a wide range, it preferably
is from
about 1,000 to about 500,000, more preferably is from about 1,000 to about
250,000, and
most preferably, especially if the composition is for use in North American
automatic
dishwashing appliances, is from about 1,000 to about 5,000.
Other suitable dispersant polymers include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
3,308,067, 4,530,766, 3,723,322, 3,929,107, 3,803,285, 3,629,121, 4,141,841,
and
5,084,535; EP Pat. No. 66,915,.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylate having a molecular weight of from about
3,000 to about 100,000, preferably from about 4,000 to about 20,000, and an
acrylamide
content of less than about 50%, preferably less than about 20%, by weight of
the
dispersant polymer can also be used.
Particularly preferred dispersant polymers are low molecular weight modified
polyacrylate copolymers.
Suitable low molecular weight polyacrylate dispersant polymer preferably has a
molecular weight of less than about 15,000, preferably from about 500 to about
10,000,
most preferably from about 1,000 to about 5,000. The most preferred
polyacrylate
copolymer for use herein has a molecular weight of about 3,500 and is the
fully
neutralized form of the polymer comprising about 70% by weight acrylic acid
and about
30% by weight methacrylic acid.
41
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Other dispersant polymers useful herein include the polyethylene glycols and
polypropylene glycols having a molecular weight of from about 950 to about
30,000
which can be obtained from the Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Michigan.
Yet other dispersant polymers useful herein include the cellulose sulfate
esters such
as cellulose acetate sulfate, cellulose sulfate, hydroxyethyl cellulose
sulfate,
methylcellulose sulfate, and hydroxypropylcellulose sulfate. Sodium cellulose
sulfate is
the most preferred polymer of this group.
Yet another group of acceptable dispersants are the organic dispersant
polymers,
such as polyaspartate.
Material Care Agents - When the compositions of the present invention are
automatic dishwashing compositions they may contain one or more material care
agents
which are effective as corrosion inhibitors and/or anti-tarnish aids. Such
materials are
preferred components of machine dishwashing compositions especially in certain
European countries where the use of electroplated nickel silver and sterling
silver is still
comparatively common in domestic flatware, or when aluminium protection is a
concern
and the composition is low in silicate. Generally, such material care agents
include
metasilicate, silicate, bismuth salts, manganese salts, paraffin, triazoles,
pyrazoles, thiols,
mercaptans, aluminium fatty acid salts, and mixtures thereof.
When present, such protecting materials are preferably incorporated at low
levels,
e.g., from about 0.01% to about 5% of the composition. Suitable corrosion
inhibitors
include paraffin oil, typically a predominantly branched aliphatic hydrocarbon
having a
number of carbon atoms in the range of from about 20 to about S0; preferred
paraffin oil
is selected from predominantly branched C25-45 species with a ratio of cyclic
to
noncyclic hydrocarbons of about 32:68. A paraffin oil meeting those
characteristics is
sold by Wintershall, Salzbergen, Germany, under the trade name WINOG 70.
Additionally, the addition of low levels of bismuth nitrate (i.e., Bi(N03)3)
is also
preferred.
Other corrosion inhibitor compounds include benzotriazole and comparable
compounds; mercaptans or thiols including thionaphtol and thioanthranol; and
finely
divided Aluminium fatty acid salts, such as aluminium tristearate. The
formulator will
recognize that such materials will generally be used judiciously and in
limited quantities
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
so as to avoid any tendency to produce spots or films on glassware or to
compromise the
bleaching action of the compositions. For this reason, mercaptan anti-
tarnishes which are
quite strongly bleach-reactive and common fatty carboxylic acids which
precipitate with
calcium in particular are preferably avoided.
Chelatin~ Agents - The detergent compositions herein may also optionally
contain
one or more iron and/or manganese chelating agents. Such chelating agents can
be
selected from the group consisting of amino carboxylates, amino phosphonates,
polyfunctionally-substituted aromatic chelating agents and mixtures therein,
all as
hereinafter defined. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed
that the
benefit of these materials is due in part to their exceptional ability to
remove iron and
manganese ions from washing solutions by formation of soluble chelates.
Amino carboxylates useful as optional chelating agents include
ethylenediaminetetrace-tates, N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetates,
nitrilo-tri-
acetates, ethylenediamine tetrapro-prionates,
triethylenetetraaminehexacetates,
diethylenetriaminepentaacetates, and ethanoldi-glycines, alkali metal,
ammonium, and
substituted ammonium salts therein and mixtures therein.
Amino phosphonates are also suitable for use as chelating agents in the
compositions of the invention when at lease low levels of total phosphorus are
permitted
in detergent compositions, and include ethylenediaminetetrakis
(methylenephosphonates)
as DEQUEST. Preferred, these amino phosphonates to not contain alkyl or
alkenyl
groups with more than about 6 carbon atoms.
Polyfunctionally-substituted aromatic chelating agents are also useful in the
compositions herein. See U.S. Patent 3,812,044, issued May 21, 1974, to Connor
et al.
Preferred compounds of this type in acid form are dihydroxydisulfobenzenes
such as 1,2
dihydroxy-3,5-disulfobenzene.
A preferred biodegradable chelator for use herein is ethylenediamine
disuccinate
("EDDS"), especially the [S,S] isomer as described in U.S. Patent 4,704,233,
November
3, 1987, to Hartman and Perkins.
The compositions herein may also contain water-soluble methyl glycine diacetic
acid (MGDA) salts (or acid form) as a chelant or co-builder. Similarly, the so
called
"weak" builders such as citrate can also be used as chelating agents.
43
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
If utilized, these chelating agents will generally comprise from about 0.1 %
to
about 15% by weight of the detergent compositions herein. More preferably, if
utilized,
the chelating agents will comprise from about 0.1 % to about 3.0% by weight of
such
compositions.
Composition pH
The surfactants of the present invention may be used in compositions which
cover a
wide range, from acidic to basic and all shades in-between. The compositions
of the
present invention can have a pH from 2 to 12. If a composition with a pH
greater than 7
is to be more effective, it preferably should contain a buffering agent
capable of providing
a generally more alkaline pH in the composition and in dilute solutions, i.e.,
about 0.1%
to 0.4% by weight aqueous solution, of the composition. The pKa value of this
buffering
agent should be about 0.5 to I .0 pH units below the desired pH value of the
composition
(determined as described above). Preferably, the pKa of the buffering agent
should be
from about 7 to about 10. Under these conditions the buffering agent most
effectively
controls the pH while using the least amount thereof. Similarly, an acidic
buffering
system can be employed to maintain the compositions pH.
The buffering agent may be an active detergent in its own right, or it may be
a low
molecular weight, organic or inorganic material that is used in this
composition solely for
maintaining an alkaline pH. One type of preferred buffering agents for
compositions of
this invention are nitrogen-containing materials. Some examples are amino
acids such as
lysine or lower alcohol amines like mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolamine. Other
preferred
nitrogen-containing buffering agents are Tri(hydroxymethyl)amino methane
(HOCH2)3CNH3 (TRIS), 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-amino-2-methyl-
propanol,
2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanol, disodium glutamate, N-methyl diethanolamide,
1,3-
diamino-propanol N,N'-tetra-methyl-1,3-diamino-2-propanol, N,N-bis(2-
hydroxyethyl)glycine (bicine) and N-tris (hydroxymethyl)methyl glycine
(tricine).
Mixtures of any of the above are also acceptable. Useful inorganic
buffers/alkalinity
sources include the alkali metal carbonates and alkali metal phosphates, e.g.,
sodium
carbonate, sodium polyphosphate. Also suitable are organic acids like citric
acid, acetic
acid and the like. For additional buffers see McCutcheon's EMULSIFIERS AND
44
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
DETERGENTS, North American Edition, 1997, McCutcheon Division, MC Publishing
Company Kirk and WO 95/07971 both of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
One highly preferred group of buffers, especially in LDL compositions, are
diamines. Preferred organic diamines are those in which pKl and pK2 are in the
range of
about 8.0 to about 11.5, preferably in the range of about 8.4 to about 11,
even more
preferably from about 8.6 to about 10.75. Preferred materials for performance
and supply
considerations are 1,3-bis(methylamine)-cyclohexane, 1,3 propane diamine
(pKl=10.5;
pK2=8.8), 1,6 hexane diamine (pKl=11; pK2=10), 1,3 pentane diamine (Dytek EP)
(pKl=10.5; pK2=8.9), 2-methyl 1,5 pentane diamine (Dytek A) (pKl=11.2;
pK2=10.0).
Other preferred materials are the primary/primary diamines with alkylene
spacers ranging
from C4 to C8. In general, it is believed that primary diamines are preferred
over
secondary and tertiary diamines.
Definition of ~K1 and pK2 - As used herein, "pKal" and "pKa2" are quantities
of
a type collectively known to those skilled in the art as "pKa" pKa is used
herein in the
same manner as is commonly known to people skilled in the art of chemistry.
Values
referenced herein can be obtained from literature, such as from "Critical
Stability
Constants: Volume 2, Amines" by Smith and Martel, Plenum Press, NY and London,
1975. Additional information on pKa's can be obtained from relevant company
literature,
such as information supplied by Dupont, a supplier of diamines. More detailed
information of pKa's can be found in US Pat App No. 08/770,972 filed 12/29/96
to
Procter & Gamble (Attorney Docket No. 6459)
Examples of preferred diamines include the following:
dimethyl aminopropyl amine, 1,6-hexane diamine, 1,3 propane diamine, 2-methyl
1,5
pentane diamine, 1,3-Pentanediamine, 1,3-diaminobutane, 1,2-bis(2-
aminoethoxy)ethane,
Isophorone diamine, 1,3-bis(methylamine)-cyclohexane and mixtures thereof.
The buffer can be complemented (i.e. for improved sequestration in hard water)
by
other optional detergency builder salts selected from nonphosphate detergency
builders
known in the art, which include the various water-soluble, alkali metal,
ammonium or
substituted ammonium borates, hydroxysulfonates, polyacetates, and
polycarboxylates.
Preferred are the alkali metal, especially sodium, salts of such materials.
Alternate water-
soluble, non-phosphorus organic builders can be used for their sequestering
properties.
W~ ~l/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Examples of polyacetate and polycarboxylate builders are the sodium,
potassium, lithium,
ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid;
nitrilotriacetic acid, tartrate monosuccinic acid, tartrate disuccinic acid,
oxydisuccinic
acid, carboxymethoxysuccinic acid, mellitic acid, and sodium benzene
polycarboxylate
salts.
The buffering agent, if used, is present in the compositions of the invention
herein at
a level of from about 0.1 % to 15%, preferably from about 1 % to 10%, most
preferably
from about 2% to 8%, by weight of the composition. If the optional buffer used
is a
diamine, the composition will preferably contain at least about 0.1 %, more
preferably at
least about 0.2%, even more preferably, at least about 0.25%, even more
preferably still,
at least about 0.5% by weight of said composition of diamine. The composition
will also
preferably contain no more than about 15%, more preferably no more than about
10%,
even more preferably, no more than about 6%, even more preferably, no more
than about
5%, even more preferably still, no more than about 1.5% by weight of said
composition
of diamine.
Water-Soluble Silicates
The present compositions may further comprise water-soluble silicates. Water-
soluble silicates herein are any silicates which are soluble to the extent
that they do not
adversely affect spotting/filming characteristics of the composition.
Examples of silicates are sodium metasilicate and, more generally, the alkali
metal
silicates, particularly those having a Si02:Na20 ratio in the range 1.6:1 to
3.2:1; and
layered silicates, such as the layered sodium silicates described in U.S.
Patent 4,664,839,
issued May 12, 1987 to H. P. Rieck. NaSKS-6~ is a crystalline layered silicate
marketed
by Hoechst (commonly abbreviated herein as "SKS-6"). Unlike zeolite builders,
Na
SKS-6 and other water-soluble silicates usefule herein do not contain
aluminum. NaSKS-
6 is the 8-Na2Si05 form of layered silicate and can be prepared by methods
such as those
described in German DE-A-3,417,649 and DE-A-3,742,043. SKS-6 is a preferred
layered
silicate for use herein, but other such layered silicates, such as those
having the general
formula NaMSix02x-f-1 ~yH20 wherein M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number
from 1.9
to 4, preferably 2, and y is a number from 0 to 20, preferably 0 can be used.
Various
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 pCT/US00/33411
other layered silicates from Hoechst include NaSKS-5, NaSKS-7 and NaSKS-11, as
the
a-, (3- and y- forms. Other silicates may also be useful, such as for example
magnesium
silicate, which can serve as a crispening agent in granular formulations, as a
stabilizing
agent for oxygen bleaches, and as a component of suds control systems.
Silicates particularly useful in automatic dishwashing (ADD) applications
include
granular hydrous 2-ratio silicates such as BRITESIL~ H20 from PQ Corp., and
the
commonly sourced BRITESIL~ H24 though liquid grades of various silicates can
be
used when the ADD composition has liquid form. Within safe limits, sodium
metasilicate
or sodium hydroxide alone or in combination with other silicates may be used
in an ADD
context to boost wash pH to a desired level.
Bleaching Compounds
Bleaching Agents and Bleach Activators The compositions herein preferably
further
contain a bleach and/or a bleach activators. Bleaches agents will typically,
when present,
be at levels of from about 1 % to about 30%, more typically from about 5% to
about 20%,
of the detergent composition, especially for fabric laundering. If present,
the amount of
bleach activators will typically be from about 0.1 % to about 60%, more
typically from
about 0.5% to about 40% of the composition comprising the bleaching agent-plus-
bleach
actW ator.
The bleaches used herein can be any of the bleaches useful for detergent
compositions in textile cleaning, hard surface cleaning, or other cleaning
purposes that
are now known or become known. These include oxygen bleaches as well as other
bleaching agents. Perborate bleaches, e.g., sodium perborate (e.g., mono- or
tetra
hydrate) can be used herein. Also suitable are organic or inorganic peracids.
Suitable
organic or inorganic peracids for use herein include: percarboxylic acids and
salts;
percarbonic acids and salts; perimidic acids and salts; peroxymonosulfuric
acids and
salts; persulphates such as monopersulfate; peroxyacids such as
diperoxydodecandioic
acid (DPDA); magnesium perphthalic acid; perlauric acid; phthaloyl amidoperoxy
caproic acid (PAP); perbenzoic and alkylperbenzoic acids; and mixtures
thereof.
One class of suitable organic peroxycarboxylic acids have the general
formula:
47
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
O
I I
Y-R-C-O-OH
wherein R is an alkylene or substituted alkylene group containing from 1 to
about 22
carbon atoms or a phenylene or substituted phenylene group, and Y is hydrogen,
halogen,
alkyl, aryl, -C(O)OH or -C(O)OOH.
Organic peroxyacids suitable for use in the present invention can contain
either
one or two peroxy groups and can be either aliphatic or aromatic. When the
organic
peroxycarboxylic acid is aliphatic, the unsubstituted acid has the general
formula:
O
Y-(CHZ)n C-O-OH
where Y can be, for example, H, CH3, CH2Cl, C(O)OH, or C(O)OOH; and n is an
integer from 1 to 20. When the organic peroxycarboxylic acid is aromatic, the
unsubstituted acid has the general formula:
O
Y-C6H4-C-O-OH
wherein Y can be, for example, hydrogen, alkyl, alkylhalogen, halogen, C(O)OH
or
C(O)OOH.
Typical monoperoxy acids useful herein include alkyl and aryl peroxyacids such
as:
(i) peroxybenzoic acid and ring-substituted peroxybenzoic acid, e.g. peroxy-a-
naphthoic acid, monoperoxyphthalic acid (magnesium salt hexahydrate), and
o-carboxybenzamidoperoxyhexanoic acid (sodium salt);
(ii) aliphatic, substituted aliphatic and arylalkyl monoperoxy acids, e.g.
peroxylauric acid, peroxystearic acid, N-nonanoylaminoperoxycaproic acid
(NAPCA), N,N-(3-octylsuccinoyl)aminoperoxycaproic acid (SAPA) and N,N-
phthaloylaminoperoxycaproic acid (PAP);
(iii) amidoperoxyacids, e.g. monononylamide of either peroxysuccinic acid
(NAPSA) or of peroxyadipic acid (NAPAA).
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Typical diperoxyacids useful herein include alkyl diperoxyacids and
aryldiperoxyacids, such as:
(iv) 1,12-diperoxydodecanedioic acid;
(v) 1,9-diperoxyazelaic acid;
(vi) diperoxybrassylic acid; diperoxysebacic acid and diperoxyisophthalic
acid;
(vii) 2-decyldiperoxybutane-1,4-dioic acid;
(viii) 4,4'-sulfonylbisperoxybenzoic acid.
Such bleaching agents are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,483,781, Hartman, issued
November 20, 1984, U.S. Patent 4,634,551 to Burns et al., European Patent
Application
0,133,354, Banks et al. published February 20, 1985, and U.S. Patent
4,412,934, Chung et
al. issued November 1, 1983. Sources also include 6-nonylamino-6-
oxoperoxycaproic
acid as described in U.S. Patent 4,634,551, issued January 6, 1987 to Burns et
al.
Persulfate compounds such as for example OXONE, manufactured commercially by
E.I.
DuPont de Nemours of Wilmington, DE can also be employed as a suitable source
of
peroxymonosulfuric acid.
Particularly preferred peracid compounds are those having the formula:
0
II o
(R)~ - COOH
C~
O
wherein R is C~~, alkyl and n is an integer of from 1 to 5. A particularly
preferred peracid
has the formula where R is CHz and n is 5 i.e., phthaloylamino peroxy caproic
acid (PAP)
as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,487,818, 5,310,934, 5,246,620, 5,279,757
and
5,132,431. PAP is available from Ausimont SpA under the tradename Euroco.
The peracids used herein preferably have a solubility in aqueous liquid
compositions measured at 20 °C of from about 10 ppm to about 1500 ppm,
more
preferably from about 50 ppm to about 1000 ppm, most preferably from about 50
ppm to
about 800 ppm solubility is measured at 20 °C.
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the peracid
has
mean average particle size of less than 100 microns, more preferably less than
80
microns, even more preferably less than 60 microns. Most preferably, when the
peracid
is PAP, it has a mean average particle size of between about 20 and about 50
microns.
Alternatively, although not preferred, the bleach can be a chlorine bleach.
Chlorine bleaches can be any convenient conventional chlorine bleach. Such
compounds
are often divided in to two categories namely, inorganic chlorine bleaches and
organic
chlorine bleaches. Examples of the former are hypochlorites, such as sodium
hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, potassium hypochlorite, magnesium
hypochlorite.
Another example of an inorganic chlorine bleach usable in the present
invention is
chlorinated trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate. Examples of the latter are
isocyanurates,
such as potassium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Examples
of other
organic chlorine bleaches usable in the present invention are 1,3-dichloro-5,5-
dimethlhydantoin, N-chlorosulfamide, chloramine T, Dichloramine T, chloramine
B,
Dichloramine T, N,N'-dichlorobenzoylene urea, paratoluene sulfondichoroamide,
trichloromethylamine, N-chloroammeline, N-chlorosuccinimide, N,N'-
dichloroazodicarbonamide, N-chloroacetyl urea, N,N'-dichlorobiuret and
chlorinated
dicyandamide. Preferably the chlorine bleach is an inorganic chlorine bleach,
more
preferably it is sodium hypochlorite.
Another category of bleaches that can be used without restriction encompasses
percarboxylic acid bleaching agents and salts thereof. Suitable examples of
this class of
agents include magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate, the magnesium salt
of
metachloro perbenzoic acid, 4-nonylamino-4-oxoperoxybutyric acid and
diperoxydodecanedioic acid. Such bleaches are disclosed in U.S. Patent
4,483,781,
Hartman, issued November 20, 1984, U.S. Patent Application 740,446, Burns et
al, filed
June 3, 1985, European Patent Application 0,133,354, Banks et al, published
February 20,
1985, and U.S. Patent 4,412,934, Chung et al, issued November 1, 1983. Highly
preferred bleaches also include 6-nonylamino-6-oxoperoxycaproic acid as
described in
U.S. Patent 4,634,551, issued January 6, 1987 to Burns et al.
Peroxygen bleaches can also be used. Suitable peroxygen bleaching compounds
include sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate and equivalent "percarbonate" bleaches,
sodium
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
pyrophosphate peroxyhydrate, urea peroxyhydrate, and sodium peroxide.
Persulfate
bleach (e.g., OXONE, manufactured commercially by DuPont) can also be used.
A preferred percarbonate bleach comprises dry particles having an average
particle size in the range from about 500 micrometers to about 1,000
micrometers, not
more than about 10% by weight of said particles being smaller than about 200
micrometers and not more than about 10% by weight of said particles being
larger than
about 1,250 micrometers. Optionally, the percarbonate can be coated with
silicate, borate
or water-soluble surfactants. Percarbonate is available from various
commercial sources
such as FMC, Solvay and Tokai Denka.
Mixtures of bleaches can also be used.
Peroxygen bleaches, the perborates, the percarbonates, etc., are preferably
combined with bleach activators, which lead to the in situ production in
aqueous solution
(i.e., during the washing process) of the peroxy acid corresponding to the
bleach
activator. Various nonlimiting examples of activators are disclosed in U.S.
Patent
4,915,854, issued April 10, 1990 to Mao et al, and U.S. Patent 4,412,934. The
nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS) and tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED)
activators are typical, and mixtures thereof can also be used. See also U.S.
4,634,551 for
other typical bleaches and activators useful herein.
Bleach Activators
Bleach activators useful herein include amides, imides, esters and anhydrides.
Commonly at least one substituted or unsubstituted acyl moiety is present,
covalently
connected to a leaving group as in the structure R-C(O)-L. In one preferred
mode of
use, bleach activators are combined with a source of hydrogen peroxide, such
as the
perborates or percarbonates, in a single product. Conveniently, the single
product leads
to in situ production in aqueous solution (i.e., during the washing process)
of the
percarboxylic acid corresponding to the bleach activator. The product itself
can be
hydrous, for example a powder, provided that water is controlled in amount and
mobility such that storage stability is acceptable. Alternately, the product
can be an
anhydrous solid or liquid. In another mode, the bleach activator or oxygen
bleach is
incorporated in a pretreatment product, such as a stain stick; soiled,
pretreated
substrates can then be exposed to further treatments, for example of a
hydrogen
51
W~ X1/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 pCT~S00/33411
peroxide source. With respect to the above bleach activator structure RC(O)L,
the atom
in the leaving group connecting to the peracid-forming acyl moiety R(C)O- is
most
typically O or N. Bleach activators can have non-charged, positively or
negatively
charged peracid-forming moieties and/or noncharged, positively or negatively
charged
leaving groups. One or more peracid-forming moieties or leaving-groups can be
present. See, for example, U.S. 5,595,967, U.S. 5,561,235, U.S. 5,560,862 or
the bis-
(peroxy-carbonic) system of U.S. 5,534,179. Mixtures of suitable bleach
activators can
also be used. Bleach activators can be substituted with electron-donating or
electron-
releasing moieties either in the leaving-group or in the peracid-forming
moiety or
moieties, changing their reactivity and making them more or less suited to
particular pH
or wash conditions. For example, electron-withdrawing groups such as N02
improve
the efficacy of bleach activators intended for use in mild-pH (e.g., from
about 7.5- to
about 9.5) wash conditions.
An extensive and exhaustive disclosure of suitable bleach activators and
suitable
leaving groups, as well as how to determine suitable activators, can be found
in US
Patents 5,686,014 and 5,622,646.
Cationic bleach activators include quaternary carbamate-, quaternary carbonate-
,
quaternary ester- and quaternary amide- types, delivering a range of cationic
peroxyimidic, peroxycarbonic or peroxycarboxylic acids to the wash. An
analogous
but non-cationic palette of bleach activators is available when quaternary
derivatives
are not desired. In more detail, cationic activators include quaternary
ammonium-
substituted activators of WO 96-06915, U.S. 4,751,015 and 4,397,757, EP-A-
284292,
EP-A-331,229 and EP-A-03520. Also useful are cationic nitrites as disclosed in
EP-A
303,520 and in European Patent Specification 458,396 and 464,880. Other
nitrite types
have electron-withdrawing substituents as described in U.S. 5,591,378.
Other bleach activator disclosures include GB 836,988; 864,798; 907,356;
1,003,310 and 1,519,351; German Patent 3,337,921; EP-A-0185522; EP-A-0174132;
EP-A-0120591; U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,246,339; 3,332,882; 4,128,494; 4,412,934 and
4,675,393, and the phenol sulfonate ester of alkanoyl aminoacids disclosed in
U.S.
5,523,434. Suitable bleach activators include any acetylated diamine types,
whether
hydrophilic or hydrophobic in character.
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WD ~l/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Of the above classes of bleach precursors, preferred classes include the
esters,
including acyl phenol sulfonates, acyl alkyl phenol sulfonates or acyl
oxybenzenesulfonates (OBS leaving-group); the acyl-amides; and the quaternary
ammonium substituted peroxyacid precursors including the cationic nitrites.
Preferred bleach activators include N,N,N'N'-tetraacetyl ethylene diamine
(TAED)
or any of its close relatives including the triacetyl or other unsymmetrical
derivatives.
TAED and the acetylated carbohydrates such as glucose pentaacetate and
tetraacetyl
xylose are preferred hydrophilic bleach activators. Depending on the
application, acetyl
triethyl citrate, a liquid, also has some utility, as does phenyl benzoate.
Preferred hydrophobic bleach activators include sodium nonanoyloxybenzene
sulfonate (NOBS or SNOBS), N-(alkanoyl)aminoalkanoyloxy benzene sulfonates,
such
as 4-[N-(nonanoyl)aminohexanoyloxy]-benzene sulfonate or (NACA-OBS) as
described
in US Patent 5,534,642 and in EPA 0 355 384 A1, substituted amide types
described in
detail hereinafter, such as activators related to NAPAA, and activators
related to certain
imidoperacid bleaches, for example as described in U.S. Patent 5,061,807,
issued October
29, 1991 and assigned to Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft of Frankfurt, Germany and
Japanese
Laid-Open Patent Application (Kokai) No. 4-28799.
Another group of peracids and bleach activators herein are those derivable
from
acyclic imidoperoxycarboxylic acids and salts thereof, See US Patent 5415796,
and cyclic
imidoperoxycarboxylic acids and salts thereof, see US patents 5,061,807,
5,132,431,
5,6542,69, 5,246,620, 5,419,864 and 5,438,147.
Other suitable bleach activators include sodium-4-benzoyloxy benzene sulfonate
(SBOBS); sodium-1-methyl-2-benzoyloxy benzene-4-sulphonate; sodium-4-methyl-3-
benzoyloxy benzoate (SPCC); trimethyl ammonium toluyloxy-benzene sulfonate; or
sodium 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (STHOBS).
Bleach activators may be used in an amount of up to 20%, preferably from 0.1-
10% by weight, of the composition, though higher levels, 40% or more, are
acceptable,
for example in highly concentrated bleach additive product forms or forms
intended for
appliance automated dosing.
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Highly preferred bleach activators useful herein are amide-substituted and an
extensive and exhaustive disclosure of these activators can be found in US
Patents
5,686,014 and 5,622,646.
Other useful activators, disclosed in U.S. 4,966,723, are benzoxazin-type,
such as
a C6H4 ring to which is fused in the 1,2-positions a moiety --C(O)OC(R1)=N-. A
highly preferred activator of the benzoxazin-type is:
O
II
CEO
~C
~N
Depending on the activator and precise application, good bleaching results can
be
obtained from bleaching systems having with in-use pH of from about 6 to about
13,
preferably from about 9.0 to about 10.5. Typically, for example, activators
with
electron-withdrawing moieties are used for near-neutral or sub-neutral pH
ranges.
Alkalis and buffering agents can be used to secure such pH.
Acyl lactam activators are very useful herein, especially the acyl
caprolactams
(see for example WO 94-28102 A) and acyl valerolactams (see U.S. 5,503,639).
See
also U.S. 4,545,784 which discloses acyl caprolactams, including benzoyl
caprolactam
adsorbed into sodium perborate. In certain preferred embodiments of the
invention,
NOBS, lactam activators, imide activators or amide-functional activators,
especially the
more hydrophobic derivatives, are desirably combined with hydrophilic
activators such
as TAED, typically at weight ratios of hydrophobic activator : TAED in the
range of
1:5 to 5:1, preferably about 1:1. Other suitable lactam activators are alpha-
modified,
see WO 96-22350 A1, July 25, 1996. Lactam activators, especially the more
hydrophobic types, are desirably used in combination with TAED, typically at
weight
ratios of amido-derived or caprolactam activators : TAED in the range of 1:5
to 5:1,
preferably about 1:1. See also the bleach activators having cyclic amidine
leaving-
group disclosed in U.S. 5,552,556.
Nonlimiting examples of additional activators useful herein are to be found in
U.S. 4,915,854, U.S. 4,412,934 and 4,634,551. The hydrophobic activator
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WO 01/42411 PCT/US00/33411
nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS) and the hydrophilic tetraacetyl ethylene
diamine
(TAED) activator are typical, and mixtures thereof can also be used.
Additional activators useful herein include those of U.S. 5,545,349, which is
also
incorporated herein by reference.
Bleaches other than oxygen bleaching agents are also known in the art and can
be
utilized herein. One type of non-oxygen bleaching agent of particular interest
includes
photoactivated bleaches such as the sulfonated zinc and/or aluminum
phthalocyanines.
See U.S. Patent 4,033,718, issued July 5, 1977 to Holcombe et al. If used,
detergent
compositions will typically contain from about 0.025% to about 1.25%, by
weight, of
such bleaches, especially sulfonate zinc phthalocyanine.
Bleach Catalysts
The present invention compositions and methods may optionally utilize metal-
containing bleach catalysts that are effective for use in ADD, laundry or
bleaching
compositions. Preferred are manganese and cobalt-containing bleach catalysts.
For examples of suitable bleach catalysts see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,246,612,
5,804542,
5,798,326, 5,246,621, 4,430,243, 5,244,594, 5,597,936, 5,705,464, 4,810,410,
4,601,845,
5,194,416, 5,703,030, 4,728,455, 4,711,748, 4,626,373, 4,119,557, 5,114,606,
5,599,781,
5,703,034, 5,114,611, 4,430,243, 4,728,455, 5,720,897 and 5,227,084; EP Pat.
Nos.
408,131, 549,271, 384,503, 549,272, 224,952, and 306,089; DE Pat. No.
2,054,019; CA
Pat No. 866,191.
Preferred are cobalt (III) catalysts having the formula:
Co[(NH3)nM~mB~bT~tQqPp~ Yy
wherein cobalt is in the +3 oxidation state; n is an integer from 0 to 5
(preferably 4 or 5;
most preferably 5); M' represents a monodentate ligand; m is an integer from 0
to 5
(preferably 1 or 2; most preferably 1); B' represents a bidentate ligand; b is
an integer
from 0 to 2; T' represents a tridentate ligand; t is 0 or 1; Q is a
tetradentate ligand; q is 0
or 1; P is a pentadentate ligand; p is 0 or l; and n + m + 2b + 3t + 4q + 5p =
6; Y is one or
more appropriately selected counteranions present in a number y, where y is an
integer
from 1 to 3 (preferably 2 to 3; most preferably 2 when Y is a -1 charged
anion), to obtain
a charge-balanced salt, preferred Y are selected from the group consisting of
chloride,
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
iodide, I3', formate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, citrate, acetate,
carbonate, bromide,
PF6', BF4', B(Ph)4', phosphate, phosphite, silicate, tosylate,
methanesulfonate, and
combinations thereof [optionally, Y can be protonated if more than one anionic
group
exists in Y, e.g., HP042-, HC03', H2P04', etc., and further, Y may be selected
from the
group consisting of non-traditional inorganic anions such as anionic
surfactants, e.g.,
linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl sulfates (AS),
alkylethoxysulfonates (AES),
etc., and/or anionic polymers, e.g., polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, etc.];
and wherein
further at least one of the coordination sites attached to the cobalt is
labile under
automatic dishwashing use conditions and the remaining coordination sites
stabilize the
cobalt under automatic dishwashing conditions such that the reduction
potential for cobalt
(III) to cobalt (II) under alkaline conditions is less than about 0.4 volts
(preferably less
than about 0.2 volts) versus a normal hydrogen electrode.
Preferred cobalt catalysts of this type have the formula:
[Co(NH3)n(M~)m] YY
wherein n is an integer from 3 to S (preferably 4 or 5; most preferably 5); M'
is a
labile coordinating moiety, preferably selected from the group consisting of
chlorine,
bromine, hydroxide, water, and (when m is greater than 1 ) combinations
thereof; m is an
integer from 1 to 3 (preferably 1 or 2; most preferably 1 ); m+n = 6; and Y is
an
appropriately selected counteranion present in a number y, which is an integer
from 1 to 3
(preferably 2 to 3; most preferably 2 when Y is a -1 charged anion), to obtain
a charge-
balanced salt.
The preferred cobalt catalyst of this type useful herein are cobalt pentaamine
chloride salts having the formula [Co(NH3)SCl] Yy, and especially
[Co(NH3)SCl]C12.
More preferred are the present invention compositions which utilize cobalt
(III)
bleach catalysts having the formula:
[Co(NH3)n(M)m(B)b] TY
wherein cobalt is in the +3 oxidation state; n is 4 or 5 (preferably S); M is
one or more
ligands coordinated to the cobalt by one site; m is 0, 1 or 2 (preferably 1);
B is a ligand
coordinated to the cobalt by two sites; b is 0 or 1 (preferably 0), and when
b=0, then m+n
= 6, and when b=l, then m=0 and n=4; and T is one or more appropriately
selected
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
counteranions present in a number y, where y is an integer to obtain a charge-
balanced
salt (preferably y is 1 to 3; most preferably 2 when T is a -1 charged anion);
and wherein
further said catalyst has a base hydrolysis rate constant of less than 0.23 M-
1 s-1 (25°C).
The most preferred cobalt catalyst useful herein are cobalt pentaamine acetate
salts having the formula [Co(NH3)SOAc] Ty, wherein OAc represents an acetate
moiety,
and especially cobalt pentaamine acetate chloride, [Co(NH3)SOAc]C12; as well
as
[Co(NH3)SOAc](OAc)2; [Co(NH3)SOAc](PF6)2; [Co(NH3)SOAc](S04); [Co-
(NH3)SOAc](BF4)2; and [Co(NH3)SOAc](N03)2.
As a practical matter, and not by way of limitation, the cleaning compositions
and
cleaning processes herein can be adjusted to provide on the order of at least
one part per
hundred million of the active bleach catalyst species, when present, in the
aqueous
washing medium, and will more preferably provide from about 0.01 ppm to about
25
ppm, more preferably from about 0.05 ppm to about 10 ppm, and most preferably
from
about 0.1 ppm to about 5 ppm, of the bleach catalyst species in the wash
liquor. In order
to obtain such levels in the wash liquor of an automatic dishwashing process,
typical
automatic dishwashing compositions herein will comprise from about 0.0005% to
about
0.2%, more preferably from about 0.004% to about 0.08%, of bleach catalyst by
weight
of the cleaning compositions.
Builders - Builders can operate via a variety of mechanisms including
forming soluble or insoluble complexes with hardness ions, by ion exchange,
and by
offering a surface more favorable to the precipitation of hardness ions than
are the
surfaces of articles to be cleaned. Builder level can vary widely depending
upon end use
and physical form of the composition. For example, high-surfactant
formulations can be
unbuilt. The level of builder can vary widely depending upon the end use of
the
composition and its desired physical form. The compositions will comprise at
least about
0.1 %, preferably from about 1 % to about 90%, more preferably from about 5%
to about
80%, even more preferably from about 10% to about 40% by weight, of the
detergent
builder. Lower or higher levels of builder, however, are not excluded.
Suitable builders herein can be selected from the group consisting of
phosphates
and polyphosphates, especially the sodium salts; carbonates, bicarbonates,
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
sesquicarbonates and carbonate minerals other than sodium carbonate or
sesquicarbonate;
organic mono-, di-, tri-, and tetracarboxylates especially water-soluble
nonsurfactant
carboxylates in acid, sodium, potassium or alkanolammonium salt form, as well
as
oligomeric or water-soluble low molecular weight polymer carboxylates
including
aliphatic and aromatic types; and phytic acid. These may be complemented by
borates,
e.g., for pH-buffering purposes, or by sulfates, especially sodium sulfate and
any other
fillers or carriers which may be important to the engineering of stable
surfactant and/or
builder-containing detergent compositions.
Builder mixtures, sometimes termed "builder systems" can be used and typically
comprise two or more conventional builders, optionally complemented by
chelants, pH
buffers or fillers, though these latter materials are generally accounted for
separately
when describing quantities of materials herein. In terms of relative
quantities of
surfactant and builder in the present granular compositions, preferred builder
systems are
typically formulated at a weight ratio of surfactant to builder of from about
60:1 to about
1:80. Certain preferred granular detergents have said ratio in the range
0.90:1.0 to
4.0:1.0, more preferably from 0.95:1.0 to 3.0:1Ø
P-containing detergent builders often preferred where permitted by legislation
include, but are not limited to, the alkali metal, ammonium and
alkanolammonium salts of
polyphosphates exemplified by the tripolyphosphates, pyrophosphates, glassy
polymeric
meta-phosphates; and phosphonates. Where phosphorus-based builders can be
used, the various alkali metal phosphates such as the well-known sodium
tripolyphosphates, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium orthophosphate can be used.
Phosphonate builders such as ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and other
known
phosphonates (see, for example, U.S. Patents 3,159,581; 3,213,030; 3,422,021;
3,400,148
and 3,422,137) can also be used though such materials are more commonly used
in a low-
level mode as chelants or stabilizers.
Phosphate detergent builders for use in granular compositions are well known.
They include, but are not limited to, the alkali metal, ammonium and
alkanolammonium
salts of polyphosphates (exemplified by the tripolyphosphates, pyrophosphates,
and
glassy polymeric meta-phosphates). Phosphate builder sources are described in
detail in
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WO O1/4Z411 PCT/US00/33411
Kirk Othmer, 3rd Edition, Vol. 17, pp. 426-472 and in "Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry"
by Cotton and Wilkinson, pp. 394-400 (John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1972).
Preferred levels of phosphate builders herein are from about 10% to about 75%,
preferably from about 15% to about 50%, of phosphate builder.
Phosphate builders can optionally be included in the compositions herein to
assist
in controlling mineral hardness. Builders are typically used in automatic
dishwashing to
assist in the removal of particulate soils.
Suitable carbonate builders include alkaline earth and alkali metal carbonates
as
disclosed in German Patent Application No. 2,321,001 published on November 15,
1973,
although sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, and
other
carbonate minerals such as trona or any convenient multiple salts of sodium
carbonate
and calcium carbonate such as those having the composition 2Na2C03.CaC03 when
anhydrous, and even calcium carbonates including calcite, aragonite and
vaterite,
especially forms having high surface areas relative to compact calcite may be
useful, for
example as seeds. Various grades and types of sodium carbonate and sodium
sesquicarbonate may be used, certain of which are particularly useful as
carriers for other
ingredients, especially detersive surfactants.
Suitable organic detergent builders include polycarboxylate compounds,
including
water-soluble nonsurfactant dicarboxylates and tricarboxylates. More typically
builder
polycarboxylates have a plurality of carboxylate groups, preferably at least 3
carboxylates. Carboxylate builders can be formulated in acid, partially
neutral, neutral or
overbased form. When in salt form, alkali metals, such as sodium, potassium,
and lithium,
or alkanolammonium salts are preferred. Polycarboxylate builders include the
ether
polycarboxylates, such as oxydisuccinate, see Berg, U.S. 3,128,287, April 7,
1964, and
Lamberti et al, U.S. 3,635,830, January 18, 1972; "TMS/TDS" builders of U.S.
4,663,071, Bush et al, May 5, 1987; and other ether carboxylates including
cyclic and
alicyclic compounds, such as those described in U.S. Patents 3,923,679;
3,835,163;
4,158,635; 4,120,874 and 4,102,903.
Other suitable builders are the ether hydroxypolycarboxylates, copolymers of
malefic anhydride with ethylene or vinyl methyl ether; 1, 3, 5-trihydroxy
benzene-2, 4, 6
trisulphonic acid; carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid; the various alkali metal,
ammonium
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WO 01/42411 PCT/US00/33411
and substituted ammonium salts of polyacetic acids such as ethylenediamine
tetraacetic
acid and nitrilotriacetic acid; as well as mellitic acid, succinic acid,
oxydisuccinic acid,
polymaleic acid, benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, carboxymethyloxysuccinic
acid, and
soluble salts thereof.
Citrates, e.g., citric acid and soluble salts thereof are important
carboxylate
builders due to availability from renewable resources and biodegradability.
Citrates can
also be used in the present granular compositions, especially in combination
with zeolite
and/or layered silicates. Citrates can also be used in combination with
zeolite, the
hereafter mentioned BRITESIL types, and/or layered silicate builders.
Oxydisuccinates
are also useful in such compositions and combinations. Oxydisuccinates are
also
especially useful in such compositions and combinations.
Where permitted alkali metal phosphates such as sodium tripolyphosphates,
sodium pyrophosphate and sodium orthophosphate can be used. Phosphonate
builders
such as ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and other known phosphonates, e.g.,
those
of U.S. 3,159,581; 3,213,030; 3,422,021; 3,400,148 and 3,422,137 can also be
used and
may have desirable antiscaling properties.
Certain detersive surfactants or their short-chain homologs also have a
builder
action. For unambiguous formula accounting purposes, when they have surfactant
capability, these materials are summed up as detersive surfactants. Preferred
types for
builder functionality are illustrated by: 3,3-dicarboxy-4-oxa-1,6-
hexanedioates and the
related compounds disclosed in U.S. 4,566,984, Bush, January 28, 1986.
Succinic acid
builders include the CS-C20 alkyl and alkenyl succinic acids and salts
thereof. Succinate
builders also include: laurylsuccinate, myristylsuccinate, palmitylsuccinate,
2-
dodecenylsuccinate (preferred), 2-pentadecenylsuccinate, and the like. Lauryl-
succinates
are described in European Patent Application 86200690.5/0,200,263, published
November 5, 1986. Fatty acids, e.g., C 12-C 1 g monocarboxylic acids, can also
be
incorporated into the compositions as surfactant/builder materials alone or in
combination
with the aforementioned builders, especially citrate and/or the succinate
builders, to
provide additional builder activity but are generally not desired. Such use of
fatty acids
will generally result in a diminution of sudsing in laundry compositions,
which may need
to be taken into account by the formulator. Fatty acids or their salts are
undesirable in
CA 02392295 2002-05-22
WO 01/42411 PCT/US00/33411
Automatic Dishwashing (ADD) embodiments in situations wherein soap scums can
form
and be deposited on dishware. . Other suitable polycarboxylates are disclosed
in U.S.
4,144,226, Crutchfield et al, March 13, 1979 and in U.S. 3,308,067, Diehl,
March 7,
1967. See also Diehl, U.S. 3,723,322.
Other types of inorganic builder materials which can be used have the formula
(Mx)i Cay (C03)z wherein x and i are integers from 1 to 15, y is an integer
from 1 to 10,
z is an integer from 2 to 25, Mi are cations, at least one of which is a water-
soluble, and
the equation Ei = 1-15(xi multiplied by the valence of Mi) + 2y = 2z is
satisfied such that
the formula has a neutral or "balanced" charge. These builders are referred to
herein as
"Mineral Builders". Waters of hydration or anions other than carbonate may be
added
provided that the overall charge is balanced or neutral. The charge or valence
effects of
such anions should be added to the right side of the above equation.
Preferably, there is
present a water-soluble cation selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
water-
soluble metals, hydrogen, boron, ammonium, silicon, and mixtures thereof, more
preferably, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, lithium, ammonium and mixtures
thereof,
sodium and potassium being highly preferred. Nonlimiting examples of
noncarbonate
anions include those selected from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate,
fluoride,
oxygen, hydroxide, silicon dioxide, chromate, nitrate, borate and mixtures
thereof.
Preferred builders of this type in their simplest forms are selected from the
group
consisting of Na2Ca(C03)2, K2Ca(C03)2, Na2Ca2(C03)3, NaKCa(C03)2,
NaKCa2(C03)3, K2Ca2(C03)3, and combinations thereof. An especially preferred
material for the builder described herein is Na2Ca(C03)2 in any of its
crystalline
modifications. Suitable builders of the above-defined type are further
illustrated by, and
include, the natural or synthetic forms of any one or combinations of the
following
minerals: Afghanite, Andersonite, AshcroftineY, Beyerite, Borcarite,
Burbankite,
Butschliite, Cancrinite, Carbocernaite, Carletonite, Davyne, DonnayiteY,
Fairchildite,
Ferrisurite, Franzinite, Gaudefroyite, Gaylussite, Girvasite, Gregoryite,
Jouravskite,
KamphaugiteY, Kettnerite, Khanneshite, LepersonniteGd, Liottite, MckelveyiteY,
Microsommite, Mroseite, Natrofairchildite, Nyerereite, RemonditeCe,
Sacrofanite,
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Schrockingerite, Shortite, Surite, Tunisite, Tuscanite, Tyrolite, Vishnevite,
and
Zemkorite. Preferred mineral forms include Nyererite, Fairchildite and
Shortite.
Detergent builders can also be selected from aluminosilicates and silicates,
for
example to assist in controlling mineral, especially Ca and/or Mg, hardness in
wash water
or to assist in the removal of particulate soils from surfaces.
Suitable silicate builders include water-soluble and hydrous solid types and
including those having chain-, layer-, or three-dimensional- structure as well
as
amorphous-solid or non-structured-liquid types. Preferred are alkali metal
silicates,
particularly those liquids and solids having a Si02:Na20 ratio in the range
1.6:1 to 3.2:1,
including, particularly for automatic dishwashing purposes, solid hydrous 2-
ratio silicates
marketed by PQ Corp. under the tradename BRITESIL~, e.g., BRITESIL H20; and
layered silicates, e.g., those described in U.S. 4,664,839, May 12, 1987, H.
P. Rieck.
NaSKS-6, sometimes abbreviated "SKS-6", is a crystalline layered aluminium-
free 8-
Na2Si05 morphology silicate marketed by Hoechst and is preferred especially in
granular
laundry compositions. See preparative methods in German DE-A-3,417,649 and DE-
A-
3,742,043. Other layered silicates, such as those having the general formula
NaMSix02x+1 ~yH20 wherein M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to
4,
preferably 2, and y is a number from 0 to 20, preferably 0, can also or
alternately be used
herein. Layered silicates from Hoechst also include NaSKS-5, NaSKS-7 and NaSKS-
11,
as the a, (3 and y layer-silicate forms. Other silicates may also be useful,
such as
magnesium silicate, which can serve as a crispening agent in granules, as a
stabilising
agent for bleaches, and as a component of suds control systems.
Also suitable for use herein are synthesized crystalline ion exchange
materials or
hydrates thereof having chain structure and a composition represented by the
following
general formula in an anhydride form: xM20~ ySi02.zM'O wherein M is Na and/or
K,
M' is Ca andlor Mg; y/x is 0.5 to 2.0 and z/x is 0.005 to 1.0 as taught in
U.S. 5,427,711,
Sakaguchi et al, June 27, 1995.
Aluminosilicate builders are especially useful in granular compositions, but
can
also be incorporated in liquids, pastes or gels. Suitable for the present
purposes are those
having empirical formula: [Mz(A102)z(Si02)v]~ xH20 wherein z and v are
integers of at
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WO 01/42411 PCT/US00/33411
least 6, the molar ratio of z to v is in the range from 1.0 to 0.5, and x is
an integer from 15
to 264. Aluminosilicates can be crystalline or amorphous, naturally-occurring
or
synthetically derived. An aluminosilicate production method is in U.S.
3,985,669,
Krummel, et al, October 12, 1976. Preferred synthetic crystalline
aluminosilicate ion
exchange materials are available as Zeolite A, Zeolite P (B), Zeolite X and,
to whatever
extent this differs from Zeolite P, the so-called Zeolite MAP. Natural types,
including
clinoptilolite, may be used. Zeolite A has the formula:
Nal2[(A102)12(Si02)12]'xH20
wherein x is from 20 to 30, especially 27. Dehydrated zeolites (x = 0 - 10)
may also be
used. Preferably, the aluminosilicate has a particle size of 0.1-10 microns in
diameter.
Detergent builders other than silicates can be used in the compositions herein
to
assist in controlling mineral hardness. They can be used in conjunction with
or instead of
aluminosilicates and silicates. Inorganic as well as organic builders can be
used.
Builders are used in automatic dishwashing to assist in the removal of
particulate soils.
Inorganic or non-phosphate-containing detergent builders include, but are not
limited to, phosphonates, phytic acid, carbonates (including bicarbonates and
sesquicarbonates), sulfates, citrate, zeolite, and aluminosilicates.
Aluminosilicate builders may be used in the present compositions though are
not
preferred for automatic dishwashing detergents. (See U.S. Pat. 4,605,509 for
examples of
preferred aluminosilicates.) Aluminosilicate builders are of great importance
in most
currently marketed heavy duty granular detergent compositions, and can also be
a
significant builder ingredient in liquid detergent formulations.
Aluminosilicate builders
include those having the empirical formula: Na20~A1203~xSiOz~yH20 wherein z
and y
are integers of at least 6, the molar ratio of z to y is in the range from 1.0
to about 0.5, and
x is an integer from about 15 to about 264.
Useful aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are commercially available.
These
aluminosilicates can be crystalline or amorphous in structure and can be
naturally-
occurring aluminosilicates or synthetically derived. A method for producing
aluminosilicate ion exchange materials is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,985,669,
Krummel, et
al, issued October 12, 1976. Preferred synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate
ion exchange
materials useful herein are available under the designations Zeolite A,
Zeolite P (B),
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Zeolite MAP and Zeolite X. In another embodiment, the crystalline
aluminosilicate ion
exchange material has the formula: Nal2[(A102)12(Si02)12~'xH20 wherein x is
from
about 20 to about 30, especially about 27. This material is known as Zeolite
A.
Dehydrated zeolites (x = 0 - 10) may also be used herein. Preferably, the
aluminosilicate
has a particle size of about 0.1-10 microns in diameter. Individual particles
can desirably
be even smaller than 0.1 micron to further assist kinetics of exchange through
maximization of surface area. High surface area also increases utility of
aluminosilicates
as adsorbents for surfactants, especially in granular compositions. Aggregates
of
aluminosilicate particles may be useful, a single aggregate having dimensions
tailored to
minimize segregation in granular compositions, while the aggregate particle
remains
dispersible to submicron individual particles during the wash. As with other
builders such
as carbonates, it may be desirable to use zeolites in any physical or
morphological form
adapted to promote surfactant carrier function, and appropriate particle sizes
may be
freely selected by the formulator.
Polymeric Soil Release Agent - The compositions according to the present
invention may
optionally comprise one or more soil release agents. Polymeric soil release
agents are
characterized by having both hydrophilic segments, to hydrophilize the surface
of
hydrophobic fibers, such as polyester and nylon, and hydrophobic segments, to
deposit
upon hydrophobic fibers and remain adhered thereto through completion of the
laundry
cycle and , thus, serve as an anchor for the hydrophilic segments. This can
enable stains
occuring subsequent to treatment with the soil release agent to be more easily
cleaned in
later washing procedures.
If utilized, soil release agents will generally comprise from about 0.01 % to
about
10% preferably from about 0.1% to about 5%, more preferably from about 0.2% to
about
3% by weight, of the composition.
The following, all included herein by reference, describe soil release
polymers
suitable for us in the present invention. U.S. 5,691,298 Gosselink et al.,
issued November
25, 1997; U.S. 5,599,782 Pan et al., issued February 4, 1997; U.S. 5,415,807
Gosselink et
al., issued May 16, 1995; U.S. 5,182,043 Morrall et al., issued January 26,
1993; U.S.
4,956,447 Gosselink et al., issued September 1 l, 1990; U.S. 4,976,879
Maldonado et al.
issued December 11, 1990; U.S. 4,968,451 Scheibel et al., issued November 6,
1990; U.S.
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4,925,577 Borcher, Sr. et al., issued May 15, 1990; U.S. 4,861,512 Gosselink,
issued
August 29, 1989; U.S. 4,877,896 Maldonado et al., issued October 31, 1989;
U.S.
4,702,857 Gosselink et al., issued October 27, 1987; U.S. 4,711,730 Gosselink
et al.,
issued December 8, 1987; U.S. 4,721,580 Gosselink issued January 26, 1988;
U.S.
4,000,093 Nicol et al., issued December 28, 1976; U.S. 3,959,230 Hayes, issued
May 25,
1976; U.S. 3,893,929 Basadur, issued July 8, 1975; and European Patent
Application 0
219 048, published April 22, 1987 by Kud et al.
Further suitable soil release agents are described in U.S. 4,201,824 Voilland
et al.;
U.S. 4,240,918 Lagasse et al.; U.S. 4,525,524 Tung et al.; U.S. 4,579,681
Ruppert et al.;
U.S. 4,220,918; U.S. 4,787,989; EP 279,134 A, 1988 to Rhone-Poulenc Chemie; EP
457,205 A to BASF (1991); and DE 2,335,044 to Unilever N.V., 1974; all
incorporated
herein by reference.
Clay Soil Removal/Anti-redeposition Agents - The compositions of the present
invention can also optionally contain water-soluble ethoxylated amines having
clay soil
removal and antiredeposition properties. Granular compositions which contain
these
compounds typically contain from about 0.01 % to about 10.0% by weight of the
water-
soluble ethoxylates amines; liquid detergent compositions typically contain
about 0.01%
to about 5%.
Polymeric Dispersin Agents - Polymeric dispersing agents can advantageously
be utilized at levels from about 0.1 % to about 7%, by weight, in the
compositions herein,
especially in the presence of zeolite and/or layered silicate builders.
Suitable polymeric
dispersing agents include polymeric polycarboxylates and polyethylene glycols,
although
others known in the art can also be used. It is believed, though it is not
intended to be
limited by theory, that polymeric dispersing agents enhance overall detergent
builder
performance, when used in combination with other builders (including lower
molecular
weight polycarboxylates) by crystal growth inhibition, particulate soil
release peptization,
and anti-redeposition.
Polymeric polycarboxylate materials can be prepared by polymerizing or
copolymerizing suitable unsaturated monomers, preferably in their acid form.
Unsaturated monomeric acids that can be polymerized to form suitable polymeric
polycarboxylates include acrylic acid, malefic acid (or malefic anhydride),
fumaric acid,
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
itaconic acid, aconitic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid and
methylenemalonic acid.
The presence in the polymeric polycarboxylates herein or monomeric segments,
containing no carboxylate radicals such as vinylmethyl ether, styrene,
ethylene, etc. is
suitable provided that such segments do not constitute more than about 40% by
weight.
Particularly suitable polymeric polycarboxylates can be derived from acrylic
acid.
Such acrylic acid-based polymers which are useful herein are the water-soluble
salts of
polymerized acrylic acid. The average molecular weight of such polymers in the
acid
form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to 10,000, more preferably from about
4,000 to
7,000 and most preferably from about 4,000 to 5,000. Water-soluble salts of
such acrylic
acid polymers can include, for example, the alkali metal, ammonium and
substituted
ammonium salts. Soluble polymers of this type are known materials. Use of
polyacrylates of this type in detergent compositions has been disclosed, for
example, in
Diehl, U.S. Patent 3,308,067, issued march 7, 1967.
Acrylic/maleic-based copolymers may also be used as a preferred component of
the dispersing/anti-redeposition agent. Such materials include the water-
soluble salts of
copolymers of acrylic acid and malefic acid. The average molecular weight of
such
copolymers in the acid form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to 100,000,
more
preferably from about 5,000 to 75,000, most preferably from about 7,000 to
65,000. The
ratio of acrylate to maleate segments in such copolymers will generally range
from about
30:1 to about 1:1, more preferably from about 10:1 to 2:1. Water-soluble salts
of such
acrylic acid/maleic acid copolymers can include, for example, the alkali
metal,
ammonium and substituted ammonium salts. Soluble acrylate/maleate copolymers
of this
type are known materials which are described in European Patent Application
No. 66915,
published December 15, 1982, as well as in EP 193,360, published September 3,
1986,
which also describes such polymers comprising hydroxypropylacrylate. Still
other useful
dispersing agents include the maleic/acrylic/vinyl alcohol terpolymers. Such
materials
are also disclosed in EP 193,360, including, for example, the 45/45/10
terpolymer of
acrylic/maleic/vinyl alcohol.
Another polymeric material which can be included is polyethylene glycol (PEG).
PEG can exhibit dispersing agent performance as well as act as a clay soil
removal
antiredeposition agent. Typical molecular weight ranges for these purposes
range from
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about 500 to about 100,000, preferably from about 1,000 to about 50,000, more
preferably from about 1,500 to about 10,000.
Polyaspartate and polyglutamate dispersing agents may also be used, especially
in
conjunction with zeolite builders. Dispersing agents such as polyaspartate
preferably
have a molecular weight (avg.) of about 10,000.
Bri htg ener - Any optical brighteners or other brightening or whitening
agents
known in the art can be incorporated at levels typically from about 0.01 % to
about 1.2%,
by weight, into the detergent compositions herein. Commercial optical
brighteners which
may be useful in the present invention can be classified into subgroups, which
include,
but are not necessarily limited to, derivatives of stilbene, pyrazoline,
coumarin,
carboxylic acid, methinecyanines, dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, azoles, 5- and
6-
membered-ring heterocycles, and other miscellaneous agents. Examples of such
brighteners are disclosed in "The Production and Application of Fluorescent
Brightening
Agents", M. Zahradnik, Published by John Wiley & Sons, New York (1982).
Specific examples of optical brighteners which are useful in the present
compositions are those identified in U.S. Patent 4,790,856, issued to Wixon on
December
13, 1988. These brighteners include the PHORWHITE series of brighteners from
Verona. Other brighteners disclosed in this reference include: Tinopal UNPA,
Tinopal
CBS and Tinopal SBM; available from Ciba-Geigy; Artic White CC and Artic White
CWD, the 2-(4-styryl-phenyl)-2H-naptho[1,2-d]triazoles; 4,4'-bis-(1,2,3-
triazol-2-yl)
stilbenes; 4,4'-bis(styryl)bisphenyls; and the aminocoumarins. Specific
examples of these
brighteners include 4-methyl-7-diethyl- amino coumarin; 1,2-bis(benzimidazol-2
yl)ethylene; 1,3-diphenyl-pyrazolines; 2,5-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene; 2-
styryl
naptho[1,2-d]oxazole; and 2-(stilben-4-yl)-ZH-naphtho[1,2-d]triazole. See also
U.S.
Patent 3,646,015, issued February 29, 1972 to Hamilton.
Dye Transfer Inhibiting Agents - The compositions of the present invention
may also include one or more materials effective for inhibiting the transfer
of dyes from
one fabric to another during the cleaning process. Generally, such dye
transfer inhibiting
agents include polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers,
copolymers
of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, manganese phthalocyanine,
peroxidases,
and mixtures thereof. If used, these agents typically comprise from about 0.01
% to about
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10% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.01 % to about 5%,
and more
preferably from about 0.05% to about 2%.
More specifically, the polyamine N-oxide polymers preferred for use herein
contain units having the following structural formula: R-Ax-P; wherein P is a
polymerizable unit to which an N-O group can be attached or the N-O group can
form
part of the polymerizable unit or the N-O group can be attached to both units;
A is one of
the following structures: -NC(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S-, -O-, -N=; x is 0 or 1; and R
is aliphatic,
ethoxylated aliphatics, aromatics, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups or any
combination
thereof to which the nitrogen of the N-O group can be attached or the N-O
group is part of
these groups. Preferred polyamine N-oxides are those wherein R is a
heterocyclic group
such as pyridine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrrolidine, piperidine and derivatives
thereof.
The N-O group can be represented by the following general structures:
O O
(Ri )X ~ -(R2)y~ =N -(Rl )x
(R3)z
wherein R1, R2, R3 are aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups
or
combinations thereof; x, y and z are 0 or 1; and the nitrogen of the N-O group
can be
attached or form part of any of the aforementioned groups. The amine oxide
unit of the
polyamine N-oxides has a pKa <10, preferably pKa <7, more preferred pKa <6.
Any polymer backbone can be used as long as the amine oxide polymer formed is
water-soluble and has dye transfer inhibiting properties. Examples of suitable
polymeric
backbones are polyvinyls, polyalkylenes, polyesters, polyethers, polyamide,
polyimides,
polyacrylates and mixtures thereof. These polymers include random or block
copolymers
where one monomer type is an amine N-oxide and the other monomer type is an N-
oxide.
The amine N-oxide polymers typically have a ratio of amine to the amine N-
oxide of 10:1
to 1:1,000,000. However, the number of amine oxide groups present in the
polyamine
oxide polymer can be varied by appropriate copolymerization or by an
appropriate degree
of N-oxidation. The polyamine oxides can be obtained in almost any degree of
polymerization. Typically, the average molecular weight is within the range of
500 to
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1,000,000; more preferred 1,000 to 500,000; most preferred x,000 to 100,000.
This
preferred class of materials can be referred to as "PVNO".
The most preferred polyamine N-oxide useful in the detergent compositions
herein
is poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide) which as an average molecular weight of about
50,000
and an amine to amine N-oxide ratio of about 1:4.
Copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole polymers (referred to as
a class as "PVPVI") are also preferred for use herein. Preferably the PVPVI
has an
average molecular weight range from 5,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably from
5,000 to
200,000, and most preferably from 10,000 to 20,000. (The average molecular
weight
range is determined by light scattering as described in Barth, et al.,
Chemical Analysis,
Vol 113. "Modern Methods of Polymer Characterization", the disclosures of
which are
incorporated herein by reference.) The PVPVI copolymers typically have a molar
ratio of
N-vinylimidazole to N-vinylpyrrolidone from 1:1 to 0.2:1, more preferably from
0.8:1 to
0.3:1, most preferably from 0.6:1 to 0.4:1. These copolymers can be either
linear or
branched.
The present invention compositions also may employ a polyvinylpyrrolidone
("PVP") having an average molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about
400,000,
preferably from about 5,000 to about 200,000, and more preferably from about
5,000 to
about 50,000. PVP's are known to persons skilled in the detergent field; see,
for example,
EP-A-262,897 and EP-A-256,696, incorporated herein by reference. Compositions
containing PVP can also contain polyethylene glycol ("PEG") having an average
molecular weight from about 500 to about 100,000, preferably from about 1,000
to about
10,000. Preferably, the ratio of PEG to PVP on a ppm basis delivered in wash
solutions is
from about 2:1 to about 50:1, and more preferably from about 3:1 to about
10:1.
The compositions herein may also optionally contain from about 0.005% to 5% by
weight of certain types of hydrophilic optical brighteners which also provide
a dye
transfer inhibition action. If used, the compositions herein will preferably
comprise from
about 0.01 % to 1 % by weight of such optical brighteners.
The hydrophilic optical brighteners useful in the present invention are those
having the structural formula:
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Ri R2
~N H H N
N ~>--N O C C O N ---~O N
/ N H H N
R2 S03M S03M R~
wherein R1 is selected from anilino, N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and NH-2-
hydroxyethyl; R2 is
selected from N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl, N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino,
morphilino,
chloro and amino; and M is a salt-forming cation such as sodium or potassium.
When in the above formula, Rl is anilino, R2 is N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and M is
a
cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4',-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-bis-
hydroxyethyl)-s-
triazine-2-yl)amino]-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid and disodium salt. This
particular
brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal-UNPA-
GX by
Ciba-Geigy Corporation. Tinopal-LTNPA-GX is the preferred hydrophilic optical
brightener useful in the detergent compositions herein.
When in the above formula, R1 is anilino, R2 is N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-2-
methylamino and M is a canon such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4'-bis[(4-
anilino-6-(N-
2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic
acid di-
sodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under
the
tradename Tinopal SBM-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation.
When in the above formula, R1 is anilino, R2 is morphilino and M is a canon
such
as sodium, the brightener is 4,4'-bis[(4-anilino-6-morphilino-s-triazine-2-
yl)amino]2,2'-
stilbenedisulfonic acid, sodium salt. This particular brightener species is
commercially
marketed under the tradename Tinopal AMS-GX by Ciba Geigy Corporation.
The specific optical brightener species selected for use in the present
invention
provide especially effective dye transfer inhibition performance benefits when
used in
combination with the selected polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents
hereinbefore
described. The combination of such selected polymeric materials (e.g., PVNO
and/or
PVPVI) with such selected optical brighteners (e.g., Tinopal LJNPA-GX, Tinopal
SBM-
GX and/or Tinopal AMS-GX) provides significantly better dye transfer
inhibition in
aqueous wash solutions than does either of these two granular composition
components
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when used alone. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that such
brighteners
work this way because they have high affinity for fabrics in the wash solution
and
therefore deposit relatively quick on these fabrics. The extent to which
brighteners
deposit on fabrics in the wash solution can be defined by a parameter called
the
"exhaustion coefficient". The exhaustion coefficient is in general as the
ratio of a) the
brightener material deposited on fabric to b) the initial brightener
concentration in the
wash liquor. Brighteners with relatively high exhaustion coefficients are the
most suitable
for inhibiting dye transfer in the context of the present invention.
Of course, it will be appreciated that other, conventional optical brightener
types
of compounds can optionally be used in the present compositions to provide
conventional
fabric "brightness" benefits, rather than a true dye transfer inhibiting
effect. Such usage is
conventional and well-known to detergent formulations.
Suds Suppressors - Compounds for reducing or suppressing the formation of suds
can be incorporated into the compositions of the present invention. Suds
suppression can
be of particular importance in the so-called "high concentration cleaning
process" as
described in U.S. 4,489,455 and 4,489,574 and in front-loading European-style
washing
machines.
A wide variety of materials may be used as suds suppressors, and suds
suppressors are well known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Kirk
Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Volume 7, pages 430-447
(John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1979). One category of suds suppressor of particular
interest
encompasses monocarboxylic fatty acid and soluble salts therein. See U.S.
Patent
2,954,347, issued September 27, 1960 to Wayne St. John. The monocarboxylic
fatty
acids and salts thereof used as suds suppressor typically have hydrocarbyl
chains of 10 to
about 24 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Suitable salts
include the alkali
metal salts such as sodium, potassium, and lithium salts, and ammonium and
alkanolammonium salts.
The compositions herein may also contain non-surfactant suds suppressors.
These
include, for example: high molecular weight hydrocarbons such as paraffin,
fatty acid
esters (e.g., fatty acid triglycerides), fatty acid esters of monovalent
alcohols, aliphatic
C18-C40 ketones (e.g., stearone), etc. Other suds inhibitors include N-
alkylated amino
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triazines such as tri- to hexa-alkylmelamines or di- to tetra-alkyldiamine
chlortriazines
formed as products of cyanuric chloride with two or three moles of a primary
or
secondary amine containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, propylene oxide, and
monostearyl
phosphates such as monostearyl alcohol phosphate ester and monostearyl di-
alkali metal
(e.g., K, Na, and Li) phosphates and phosphate esters. The hydrocarbons such
as paraffin
and haloparaffin can be utilized in liquid form. The liquid hydrocarbons will
be liquid at
room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and will have a pour point in the
range of
about -40°C and about 50°C, and a minimum boiling point not less
than about 110°C
(atmospheric pressure). It is also known to utilize waxy hydrocarbons,
preferably having
a melting point below about 100°C. The hydrocarbons constitute a
preferred category of
suds suppressor for detergent compositions. Hydrocarbon suds suppressors are
described,
for example, in U.S. Patent 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al.
The
hydrocarbons, thus, include aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic
saturated or
unsaturated hydrocarbons having from about 12 to about 70 carbon atoms. The
term
"paraffin," as used in this suds suppressor discussion, is intended to include
mixtures of
true paraffins and cyclic hydrocarbons.
Another preferred category of non-surfactant suds suppressors comprises
silicone
suds suppressors. This category includes the use of polyorganosiloxane oils,
such as
polydimethylsiloxane, dispersions or emulsions of polyorganosiloxane oils or
resins, and
combinations of polyorganosiloxane with silica particles wherein the
polyorganosiloxane
is chemisorbed or fused onto the silica. Silicone suds suppressors are well
known in the
art and are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,265,779, issued May 5,
1981 to
Gandolfo et al and European Patent Application No. 89307851.9, published
February 7,
1990, by Starch, M. S.
Other silicone suds suppressors are disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,455,839 which
relates to compositions and processes for defoaming aqueous solutions by
incorporating
therein small amounts of polydimethylsiloxane fluids.
Mixtures of silicone and silanated silica are described, for instance, in
German
Patent Application DOS 2,124,526. Silicone detoamers and suns coniromng
a~GIILJ 111
granular detergent compositions are disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,933,672,
Bartolotta et al,
and in U.S. Patent 4,652,392, Baginski et al, issued March 24, 1987.
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An exemplary silicone based suds suppressor for use herein is a suds
suppressing
amount of a suds controlling agent consisting essentially of:
(i) polydimethylsiloxane fluid having a viscosity of from about 20 cs. to
about
1,500 cs. at 25°C;
(ii) from about 5 to about 50 parts per 100 parts by weight of (i) of siloxane
resin composed of (CH3)3Si01/2 units of Si02 units in a ratio of from
(CH3)3 Si01/2 units and to Si02 units of from about 0.6:1 to about 1.2:1;
and
(iii) from about 1 to about 20 parts per 100 parts by weight of (i) of a solid
silica
gel.
In the preferred silicone suds suppressor used herein, the solvent for a
continuous
phase is made up of certain polyethylene glycols or polyethylene-polypropylene
glycol
copolymers or mixtures thereof (preferred), or polypropylene glycol. The
primary
silicone suds suppressor is branched/crosslinked and preferably not linear.
To illustrate this point further, typical liquid laundry detergent
compositions with
controlled suds will optionally comprise from about 0.001 to about 1,
preferably from
about 0.01 to about 0.7, most preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.5, weight
% of said
silicone uds suppressor, which comprises (1) a nonaqueous emulsion of a
primary
antifoam agent which is a mixture of (a) a polyorganosiloxane, (b) a resinous
siloxane or
a silicone resin-producing silicone compound, (c) a finely divided filler
material, and (d)
a catalyst to promote the reaction of mixture components (a), (b) and (c), to
form
silanolates; (2) at least one nonionic silicone surfactant; and (3)
polyethylene glycol or a
copolymer of polyethylene-polypropylene glycol having a solubility in water at
room
temperature of more than about 2 weight %; and without polypropylene glycol.
Similar
amounts can be used in granular compositions, gels, etc. See also U.S. Patents
4,978,471,
Starch, issued December 18, 1990, and 4,983,316, Starch, issued January 8,
1991,
5,288,431, Huber et al., issued February 22, 1994, and U.S. Patents 4,639,489
and
4,749,740, Aizawa et al at column l, line 46 through column 4, line 35.
The silicone suds suppressor herein preferably comprises polyethylene glycol
and
a copolymer of polyethylene glycol/polypropylene glycol, all having an average
molecular weight of less than about 1,000, preferably between about 100 and
800. The
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WO 01/42411 PCT/US00/33411
polyethylene glycol and polyethylene/polypropylene copolymers herein have a
solubility
in water at room temperature of more than about 2w weight %, preferably more
than about
weight %.
The preferred solvent herein is polyethylene glycol having an average
molecular
5 weight of less than about 1,000, more preferably between about 100 and 800,
most
preferably between 200 and 400, and a copolymer of polyethylene
glycol/polypropylene
glycol, preferably PPG 200/PEG 300. Preferred is a weight ratio of between
about 1:1
and 1:10, most preferably between 1:3 and 1:6, of polyethylene
glycol:copolymer of
polyethylene-polypropylene glycol.
The preferred silicone suds suppressors used herein do not contain
polypropylene
glycol, particularly of 4,000 molecular weight. They also preferably do not
contain block
copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, like PLURONIC L101.
Other suds suppressors useful herein comprise the secondary alcohols (e.g., 2-
alkyl alkanols) and mixtures of such alcohols with silicone oils, such as the
silicones
disclosed in U.S. 4,798,679, 4,075,118 and EP 150,872. The secondary alcohols
include
the C6-C 16 alkyl alcohols having a C 1-C 16 chain. A preferred alcohol is 2-
butyl octanol,
which is available from Condea under the trademark ISOFOL 12. Mixtures of
secondary
alcohols are available under the trademark ISALCHEM 123 from Enichem. Mixed
suds
suppressors typically comprise mixtures of alcohol + silicone at a weight
ratio of 1:5 to
5:1.
For any granular compositions to be used in automatic laundry washing
machines,
suds should not form to the extent that they overflow the washing machine.
Suds
suppressors, when utilized, are preferably present in a "suds suppressing
amount. By
"suds suppressing amount" is meant that the formulator of the composition can
select an
amount of this suds controlling agent that will sufficiently control the suds
to result in a
low-sudsing granular detergent for use in automatic laundry washing machines.
The compositions herein may comprise from 0% to about 10% of suds suppressor.
When utilized as suds suppressors, monocarboxylic fatty acids, and salts
therein, will be
present typically in amounts up to about 5%, by weight, of the detergent
composition.
Preferably, from about 0.5% to about 3% of fatty monocarboxylate suds
suppressor is
utilized. Silicone suds suppressors are typically utilized in amounts up to
about 2.0%, by
74
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WO 01/42411 PCT/US00/33411
weight, of the detergent composition, although higher amounts may be used.
This upper
limit is practical in nature, due primarily to concern with keeping costs
minimized and
effectiveness of lower amounts for effectively controlling sudsing. Preferably
from about
0.01 % to about 1 % of silicone suds suppressor is used, more preferably from
about 0.25%
to about 0.5%. As used herein, these weight percentage values include any
silica that
may be utilized in combination with polyorganosiloxane, as well as any adjunct
materials
that may be utilized. Monostearyl phosphate suds suppressors are generally
utilized in
amounts ranging from about 0.1 % to about 2%, by weight, of the composition.
Hydrocarbon suds suppressors are typically utilized in amounts ranging from
about
0.01% to about 5.0%, although higher levels can be used. The alcohol suds
suppressors
are typically used at 0.2%-3% by weight of the finished compositions.
Alkoxylated Polycarboxylates - Alkoxylated polycarboxylates such as those
prepared from polyacrylates are useful herein to provide additional grease
removal
performance. Such materials are described in WO 91/08281 and PCT 90/01815 at
p. 4 et
seq., incorporated herein by reference. Chemically, these materials comprise
polyacrylates having one ethoxy side-chain per every 7-8 acrylate units. The
side-chains
are of the formula -(CH2CH20)m(CH2)nCH3 wherein m is 2-3 and n is 6-12. The
side-
chains are ester-linked to the polyacrylate "backbone" to provide a "comb"
polymer type
structure. The molecular weight can vary, but is typically in the range of
about 2000 to
about 50,000. Such alkoxylated polycarboxylates can comprise from about 0.0~%
to
about 10%, by weight, of the compositions herein.
Fabric Softeners - Various through-the-wash fabric softeners, especially the
impalpable smectite clays of U.S. Patent 4,062,647, Storm and Nirschl, issued
December
13, 1977, as well as other softener clays known in the art, can optionally be
used typically
at levels of from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight in the present
compositions to
provide fabric softener benefits concurrently with fabric cleaning. Clay
softeners can be
used in combination with amine and cationic softeners as disclosed, for
example, in U.S.
Patent 4,375,416, Crisp et al, March 1, 1983 and U.S. Patent 4,291,071, Harris
et al,
issued September 22, 1981.
The compositions of the present invention may be of an physical form,
depending
upon the end use of the composition. Typically, the compositions of the
present
CA 02392295 2002-05-22
WO 01/42411 PCT/US00/33411
invention may be in the form of liquid, liquid-gel, gel, thixatropic gel,
powder, granule
(such as, high bulk density granules, or the so-called "fluffy" granules),
paste, tablet, bar
and the like.
Similarly, the compositions of the present invention can be used in a variety
of
different applications. Such compositions would include, hard surface
cleaners, bleaches,
automatic dishwashing, LDL's, HDL's (both aqueous and non-aqueous), heavy duty
laundry compositions, laundry-pretreaters, fabric softeners, shampoos,
personal cleansers
and the like. The compositions of the present invention are especially
suitable for use in
automatic dishwashing, bleaches and HDL compositions.
The compositions of the present invention may be in the form of a personal
cleansing compositions or shampoos. Typically these compositions contain a
shampoo
composition adjunct ingredient which is preferably selected from anti-dandruf
agents
(preferably platelet pyridinethione salt crystals, sulfur, octopirox, selenium
sulfide,
ketoconazole and pyridinethione salts), co-surfactants (preferably selected
from anionic
surfactant, nonionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, amphoteric surfactant,
zwitterionic
surfactants, and mixtures thereof), silicone hair conditioning agent,
polyalkylene glycols,
suspending agent, water, water soluble cationic polymeric conditioning agents,
hydrocarbon conditioning agents, foam boosters, preservatives, thickeners,
cosurfactants,
dyes, perfumes, solvents, styling polymers, anti-static agents, deposition
polymers,
styling polymers and solvent, dispersed phase polymers, non-volatile
hydrocarbons
conditioning agents, silicone conditioning agents, suspending agent, cationic
spresading
agents phase seperation initiators and pediculocides and mixtures thereof.
These and
other suitable materials for incorporation into the shampoo compositions can
be found in
U.S. Patent applications Serial Nos. 60/061,975 filed on October 17, 1997
(Docket No.
6882P), and 60/061,916 filed on October 17, 1997 (Docket No. 6884P).
The compositions of the present invention can also be in the form of LDL
compositions. These LDL compositions include, inaddition to those detailed
previously,
additives typically used in LDL formulations, such as diamines, divalent ions,
suds
boosting polymers, soil release polymers, polymeric dispersants,
polysaccharides,
abrasives, bactericides, tarnish inhibitors, builders, enzymes, dyes,
perfumes, thickeners,
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
antioxidants, processing aids, suds boosters, buffers, antifungal or mildew
control agents,
insect repellents, anti-corrosive aids, and chelants.
The compositions of the present invention may be in the form of a non-aqueous,
liquid, heavy-duty detergent compositions in the form of a stable suspension
of solid,
substantially insoluble particulate material dispersed throughout a
structured, surfactant
containing liquid phase.
Suitable types of non-aqueous surfactant liquids which can be used to form the
liquid phase of the compositions herein include the alkoxylated alcohols,
ethylene oxide
(EO)-propylene oxide (PO) block polymers, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides,
alkylpolysaccharides, and the like.
The liquid phase of the HDL compositions herein may also comprise one or more
non-surfactant, non-aqueous organic solvents. Suitable types of low-polarity
solvents
useful in the non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions herein do include non-
vicinal
C4-Cg alkylene glycols, alkylene glycol mono lower alkyl ethers, lower
molecular weight
polyethylene glycols, lower molecular weight methyl esters and amides, and the
like.
Mixtures of non-surfactant, non-aqueous organic solvents and non-aqueous
surfactant
liquids are also contemplated.
The non-aqueous liquid phase of the HDL compositions of this invention is
prepared by combining with the non-aqueous organic liquid diluents
hereinbefore
described a surfactant which is generally, but not necessarily, selected to
add structure to
the non-aqueous liquid phase of the detergent compositions herein. Structuring
surfactants can be of the anionic, nonionic, cationic, and/or amphoteric
types.
The most preferred type of anionic surfactant for use as a structurant in the
HDL
compositions herein comprises the linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS)
surfactants.
The non-aqueous HDL compositions herein preferably comprise a solid phase
particulate material which is dispersed and suspended within the liquid phase.
Generally
such particulate material will range in size from about 0.1 to 1500 microns,
more
preferably from about 0.1 to 900 microns. Most preferably, such material will
range in
size from about 5 to 200 microns.
As it was mentioned previously the surfactants of the present invention may be
included in a fabric softening composition. Suitable materials for
incorporation into the
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
fabric softening compositions in addition to the surfactants of the present
invention can be
found in U.S. Patent applications Serial Nos. 5,830,845, granted on November
3, 1998;
5,929,025, granted on July 27, 1999; 5,877,745, granted on March 2, 1999;
5,977,055,
granted on November 2, 1999; 5,854,200, granted on December 29, 1998; and
5,686,376,
Rusche et al., granted on November 2, 1999.
The particulate material utilized herein can comprise one or more types of
detergent
composition components which in particulate form are substantially insoluble
in the non-
aqueous liquid phase of the composition. The types of particulate materials
which can be
utilized are described are peroxygen bleaching agent, organic builder,
inorganic alkalinity
source (preferably include water-soluble alkali metal carbonates;
bicarbonates, borates,
pyrophosphates, orthophosphates, polyphosphates phosphonates, silicates and
metasilicates), colored speckles and mixtures therof.
The present invention also comprises aqueous based liquid detergent
compositions.
The aqueous liquid detergent compositions of the present invention comprise a
surfactant
system which preferably contains one or more detersive co-surfactants in
addition to the
branched surfactants disclosed above. The additional co-surfactants can be
selected from
nonionic detersive surfactant, anionic detersive surfactant, zwitterionic
detersive
surfactant, amine oxide detersive surfactant, and mixtures thereof. The
surfactant system
typically comprises from about 5% to about 70%, preferably from about 15% to
about
30%, by weight of the detergent composition. These surfactants are
hereinbefore
described.
In addition to the liquid and solid phase components as hereinbefore
described, the
aqueous and non-aqueous based detergent compositions can, and preferably will,
contain
various other optional components. Such optional components may be in either
liquid or
solid form. The optional components may either dissolve in the liquid phase or
may be
dispersed within the liquid phase in the form of fine particles or droplets.
Suitable
optional material includes for example chelating agents, enzymes, builders,
bleach
catalysts, bleach activators, thickeners, viscosity control agents and/or
dispersing agents
suds boosters, liquid bleach activator, dye transfer inhibitors, solvents,
suds suppressors,
structure elasticizing agent, anti redeposition agents, to exemplify but a few
possible
optional ingredients. Some of the materials which may optionally be utilized
in the
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
compositions herein are described in greater detail. Further details on
suitable adjunct
ingredients to HDL compositions, methods of preparing same and use in the
compositions
can be found in U.S. Patent applications Serial Nos. 60/062,087 (Docket No.
6876P), and
60/061,924 (Docket No. 6877P).
Other Ingredients - The detergent compositions will further preferably
comprise
one or more detersive adjuncts selected from the following: electrolytes (such
as sodium
chloride), polysaccharides, abrasives, bactericides, tarnish inhibitors, dyes,
antifungal or
mildew control agents, insect repellents, perfumes, hydrotropes, thickeners,
processing
aids, suds boosters, anti-corrosive aids, stabilizers and antioxidants. A wide
variety of
other ingredients useful in detergent compositions can be included in the
compositions
herein, including other active ingredients, carriers, hydrotropes,
antioxidants, processing
aids, dyes or pigments, solvents for liquid formulations, etc. If high sudsing
is desired,
suds boosters such as the C 10-C 16 alkanolamides can be incorporated into the
compositions, typically at 1%-10% levels. The C10-C14 monoethanol and
diethanol
amides illustrate a typical class of such suds boosters. Use of such suds
boosters with
high sudsing adjunct surfactants such as the amine oxides, betaines and
sultaines noted
above is also advantageous.
An antioxidant can be optionally added to the detergent compositions of the
present invention. They can be any conventional antioxidant used in detergent
compositions, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), carbamate,
ascorbate;
thiosulfate, monoethanolamine(MEA), diethanolamine, triethanolamine, etc. It
is
preferred that the antioxidant, when present, be present in the composition
from about
0.001% to about 5% by weight.
Various detersive ingredients employed in the present compositions optionally
can be further stabilized by absorbing said ingredients onto a porous
hydrophobic
substrate, then coating said substrate with a hydrophobic coating. Preferably,
the
detersive ingredient is admixed with a surfactant before being absorbed into
the porous
substrate. In use, the detersive ingredient is released from the substrate
into the aqueous
washing liquor, where it performs its intended detersive function.
To illustrate this technique in more detail, a porous hydrophobic silica
(trademark
SIPERNAT D10, DeGussa) is admixed with a proteolytic enzyme solution
containing
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
3%-5% of C13-15 ethoxylated alcohol (E0 7) nonionic surfactant. Typically, the
enzyme/surfactant solution is 2.5 X the weight of silica. The resulting powder
is
dispersed with stirring in silicone oil (various silicone oil viscosities in
the range of 500-
12,500 can be used). The resulting silicone oil dispersion is emulsified or
otherwise
added to the final detergent matrix. By this means, ingredients such as the
aforementioned enzymes, bleaches, bleach activators, bleach catalysts,
photoactivators,
dyes, fluorescers, fabric conditioners and hydrolyzable surfactants can be
"protected" for
use in detergents, including liquid laundry detergent compositions.
Further, the compositions may optionally comprises a hydrotrope. Suitable
hydrotropes include sodium, potassium, ammonium or water-soluble substituted
ammonium salts of toluene sulfonic acid, naphthalene sulfonic acid, cumene
sulfonic
acid, xylene sulfonic acid.
The manufacture of LDL compositions which comprise a non-aqueous carrier
medium can be prepared according to the disclosures of U.S. Patents 4,753,570;
4,767,558; 4,772,413; 4,889,652; 4,892,673; GB-A-2,158,838; GB-A-2,195,125; GB-
A
2,195,649; U.S. 4,988,462; U.S. 5,266,233; EP-A-225,654 (6/16/87); EP-A-
510,762
(10/28/92); EP-A-540,089 (5/5/93); EP-A-540,090 (5/5/93); U.S. 4,615,820; EP-A-
565,017 (10/13/93); EP-A-030,096 (6/10/81), incorporated herein by reference.
Such
compositions can contain various particulate detersive ingredients stably
suspended
therein. Such non-aqueous compositions thus comprise a LIQUID PHASE and,
optionally but preferably, a SOLID PHASE, all as described in more detail
hereinafter
and in the cited references.
The LDL compositions of this invention can be used to form aqueous washing
solutions for use hand dishwashing. Generally, an effective amount of such LDL
compositions is added to water to form such aqueous cleaning or soaking
solutions. The
aqueous solution so formed is then contacted with the dishware, tableware, and
cooking
utensils.
An effective amount of the LDL compositions herein added to water to form
aqueous cleaning solutions can comprise amounts sufficient to form from about
500 to
20,000 ppm of composition in aqueous solution. More preferably, from about 800
to
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
5,000 ppm of the detergent compositions herein will be provided in aqueous
cleaning
liquor.
The mean particle size of the components of granular compositions in
accordance
with the invention should preferably be such that no more that 5% of particles
are greater
than l.7mm in diameter and not more than 5% of particles are less than O.lSmm
in
diameter.
The term mean particle size as defined herein is calculated by sieving a
sample of
the composition into a number of fractions (typically 5 fractions) on a series
of Tyler
sieves. The weight fractions thereby obtained are plotted against the aperture
size of the
sieves. The mean particle size is taken to be the aperture size through which
50% by
weight of the sample would pass.
The granular laundry compositions in accordance with the present invention
typically has a bulk density of from 100 g/litre to 1400 g/litre, more
preferably from 300
g/litre to 1200 g/litre, from 650 g/litre to 1000 g/litre.
High Density Detergent Composition Processes
Various means and equipment are available to prepare high density (i.e.,
greater
than about 550, preferably greater than about 650, grams/liter or "g/1"), high
solubility,
free-flowing, granular detergent compositions according to the present
invention. Current
commercial practice in the field employs spray-drying towers to manufacture
granular
laundry detergents which often have a density less than about 500 g/1. In this
procedure,
an aqueous slurry of various heat-stable ingredients in the final detergent
composition are
formed into homogeneous granules by passage through a spray-drying tower,
using
conventional techniques, at temperatures of about 175°C to about
225°C. However, if
spray drying is used as part of the overall process herein, additional or
alternative process
steps as described hereinafter must be used to obtain the level of density
(i.e., > 650 g/1)
required by modern compact, low dosage detergent products.
For example, spray-dried granules from a tower can be densified further by
loading
a liquid such as water or a nonionic surfactant into the pores of the granules
and/or
subjecting them to one or more high speed mixer/densifiers. A suitable high
speed
mixer/densifier for this process is a device marketed under the tradename
"Lodige CB 30"
or "Lodige CB 30 Recycler" which comprises a static cylindrical mixing drum
having a
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WD 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
central rotating shaft with mixing/cutting blades mounted thereon. In use, the
ingredients
for the detergent composition are introduced into the drum and the shaft/blade
assembly
is rotated at speeds in the range of 100-2500 rpm to provide thorough
mixing/densification. See Jacobs et al, U.S. Patent 5,149,455, issued
September 22,
1992, and U.S. Patent 5,565,422, issued October 15, 1996 to Del Greco et al.
Other such
apparatus includes the devices marketed under the tradename "Shugi Granulator"
and
under the tradename "Drais K-TTP 80).
Another process step which can be used to densify further spray-dried granules
involves treating the spray-dried granules in a moderate speed
mixer/densifier.
Equipment such as that marketed under the tradename "Lodige KM" (Series 300 or
600)
or "Lodige Ploughshare" mixer/densifiers are suitable for this process step.
Such
equipment is typically operated at 40-160 rpm. The residence time of the
detergent
ingredients in the moderate speed mixer/densifier is from about 0.1 to 12
minutes
conveniently measured by dividing the steady state mixer/densifier weight by
the
throughput (e.g., Kg/hr). Other useful equipment includes the device which is
available
under the tradename "Drais K-T 160". This process step which employs a
moderate
speed mixer/densifier (e.g. Lodige KM) can be used by itself or sequentially
with the
aforementioned high speed mixer/densifier (e.g. Lodige CB) to achieve the
desired
density. Other types of granules manufacturing apparatus useful herein include
the
apparatus disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,306,898, to G. L. Heller, December 29,
1942.
While it may be more suitable to use the high speed mixer/densifier followed
by
the low speed mixer/densifier, the reverse sequential mixer/densifier
configuration also
can be used. One or a combination of various parameters including residence
times in the
mixer/densifiers, operating temperatures of the equipment, temperature and/or
composition of the granules, the use of adjunct ingredients such as liquid
binders and
flow aids, can be used to optimize densification of the spray-dried granules
in the process
of the invention. By way of example, see the processes in Appel et al, U.S.
Patent
5,133,924, issued July 28, 1992; Delwel et al, U.S. Patent 4,637,891, issued
January 20,
1987; Kruse et al, U.S. Patent 4,726,908, issued February 23, 1988; and,
Bortolotti et al,
U.S. Patent 5,160,657, issued November 3, 1992.
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In those situations in which particularly heat sensitive or highly volatile
detergent
ingredients are to be incorporated into the final detergent composition,
processes which
do not include spray drying towers are preferred. The formulator can eliminate
the spray-
drying step by feeding, in either a continuous or batch mode, starting
detergent
ingredients directly into mixing equipment that is commercially available. One
particularly preferred embodiment involves charging a surfactant paste and an
anhydrous
material into a high speed mixer/densifier (e.g. Lodige CB) followed by a
moderate speed
mixer/densifier (e.g. Lodige KM) to form high density detergent agglomerates.
See
Capeci et al, U.S. Patent 5,366,652, issued November 22, 1994 and Capeci et
al, U.S.
Patent 5,486,303, issued January 23, 1996. Optionally, the liquid/solids ratio
of the
starting detergent ingredients in such a process can be selected to obtain
high density
agglomerates that are more free flowing and crisp. See Capeci et al, U.S.
Patent
5,565,137, issued October 15, 1996.
Optionally, the process may include one or more recycle streams of undersized
particles produced by the process which are fed back to the mixer/densifiers
for further
agglomeration or build-up. The oversized particles produced by this process
can be sent
to grinding apparatus and then fed back to the mixing/densifying equipment.
These
additional recycle process steps facilitate build-up agglomeration of the
starting detergent
ingredients resulting in a finished composition having a uniform distribution
of the
desired particle size (400-700 microns) and density (> 550 g/1). See Capeci et
al, U.S.
Patent 5,516,448, issued May 14, 1996 and Capeci et al, U.S. Patent 5,489,392,
issued
February 6, 1996. Other suitable processes which do not call for the use of
spray-drying
towers are described by Bonier et al, U.S. Patent 4,828,721, issued May 9,
1989; Beerse
et al, U.S. Patent 5,108,646, issued April 28, 1992; and, Jolicoeur, U.S.
Patent 5,178,798,
issued January 12, 1993.
In yet another embodiment, a high density detergent composition using a
fluidized
bed mixer. In this process, the various ingredients of the finished
composition are
combined in an aqueous slurry (typically 80% solids content) and sprayed into
a fluidized
bed to provide the finished detergent granules. Prior to the fluidized bed,
this process can
optionally include the step of mixing the slurry using the aforementioned
Lodige CB
mixer/densifier or a "Flexomix 160" mixer/densifier, available from Shugi.
Fluidized bed
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or moving beds of the type available under the tradename "Escher Wyss" can be
used in
such processes.
Another suitable process which can be used herein involves feeding a liquid
acid
precursor of an anionic surfactant, an alkaline inorganic material (e.g.
sodium carbonate)
and optionally other detergent ingredients into a high speed mixer/densifier
so as to form
particles containing a partially or totally neutralized anionic surfactant
salt and the other
starting detergent ingredients. Optionally, the contents in the high speed
mixer/densifier
can be sent to a moderate speed mixer/densifier (e.g. Lodige KM) for further
mixing
resulting in the finished high density detergent composition. See Appel et al,
U.S. Patent
5,164,108, issued November 17, 1992.
Optionally, high density detergent compositions according to the invention can
be
produced by blending conventional or densified spray-dried detergent granules
with
detergent agglomerates in various proportions (e.g. a 60:40 weight ratio of
granules to
agglomerates) produced by one or a combination of the processes discussed
herein. See
U.S. Patent 5,569,645, issued October 29, 1996 to Dinniwell et al. Additional
adjunct
ingredients such as enzymes, perfumes, brighteners and the like can be sprayed
or
admixed with the agglomerates, granules or mixtures thereof produced by the
processes
discussed herein.
Laundry washing method
Machine laundry methods herein typically comprise treating soiled laundry with
an aqueous wash solution in a washing machine having dissolved or dispensed
therein an
effective amount of a machine laundry detergent composition in accord with the
invention. By an effective amount of the detergent composition it is here
meant from 40g
to 3008 of product dissolved or dispersed in a wash solution of volume from 5
to 65
litres, as are typical product dosages and wash solution volumes commonly
employed in
conventional machine laundry methods.
As noted, surfactants are used herein in detergent compositions, preferably in
combination with other detersive surfactants, at levels which are effective
for achieving at
least a directional improvement in cleaning performance. In the context of a
fabric
laundry composition, such "usage levels" can vary widely, depending not only
on the type
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
and severity of the soils and stains, but also on the wash water temperature,
the volume of
wash water and the type of washing machine.
Packa~in , for the compositions
Commercially marketed executions of the compositions can be packaged in any
suitable container including those constructed from paper, cardboard, plastic
materials
and any suitable laminates. A preferred packaging execution is described in
European
Application No. 94921505.7.
The compositions herein may be packaged in a variety of suitable detergent
packaging known to those skilled in the art. The liquid compositions are
preferably
packaged in conventional detergent plastic bottles.
The following examples are illustrative of the present invention, but are not
meant
to limit or otherwise define its scope. All parts, percentages and ratios used
herein are
expressed as percent weight unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
0 0~0
CH3(CHZ~CHz' ~ ~I'O
'J 2
Preparation of C, ~HZ3EO~B02-2-ethylhexyl acetal
Neodol 1-7 (20.00 g, 41.6 mmol) is placed into a S00 ml three-necked round-
bottomed
flask, fitted with a heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer
and argon inlet
and dried under vacuum at 75°C. After releasing the vacuum with argon,
sodium metal
(0.05 g, 2.1 mmol) is added and the mixture stirred for 1 h at 120°C.
After increasing the
reaction temperature to 140°C, 1,2-epoxybutane (6.00 g, 83.2 mmol) is
added dropwise
over 30 minutes. After the addition is complete the mixture is stirred for an
additional 1 h
at 140°C. The solution is cooled to 90°C and neutralized with
concentrated HCI. After
removing water and the last traces of 1,2-epoxybutane under vacuum and cooling
to
ambient, methylene chloride (200 ml) and 2-ethylhexyl vinyl ether ( 19.49 g,
124.7 mmol)
are added. The mixture is cooled to 0°C and pyridiniump-
toluenesulfonate (0.42 g, 1.7
mmol) is added. The mixture is first stirred 4 h at 0°C and then 18 h
at ambient. After
diluting with diethyl ether (200 ml), the mixture is washed twice with
saturated sodium
W~ ~l/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
bicarbonate and the organic layer dried with sodium sulfate/potassium
carbonate. The
product was concentrated by rotary evaporation and dried under vacuum in the
presence
of potassium carbonate to yield a yellow liquid.
Example 2
Examples 2(a) to (i) are illustrative of some of the possible catalysts, work
up
options and relative amounts the starting materials that can be used in the
present
invention.
Example 2(a)
0~/~
CH3(CHzh~sCH2~ ~O'~O
8
Preparation of C9a ~H,9i23E08-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 91-8 (20.00 g, 39.1 mmol) is placed into a 250 ml three-necked round-
bottomed
flask, fitted with a heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer
and argon inlet
and dried under vacuum at 75°C. After cooling to ambient and releasing
the vacuum with
argon, methylene chloride (100 ml) and cyclohexyl vinyl ether (5.43 g, 43.01
mmol) are
added. The mixture is cooled to 0°C and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
(0.43 g, 1.6
mmol) is introduced into the flask. The mixture is first stirred 4 h at
0°C and then 18 h at
ambient. The product mixture is then washed twice with saturated sodium
bicarbonate
and the organic layer dried over sodium carbonate, concentrated by rotary
evaporation
and further stripped under vacuum at 60°C (0.1 mmHg) in the presence of
potassium
carbonate to yield a liquid.
Example 2(b)
,o
CH3(CHZhisCH2 ~C o
8
Preparation of C9i»H~9i23E08-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 91-8 (20.00 g, 39.1 mmol) and poly(4-vinylpyridinium p-
toluenesulfonate) (0.43
g) are introduced into a 250 ml three-necked round-bottomed flask, fitted with
a heating
mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer and argon inlet and dried under
vacuum at
75°C. After cooling to ambient and releasing the vacuum with argon,
cyclohexyl vinyl
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
ether (4.94 g, 39.1 mmol) is added. The mixture is heated to 70-95°C
overnight. The
product mixture is filtered to yield a liquid.
Example 2(c)
0~/~
CH3(CHZh~sCH2~ ~O~O
8
Preparation of C9i»H~9iz3E0g-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 91-8 (20.00 g, 39.1 mmol) and poly(4-vinylpyridinium p-
toluenesulfonate)
(0.43 g) are introduced into a 250 ml three-necked round-bottomed flask,
fitted with a
heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer and argon inlet and
dried under
vacuum at 75°C. After cooling to ambient and releasing the vacuum with
argon,
cyclohexyl vinyl ether (4.94 g, 39.1 mmol) is added. The mixture is heated to
70-95°C
overnight. The product mixture is separated from the catalyst by
centrifugation to yield
a liquid.
Example 2(d)
,o
CH3(CHZh~sCHz ~O'~O
a
Preparation of C9i~,H~9iz3E0g-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 91-8 (20.00 g, 39.1 mmol) and poly(4-vinylpyridinium p-
toluenesulfonate) (0.43
g) are introduced into a 250 ml three-necked round-bottomed flask, fitted with
a heating
mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer and argon inlet and dried under
vacuum at
75°C. After cooling to ambient and releasing the vacuum with argon,
cyclohexyl vinyl
ether (4.94 g, 39.1 mmol) is added. The mixture is heated to 70-95°C
overnight. The
product mixture is washed with 20% potassium carbonate solution, dried and
filtered to
yield a liquid.
Example 2(e)
,o
CH3(CHZ~,aCH2 ~ O~ O
a
Preparation of CBi~oH»,z~EOg-cyclohexyl acetal
Alcohol ethoxylate CB,~oH»,z~EOg (20.00 g, 40.2 mmol) and poly(4-
vinylpyridinium
chloride) (2.0 g) are introduced into a 250 ml three-necked round-bottomed
flask, fitted
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WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
with a heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer and argon inlet
and dried
under vacuum at 75°C: After cooling to ambient and releasing the vacuum
with argon.
cyclohexyl vinyl ether (5.07 g, 40.2 mmol) is added. The mixture is heated to
70-95°C
overnight. The product mixture is filtered to yield a liquid.
Example 2(f)
0~(~
CH3(CHZh~sCH2~ ~O~O
8
Preparation of C9i> >H~9,z3E0g-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 91-8 (20.00 g, 39.1 mmol) and poly(4-vinylpyridinium p-
toluenesulfonate) (7.82
g) are introduced into a 250 ml three-necked round-bottomed flask, fitted with
a heating
mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer and argon inlet and dried under
vacuum at
75°C. After cooling to ambient and releasing the vacuum with argon,
acetone (150 mL)
and cyclohexyl vinyl ether (4.94 g, 39.1 mmol) are added. The mixture is
stirred for three
days, filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation to yield a liquid.
Example 2(~)
~°
CH3(CHZ},~9CH2 ~O~O
Preparation of C9inH~9iz3E08-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 91-8 (20.00 g, 39.1 mmol) is placed into a 250 ml three-necked round-
bottomed
flask, fitted with a heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer
and argon inlet
and dried under vacuum at 75°C. After cooling to ambient and releasing
the vacuum with
argon, methylene chloride (100 ml) and cyclohexyl vinyl ether (4.84 g, 38.4
mmol) are
added. The mixture is cooled to 0°C and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
(0.39 g, 1.5
mmol) is introduced into the flask. The mixture is first stirred 4 h at
0°C and then 18 h at
ambient. The product mixture is then washed twice with saturated sodium
bicarbonate
and the organic layer dried over sodium carbonate, concentrated by rotary
evaporation
and further stripped under vacuum at 60°C (0.1 mmHg) in the presence of
potassium
carbonate to yield a liquid.
Example 2(h)
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~ ~o~ O
CH3(CHZhrsCH20
a
Preparation of C9,1~H~9iz3E0g-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 91-8 (20.00 g, 39.1 mmol) is placed into a 250 ml three-necked round-
bottomed
flask, fitted with a heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer
and argon inlet
and dried under vacuum at 75°C. After cooling to ambient, cyclohexyl
vinyl ether (5.04
g, 39.9 mmol) is added. p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.112 g, 0.59
mmol) is
added to the mixture and stirred to dissolve. An exotherm is observed starting
from 22°C
and ending at 30°C, with the development of a precipitate. After 16
minutes of reaction
time, the reaction pH is adjusted to >_7 with triethanolamine, filtered and
then stripped, in
a Kugelrohr oven (50°C, 0.1 mm Hg) to yield a quantitative amount of a
near colorless
liquid.
Example 2(i)
oa ' o
CH3(CHZh~sCHZO
8
Preparation of C9,> >H19i23E0g-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 91-8 (900.0 g, 1.76 mol) is placed into a 3 L three-necked rounded
bottomed
flask, fitted with a heating mantel, mechanical stirrer, internal thermometer,
and
vacuum/argon take-off adapter. The contents are dried under vacuum at 80
°C for 30
min. A portion of the dry Neodol 91-8 (20 g) is set aside after the contents
are cooled to
room temperature. Cyclohexylvinyl ether (217.82 g, 1.73 mol) is then added to
the
reaction mixture. The reagents are cooled to about 10 °C at which point
methanesulfonic
acid (1.80 mL) and the 20 g portion of Neodol set aside are combined and added
to the
reaction mixture via syringe, subsurface, in one portion. The reaction mixture
exotherms,
ice bath controlled, to 22 °C. After 1h, the mixture is quenched with
15% sodium
carbonate solution (35 mL). The mixture is placed under vacuum by stripping in
a
Kugelrohr oven (25 °C, 0.1 mm Hg) for 10 min. The product is filtered
to yield a
quantitative amount of a near colorless liquid.
Example 3
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0
CH3(CHzhrsCH2 ~ ~ O~ O
8
Preparation of C9" ~H19iz3E0g-cyclohexyl acetal
The procedure of Example 2(i) is repeated with the substitution of Neodol 91-8
for
Neodol 1-7.
Example 4
i
0
CH3(CHzh,~CHz ~ ~ O ~ O
a
Preparation of C9",H,9,z3E08-benzyl acetal
The procedure of Example 3 is repeated with the substitution of benzyl vinyl
ether for
cyclohexyl vinyl ether.
Example 5
0
CH3(CHz~CHz ~ ~ O~ O
Preparation of C> >EO~-tert-amyl acetal
Neodol 1-7 (20.00 g, 41.6 mmol) is placed into a 1000 ml three-necked round-
bottomed
flask, fitted with a heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer
and argon inlet
and dried under vacuum at 75°C. After cooling to ambient and releasing
the vacuum with
argon, methylene chloride (200 ml), tert-pentyl vinyl ether (14.24 g, 124.7
mmol) are
added. The mixture is cooled to 0°C and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
(0.42 g, 1.7
mmol) is added. The mixture is first stirred 4 h at 0°C and then 18 h
at ambient. After
diluting with diethyl ether (200 ml), the mixture is washed twice with
saturated sodium
bicarbonate and the organic layer dried with sodium sulfate/potassium
carbonate. The
product was concentrated by rotary evaporation and dried under vacuum in the
presence
of potassium carbonate to yield a nearly colorless liquid.
Example 6
o~
CH3(CHzk~is~Hz(2°)~ O O ~ v w
~z
Preparation of C ~ "~ SHz3i3 ~ EO ~ z-2-ethylhexyl acetal
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
The procedure of Example 2(i) is repeated with the substitution of 2-
ethylhexyl vinyl
ether for cyclohexyl vinyl ether and Tergitol-15-S-12 for Neodol 1-7.
Example 7
o~ ~o~o
CH3(CH2h~9CH2 -J\ ~I' ~I'O
Preparation of C9,> >EO8P04-tent-amyl acetal
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated with the substitution of propylene
oxide for 1,2
epoxybutane, tert-amyl vinyl ether for 2-ethylhexyl vinyl ether, and Neodol 91-
8 for
Neodol 1-7.
Example 8
0 0 0
CH3(ChizkyisCHz(2°)~ ~O
2
Preparation C~,i1sH23i3~E09P02-cyclohexyl acetal
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated with the substitution of propylene
oxide for 1,2-
epoxybutane, cyclohexyl vinyl ether for 2-ethylhexyl vinyl ether, and Tergitol
15-S-9 for
Neodol 1-7.
Example 9
0~/~ 0~0
CH3(CH2W osCHz~ r
Preparation of C12i1sEO9B0~-cyclohexyl acetal
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated with the substitution of cyclohexyl
vinyl ether
for 2-ethylhexyl vinyl ether and Neodol 25-9 for Neodol 1-7.
Example 10
0~/~
CH3(CH2h~sCHz~ ~O~O
8
Preparation of C9i"EOg-octadecyl acetal
The procedure of Example 2(b) is repeated with the substitution of octadecyl
vinyl ether
for cyclohexyl vinyl ether and Neodol 91-8 for Neodol 1-7.
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Example 11
0
CH3(CHz~CH2 ~ ~ O~ O
Preparation of C~,EO~-cyclohexyl acetal
Neodol 1-7 (50.00 g, 104.0 mmol) is placed into a 1000 ml three-necked round-
bottomed
flask, fitted with a heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal thermometer
and argon inlet
and dried under vacuum at 75°C. After cooling to ambient and releasing
the vacuum with
argon, methylene chloride (500 ml) and cyclohexyl vinyl ether (6.55g, 51.9
mmol) are
added. The mixture is cooled to 0°C and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (
1.04 g, 4.2
mmol) is introduced into the flask. The mixture is first stirred 4 h at
0°C and then 18 h at
ambient. The product mixture is then washed twice with saturated sodium
bicarbonate
and the organic layer dried with magnesium sulfate, concentrated by rotary
evaporation
and further stripped under vacuum at 60°C (0.1 mmHg) to yield a
red/brown liquid.
Example 12
0
CH3(CHz)io/~sCHz
Preparation of C,z/~SEO,2-ethyl acetal
Neodol 25-12 (76.61 g, 104.0 mmol) is placed into a 1000 ml three-necked round-
bottomed flask, fitted with a heating mantle, magnetic stirrer, internal
thermometer and
argon inlet and dried under vacuum at 75°C. After cooling to ambient
and releasing the
vacuum with argon, methylene chloride (S00 ml) and ethyl vinyl ether (7.50,
104.0
mmol) are added. The mixture is cooled to 0°C and pyridinium p-
toluenesulfonate ( 1.04
g, 4.2 mmol) is introduced into the flask. The mixture is first stirred 4 h at
0°C and then
18 h at ambient. The product mixture is then washed twice with saturated
sodium
bicarbonate and the organic layer dried with magnesium sulfate, concentrated
by rotary
evaporation and further stripped under vacuum at 60°C (0.1 mmHg) to
yield a red/brown
liquid.
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Example 13
~o~o
CH3(CFiz)~o-~a~(2°)
is
Preparation of C> >i~5Hz3i3~E0~5-cyclohexyl acetal
Tergitol 15-S-15 (100.0 g, 193.8 mmol) is placed into a 250 ml three-necked
round-
s bottomed flask, fitted with a heating mantel, magnetic stirrer, internal
thermometer, and
vacuum/argon take-off adapter. The contents are dried under vacuum at 80
°C for 10
min. A portion of the dry Tergitol 15-S-15 (2 g) is set aside after the
contents are cooled
to room temperature. Cyclohexyl vinyl ether (24.21 g, 191.9 mmol) is then
added to the
reaction mixture. The reagents are cooled to about 15 °C at which point
methanesulfonic
acid (0.28 g, 2.9 mmol) and the 2 g portion of Tergitol 15-S-15 set aside are
combined
and added to the reaction mixture via syringe, subsurface and in one portion.
The
reaction mixture exotherms to 40 °C. After 5 minutes, the reaction pH
is adjusted to >_7
with 15% sodium carbonate. The mixture is placed under vacuum by stripping in
a
Kugelrohr oven (50 °C, 0.1 mm Hg) for 10 min. The product is filtered
to yield a
quantitative amount of a near colorless liquid.
The following examples are illustrative of the present invention, but are not
meant
to limit or otherwise define its scope. All parts, percentages and ratios used
herein are
expressed as percent weight unless otherwise specified.
In the following Examples, the abbreviations for the various ingredients used
for
the compositions have the following meanings.
LAS Sodium linear C 12 alkyl benzene sulfonate
MBASx Mid-chain branched primary alkyl (average total carbons = x)
sulfate
MBAEXSz Mid-chain branched primary alkyl (average total carbons = z)
ethoxylate (average EO = x) sulfate, sodium salt
MBAEx Mid-chain branched primary alkyl (average total carbons = x)
ethoxylate (average EO = 8)
TFAA C16-18 alkyl N-methyl glucamide
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CxyEzS Sodium C 1 x-C 1 y branched alkyl sulfate condensed with z moles
of ethylene oxide
CxyFA C I x-C 1 y fatty acid
CxyEz A C 1 x-1 y branched primary alcohol condensed with an average of
z moles of ethylene oxide
C24 N-Me Glucamide C I2-C 14 N-methyl glucamide
CxAPA Alkyl amido propyl amine
Citric acid Anhydrous citric acid
Carbonate Anhydrous sodium carbonate with a particle size
between 200~m
and 900~m
Citrate Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate of activity 86.4%
with a particle size
distribution between 425um and 850 pm
Protease Proteolytic enzyme of activity 4KNPU/g sold by
NOVO
Industries A/S under the tradename Savinase
Cellulase Cellulytic enzyme of activity 1000 CEVU/g sold
by NOVO
Industries A/S under the tradename Carezyme
Amylase Amylolytic enzyme of activity 60KNU/g sold by
NOVO
Industries A/S under the tradename Termamyl 60T
Lipase Lipolytic enzyme of activity 100kLU/g sold by
NOVO Industries
A/S under the tradename Lipolase
Endolase Endoglunase enzyme of activity 3000 CEVU/g sold
by NOVO
Industries A/S
PB 1 Anhydrous sodium perborate bleach of nominal formula
NaB02.H202
NOBS Nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate in the form of the
sodium salt.
DTPMP Diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonate),
marketed by Monsanto under the Trade name bequest
2060
MEA Monoethanolamine
PG Propanediol
EtOH Ethanol
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Brightener 1 Disodium 4,4'-bis(2-sulphostyryl)biphenyl
Brightener 2 Disodium 4,4'-bis(4-anilino-6-morpholino-1.3.5-triazin-2-
yl)amino) stilbene-2:2'-disulfonate.
Silicone antifoam Polydimethylsiloxane foam controller with
siloxane-oxyalkylene
copolymer as dispersing agent with a ratio
of said foam
controller to said dispersing agent of 10:1
to 100:1.
NaOH Solution of sodium hydroxide
DTPA Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
NaTS Sodium toluene sulfonic acid
Fatty Acid (C C 12-C 14 fatty acid
12/ 14)
Fatty Acid (TPK) Topped palm kernel fatty acid
Fatty Acid (RPS) Rapeseed fatty acid
Borax Na tetraborate decahydrate
pAA Polyacrylic Acid (mw = 4500)
PEG Polyethylene glycol (mw=4600)
MES Alkyl methyl ester sulfonate
SAS Secondary alkyl sulfate
NaPS Sodium paraffin sulfonate
C45AS Sodium C 14-C 15 linear alkyl sulfate
CxyAS Sodium Clx-Cly alkyl sulfate (or other salt if specified)
AQA R2.N+(CH3)x((C2H40)yH)z with R2 = Cg - C 1 g where x +z = 3,
x=Oto3,z=Oto3,y=1 to 15.
STPP Anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate
Zeolite A Hydrated Sodium Aluminosilicate of formula
Nal2(A102Si02)12~ 2~H20 having a primary particle size in the
range from 0.1 to 10 micrometers
NaSKS-6 Crystalline layered silicate of formula 8 -Na2Si205
Bicarbonate Anhydrous sodium bicarbonate with a particle size distribution
between 400~m and 1200~m
Silicate Amorphous Sodium Silicate (Si02:Na20; 2.0 ratio)
WO 01/42411 CA 02392295 2002-05-22 PCT/US00/33411
Sulfate Anhydrous sodium sulfate
PAE ethoxylated tetraethylene pentamine
PIE ethoxylated polyethylene imine
PAEC methyl quaternized ethoxylated dihexylene triamine
MA/AA Copolymer of 1:4 maleic/acrylic acid, average
molecular weight
about 70,000.
CMC Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Protease Proteolytic enzyme of activity 4KNPU/g sold by
NOVO
Industries A/S under the tradename Savinase
Cellulase Cellulytic enzyme of activity 1000 CEVU%g sold
by NOVO
Industries A/S under the tradename Carezyme
Amylase Amylolytic enzyme of activity 60KNU/g sold by
NOVO
Industries A/S under the tradename Termamyl 60T
Lipase Lipolytic enzyme of activity 100kLU/g sold by
NOVO Industries
A/S under the tradename Lipolase
Percarbonate Sodium Percarbonate of nominal formula 2Na2C03.3H202
NaDCC Sodium dichloroisocyanurate
TAED Tetraacetylethylenediamine
DTPMP Diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonate),
marketed by
Monsanto under Tradename bequest 2060
Photoactivated
bleach Sulfonated
Zinc Phthalocyanine
bleach encapsulated
in dextrin
soluble polymer
HEDP 1,1-hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid
SRP 1 Sulfobenzoyl end capped esters with oxyethylene
oxy and
terephthaloyl backbone
SRP 2 sulfonated ethoxylated terephthalate polymer
SRP 3 methyl capped ethoxylated terephthalate polymer
Isofol 16 Condea trademark for C16 (average) Guerbet alcohols
CaCl2 Calcium chloride
MgCl2 Magnesium chloride
DTPA Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
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EXAMPLES 14 to 14E~ Nonaqueous L~uid Laundry Detergent compositions
Non-limiting examples of bleach-containing nonaqueous liquid laundry detergent
are prepared as follows.
Preparation of LAS Powder for Use as a Structurant
Sodium C 12 linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (NaLAS) is processed into a powder
containing two phases. One of these phases is soluble in the non-aqueous
liquid detergent
compositions herein and the other phase is insoluble. It is the insoluble
fraction which
serves to add structure and particle suspending capability to the non-aqueous
phase of the
compositions herein.
NaLAS powder is produced by taking a slurry of NaLAS in water (approximately
40-50% active) combined with dissolved sodium sulfate (3-15%) and hydrotrope,
sodium
sulfosuccinate (1-3%). The hydrotrope and sulfate are used to improve the
characteristics
of the dry powder. A drum dryer is used to dry the slurry into a flake. When
the NaLAS
is dried with the sodium sulfate, two distinct phases are created within the
flake. The
insoluble phase creates a network structure of aggregate small particles (0.4-
2 um) which
allows the finished non-aqueous detergent product to stably suspend solids.
The NaLAS powder prepared according to this example has the following makeup
shown in Table I.
TABLE I
LAS Powder
Component Wt.
NaLAS 85%
Sulfate 11
Sulfosuccinate 2%
Water 2.5%
Unreacted, etc. balance to
100%
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insoluble LAS 17%
# of phase (via X-ray 2
diffraction)
Non-aqueous based heavy duty liquid laundry detergent compositions which
comprise the capped nonionic surfactants of the present invention are
presented below.
Component A B C D E
LAS, From Example I 15 15 15 15 5
Nonionic from example 1 21.5 15 - ~ -
Nonionic from example 3 - - - - 25
Nonionic from example 4 - - 10 5 -
C12,13E05 - 6.5 11.5 16.5 6.5
Bpp 19.5 19 19 19 19
Sodium citrate dehydrate 7 7 7 7 7
Bleach activator 6 6 6 6 6
Sodium carbonate 9 9 9 9 9
Malefic-acrylic copolymer 3 3 3 3 3
Colored speckles 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
EDDS 1 1 1 1 1
Cellulase Prills 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Amylase Prills 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Ethoxylated diamine quat 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Sodium Perborate 12 12 12 12 12
Optionals including: brightener,balancebalancebalancebalancebalance
colorant, perfume, thickener,
suds
suppressor, colored speckles
etc.
100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
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The resulting compositions are stable, anhydrous heavy-duty liquid laundry
detergents, which provide excellent rates of mixing with water as well as good
stain and
soil removal performance when used in normal fabric laundering operations.
EXAMPLE 15' Hand Dishwashing Liquid compositions
The following Examples further illustrates the invention herein with respect
to a
hand dishwashing liquid.
Example 15:
Ingredient % wt. Range ~% wt.)
Nonionic from either examples5.0 1 - 20
I 1
or 12
MBAE2S15 2.0 0.5-10
Ammonium C12-13 alkyl 7.0 2-35
sulfate
C 12-C I 4 ethoxy ( 1 20.5 5-3 5
) sulfate
Coconut amine oxide 2.6 2-5
Betaine/Tetronic 704~** 0.87-0.10 0-2 (mix)
Alcohol Ethoxylate Cg-I 1.0 0.5-10
IE9
Ammonium xylene sulfonate4.0 1-6
Ethanol 4.0 0-7
Ammonium citrate 0.06 0-1.0
Magnesium chloride 3.3 0-4.0
Calcium chloride 2.5 0-4.0
Ammonium sulfate 0.08 0-4.0
Perfume 0.18 0-0.5
Maxatase~ protease 0.50 0-1.0
Water and minors ----------Balance--------------------
** Cocoalkyl betaine.
EXAMPLES 16 to 20: Shampoo
compositions
Examp le Number
Component 16 17 18 19 20
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Ammonium laureth-2 sulfate5 3 2 10 8
Ammonium lauryl sulfate 5 5 4 5 8
Nonionic from example 3 2 0 0 4 7
Nonionic from example 6 0 3 0 0 0
Nonionic from example 0 0 4 1 0
9
Cocamide MEA 0 0.68 0.68 0.8 0
PEG 14M 0.1 0.35 0.5 0.1 0
Cocoamidopropylbetaine 2.5 2.5 0 0 1.5
Cetylalcohol 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.5 0.5
Stearylalcohol 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.2 0.18
Ethylene glycol distearate1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Dimethicone 1 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.0
Perfume solution 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
DMDM hydantoin 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
Color solution (ppm) 64 64 64 64 64
Water and minors ------------------ s. to --------------
q. 100%
1. Dimethicone is a 40(gum)/60(fluid) weight ratio blend of SE-76 dimethicone
gum
available from General Electric Silicones Division and a dimethicone fluid
having a
viscosity of 350 centistokes.
EXAMPLES 21 to 36: Granular Laundry Detergents
The following laundry detergent compositions are prepared in accord with the
invention:
21 22 23 24 25 26
MBAS 14.4 8.0 4.0 4.0 8.0 4.0 4.0
C45AS - 4.0 2.8 - 4.0 2.8
LAS - - 1.2 - - 1.2
Nonionic from example- 3.4 - 1.7 - -
4
Nonionic from example3.4 - - 1.7 - 3.4
1
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Nonionic from example- - 3.4 - 3.4 -
7
AQA 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8
Zeolite A 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1
Carbonate 13.0 13.0 13.0 27.0 27.0 27.0
Silicate 1.4 1.4 1.4 3.0 3.0 3.0
Sulfate 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1
pB4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
TAED 1.5 1.5. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
DTPMP 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
HEDP 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Protease 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
Amylase 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
MA/AA 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
CMC 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Photoactivated bleach15 ppm 15 ppm 15 ppm 15 ppm 15 ppm 15 ppm
Brightener 1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
Perfume 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Silicone antifoam 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Misc/minors to 100%
Density in g/litre 850 850 850 850 850 850
The following laundry detergent compositions are prepared in accord with the
invention:
27 28 29 30 31
MBAS 14.4 ~ 22 ~ 16.5 11 1 - 10 -
~ ~ 5.5 25
~
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Any Combination 0 1 - 11 16.5 0 - 5
of: 5.5
C45 AS
C45E1S
LAS
C 16 SAS
C14-17 NaPS
C14-18 MES
MBAE2S 14.3
AQA 2 2 2 2 0.5 -
4
Nonionic from - 1.5 - - 1 - 4
example 12
Nonionic from 1.5 - - 1.5 1 - 4
example 5
Nonionic from - - 1.5 - 1 - 4
example 10
Zeolite A 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8 20 -
30
PAA 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 0 - 5
Carbonate 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 20 -
30
Silicate 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0 - 2
PB1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 - 3
Protease 0-0.50-0.5 0-0.5 0-0.5 0-0.5
Cellulase 0-0.30-0.3 0-0.3 0-0.3 0-0.5
Amylase 0-0.50-0.5 0-0.5 0-0.5 0- 1
SRP1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0-1
Brightener 1 or 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 - 0.3
2
PEG 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0 - 2
Sulfate 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 0 - 6
Silicone Antifoam 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0 - 0.5
Moisture & Minors ---Balance---
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Density (g/L) 663 663 663 663 600 -
700
The following laundry detergent compositions are prepared in accord with the
invention:
32 33 34 35 36
MBAS 14.4 16.5 12.5 8.5 4 1 - 25
Any Combination of: 0 10 14 18.5 0 - 20
C45 AS -
C45E1S 6
LAS
C 16 SAS
C14-17 NaPS
C14-18 MES
MBAE2S14.3
AQA 2 2 2 2 1-4
TFAA 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0 - 4
Nonionic from example5 - - 5 1 - 6
1
Nonionic from example- 5 - - 1 - 6
4
Nonionic from example- - 5 - 1 - 6
3
Zeolite A 15 15 15 15 10 - 30
NaSKS-6 11 11 11 11 5 - 15
Citrate 3 3 3 3 0 - 8
MA/AA 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 0 - 8
HEDP 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 - 1
Carbonate 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 0 - 15
Percarbonate or PB 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 0 - 25
1
TAED 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 0 - 8
Protease 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0 - 1
Lipase 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0 - 0.3
S
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Cellulase 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0 - 0.5
Amylase 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0 - 0.5
SRP 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0-0.5
Brightener 1 or 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 - 0.4
2
Sulfate 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 0 - 25
Silicone Antifoam 0.4 0.4 0.4 0 - 1
Moisture & Minors ---Balance---
Density (g/L) 850 850 850 850
EXAMPLES 37 to 44: Hard Surface Cleaners
The following compositions were made by mixing the listed ingredients in the
listed
proportions. These compositions were used neat to clean marble and dilute to
clean
lacquered wooden floors. Excellent cleaning and surface safety performance was
observed.
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Nonionic from example3.0 - 1.0 - 3.2 - - -
7
Nonionic from example- 3.0 2.0 - - - 4.0 8.0
1
Nonionic from example- - 2.0 3.2 - 3.2 4.0 -
9
C23E3 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.5 3.0 3.5
C24E21 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.9 1.9 2.0 5.0 6.0
NaPS 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.7 3.0 2.5
NaTS 1.2 3.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.5 4.0 5.0
MgS04 0.20 0.9 0.30 0.50 1.3 2.0 1.0 3.0
Citrate 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.75 1.8 3.0 1.5 6.0
NaHC03 0.06 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.2 - -
Na2HP04 - - 0.1 - 0.3 - - -
Na2H2P2O7 - - - - - - 0.2 0.5
pH 8.0 7.5 7.0 7.25 8.0 7.4 7.5 7.2
Water and Minors q.s. 100%
to
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EXAMPLE 45
Automatic dishwashing compositions:
Ingredients: Wei ht
A B
Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) 24.0 45.0
Sodium Carbonate 20.0 13.5
Hydrated 2.0r Silicate 15.0 13.5
Nonionic Surfactant' 3.0 3.0
C,4 Amine Oxide 1.0 1.0
Polymer2 4.0 --
Protease (4% active) 0.83 0.83
Amylase (0.8% active) 0.5 0.5
Perborate Monohydrate (15.5% 14.5 14.5
active Av0)3
Cobalt Catalyst4 0.008 --
Dibenzoyl Peroxide ( 18% active)4.4 4.4
Water, Sodium Sulfate, Misc. Balance Balance
' Nonionic surfactant according to Example 1.
2 Terpolymer selected from either 60% acrylic acid/20% malefic acie/20% ethyl
acrylate,
or 70% acrylic acid/10% malefic acid/20% ethyl acrylate.
3 The Av0 level of the above formula is 2.2%.
4 Pentaamineacetatocobalt(III) nitrate prepared as described hereinbefore; may
be
replaced by MnTacN.
The following examples further illustrate phosphate built ADD compositions
which contain a bleach/enzyme particle, but are not intended to be limiting
thereof.
These compositions are suitable for use in the methods of the present
invenetion. All
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percentages noted are by weight of the finished compositions, other than the
perborate
(monohydrate) component, which is listed as AvO.
EXAMPLES 46-47
I~redients: Wei hit
46 47
STPP 30.0 32.0
NaZC03 30.5 20.5
2 R Silicate (Si02) 8.0 4.0
Catalyst' 0.008 0.004
SavinaseT~1 12T -- 1.1
Protease D 0.9 -
Perborate (Av0) 5.0 0.7
Polymerz 4.0 -
Dibenzoyl Peroxide 0.2 0.15
Paraffin 0.5 0.5
Benzotriazole 0.10 0.3
C,4 Amine Oxide 0.5 0.5
Nonionic Surfactant3 2.0 2.0
Sodium Sulfate, Moisture --------- Balance --------
' Pentaamineacetatocobalt(III) nitrate; may be replaced by MnTacN.
z Polyacrylate or Acusol 480N or polyacrylate/polymethacrylate copolymers.
3 Nonionic surfactant according to Example 7.
In compositions of Examples 46 and 47, respectively, the catalyst and enzymes
are introduced into the compositions as 200-2400 micron composite particles,
which are
prepared by, spray coating, fluidized bed granulation, marumarizing, prilling,
or
flaking/grinding operations. If desired, the protease and amylase enzymes may
be
separately formed into their respective catalyst/enzyme composite particles,
for reasons of
stability, and these separate compositions added to the compositions.
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The following examples further illustrate
ADD granular compositions with
chlorine bleach suitable for use in the methods
of this present invention.
EXAMPLE 48-49
I~redients: Weight
4g 49
STPP 25 31
Na2C03 23.0 15.0
2 R Silicate (Si02)
17.5 25.0
Hypochlorite 1.0 3.0
Polymer' 2.0 --
Dibenzoyl Peroxide -- 0.15
Paraffin 1.0 1.0
C,4 Amine Oxide 0.5 1.0
Nonionic Surfactant2 2.0 3.0
Sodium Sulfate, Moisture --------- Balance
---------
' Polyacrylate or Acusol 480N or polyacrylate/polymethacrylate
copolymers
3 Nonionic surfactant according to Example
8.
The following examples further illustrate quid-gel compositions
ADD li suitable
for use in the methods of this present invention.
EXAMPLES 50-51
Ingredients: Wei h~ t
50 51
STPP 32.0 25.0
Na2C03 0.7 2.0
2 R Silicate (SiOz)
0.3 1.0
SavinaseTM 12T 2.0 1.0
TermamylTM 1.4 0.5
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Perborate (Av0) 3.5 --
C,4 Amine Oxide 0.8 0.8
Nonionic Surfactant' 3.5 3.5
Sodium Sulfate, Moisture --------- Balance
---------
' Nonionic surfactant according to Example
3.
The following examples further illustrate
ADD rinse aid compositions suitable for
use in the methods of this present invention.
EXAMPLES 52-53
Ingredients: Wei ht
52 53
Citric Acid 10.0 15.0
Ethanol 5.0 10.0
HEDP Acid' 1 ~0 Ov
Sodium Cumene Sulfonate 15.0 10.0
Polymer2 -- 1.0
C ~ a Amine Oxide 2.0 0.5
Nonionic Surfactant3 8.0 8.0
Nonionic Surfactant4 6.0 -
Moisture --------- Balance
---------
' 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphoshonic acid
2 Polyacrylate or Acusol 480N or polyacrylate/polymethacrylate
copolymers
3 Nonionic surfactant according to Example
1.
4 Nonionic surfactant according to Example
S.
The following examples further illustrate
ADD tablet compositions suitable for
use in the methods of this present invention.
EXAMPLES 54-55
Ingredients: Wei ht
54 55
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STPP 48.0 30
NaZC03 15.0 25.0
2 R Silicate (Si02) 4.0 8.0
Catalyst' 0.008 0.004
SavinaseT"' 12T -- 1.0
TermamylTM 0.6 0.5
Perborate (Av0) 10.0 15.0
Polymer2 2.0 2.0
Dibenzoyl Peroxide 0.2 0.15
Paraffin 1.0 1.0
Benzotriazole 0.5 0.5
C ~ 4 Amine Oxide 1.0 1.0
Nonionic Surfactant3 3.0 3.0
Sodium Sulfate, Moisture --------- Balance
---------
~ Pentaamineacetatocobalt(III) nitrate;
may be replaced by MnTacN
z Polyacrylate or Acusol 480N or polyacrylate/polymethacrylate copolymers
3 Nonionic surfactant according to
Example 5.
109
